Ch5: Mineral deposits in the world, Middle East and Arab Countries

Classification of Ore Minerals

1. Metallic minerals: -
1. Ferrous: (Iron, Manganese, Chromium, Titanium)
2. Non-Ferrous: (Aluminum, Copper, Lead, Tin, Zinc)
3. Precious: (Gold, Silver, Platinum)
4. Radioactive minerals
2. Non-Metallic minerals: -
1. Phosphate, Sulfur, Talc, Asbestos, Gypsum, Rock salt
2. Ornamental stones
3. Gem stones
3. Fuel resources (Organic): -
1. Coal
2. Petroleum
3. Natural Gas

1-1) Iron Ores

They are not found as a free element in nature.

 Types of iron ores

1. Magnetite (Fe3O4, 72.4% Fe) ,
2. Hematite (Fe2O3, 69.9% Fe(
3. Goethite (FeO(OH), 62.9% Fe)
4. Limonite (FeO(OH)·n(H2O), 55% Fe)
5. Siderite (FeCO3, 48.2% Fe)
 Resources and Reserves
World resources are estimated to be greater than 800 billion tons of crude ore containing more than
230 billion tons of iron, and World reserves are estimated to 170 billion tons
  Iron Ores properties
Ore Type Category Composition
Magnetite Oxide minerals Fe3O4, 72.4% Fe
Hematite Oxide minerals Fe2O3, 69.9% Fe
Goethite Oxide minerals FeO(OH), 62.9% Fe
Limonite Amorphous FeO(OH)·n(H2O), 55% Fe
Siderite Carbonate mineral FeCO3, 48.2% Fe

 Uses
Most is used to manufacture steel, used in civil engineering and in manufacturing

 Reserves in all over the world (M ton)

2017
Countries Crude ore Iron content
Australia 50000 24000
Russia 25000 14000
Brazil 23000 12000
China 21000 7200
World total 170000 83000

 The Annual Production in all over the world (M ton)

2017
Countries Crude ore Iron content
Australia 880 545
Brazil 440 280
China 340 210
India 190 120
World total 2400 1500

 The Annual Production in the middle east (thousand metric tons)

2014
Countries Iron content
Iran 23700
Mauritania 13000
Egypt 2216
Algeria 483
Middle east total 39400
 Manganese Ores
They are not found as a free element in nature

 Types of ores
1. Pyrolusite, MnO2 (63.2 percent Mn)
2. Psilomelane, m MnO.MnO2.n H2O(45-60 percent Mn)
3. Manganite, MnO2-Mn. (OH)2 (62.5 percent Mn)
4. Vernadite, MnO2.H2O (44-52 percent Mn)
5. Hausmannite, Mn3O4 (72 percent Mn)
 Resources
Land-based manganese resources are large but irregularly distributed; those in the United States
are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs. South Africa accounts for about
78% of the world’s identified manganese resources, and Ukraine accounts for about 10%.

 Manganese Ores properties

Ore Type Category Composition
Pyrolusite Oxide minerals MnO2 (63.2 percent Mn)
Psilomelane Oxide minerals m MnO.MnO2.n H2O(45-60 percent Mn)
Manganite Oxide mineral MnO2-Mn. (OH)2 (62.5 percent Mn)
Vernadite Amorphous MnO2.H2O (44-52 percent Mn)
Hausmannite Oxide mineral Mn3O4 (72 percent Mn)

 Uses
Most ore consumption was related to steel production, either directly in pig iron manufacture or
indirectly through upgrading the ore to ferroalloys. production of dry cell batteries. in fertilizers
and animal feed, and as a brick colorant.

 Reserves in all over the world (thousand metric tons)

Countries 2017(manganese content)
South Africa 200000
Ukraine 140000
Brazil 120000
World total 680000
  The Annual Production in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Countries 2017 (manganese content)
South Africa 5300
China 2500
Australia 2200
World total 16000

Chromium Ore
It is not found as a free element in nature

 Types of ores
1) stratiform deposits (large masses of igneous rock such as norite or peridotite that slowly
crystallized from subsurface magma)
2) podiform deposits (serpentines and other metamorphic rocks derived from the alteration of
norite and peridotite)
3) beach sands (derived from the weathering of chromite-bearing rocks

 Resources and Reserves

World resources are greater than 12 billion tons. The world’s chromium resources are heavily
geographically concentrated (95%) in Kazakhstan and southern Africa, World reserves are 5.1
billion tons

 Chromite properties
Ore Type Category Composition
Chromite Oxide minerals (Fe, Mg)Cr2O4 (46.46 % Cr)

 Uses
Manufacture stainless steel, give a polished mirror finish to steel, Chromium compounds are
used as industrial catalysts and pigments

 Reserves in all over the world (thousand metric tons)

Countries 2017(shipping-grade chromite ore)
Kazakhstan 230000
South Africa 200000
India 54000
World total 510000
  The Annual Production in all over the world (thousand metric tons)

Countries 2017 (shipping-grade chromite ore)

South Africa 15,000
Kazakhstan 5,400
India 3,200
World total 31,000
Titanium Ores
They are not found as a free element in nature

 Types of ores
1. Ilmenite (FeTiO3)
2. Rutile (TiO2)

 Resources and Reserves

World resources of ilmenite and rutile total more than 2 billion tonnes, World reserves of ilmenite
and rutile total are 932 million tonnes

 Titanium Ores properties

Ore Type Category Composition
Ilmenite Oxide mineral FeTiO3 (31.56 % Ti)
Rutile Oxide mineral TiO2(59.94 % Ti )

 Uses
Titanium has many different applications such as white pigments, smoke screens. it can be
used to produce alloys for jet engines, spacecraft, jewelry, mobile phones, cars, medical and
so much more

 Reserves in all over the world (thousand metric tons)

Ilmenite Rutile
Countries 2017 Countries 2017
Australia 250000 Australia 29000
China 220000 Kenya 13000
India 85000 South Africa 8300
World total 870000 World total 62000
  The Annual Production in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Ilmenite Rutile
Countries 2017 Countries 2017
South Africa 1300 Australia 450
Australia 900 Sierra Leone 160
China 800 Ukraine 90
World total 6200 World total 900
Aluminum Ore
It is not found as a free element in nature
 Types of ores
 Bauxite
 Resources and Reserves
Global resources of bauxite are estimated to be between 55 to 75 billion tons, World reserves
are 30 billion tons

 Bauxite properties
Ore Type Category
Bauxite Oxide

 Uses
Construction, Automotive and transportation, Electrical engineering and electronics,
Machinery and equipment, Consumer goods, Foil and packaging

 Reserves in all over the world (M tons)

Bauxite
Countries 2017
Guinea 7400
Australia 6000
Vietnam 3700
World total 30000

 The Annual Production in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Bauxite Alumina Aluminum
Countries 2017 Countries 2017 Countries 2017
Australia 83000 China 72300 China 32,600
China 68000 Australia 20600 Russia 3,600
Guinea 45000 Brazil 11000 Canada 3,210
World total 300000 World total 130000 World total 60000
Copper Ores
Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic from
native metals.
 Types of ores
1. Copper oxide ores
2. Copper sulfide ores
3. Copper carbonate ores
 Resources and Reserves
Global assessment of copper deposits indicated that identified resources contained about 2.1
billion tons of copper, World reserves are 790 million tons
 Copper Ores properties
Ore Type Category Composition
Chalcopyrite Sulfide mineral CuFeS2(34.5% Cu)
Chalcocite Sulfide mineral Cu2S(79.8% Cu)
Covellite Sulfide mineral CuS(66.5% Cu)
Bornite Sulfide mineral Cu5FeS4(63.3% Cu)
Tetrahedrite Sulfosalt mineral (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13 (32–45% Cu)
Digenite Sulfide mineral Cu9S5(78.1% Cu)
Malachite Carbonate mineral Cu2CO3(OH)2 (57.7% Cu)
Azurite Carbonate mineral Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 (55.1% Cu)
Cuprite Oxide mineral Cu2O (88.8% Cu)
Chrysocolla Phyllosilicate (Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4·n(H2O) (37.9% Cu)
mineral
Tennantite Sulfosalt minerals Cu12As4S13 (51.6% Cu)
Dioptase Cyclosilicates CuSiO2(OH)2 (45.3% Cu)

 Uses
Electric wires, Cooking utensils, Heat exchangers, Currency, Art and Musical instruments
industry

 Reserves in all over the world (thousand metric tons)

Countries 2017
Chile 170000
Australia 88000
Peru 81000
World total 790000
  The Annual Mine Production in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Countries 2017
Chile 5330
Peru 2390
China 1860
World total 19700

 The Annual Mine Production in the middle east (tons)

Countries 2014
Iran 216800
Morocco 16600
Saudi Arabia 11000
Middle east total 245,000

Lead Ores
Native lead is rare in nature. Currently lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and copper
and it is extracted together with these metals.
 Types of ores
1. Galena (PbS)
2. Cerussite (PbCO3)
3. Anglesite (PbSO4)
 Resources and Reserves
Identified world lead resources total more than 2 billion tons, World reserves are 88 million
tons

 Lead Ores properties

Ore Type Category Composition
Galena Sulfide mineral PbS (86.60 % Pb)
Cerussite Carbonate mineral PbCO3(77.54 % Pb )
Anglesite Sulfate mineral PbSO4(68.32 % Pb )

 Uses
car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable sheathing, weights for lifting, weight belts for
diving, lead crystal glass, radiation protection and in some solders
  Reserves in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Countries 2017
Australia 35000
China 17000
Russia 6400
World total 88000

 The Annual Mine Production in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Countries 2017
China 2400
Australia 450
United States 313
World total 4700

Tin Ore
Tin does not occur as the native element but must be extracted from various ores

 Types of ores
Cassiterite (SnO2)

 Resources and Reserves

Tin resources globally totaled 11.7 Mt of contained tin at the end of 2015, World reserves are
4.8 Mt

 Cassiterite properties
Ore Type Category Composition
Cassiterite Oxide mineral SnO2( 78.77 % Sn)
 Uses
Tin has many uses. It is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion, such as in tin cans,
which are made of tin-coated steel .
Most window glass is made by floating molten glass on molten tin to produce a flat surface .
The most important tin salt used is tin(II) chloride, which is used as a reducing agent. and
Tin(IV) oxide is used for ceramics and gas sensors.
 Reserves in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Countries 2017
China 1100
Indonesia 800
Brazil 700
World total 4800
  The Annual Mine Production in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Countries 2017
China 100
Burma 50
Indonesia 50
World total 290
Zinc Ores
Zinc does not occur as the native element
 Types of ores
1. Smithsonite (ZnCO3)
2. Sphalerite (ZnS)
 Resources and Reserves
Identified zinc resources of the world are about 1.9 billion tons. World reserves are 230 million
tons
 Zinc Ores properties
Ore Type Category Composition
Smithsonite Carbonate mineral ZnCO3( 52.15 % Zn )
Sphalerite Sulfide mineral ZnS ( 64.06 % Zn )

 Uses
Most zinc is used to prevent rusting. Galvanized steel is used for car bodies, street lamp posts,
safety barriers and suspension bridges.
Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die-castings, which are important in the
automobile, electrical and hardware industries .
Zinc oxide is widely used in the manufacture of very many products such as paints, rubber,
cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics.

 Reserves in all over the world (thousand metric tons)

Countries 2017
Australia 64000
China 41000
Peru 28000
World total 230000
  The Annual Mine Production in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Countries 2017
China 5100
Peru 1400
India 1300
World total 13200

Gold Ore
It most often occurs as a native metal
 Resources
1. Lode deposits: It is found in free form with quartz
2. Placer deposits
 Uses
Jewelry, Bullion, Electronics, Coins, Medallions and Dental/Medical
 Reserves in all over the world (tons)
Countries 2017
Australia 9800
South Africa 6000
Russia 5500
World total 54000

 The Annual Mine Production in all over the world (tons)

Countries 2017
China 440
Australia 300
Russia 255
World total 3150

 The Annual Production in the middle east (Kgs)

Countries 2014
Egypt 11733
Saudi Arabia 4790
Iran 3300
Middle east total 23300

Silver Ores
It sometimes occurs as a native metal
 Types of ores
1- Argentite (Ag2S)
2- Chlorargyrite ("horn silver," AgCl)
3- Galena (a lead ore often containing significant amounts of silver)
  Resources and Reserves
silver was primarily obtained as a byproduct from gold mines, copper mines, and lead-zinc
mines, World reserves are 530 million tons
 Silver Ores properties
Ore Type Category Composition
Argentite Sulfide mineral Ag2S ( 87.06 % Ag )
Chlorargyrite Halide AgCl ( 75.26 % Ag )

 Uses
Jewelry, solar/nuclear energy, cutlery, photography, antibiotics, electronics, investment

 Reserves in all over the world (tons)

Countries 2017
Peru 93000
Australia 89000
Poland 89000
World total 530000

 The Annual Mine Production in all over the world (tons)

Countries 2017
Mexico 5600
Peru 4500
China 2500
World total 25000

 The Annual Mine Production in the middle east (Kgs)

Countries 2014
Morocco 276000
Iran 80000
World total 361000

Platinum Ores
It sometimes occurs as a native metal, disseminated in rocks associated with
chromite
 Types of ores
1- Sperrylite (PtAs2)
2- Cooperite (PtS)
3- Some platinum is obtained as a by-product of copper and nickel processing
  Resources and Reserves
World resources of PGMs (Platinum-Group Metals) are estimated to total more than 100
million kilograms. World reserves are 69 million kilograms
 Platinum Ores properties
Ore Type Category Composition
Sperrylite Arsenide mineral PtAs2( 56.56 % Pt)
Cooperite Sulfide mineral PtS ( 62.62 % Pt )

 Uses
Jewelry, Medical industry especially dentistry, Auto catalyst, Chemicals industry, Electronics
industry
 Reserves of PGMs in all over the world (M kilograms)
Countries 2017
South Africa 63
Russia 3.9
Zimbabwe 1.2
World total 69

 The Annual Mine Production of Platinum in all over the world (Kgs)
Countries 2017
South Africa 140000
Russia 21000
Zimbabwe 15000
World total 200000

Radioactive Minerals
A. CESIUM
 Resources and Reserves:
-Cesium is associated with lithium-bearing pegmatites worldwide
-World Reserves are estimated to 90000 tons

 Reserves in all over the world (tons)

Countries 2017
Zimbabwe 60000
Namibia 30000
World total 90000
 B. RUBIDIUM
Resources and Reserves:
-It is found, though, in trace amounts in the minerals that contain essential amounts of other
alkali metals that include cesium and potassium rich zeolites, pollucite and leucite, and the
lithium rich mica, zinnwaldite (a variety of the mineral lepidolite(
Both of these minerals are typical of a special igneous deposit known as a pegmatite
-World Reserves are estimated to 90000 tons.

 Reserves in all over the world (tons)

Countries 2017
Namibia 50000
Zimbabwe 30000
World total 90000

C. SCANDIUM
 Resources:
Resources of scandium are abundant.
There are identified scandium resources in Australia, Canada, China, Kazakhstan,
Madagascar, Norway, the Philippines, Russia, Ukraine, and the United States.

 Reserves and Mine Production

In recent years, scandium was produced as byproduct material in China (titanium and
rare earths), Kazakhstan (uranium), Russia (apatite), and Ukraine (uranium). Foreign
mine production data for 2017 were not available.

D.THALLIUM
 Resources and Reserves:
World resources of thallium contained in zinc resources could be as much as 17 million
kilograms; most are in Canada, Europe, and the United States. Global resources of coal
contain an estimated 630 million kilograms of thallium.
-World Reserves are estimated to 9,000 kilograms
  Reserves and Mine Production
Thallium is produced commercially in only a few countries as a byproduct in the roasting
of copper, lead, and zinc ores and is recovered from flue dust.
In 2017, global production of thallium was estimated to be less than 9,000 kilograms.

2-1) Phosphate Ore

 Resources and Reserves:
-World resources of phosphate are more than 300 billion tons
-World Reserves are estimated to 70000 M tons.

 Uses
Fertilizers, Chemicals, Metallurgy, Water treatment, Food preservatives, Animal feed
supplements.

 Reserves in all over the world (M tons)

Countries 2017
Morocco and 50000
Western Sahara
China 3300
Algeria 2200
World total 70000

 The Annual Mine Production in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Countries 2017
China 140000
United States 27700
Morocco and 27000
Western Sahara
World total 263000
Sulfur Ore
 Resources
1. Resources of elemental sulfur in evaporite and volcanic deposits
2. Sulfur associated with natural gas, petroleum, tar sands, and metal sulfides amount to
about 5 billion tons
3. 600 billion tons of sulfur is contained in coal, oil shale, and shale rich in organic matter .
 Uses
Matches, Fireworks, Black gunpowder, Sugar refining

 Reserves in all over the world

Reserves of sulfur in crude oil, natural gas, and sulfide ores are large. Because most sulfur
production is a result of the processing of fossil fuels

 The Annual Mine Production in all over the world (thousand metric tons)
Countries 2017
China 17800
United States 9660
Russia 7000
World total 83000

Talc Ore
Talc or talcum is a clay mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate
with the chemical formula H2Mg3(SiO3)4 or Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

 Talc properties
Ore Type Category Composition
Talc Silicate mineral Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

 Uses
Ceramic, paint, plastics, paper, rubber, refractories
  Reserves & Mine production in all over the world (thousand tons)
Countries Reserves Mine Production
China - 1,900
India 110,000 1,000
Brazil 52,000 850
World total - 8,100

Asbestos Ore
Asbestos is a generic name given to six fibrous minerals that have been used in commercial
products are chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite asbestos, tremolite asbestos, and
actinolite asbestos. Nearly all of the asbestos produced worldwide is chrysotile.

Asbestos link in talc:

One particular issue with commercial use of talc is its frequent co-location in underground
deposits with asbestos ore.

 Asbestos properties
Ore Type Category
Asbestos Silicate mineral

 Uses
asbestos cement pipe, asbestos cement sheet, electrical insulation, plastics,
paper products, thermal insulation

 Reserves & Mine production in all over the world (thousand tons)
Countries Reserves Mine Production
Russia 110000 690
China 96000 200
Brazil 9800 150
World total - 1,300

Gypsum
-Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical
formula CaSO4•2H2O. It is used as a fertilizer.
-Pure gypsum is a white to transparent mineral, but sometimes impurities color it grey, brown,
or pink. It interferes with another mineral called anhydrite.
  Uses
-Manufacture of wallboard, cement, plaster, soil conditioning, a hardening retarder in Portland
cement.
-Varieties of gypsum known as "satin spar" and "alabaster" are used for a variety of
ornamental purposes; however, their low hardness limits their durability.

 Types of Gypsum
1-Alabaster: It consists of fine crystalline granular blocks.
2-jbset: It is a non-pure landfill and Flour granules
3-selenite: It is one of the finest types of gypsum and It consists of transparent monocrystals.
 Reserves & Mine production in all over the world (thousand tons)
Countries Reserves Mine Production
China - 130,000
U.S.A 700,000 17,500
Brazil - 16,000
World total - 260,000

Rock Salt
-This is the common name for the mineral "halite". Its chemical formula is NaCl. You might
know this substance as table salt. and... Actually, rock salt is not K2SO4; it is NaCl. It can have
impurities of gypsum (CaSO4) and sylvite (KCl) but it is very rare to find potassium sulfate as a
mineral, although occasionally polyhalite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4.2H2O) is found associated with rock
salt deposits.
-It is typically formed by the evaporation of salty water (such as sea water) which contains
dissolved Na+ and Cl- ions

 Uses
Table salt is essential for human life. A large amount of the commercially mined rock salt is
prepared for human consumption. Rock salt is also applied to road beds in cold climates to
help reduce the freezing point of water on the road, thereby allowing it to not freeze-over at 0
deg, In chemical industries.

 Types of Salt
rock salt, brine, evaporated salt and solar salt
  Mine production in all over the world (thousand tons)
Countries 2017
China 68000
U.S.A 43000
India 26000
World total 280000

2-2) Ornamental stones

I-Igneous Rocks:
1 - Granite: a crystallization rocks and include gray and pink granite ,
2 -Diorite: Diorite is an intrusive rock intermediate in composition
between gabbro and granite.
3- Nepheline Syanite: is a plutonic rock that consists largely of nepheline and alkali feldspar.

II- Sedimentary Rocks:

1. Limestone: It is usually composed of calcium carbonate and when the proportion of
magnesium carbonate (10%) is called dolomite limestone.
2- Sandstone: It is a stone containing quartz granules
and multiple cementing materials
3- Alabaster: is a decorative and ornamental stone made up of gypsum and the Egyptian
alabaster is made up of calcite
4- Breccia: is a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by
a fine-grained matrix that can be similar to or different from the composition of the fragments.
5-Conglomerates: compacted rock consisting of rounded fragments

III- Metamorphic Rocks:

1 - Marble: It is a thermal metamorphic limestone or dolomite characterized by an interwoven
fabric composed of calcite or dolomite crystals.
2- Granite Gneiss: a coarse-grained rock
3- Diorite Gneiss: a rock composed of white plagioclase and dark hornblende with boitite.
4- Serpentine: a rock consisting of a talc usually having a dull green color
 ‫‪ Uses‬‬
‫‪1-Decoration‬‬
‫‪Sculptures, characterized by their resistance to weathering.‬‬
‫‪2-Structures‬‬
‫‪Borders, houses, palaces, castles and dams.‬‬
‫‪ Production‬‬
‫‪the production of ornamental stones will reach 115 million square meters, ending March‬‬
‫‪20, 2015.‬‬

‫‪Lime Stone‬‬
‫الحجر الكلسي أو الحجر الجيري يُرمز له كيميائيا )‪ (CaCO3‬هو حجر رسوبي ناشئ من رواسب أحياء مائية متكلسة كالمرجان‬
‫والمنخربات والرخويات و كذلك على أحبار وقواقع بحرية‪ .‬طبقا لطبيعته الجيولوجية فإنه يحتوي على كميات متفاوتة من‬
‫السيليكا على صورة شوائب وكذلك كميات متفاوتة من الحجر الكلسي النقي‪ .‬غالبا ما يكون أبيض اللون‪ ،‬لكن الشوائب مثل‬
‫الطمي والرمل و شوائب معدنية مثل األراجونيت وأكاسيد الحديد تجعله يتلون بألوان مختلفة‪ .‬كما توجد منه أنواع تسمى‬
‫"كالستيك" بمعنى أنها مكونة من خليط من أحجار أخرى صغيرة متماسكة‪.‬‬

‫‪ Uses‬‬
‫‪Cement, Iron & steel, Road, Building, Chemical, Paper & Pulp, Lake liming, Water cleaning.‬‬

‫)‪ Mine production in all over the world (thousand tons‬‬

‫‪Countries‬‬ ‫‪2017‬‬
‫‪China‬‬ ‫‪230000‬‬
‫‪U.S.A‬‬ ‫‪18000‬‬
‫‪India‬‬ ‫‪11000‬‬
‫‪World total‬‬ ‫‪350000‬‬
 Reserves and Mine Production in Africa and Arab Countries
 2-3) Gem Stones
Definition and Uses of Gemstones:
A Gemstone (also called a gem, fine gem, jewel, precious stone, or semi-precious stone) is a piece
of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments.

Gem Resources - Gemstones Found Around The World :

 South America’s Gemstones
 Europe’s Gemstones
 Asia’s Gemstones
 Africa’s Gemstones
 Australia’s Gemstones
 North America’s Gemstones in the US and Canada

Properties of gemstone
 gems are characterized in terms of refractive index, dispersion, specific gravity, hardness,
cleavage, fracture and luster.
World Gem Diamond Mine Production and Reserves:
Country 2015 2016
Russia 23,500 23,500
Botswana 14,500 15,000
Canada 11,700 13,000

- The most important Countries Africa in gemstone:

1- Mozambique
2- Nigeria
3- Tanzania
 Gem Stones Shape Composition Classification

Hydrous Silica Dioxide

) ‫( عقيق‬Opal : Mineraloid
(SiO2.nH2O)

) ‫( كهرمان‬Amber : Hydrocarbon Paleontology

‫(الزبرجد‬Peridot (Mg, Fe) SiO Silicate Mineral

)‫الطبيعي‬ 2 4 Variety
‫(حجر‬Amethyst Silica (silicon dioxide,
Mineral Silicate
)‫اميشست‬ SiO2)
Aluminum Oxide
)‫ (ياقوت‬Ruby
Oxide with Chromium Mineral Variety
Aluminum Beryllium Silicate Mineral
)‫(زبرجد‬Aquamarine
Silicate Variety
Aluminium
)‫(ياقوت أزرق‬Sapphire Oxide, Al2O3 Oxide Mineral

)‫(السترين‬Citrine Silicon Dioxide Variety of Quartz

Magnesium Aluminum
) ‫(اإلس ِبنَل‬Spinel Oxide MgAl2O4 Oxide Mineral
Sorosilicate: zoisite
) ‫( تنزانيت‬Tanzanite Complex Silicate
variety
Nesosilicate
) ‫( توباز‬Topaz Complex Silicate
Minerals
)‫( تورمالين‬Tourmaline Complex Silicate Cyclosilicate
Copper Aluminum
) ‫ ( فيروز‬Turquoise Phosphate Minerals
Phosphate
) ‫ ( زركون‬Zircon Zirconium silicate Nesosilicates

) ‫ (كوارتز‬Quartz Silicon Dioxide Oxide Mineral

) ‫(ألماس‬Diamond Carbon Native Mineral

Beryllium Aluminum
) ‫ (زمرد‬Emerald Beryl Variety
Silicate

Carbonate
) ‫ ( اللؤلؤ‬Pearl Calcium carbonate
Mineral, protine
3) Coal
-Coal Ore is the most common of the ores and always appears in medium-sized to large
clusters inside Stone at any level.
-It is composition: carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen .
 Types of Coal
1- Peat
2- Lignite
3- Bituminous
4- Sub-Bituminous coal
5- Anthracite
 Coal properties

Dry, Carbon Moisture content Dry, volatile Heat Content

Coal
content (%) before drying (%) content (%) (MJ/kg)

Anthracite 86-92 7-10 3-14 32-33

Bituminous coal 76-86 8-18 14-46 23-33

Sub-Bituminous
70-76 18-38 42-53 18-23
coal

Lignite 65-70 35-55 53-63 17-18

Peat <60 75 63-69 15

 Uses
Coal as a source of steam energy, As a source of electrical energy, Domestic fuel,
Metallurgical coke, Chemical industries, By-products of coal
 Reserves in all over the world (Billon ton)
Countries 2016
U.S.A 238.3
Russia 157
China 114.5
World total 826

 Mine production in all over the world (M tons)

Countries 2016
China 3411
India 692.4
U.S.A 660.6
World total 7460.4