HUT200 Professional Ethics

Module 1: Human Values

Morals, Values and Ethics - Integrity - work Ethics -
Service Learning - Civic Virtue - Respect for others -
Living peacefully - Caring - Sharing - Honesty -
Courage - Co-operation - Commitment - Empathy -
Self-Confidence -Social Expectations
Why should I learn this subject?
• To enable students to create awareness on ethics
and human values.
• Understand the core values that shape the ethical
behaviour of a professional.
• Adopt a good character and follow an ethical life.
• Explain the role and responsibility in technological
development by keeping personal ethics and legal
ethics.
• Solve moral and ethical problems through
exploration and assessment by established
experiments.
• Apply the knowledge of human values and social
values to contemporary ethical values and global
issues.
 Objectives
• to understand the moral values that ought to
guide the Engineering profession,
• resolve the moral issues in the profession,
• justify the moral judgment concerning the
profession.
• Identify the core values that shape the ethical
behaviour of an engineering professional
• Awareness on professional ethics and human
values
• To Know their role in technological development
• To make you a good human being at home,
society and at work place
Nurture the life with good values
 (A) Improvement of the cognitive skills
(skills of the intellect in thinking clearly)
1. Moral awareness (proficiency in recognizing
moral problems in engineering)
2. Cogent moral reasoning (comprehending,
assessing different views)
3. Moral coherence (forming consistent
viewpoints based on facts)
4. Moral imagination (searching beyond
obvious the alternative responses to issues
and being receptive to creative solutions)
5. Moral communication, to express and
support one’s views to others.
A B
(B)To act in morally desirable ways, towards
moral commitment and responsible
conduct
6. Moral reasonableness i.e., willing and able to be
morally responsible.
7. Respect for persons, which means showing concern
for the well-being of others, besides oneself.
8. Tolerance of diversity i.e., respect for ethnic and
religious differences, and acceptance of reasonable
differences in moral perspectives.
9. Moral hope i.e., believe in using rational dialogue for
resolving moral conflicts.
10. Integrity, which means moral integrity, and
integrating one’s professional life and personal
convictions.
 Human Values
• Human values are the virtues that guide us
• They are the feelings of human essence of
others
• Values guides the selection or evaluate policies,
people and events
• Do u get opportunity for Participation in decision
making process?

• What are you expecting in real

life examinations ?
Growing life through value roots
As a seed grows into a tree in
the nature, will you be able to
give like shade to passengers,
shelter to sparrows, allow to
use everything belongs to it
even after its life.
 Some Basic Human Values
• Self direction
• Stimulation
• Achievement
• Power
• Security
• Tradition
• Customs
• Benevolence
• Universalism
Types of Values
• Moral
• Ethical
• Professional
• Social
• Aesthetic
• Psychological
 Morals
• Morals are the welfare principles enunciated by the
wise people, based on their experience and wisdom.
They were edited, changed or modified or evolved to
suit the geography of the region, rulers (dynasty),
and in accordance with development of knowledge
in science and technology and with time.
• Morality is concerned with principles and practices
of morals such as:
A. What ought or ought not to be done in a given
situation?
B. What is right or wrong about the handling of a
situation?
C. What is good or bad about the people, policies, and
ideals involved?
Morality Ethics

1. More general and prescriptive 1.Specific and descriptive. It is a

based on customs and traditions. critical reflection on morals.
2. More concerned with the results 2. More concerned with the results
of wrong action, when done. of a right action, when not done.
3. Thrust is on judgment and 3. Thrust is on influence, education,
punishment, in the name of God or training through codes, guidelines,
by laws. and correction.
4. In case of conflict between the 4. Less serious, hence second
two, morality is given top priority, priority only. Less common. But
because the damage is more. It is relevant today, because of
more common and basic. complex interactions in the
5. Example: Character flaw, modern society.
corruption, 5. Example: Notions or beliefs
extortion, and crime. about
manners, tastes, customs, and
towards laws.
• Against morals and ethics, laws are norms,
formally approved by state, power or
national or international political bodies.
Breaking the norms is called crime, and
invite specific punishment.
Values
 Values
• Humans have the unique ability to define their identity,
choose their values and establish their beliefs.
• All three of these directly influence a person’s behaviour
• A value is defined as a principle that promotes well-
being or prevents harm.”
• Another definition is: Values are our guidelines for our
success—our paradigm about what is acceptable.”
• Personal values are defined as: “Emotional beliefs in
principles regarded as particularly favourable or
important for the individual.”
• Our values associate emotions to our experiences and
guide our choices, decisions and actions.
• “Values are the scales we use to weigh our choices for
our actions, whether to move towards or away from
something.”
 human needs.
• Dr. Abraham Maslow illustrated this with his
hierarchy of human needs.
• Survival has a higher priority than security,
which has a higher priority than social
acceptance.
• Self-esteem can only be addressed to the
degree that social acceptance is fulfilled.
Similarly,
• self-actualization can only be pursued to the
degree that self-esteem has been satisfied.
The five core human values are:
(1) Right conduct, (2) Peace, (3) Truth, (4) Love, and (5)
Nonviolence.
1. Values related to RIGHT CONDUCT are:
(a) SELF-HELP SKILLS: Care of possessions, diet,
hygiene, modesty, posture, self reliance, and tidy
appearance
(b) SOCIAL SKILLS: Good behaviour, good manners,
good relationships, helpfulness, No wastage, and good
environment
(c) ETHICAL SKILLS: Code of conduct, courage,
dependability, duty, efficiency, ingenuity, initiative,
perseverance, punctuality, resourcefulness, respect for
all, and responsibility
2. Values related to PEACE are: Attention, calmness,
concentration, contentment, dignity, discipline, equality,
equanimity, faithfulness, focus, gratitude, happiness,
harmony, humility, inner silence, optimism, patience,
reflection, satisfaction, self-acceptance, self-
confidence, self-control, self-discipline, self-esteem,
self-respect, sense control, tolerance, and
understanding
3. Values related to TRUTH are: Accuracy, curiosity,
discernment, fairness, fearlessness, honesty, integrity
(unity of thought, word, and deed), intuition, justice,
optimism, purity, quest for knowledge, reason, self-
analysis, sincerity, sprit of enquiry, synthesis, trust,
truthfulness, and determination.
4. Values related to LOVE are: Acceptance, affection, care,
compassion, consideration, dedication, devotion,
empathy, forbearance, forgiveness, friendship,
generosity, gentleness, humanness, interdependence,
kindness, patience, patriotism, reverence, sacrifice,
selflessness, service, sharing, sympathy,
thoughtfulness, tolerance and trust
5. Values related to NON-VIOLENCE are:
(a) PSYCHOLOGICAL: Benevolence, compassion, concern for
others, consideration, forbearance, forgiveness, manners,
happiness, loyalty, morality, and universal love
(b) SOCIAL: Appreciation of other cultures and religions,
brotherhood, care of environment, citizenship, equality,
harmlessness, national awareness, perseverance, respect
for property, and social justice.
PERSEVERANCE is defined as persistence, determination,
resolution, tenacity, dedication, commitment, constancy,
steadfastness, stamina, endurance and indefatigability. To
persevere is described as to continue, carry on, stick at it (in
formal), keep going, persist, plug away, (informal), remain,
stand firm, stand fast, hold on and hang on. Perseverance
builds character.
ACCURACY means freedom from mistake or error; conformity
to truth or exactness. Accuracy is defined as correctness,
exactness, authenticity, truth, veracity, closeness to truth
(true value) and carefulness.. Accuracy includes telling the
truth, not exaggerating, and taking care over one’s work.
DISCERNMENT means discrimination, perception, penetration,
and insight
 Evolution of Human Values
The human values evolve because of the
following factors:
1. The impact of norms of the society on the
fulfilment of the individual’s needs or desires.
2. Developed or modified by one’s own
awareness, choice, and judgment
in fulfilling the needs.
3. By the teachings and practice of
Preceptors (Gurus) or Saviours or religious
leaders.
4. Fostered or modified by social leaders, rulers
of kingdom, and by law (government).
 ETHICS
• Ethics is the word that refers to morals, values,
and beliefs of the individuals, family or the society.
1. It is an activity and process of inquiry.
2. different from non-moral problems, when dealing
with issues and controversies.
3. ethics refers to a particular set of beliefs,
attitudes, and habits of individuals or family or
groups concerned with morals.
4. it is used to mean ‘morally correct’.
• The principles and practices of religions have
varied from to time to time (history), region
(geography, climatic conditions), religion, society,
language, caste and creed. But
 INTEGRITY
• Integrity is defined as the unity of thought, word and
deed (honesty) and open mindedness.
• It includes the capacity to communicate the factual
information so that others can make well-informed
decisions.
• It yields the person’s ‘peace of mind’, and hence adds
strength and consistency in character, decisions, and
actions.
• This paves way to one’s success. It is one of the self-
direction virtues.
• It enthuse people not only to execute a job well but to
achieve excellence in performance.
• It helps them to own the responsibility and earn self-
respect and recognition by doing the job.
• Moral integrity is defined as a virtue, which reflects a
consistency of one’s attitudes, emotions, and conduct
in relation to justified moral values.
 Academic Integrity
• Academic integrity is the commitment to
and demonstration of honest and moral
behaviour in an academic setting.
• This is most relevant at the university level
as it relates to providing credit to other
people when using their ideas.
• it requires acknowledging
the contributions of other
people.
• Failure to provide such
acknowledgement is considered plagiarism.
• International Centre for Academic
Integrity(ICAI) stated 5 pillars of academic
integrity:
• Honesty is Sincerity
• Trust in relationships
• Fairness
• Respect/recognition
• Resposibility
 WORK ETHICS
• Industry and Society are the two systems which
interact with each other and are interdependent.
Society requires industry/business system which
provides manufacturing, distribution and consumption
activities. It needs investment (capital input), labor
(input), supply (raw materials), production (industries,
business organizations), marketing and distribution
(transport), and consumption (public, customer)
• A lot of transactions (and interactions) between these
sub-systems involving people are needed for the
welfare of the society. The work ethics plays an
essential roles.
• Work ethics is defined as a set of attitudes concerned
with the value of work, which forms the motivational
The ‘work ethics’ is aimed at ensuring the economy
• (get job, create wealth,earn salary),
• productivity (wealth, profit),
• safety (in workplace),
• health and hygiene (working conditions),
• privacy (raise family), welfare (social work),
• security (permanence against contractual, pension,
and retirement benefits)
• cultural and social development (leisure, hobby, and
happiness),
• environment (anti-pollution activities), and offer
opportunities for all, according to their abilities, but
without discrimination.
Many complex social problems exist in the industrial/business
scenario, because:
1. The people desire to be recognized as individuals and treated
with dignity, as living human beings. Work is intrinsically /
enjoyable or meaningful in allowing personal expression and
self-fulfillment. Meaningful work-personal identity and the self-
esteem it holds.
2. Economic independence: providing the income needed to avoid
economic dependence &achieving status and recognition.
3. Pay &pace of work should be considerable. Exploitation and
bargained pay should be discouraged.
4. Privacy of the employee & confidentiality of the employer is to
be protected. Mutual trust and loyalty
5. Security during job &retirement benefits : This concept is being
accepted only in government jobs, public limited companies,
and corporate organizations. Indian private industries and
multinationals in a paradigm shift from ‘lifelong employment’ to
policies such as ‘merit only’, ‘hire and fire’, ‘pay and use’ etc.
6. Recognition to non-work activities, such as leisure, paid
holiday on the day of visit of a dignitary, social service, and
other developmental activities peace of mind and happiness.
7. Hard work and productivity promotes -hazardous jobs are to
be made less straining, dignified, &safer. ‘virtual work’,
8. Employee alienation: Absence of or inadequate ‘recognition
and reward system’ and ‘grievance redressal system’, lack of
transparency in policy implementation, factions in trade
unions etc. lead to ethical problems, affecting the work ethics.
-Participative management, quality circles, job rotation, and
flexible working hours
9. A different view of work ethics: Work is considered as a
necessary evil. to avoid worse evils, like dependency and
poverty.i.e,a major source of anxiety and unhappiness.
10. As per the Protestant Work Ethics, the financial success is
a sign that is favoured by God/luck. making maximal profit
rationally, diligently, and without
compromising with other values not by
exploiting or harming others
 SERVICE LEARNING
• Service learning refers to learning the service policies, procedures,
norms, and conditions, other than ‘the technical trade practices’.
• includes the characteristics of the work, basic requirements,
security of the job, and awareness of the procedures, while taking
decisions and actions.
• It helps the individuals to interact ethically with colleagues, to
effectively coordinate with other departments, to interact cordially
with suppliers as well as the customers, and to maintain all these
friendly interactions.
• Alternatively, the service learning may be defined as the non-paid
activity, in which service is provided on voluntary basis to the public
(have-nots in the community), non-profitable institutions, and
charitable organizations. It is the service during learning. This
includes training or study on real
life problems and their possible solutions, during the formal learning,
i.e., courses of study.
• In industrial scenario, adoption, study, and development of public
health or welfare or safety system of a village or school is an
example of service learning by the employees.
• The engineering student analyzing and executing a socially-relevant
project is another example of service learning.
It is one of the forms of experiential learning and
community service opportunities. It is distinguished in
the following ways:
1. Connection to curriculum: Integrating the learning into
a service project is a key to successful service learning.
2. Learner’s voice: Beyond being actively engaged in the
project, trainees have the opportunity to select, design,
implement, and evaluate their service activity.
3. Reflection: Structured opportunities are created to
think, talk, and write about the service experience.
allows the trainee to be constantly aware of the impact
of their work.
4. Partners in the community: Partnership with
community agencies are used to identify
genuine needs, provide mentorship, and
contribute input such as labour and expertise
towards completing the project.
 VIRTUES
Virtues are positive and preferred values. Virtues are
desirable attitudes or character traits, motives and
emotions that enable us to be successful and to act in
ways that develop our highest potential.
• They energize and enable us to pursue the ideals that we
have adopted. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity,
fidelity, integrity, fairness, transparency, self-control, and
prudence are all examples of virtues.
• Virtues are tendencies which include, solving problems
through peaceful and constructive means and follow the
path of the golden mean between the extremes of
‘excess and deficiency’.
• They are like habits, once acquired, they become
characteristics of a person.
• a person who has developed virtues will naturally act in
ways consistent with moral principles. The virtuous
person is the ethical person.
 Civic Virtues
Civic virtues are the moral duties and rights, as a
citizen of the village or the country or an integral part
of the society and environment. An individual may
exhibit civic virtues by voting, volunteering, and
organizing welfare groups and meetings.
The duties are:
1. To pay taxes to the local government and state, in
time.
2. To keep the surroundings clean and green.
3. Not to pollute the water, land, and air by following
hygiene and proper garbage disposal. i.e, not to burn
wood, tyres, plastic materials, spit in the open, even
not to smoke in the open, and not to cause nuisance
to the public, are some of the civic (duties) virtues.
4. To follow the road safety rules
The rights are:
1. To vote the local or state government.
2. To contest in the elections to the local or state
government.
3. To seek a public welfare facility such as a
school, hospital or a community hall or transport
or communication facility, for the residents.
4. To establish a green and safe environment,
pollution free, corruption free, and to follow
ethical principles. People are said to have the
right to breathe in fresh air, by not allowing
smoking in public.
5. People have inalienable right to accept or reject
a project in their area. One has the right to seek
legal remedy, in this respect, through public
interest petition.
George Washington
embodied the civic virtues
as indispensable for a self-
governing administration.
These virtues are divided
into four categories:
1.Civic Knowledge :Citizens must understand what the Constitution says about how the
government is working, and what the government is supposed to do and what not to
do.
• understand the basis of our responsibilities as citizens, besides duties and rights.
• able to recognize when the government or another citizen infringes upon our rights. i.
e, the government requires the participation of the enlightened citizens, to serve and
survive.
2. Self-Restraint :For citizens to live in a free society with limited government each citizen
must be able to control or restrain himself; need a police state—dictatorial
government to maintain safety and order.
• He advocated for morality and declared (about self restrain naturally he was a great
leader) that happiness is achieved and sustained through virtues and morals.
3. Self-Assertion : Self-assertion means that citizens must be proud of their rights, and
have the courage to stand up in public and defend their rights. Sometimes, a
government may usurp the very rights that it was created to protect , alter or abolish
that government (e.g., voting rights, rights call back). *Pakistan case
4. Self-Reliance :Citizens should not be dependent on government for their basic needs.
Self-reliant citizens are free citizens are not dependent on others for their basic need
and do not need a large provider-government, which has the potential to become an
oppressive government, to meet those needs.
• Only a strong self-reliant citizenry will be able to enjoy fully the blessings of liberty.
These civic virtues, applicable to local, state, and central governments, nourish freedom
and civil
 RESPECT FOR OTHERS
This is a basic requirement for nurturing friendship, team work, and for the
synergy it promotes and sustains. The principles enunciated in this
regard are:
1. Recognize and accept the existence of other persons as human beings,
because they have a right to live, just as you have.
2. Respect others’ ideas (decisions), words, and labour (actions). One need
not accept or approve or award them, but shall listen to them first.
• One can correct or warn, if they commit mistakes.
• wait and watch as fun, if one falls
• Appreciate colleagues and subordinates on their positive actions.
• Criticize constructively and encourage them. They are bound to improve
their performance, by learning properly and by putting more efforts.
3. Show ‘goodwill’ on others. Love others. Allow others to grow. the
goodwill reflects on the originator
and multiplies itself on everybody.
This will facilitate collinearity,
focus, coherence, and strength to
achieve the goals.
 LIVING PEACEFULLY
To live peacefully, one should start install peace within (self). Charity begins at
home.
• one can spread peace to family, organisation where one works, and then to
the world, including the environment. You can not gift an article which you
do not possess. The essence of oriental philosophy is that one should not
fight for peace. It is oxymoron. War or peace can be won only by peace, and
not by wars !
One should adopt the following means to live peacefully, in the world:
Nurture
1. Order in one’s life (self-regulation, discipline, and duty).
2. Pure thoughts in one’s soul (loving others, blessing others, friendly, and not
criticizing or hurting others by thought, word or deed).
3. Creativity in one’s head (useful and constructive).
4. Beauty in one’s heart (love, service, happiness, and peace).
Get
5. Good health/body (physical strength for service).
Act
6. Help the needy with head, heart, and hands (charity). Service to the poor is
• The following are the factors that promote living,
with internal and external peace:
• 1. Conducive environment (safe, ventilated,
illuminated and comfortable).
• 2. Secured job and motivated with ‘recognition
and reward’.
• 3. Absence of threat or tension by pressure due
to limitations of money or time.
• 4. Absence of unnecessary interference or
disturbance, except as guidelines.
• 5. Healthy labour relations and family situations.
• 6. Service to the needy (physically and mentally-
challenged) with love and sympathy.
 CARING & SHARING
Caring is feeling for others. It is a process which exhibits the
interest in, and support for, the welfare of
others with fairness, impartiality and justice in all activities,
among the employees, in the context of professional ethics.
• It includes showing respect to the feelings of others, and also
respecting and preserving the interests of all others concerned.
• Caring is reflected in activities such as friendship, membership
in
social clubs and professional societies, and through various
transactions in the family, fraternity, community, country and in
international councils.
• caring for the environment (including the fauna and flora) has
become a necessity for our very
survival. If we do not care for the
environment, the environment will
Scare us.
 CARING & SHARING

3
1

2
• Caring influences ‘sharing’.
SHARING
• Sharing is a process that describes the transfer of knowledge (teaching, learning, and
information), experience (training), commodities (material possession) and facilities with others.
• The transfer should be genuine, legal, positive, voluntary, and without any expectation in return.
• The proprietary information it should not be shared with outsiders.
• Experience, expertise, wisdom and other benefits reach more people faster.
• Sharing is voluntary and it can not be driven by force, but motivated successfully through ethical
principles.
• Sharing is ‘charity’ . & For the humanity, ‘sharing’ is a culture.
• The ‘happiness and wealth’ are multiplied and the ‘crimes and sufferings’ are reduced, by
sharing.
• It paves the way for peace and obviates militancy.
• Philosophically, it maximizes the happiness for all the human beings.
• Psychologically, the fear, divide, and distrust between the ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ disappear.
• Sharing paves the way to prosperity early and easily, and sustains it.
• Economically speaking, benefits are maximized as there is no wastage or loss, gets needs
fulfilled and satisfied.
• Commercially speaking, the profit is maximized.
• Technologically, the productivity and utilization are maximized by sharing.
• The co-operative societies for producers as well as consumers are typical examples of sharing
of the goods, profit and other social benefits.
 HONESTY
Honesty is a virtue, and it is exhibited in two aspects namely,
(a) Truthfulness and
(b) Trustworthiness.
• Truthfulness is to face the responsibilities upon
telling truth. keep one’s word or promise. By admitting one’s mistake
committed (one needs courage to do that!), it is easy to fix them.
• Reliable engineering judgment, maintenance of truth, defending the
truth, and communicating the truth, only when it does ‘good’ to
others, are some of the reflections of truthfulness.
• Trustworthiness is maintaining integrity and taking responsibility for
personal performance. People abide by law and live by mutual trust.
They play the right way to win, according to the laws or rules (legally
and morally). They build trust through reliability and authenticity.
They admit their own mistakes and confront unethical actions in
others and take tough and principled stand, even if unpopular.
Honesty is mirrored in many ways. The common reflections are:
(a) Beliefs (intellectual honesty).
(b) Communication (writing and speech).
(c) Decisions (ideas, discretion).
(d) Actions (means, timing, place, and the goals). and
(e) Intended and unintended results achieved.
As against this, some of the actions of an engineer that leads to dishonesty
are:
1. Lying: Honesty implies avoidance of lying. An engineer may communicate
wrong or distorted test results intentionally or otherwise. It is giving wrong
information to the right people.
2. Deliberate deception: An engineer may judge or decide on matters one is
not familiar or with insufficient data or proof, to impress upon the
customers or employers. This is a self deceit.
3. Withholding the information: It means hiding the facts during
communication to one’s superior or subordinate, intentionally or otherwise.
4. Not seeking the truth: Some engineers accept the information or data,
without applying their mind and seeking the truth.
5. Not maintaining confidentiality: It is giving right information to wrong
people. The engineers should keep information of their customers/clients
or of their employers confidential and should not discuss them with others.
6. Giving professional judgment under the influence of extraneous factors
such as personal benefits and prejudice. The laws, experience, social
welfare, and even conscience are given a go-bye by such actions. Certainly
this is a higher-order crime.
 COURAGE
Courage is the tendency to accept and face risks and difficult tasks in
rational ways. Self-confidence is the basic requirement to nurture courage.
Courage is classified into three types, based on the types of risks, namely
(a) Physical courage,
(b) Social courage, and
(c) Intellectual courage.
In physical courage, the thrust is on the adequacy of the physical strength,the muscle
power and armaments. People with high adrenalin, may be prepared to face
challenges for the mere ‘thrill’ or driven by a decision to ‘excel’.
The social courage involves the decisions and actions to change the order, based on
the conviction for or against certain social behaviours. This requires leadership
abilities, including empathy and sacrifice, to mobilize and motivate the followers, for
the social cause.
The intellectual courage is inculcated in people through acquired knowledge,
experience, games, tactics, education, and training.
In professional ethics, courage is applicable to the employers, employees, public, and
the press.
Look before you leap.
One should perform Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT)
analysis.
Calculate (estimate) the risks, compare with one’s strengths, and anticipate the end results,
while taking decisions and before getting into action.
Past experience (one’s own or borrowed!) and wisdom gained from self-study or others
will prepare one to plan and act with self-confidence, succeed in achieving the desired
ethical goals through ethical means.
Opportunities and threat existing and likely to exist in future are also to be studied and
measures to be planned. This anticipatory management will help any one to face the
future with courage.
Facing the criticism, owning responsibility, and accepting the mistakes or errors when
committed and exposed are the expressions of courage.
to be vigilant against the past mistakes, and creative in finding the alternate means to
achieve the desired objectives.
Prof. Sathish Dhawan, Chief of ISRO, was reported to have exhibited his courage and owned
responsibility, when
the previous space mission failed, but credited Prof. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam when the
subsequent mission succeeded.
The courageous people own and have shown the following characteristics, in their
professions:
(a) Perseverance (sustained hard work),
(b) Experimentation (preparedness to face the challenges, that is, unexpected or
unintended results),
(c) Involvement (attitude, clear and firm resolve to act), and
(d) Commitment (willing to get into action and to reach the desired goals by any alternative
but
ethical means).
It is a team-spirit present with every individual engaged in engineering.
Co-operation is activity between two persons or sectors that aims at
Integration of operations (synergy), while not sacrificing the autonomy
of either party.
• working together ensures, coherence, i.e., blending of different skills required,
towards common goals.
• to understand others, think and act together and putting this into
practice, is cooperation.
• Cooperation promotes co linearity, coherence (blend), co-ordination
(activities linked in sequence or priority) and the synergy (maximizing the
output, by reinforcement).
• The whole is more than the sum of the individuals.
• It helps in minimizing the input resources (including time) and maximizes
the outputs, which include quantity, quality, effectiveness, and efficiency.
• According to professional ethics, cooperation should exist or be developed,
and maintained, at several levels; between the employers and employees,
between the superiors and subordinates, among the colleagues, between the
producers and the suppliers (spare parts), and between the organisation and
its customers.
The codes of ethics of various professional societies insist on
appropriate cooperation to nourish the industry.
The absence of cooperation leads to lack of communication,
misinformation, void in communication, and undue delay
between supply, production, marketing, and consumption.
This is likely to demoralize and frustrate the employees, leading to
collapse of the industry over time and an economic loss to the
society.
The impediments to successful cooperation are:
1. Clash of ego of individuals.
2. Lack of leadership and motivation.
3. Conflicts of interests, based on region, religion, language, and
caste.
4. Ignorance and lack of interest.
By careful planning, motivation, leadership, fostering and
rewarding team work, professionalism and humanism beyond
the ‘divides’, training on
appreciation to different cultures, mutual understanding
‘cooperation’ can be developed and also sustained.
 COMMITMENT
Commitment means alignment to goals and adherence
to ethical principles during the activities.
• believe in one’s action performed and the expected
end results (confidence)
• conviction without an iota of doubt that one will succeed.
• Holding sustained interest and firmness, in whatever ethical
means one follows, with the fervent attitude and hope that one
will achieve the goals, is commitment. It is the driving force to
realize success.
• This is a basic requirement for any profession.
• For example, a design engineer shall exhibit a sense of
commitment, to make his product or project designed a
beneficial contribution to the society.
• Only when the teacher is committed, the students will succeed in
life and contribute ‘good’ to the society.
• The commitment of top management will naturally lead to
committed employees, whatever may be their position or
emoluments. This is bound to add wealth to oneself, one’s
employer, society, and the nation at large
• To integrate life and work successfully, you
need to make clear commitments that will help
you:
- Honour what you’re made of and what you
want over the long arch of your life and career
- Make the impact you long to in your life, career,
and with your family
- Stand up and speak up for what you need and
want each and every day
- Make the tough decisions that pave the way for
long-term success

source:Forbes.com
Empathy is social radar.
• Sensing what others feel about, without their open talk, is
the essence of empathy. Empathy begins with showing
concern, and then obtaining and understanding the
feelings of others, from others’ point of view.
• It is also defined as the ability to put one’s self into the
psychological frame or reference or point of view of
another, to know what the other person feels.
• It includes the imaginative projection into other’s feelings
and understanding of other’s background such as
parentage,
physical and mental state, economic situation, and
association.
• This is an essential ingredient for good human relations
and transactions.
To practice ‘Empathy’, a leader must have or develop the following characteristics:
1. Understanding others: It means sensing others feelings and perspectives, and taking
active
interest in their welfare.
2. Service orientation: It is anticipation, recognition and meeting the needs of the clients or
customers.
3. Developing others: This means identification of their needs and bolstering their abilities.
In developing others, the one should inculcate in him the ‘listening skill’ first.
• Communication = 22% reading and writing + 23% speaking + 55% listening
One should get the feed back, acknowledge the strength and accomplishments, and then
coach the individual, by informing about what was wrong, and giving correct feedback and
positive expectation of the subject’s abilities and the resulting performance.
4. Leveraging diversity (opportunities through diverse people): This leads to enhanced
organizational learning, flexibility, and profitability.
5. Political awareness: It is the ability to read political and social currents in an organization.
The benefits of empathy include:
1. Good customer relations (in sales and service, in partnering).
2. Harmonious labour relations (in manufacturing).
3. Good vendor-producer relationship (in partnering.)
• maximize the output and profit & minimizing the loss.
• empathy is very effective in realising the unbiased views of others customer
Complaints,
. According to Peter Drucker, purpose of the business is not to make a sale, but to make
and keep a customer. Empathy assists one in developing courage leading to success!
 SELF-CONFIDENCE
• Certainty in one’s own capabilities, values, and goals, is self-
confidence.
• These people are usually positive thinking, flexible and willing to
change. They respect others so much as they respect themselves.
• Self-confidence is positive attitude, wherein the individual has
some positive and realistic view of himself, with respect to the
situations in which one gets involved.
• The people with self-confidence exhibit courage to get into action
and unshakable faith in their abilities, whatever may be their
positions.
• They are not influenced by threats or challenges and are prepared
to face them and the natural or unexpected consequences.
• The self-confidence in a person develops a sense of partnership,
respect, and accountability, and this helps the organization to
obtain maximum ideas, efforts, and guidelines from its employees.
• The people with self-confidence have the following characteristics:
1. A self-assured standing,
2. Willing to listen to learn from others and adopt (flexibility),
3. Frank to speak the truth, and
4. respect others’ efforts and give due credit.
On the contrary, some leaders expose others when failure
occurs, and own the credit when success comes.
The factors that shape self-confidence in a person are:
1. Heredity (attitudes of parents) and family environment
(elders),
2. Friendship (influence of friends/colleagues),
3. Influence of superiors/role models, and
4. Training in the organization ( e.g., training by Technical
Evangelists at Infosys Technologies).
The following methodologies are effective in developing self-
confidence in a person:
1. Encouraging SWOT analysis. By evaluating their strength
and weakness, they can anticipate and be prepared to face
the results.
2. Training to evaluate risks and face them (self-acceptance).
3. Self-talk . It is conditioning the mind for preparing the self to
act, without any doubt on his capabilities. This make one
accepts himself while still striving for improvement.
4. Study and group discussion, on the history of leaders and
innovators (e.g., Sam Walton of Wal-Mart, USA).
The people with self-confidence exhibit courage to
get into action and unshakable faith in their
abilities
 SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
• Social expectations are how someone
behave in our social surrounding in certain
future situation.
• We generate impressions based on the
images associated with the expectations.
• It helps to imagine/predict how one have to
behave or act in circumstances.
• Social interactions give relationship
fulfilments by adapting to behave making
harmony in complex environments.
• Expectations drives behaviour, but
everyone behaves differently
• the informal rules that govern behaviour in groups
and societies
• behaving according to roles that define their
identities and actions
• constraining behaviour, some of the key differences
between moral, social, and legal norms—as well as
differences between norms and conventions
• equilibrium of games of strategy, and as such they
are supported by a cluster of self-fulfilling
expectations.
• Beliefs, expectations, group knowledge and common
knowledge have thus become central concepts in the
development of a philosophical view of social norms.
• Paying attention to the role played by expectations in
supporting social norms has helped differentiate
between social norms, conventions, and descriptive
norms
• Refer textbooks and other
materials to think and write
beautifully..

• Thank you