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RESTRICTED NIGERIAN NAVY COMMUNICATIONS

PUBLICATION – 9

(FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY) The 2007 edition of the Nigerian Navy Communications
Publication is hereby promulgated for official use by
Nigerian Navy personnel only. Information given in this
document is not to be communicated either directly or
indirectly to the press or to any other person not
authorised to receive it.

By the Order of

NIGERIAN NAVY The Chief of the Naval Staff

COMMUNICATIONS PUBLICATION

NNCP-9 GUIDE TO USERS OF NAVAL

COMMUNICATIONS
2007 EDITION

GTA
RESTRICTED ADEKEYE
Oct 07 Vice Admiral

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RECORD OF CHANGES AND CORRECTIONS

PREFACE
Enter Change or Correction in Appropriate Column
1. This edition of the Nigerian Navy Communications Publication (NNCP-9) is
Change/ Date Name (in Capitals) designed as a coherent guide to day-to-day procedural practices in NN
Correction No. Signature communications. It contains essential information required to assist Administrative
Authorities, Commanding Officers and communication personnel in adhering to the
relevant rudiments of naval communications.

2. The NN hitherto relied on Royal Navy BRs especially BRs 67 and 1834 as well
as NNTPs and NNCPs for guidelines on naval communications and ceremonials.
However, recent editions of the BRs tend to exclude relevant issues on naval
communication procedures. In addition, existing local publications do not adequately
addressed some vital areas of naval ceremonials and other emerging issues on naval
communications. Moreover, the NNCP-9 has not been reviewed or reproduced over
time, and are thus mostly unavailable for use in many ships and establishments.

3. Further to these, recent observations indicate the need for improved

procedural efficiency on the part of operators regarding daily communication
procedures. Though significant progress has been made in the areas of message
writing, ceremonials and communication procedures, there is still the necessity of
developing a readily available reference material on daily NN communication practices.
The NNCP-9 has been reviewed to fill this gap.

4. Flag Officers and Commanding Officers are to ensure that every officer who is
authorized to originate signals has read and understood this handbook. A record that
this has been done should be kept and produced at periodic inspections.

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CHAPTER ONE c. Precise use of established procedures and correct methods of

operation in peace and wartime.
INTRODUCTION TO NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS
d. Administrative planning and foresight to ensure rapidity.
HISTORY OF NAVAL COMMUNICATION
e. Proper choice of frequency.
1. The history of naval signaling dates back to hundreds of years during the age
of sails when sail movement, firing of guns and display of flags in various positions TYPES AND MODES OF NAVAL COMMUNICATION
were used to convey different meanings. Major milestones in the development of naval
signaling include device of flags code by Adm Kempenfelt (RN) in 1780 and its revision Serial Type Mode Remark
by Lord Home in 1790, and by Adm Home Popham (RN) after 1804. Semaphore (a) (b) (c) (d)
signaling was introduced in 1795 by another Briton Rev Lord George Murray while the 1. Messenger Messenger, Courier, Despatch Rider, Secure but subject to human
Morse Code was invented by American Samuel Morse in 1844. The Morse Code later Helicopter or Despatch boat service. integrity
gave birth to the flashing system. Wireless radio telegraphy emerged in 1905 with a
2. Mail Post gram (surface mail), Air gram For non-urgent messages.
revolutionary effect on naval communications as it extended the range and speed of (Airmail).
communication considerably. In the inter-leaving period between 1905 and 1956 when 3. Sound Siren, foghorn, whistle. Normally uses morse code.
the NN was established, the two world wars (WW I(1914-18) and WW II (1939-45))
as well as the Cold War did much to accelerate development in naval signaling. Areas 4. Visual Signaling Pyrotechnics and panels, Coloured For tactical communications.
of significant development include encryption and decryption as well as electronic lights, flashing light, semaphore.

warfare. 5. Flag Signaling or Signal code or Naval code and Daytime Tactical
Flag Hoist International Code. Communications only.
2. On inception, the NN adopted naval communication practices of the Royal 6. Line Wire or Cable (Telephony) Restricted usage.
Navy on radio tactical and ceremonial procedures. In the last 3 decades, naval Communications
communications was considerably influenced by technological advances such as 7. Radio Telegraphy, Telephony, Facsimile, Wide usage, for digital and
Communication Television, Satellite Communications. analogue messages, requires
satellite technology and digital signaling. Consequently, satellite communication as well encryption when applied in naval
as transmission of voice, data and video signals have enhanced the capability of naval networks for classified messages.
communications in support of operations, particularly in the modern integrated
Command, Control, Communication, Computer, Information Surveillance and THE MORSE CODE
Reconnaissance (C4ISR). Of particular note is the increasing demand on naval
communications to provide support in a joint operations scenario through facilitation of 4. The principal methods used for message transmission by Morse Code are
communication with air and land components of a joint force. sound, flashing light and telegraphy. Symbols of the Morse code are expressed by an
arrangement of dots and dashes, as shown below. A dot is used as the unit of
PRINCIPLES OF NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS duration. A dash is equal to three units (or dots). The space between each dot or dash
is one unit; between special characters three units; and between words seven units.
3. Naval communication is basically designed to meet the requirements of war. Alphabets
Thus, its peacetime organisation, methods, procedures, facilities and training are such a. . ­ j. . ­ ­ ­ r. . ­ .
that only minor changes are required when shifting to an emergency or action status. b. ­ . . . k. ­ . ­ s. . . .
Based on this premise, the basic principles of naval communication are as follows: c. ­ . ­ . l. . ­ . . t. ­
d. ­ . . m. ­ ­ u. . . . ­
a. Reliability, security and speed which constitute fundamental e. . n. ­ . v. . . . ­
requirements of naval communication. f. . . ­ . o. _ _ _ w. . _ _
g. ­ ­ . p. . ­ ­ . x. ­ . . ­
b. Knowledge and appreciation of how, when and where to send h. . . . . q. ­ ­ ­ y. ­ . ­ ­
messages for effective communication. i. . . z. ­ ­ . .

2
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Numerals a. Provide an uninterrupted, speedy, secured and reliable flow of

operational, administrative and intelligence information between all
1. . ­ ­ ­ ­ 5. . . . . . 8. ­ ­ ­ . . Commands/Establishment and units of the Navy.
2. . . ­ ­ ­ 6. ­ . . . . 9. ­ ­ ­ ­ .
3. . . . ­ ­ 7. ­ ­ . . . 10. ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ b. Liaise with the other Services, the Police, Ministry of Information and
4. . . . . ­ Communications, Telecommunication Industries and other organizations for
the exchange of communication related matters for national and naval
Special Characters. The bar over two or more letters indicates that they interest.
are to be transmitted as a single character.
c. Research, develop, procure, store, monitor, and maintain all
AA . ­ . ­ General call or unknown station call. systems, equipment, materials, books and publications for the purpose of
naval communication.
AR . ­ . ­ . End of transmission sign used when no
Receipt is required.
c. Formulate, monitor and control all communication policies.
BT ­ . . . ­ Long break, precedes and follows the text
portion of a message.
d. Organize and operate the NN Courier Service.
EEEEEEEE . . . . . . . . Error. A succession of eight or more Es.
Means erase the portion of the message just e. Formulate policy on career planning for all communication personnel
transmitted; the corrected portion will follow’: or if in the NN.
followed by AR, means ‘cancel this message’.
IMI . . ­ ­ . . Repeat. Made by the recipient, to the
originator. If made alone it means ‘Repeat all of f. Organize conferences, seminars and symposia on communication
your last transmission’. If the sign is followed by related matters when necessary.
the letters AA (all after)’ AB (all before), WA (word
after) or WB (word before) followed by a word, g. Such other duties the CNS may assign from time to time.
then it means ‘Repeat only that portion of the
message so indicated’. It is also used by the 2. Organisation. The present organisation is in accordance with the NN
originator to precede the second transmission of Manning Plan. The Manning Plan has the Director as Commodore and is assisted by 3
the whole or a portion of the message. Deputy Directors (DD) viz, DD Comms, DD Technical/Equipment and DD Electronic
K ­ . ­ ‘Invitation to transmit’ cr ‘This is the end Warfare. The DDs are of Captain’s rank and are assisted by staff officers. An OiC
of my transmission to you and a response is heads the T/M Workshop at Apapa. Fig 1-1 shows the Organizational Chart of the
necessary. Directorate of Naval Signals.
R . ­ . Received; means ‘I have received your
last transmission’. 3. The Directorate has 6 Wireless Transmission Stations, each with long and
AAA . ­ . ­ . ­ Period. A full stop in plain language. short range communication capability (Abuja W/T, Lagos W/T, Calabar W/T, Port
Harcourt W/T, Sapele W/T and Warri W/T). These are under DNS for operational
control and under the Operational Commands for administrative control. From the
ORGANISATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES W/Ts the commands/establishments and units obtain signals messages through VHF
channels. Establishments that are not VHF range of W/Ts are provided HF radio to
1. Functions and Organisation of the Directorate of Naval Signals. The link up with the W/Ts. Such establishments include NNEC Sapele, NNC Onne, NNFLS
Directorate of Naval Signals is one of the nine directorates under the Training and Owerinta, NDA Kaduna and Department of Maritime Warfare (AFCSC Jaji).
Operations (TOPS) Branch at the Naval Headquarters. The functions of the Directorate
are as follows:
3
4

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ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF DIRECTORATE OF NAVAL SIGNALS SCHEDULE OF DUTIES

DNS 4. Director of Naval Signals. The Director of Naval Signals (DNS) is

responsible to the CTOPS for the following duties:

a. Advise on the conduct of naval communications.

NA/SEC
b. Controlling the operation of NN radio communication services.
OIC
ABJ W/T c. Allocation of radio communication services for intra-NN use.

d. Administration of the Directorate of Naval Signals.

e. Liaison with local industries for the development of indigenous

industrial base for radio communication equipment.
DD DD DD ELECT
COMMS TECH/EQPT WARFARE
f. Formulation of policies on signal operation and maintenance of all
communication equipment, systems and facilities in the NN. These include;
radio equipment/systems, telephone and exchanges, satellite equipment,
cryptographic equipment, Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
equipment and frequency monitoring equipment.

SO I FREQ SO I
SO I
g. Policy formulation on career planning for all communications
MONITORI ECM
NG ECCM personnel in the NN.

h. Organisation of conferences, seminars and symposia on

communications related matters when necessary.
SO I SO I SO I SO I SO II
COM PUB COUR CRYPT ECCM
MS IER O/CYP
SO I SO I j. Coordination with the Ministry of Information and Communication,
Line
GRAM HER OIC SO I
Comms
R&D National Frequency Management Council (NFMC) and Nigeria Communication
TM EQPT
W/SH Commission (NCC) for the allocation of suitable frequencies for NN
SO II
OP
SO II ECM operations.
FREQ
MONITORI
NG
k. Representation and protection of NN interests in all matters affecting
SO II COMMS SO II SO II National and Joint Services communications.
SO II EQPT Line SO II
PUB Comms R&D
SO II l. Preparation and defence of communications budget.
COURIER SO II
GRAM CRYPTO/
CYPHER m. Production and periodic review of communications
maintenance/operation manuals and publications. He is also to obtain
communications publications (Periodicals, journals and magazines) from
Fig 1-1 Organisational Chart of the Directorate of Naval Signals. appropriate bodies.

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p. Management of frequencies in use at different times and sectors, d. Coordinating on-the-job training for personnel onboard.
and the allocation of suitable frequencies for NN operations.
e. Control of visual and line communication in the ship/unit.
q. Liaison with NITEL, National Space Research and Development f. Efficiency and maintenance of communication equipment.
Agency (NASRDA) and National Information Technology Development agency h. Ensuring that all signals are scrutinized and irregularities are
(NITDA) on telecommunications matters. referred to drafters for correction prior to transmission/distribution.
r. Development of electronic support/protective measures.
7. Responsibilities of the Originator. The Originator has certain
definite responsibilities connected with originating of messages. These are:
s. Advising the CNS on the introduction and procurement of new
communications equipment and systems. a. Determine if a signal is necessary or whether a letter or telephone
call would serve instead.
5. Command Staff Officer Communication. The Command Staff Officer b. Use the correct message form and provide the required number of
Communication is responsible to the FOC for: copies.
a. Advise on all aspects of Electronic Warfare in the command. c. Determine the degrees of Precedence and security classification
based on the content of the message draft.
b. Coordination and allocation of radio communication circuits to
d. Determine the security classification.
various users in the command, including harbour communications.
e. Determine the type of message and express the address correctly.
c. Management of all aspects of communication security. f. Draft the text.
g. Insert the originator's special instructions if any.
d. Ensuring that W/Ts are functional at all times.
h. Insert the DTG in D/F and enemy contact reports.
e. Coordinating on-the-job training for personnel including civilians in i. Ensure the message is signed by the Releasing Officer and sufficient
the command. copies forwarded to the Main Communication Office.
f. Overall control of visual and line communication in the command. j. Originators should not normally dictate messages on telephone.
However, if this is done, a confirmatory copy must be sent to the Main Com-
g. Efficiency and maintenance of communication equipment. munication Office at the earliest opportunity. This copy must then be marked
h. Allocation, connection, control and regulated use of telephones "CONFIRMATORY COPY".
within the command.
8. Responsibilities of the Releasing Officer. The Releasing Officer is
j. Allocating a Date-Time-Group. responsible for the following:

k. Drawing the Originator's attention to any irregularities in the a. Confirming that the message is necessary.
message, or instructions. b. Ensuring that the text is correctly drafted.
c. Approving the security classification and any message instructions.
l. In times of minimise or other restrictions on signal traffic, reviewing d. Confirming the precedence for action and information addressees.
messages awaiting transmission and deciding whether they should be held, e. Inserting the DTG.
sent or referred to the Originator with a view to their being cancelled. f. Ensuring that ‘refers to message’ box has been completed.
6. Duties of Ship/Base Communication Officer. The Ship/Base g. Signing and thus authorising the message.
Communication Officer is responsible to the Commanding Officer for: h. Sending the message to the Comcen for transmission.

a. All matters relating to communications.

b. Advise on all aspects of Electronic Warfare in the ship/unit.
c. Management of communication security.

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CHAPTER TWO b. Telephony. This is a system for the transmission of speech by

line or radio. The most common form of line telephony is the point telephone.
RADIO COMMUNICATION IN THE NN
Radio telephone is mainly used for short-range communications among ships,
aircraft and shore stations. The systems are however developed for both
RADIO ORGANISATION
short range and long range world-wide voice communications.
1. In naval communications, radio transmission is available from Very Low
c. Facsimile (Fax). This is a means of sending still pictures
Frequency (VLF) to Super High Frequency (SHF). It is used for the following nets:
recorded in a permanent form by either line or radio. It is used extensively in
the NN for receiving documents, messages and weather maps.
a. Ship- ship.
b. Ship – shore.
d. Television (TV). Domestic television is a familiar feature of
c. Shore – shore.
modern living, but at present its naval use is limited to internal transmission
d. Ship/shore – Aircraft.
of instructional and entertainment programmes and for underwater detection
The frequency bands HF, VHF and UHF are usually employed for voice and data in salvage operations.
communication. While HF is used for medium to long range communication, VHF and
UHF are utilized for short range communication. e. Satellite Communications (SATCOMS). Some ships and naval
shore establishments are fitted with satellite communication terminals for use
2. Radio, Line and Satellite Communication. Radio communication is with any of the above methods of radio communication.
principally facilitated by emission of electro-magnetic (radio) waves through the air or
any other media between a transmitter and a receiver at determined frequency(ies). PRINCIPAL OPERATING METHODS OF RADIO COMMUNICATION
In terrestrial radio communication, the path of the wave could either follow the earth
curvature (Ground Wave) through the air directly to the receiver (Direct Wave) or 3. There are 3 principal operating methods used in communication. These are
reflected through the atmosphere (Reflected/Indirect Wave). When the medium of
transmission is a conducting cable, it is called Line Communication. In satellite a. Receipt method
communication, transmission is normally by direct line-of-sight between the earth
station and the satellite transponder. Both line and radio communications travel at the b. Broadcast method
speed of light (300 million metres per second), and comprise telegraphy, telephony,
facsimile, data and video. c. Intercept method

a. Telegraphy. Telegraphy employs both line and radio 4. Receipt Method. In the receipt method, the transmitting station
communications, and uses agreed code between sender and recipient. calls a station or group of stations and passes the message. At the end of
Telegraphy could be by any of the following methods: transmission, the called stations receipt for the transmission made. This method is
employed where it is more desirous to confirm the reception of a message
(1) Automatic Telegraphy. In Automatic Telegraphy (AT), notwithstanding the disclosure of the position of called ships to opposing forces. It is
messages are transmitted and received automatically at high speeds used for shore-to-shore, shore-to-ship, and ship-to-ship communications.
(about 100 words per minute) by means of teleprinters and
perforated tapes. When a radio system is used for transmission, it is 5. Broadcast Method. In this method a shore station transmits a
known as Radio Automatic Teletype (RATT). sequence of messages at certain intervals throughout the day on several HF
frequencies. The messages are serially numbered and are not directed to any
(2) Morse Telegraphy. Morse Telegraphy transmits particular ship or station. It is the primary method of delivering messages to ships at
messages by morse code. When used with radio, it is commonly sea but it does not guarantee that ships receive all the transmissions addressed to
known as Wireless Telegraphy (W/T). them. The consecutive numbering of the messages and the best reception frequency
ensure a complete message reception. The method has the advantage of not

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disclosing the position of own ships to opposing forces. The two types of broadcast
used are Area Broadcast and TF/TG Broadcast.
NCS NHQ
5NA2
a. Area Broadcast. In area broadcast, the broadcasting station is a ABJ W/T
5ON2
shore station. The broadcasts can be copied in certain geographical AFCSC
(DMW)
areas. NUA 5ON9
PRIMARY NDA (NW)
HF
5ON91

b. TF/TG Broadcast. The TF/TG broadcast may be activated at NAFRC

sea, at anchor or in harbour and will always be ordered by the CTF/CTG or 5ON92

OTC. The broadcast control station is a unit in the force which copies the SAPELE
W/T
area broadcast. Traffic sent on area broadcast is relayed here and PH W/T WARRI LAG
W/T 5ON8
CAL 5ON5 W/T
5ON7 5ON3
transmitted on the TF/TG broadcast. In addition tactical messages may be W/T
5ON4

ordered by the OTC for passing traffic among units of the force. NNS PATHFINDER
NNS DELTA
NNS BEECROFT
HQ ENC 5NA32
5NA42 5NA31 NNEC
5NA4

6. Intercept Method. In intercept method messages meant for certain

ship stations are passed between two fixed shore stations in the receipt method. In
other words, one shore station transmits and another shore station receipts. The HQ LOG COMD 5NA9

transmission is then silently intercepted by the ship stations which are concerned. In SHIPS
SHIPS AT
this way the intercepting ships secretly receive their messages without disclosing their NNC 5NA52
AIRCRAFT
FOB IGBOKODA
FOB IBAKA 5NA43 SEA 5NA33

positions to hostile forces. SECONDARY NNFLS 5NA55

NNSS ABEOKUTA
F OB BONNY 5NA44
HF FOB EGUEMA 5NA45 (AIRBORNE) 5NA39
SHIPYARD PH 5NA6 NNSHS OFFA
AIRCRAFT 5NA56

7. The NN Radio Network. The NN Radio Network is configured for the FOB ESCRAVOS
FOB ESCRAVOS
5NA34
(AIRBORNE)
5NA34
NAS OJO
purpose of status designation, management and future equipment specification with a 5NA37

view to ensuring effective operational and administrative command and control. The
current NN Radio Communication Network configuration is at Fig 3-1. The network VHF
NNS VICTORY
NNSS CAL
5NA41
5NA48
NNH BOROKIRI 5NA47
HYDRO SCH 5NA57
HQ WNC 5NA3
specifies the status and communication link of all radio stations within the Primary HF, NNH CAL 5NA46 NAS OJO 5NA37
NND 5NA7

Secondary HF and UHF/VHF nets and its use is based on the following guidelines: Legend
NNH OJO 5NA36
NNS WEY 5NA35
Primary HF ONH 5NA38
Primary HF HQ NAVTRAC 5NA5
Secondary HF HQ STC 5NA8
a. All W/T stations constitute the Primary HF network with Abuja W/T SecHF FMC 5NA49
NNS QUORRA 5NA51
as the Net Control Station. VHF
VHF NOD 5NA58
CND 5NA59
Legend Co-located Unit
b. Secondary HF Network links all units outside VHF range to the
respective W/Ts.
SHIPS
All Ships/Estabs 5NOA NNS OHUE 5NAK DOLPHIN MIRA 5NAS
c. UHF/VHF Network connects all units within UHF/VHF range with NNS ARADU 5NAJ NNS BARAMA 5NAL TUG RUDOLF 5NAZ
NNS ERINOMI 5NOC NNS BRASS 5NOH TUG APAYI JOE 5NOP
W/Ts. All operational bases are to maintain VHF net with tendered boats. NNS ENYIMIRI 5NOD NNS YOLA 5NOK DOLPHIN MIRA 5NAS
NNS AMBE 5NOF NNS HADEJIA 5NOL AIRCRAFT
NNS OFIOM 5NOG NNS MAKURDI 5NOM AGUSTA NN04 5NAKD
d. All ships at sea and airborne aircraft are required to maintain HF, NNS EKPE 5NAA NNS LANA 5NOT AGUSTA NN05 5NAKE
NNS DAMISA 5NAB NNS KYANWA 5NAN AGUSTA NN06 5NAKF
VHF and UHF nets. NNS AGU 5NAC NNS OLOGBO 5NAP AGUSTA NN07 5NAKG
NNS SIRI 5NAD NNS OBULA 5NAR
NNS AYAM 5NAE NNS NWAMBA 5NAQ
NNS EKUN 5NAF DOLPHIN RIMA 5NAT

Fig 3-1 The NN Radio Communication Network

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR RADIO OPERATORS which are available in the current Radio Regulations. In Nigeria, the National
Frequency Management Council (NFMC) controls frequency allocation and assignment
8. Instructions on Radio Operators Circuit/Message Logbook. All radio while the Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) and National Broadcasting
transmissions are to be monitored and recorded with the approved NN Radio Commission (NBC) ensures compliance with set guidelines. The NFMC comprises
Operators Logbook. The following guidelines are to be followed on the use of the representatives of both commercial and statutory users of frequency including the
logbook: security organizations.

a. The logbook is to be used both as tactical operators logbook afloat 11. The Military frequency bands used in Nigeria are derived in accordance with
and signal message register in all Comcens ashore and afloat. NATO military frequency allocation. Most military equipment in the NN are thus
designed to operate within these frequencies. The frequencies are used for both Intra
c. Separate logbooks are to be opened for In and Out messages. Service communication and Inter Service communication.

d. All entries in the logbook are to be authenticated by the duty 12. International Frequency Bands. Currently, the International Frequency
operator. Band classification as designated by the ITU is as follows:

e. Communication officers/SOCs/OiCs W/T are to personally conduct a. Very Low Frequency (VLF) - 3 – 30 KHz.
daily inspection of In and Out log registers. b. Low Frequency (LF) - 30 – 300 KHz.
c. Medium Frequency (MF) - 300 KHz – 3 MHz
f. On complete filling of each logbook, communication officers are to d. High Frequency (HF) - 3 – 30 MHz.
close the register by filling the cover page, after having noted number of e. Very High Frequency (VHF) - 30 – 300 MHz.
pages and compliance with proper procedure. f. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) - 300 – 3,000 MHz.
g. Super High Frequency (SHF) - 3,000 – 30,000 MHz.
9. Instructions on Message Handling in W/Ts and COMCENS. For h. Extra High Frequency (EHF) - 30,000 – 300,000 MHz.
prompt and efficient handling of messages in W/Ts and COMCENs, the following
instructions must be strictly followed:
13. Military Frequency Band Designation. The NN communication inventory
are mainly obtained from Western sources and are calibrated within the NATO
a. W/Ts/COMCENs must ensure that messages meant for transmission
frequency bands. The band designation is as follows:
are dispatched immediately (even on weekends/ public holidays).
b. On all messages, date and time of reception/transmission including a. Medium Frequency (MF) - 405 KHz – 1.5 MHz.
name/signature of the operator must be indicated. b. High Frequency (HF) - 1.5 – 30 MHz
c. All received messages must be checked free from error and c. Very High Frequency (VHF) Military 1 - 30 – 76 MHz
dispatched to the action addressee immediately. d. Very High Frequency (VHF) Military 2 - 100 – 156 MHz
d. The use of WT/COMCEN telephone lines for private calls is e. VHF Marine Band (Commercial) - 156 – 164 MHz
prohibited. f. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) - 225 – 400 MHz
e. Any handicap in message handling in the W/Ts/COMCENs must be
14. VHF Marine Frequency Band and Channels. The VHF Marine Band
brought promptly to the notice of the appropriate authority.
(156 – 164 MHz) is reserved for commercial ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore traffic
among ships and coastal stations. The band is sub-divided into channels as shown in
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM AND MANAGEMENT
Fig 3-2 and reservation of channels for specific traffic varies from nation to nation.
However, Channel 16 is mandatorily reserved for voice distress calling while Channel
10. Frequency management is the judicious usage of the electromagnetic
70 is dedicated for Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) distress data
spectrum for the economic and security benefit of the nation. This is achieved by
transmission using Digital Selective Calling (DSC).
programmed allocation of frequencies for various aspects of communication users to
ensure optimum electromagnetic compatibility. The International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) sets the standards for frequency management at the global level details of

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Frequency (MHz) (a) (c) (b) Symbol Type of Modulation of the Main Carrier
CH Receive Transmit 61 156.075 160.675 (a) (b) (c)
(a) (c) (b) 62 156.125 160.725 FIRST N Emission of an unmodulated carrier N
01 156.050 160.650 63 156.175 160.775 SYMBOL Amplitude-modulated
02 156.100 160.700 64 156.225 160.825
03 156.150 160.750 65 156.275 160.875 A Doubled-sideband.
04 156.200 160.800 66 156.325 160.925 H Single-sideband, full carrier.
05 156.250 160.850 67 156.375 156.375 R Single-sideband, reduced or variable level carrier.
06 156.300 156.300 68 156.425 156.425
J Single-sideband, suppressed carrier.
07 156.350 160.950 69 156.475 156.475
08 156.400 156.400 70 156.525 156.525 B Independent sideband.
09 156.450 156.450 71 156.575 156.575 C Vestigial sideband
10 156.500 156.500 72 156.625 156.625 Angle-modulated.
11 156.550 156.550 73 156.675 156.675
F Frequency modulation.
12 156.600 156.600 .74 156.725 156.725
13 156.650 156.650 75 156.775 156.775 G Phase modulation.
14 156.700 156.700 76 156.825 156.825 D Emission in which the main carrier is amplitude and angle-modulated either
15 156.750 156.750 77 156.875 156.875 simultaneously or in a pre-established sequence.
16 156.800 156.800 78 156.925 161.525
Emission of Pulses 2.
17 156.850 156.850 79 156.975 161.575
18 156.900 161.500 80 157.025 161.625 P Sequence of unmodulated pulses
19 156.950 161.550. 81 157.075 161.675 Sequence of Pulses
20 157.000 161.600 82 157.125 161.725 K Modulated in amplitude.
21 157.050 161.650 83 157.175 161.775
22 157.100 161.700 84 157.225 161.825
L Modulated in width/duration.
23 157.150 161.750 85 157.275 161.875 M Modulated in position/phase.
24 157.200 161.800 86 157.325 161.925 Q In which the carrier is angled-modulated during the period of the pulse.
25 157.250 161.850 87 157.375 157.375 V Which is a combination of the foregoing or is produced by other means cases
26 157.300 161.900 88 157.425 157.425
not covered above, in which an emission consist of the main carrier.
27 157.350 161.950 AIS1 161.975
28 157.400 162.000 AIS2 162.025 W Modulated, either simultaneously or in a pre-established sequence, in a
60 156.025 160.625 combination of two or more of the following modes: amplitude, angle, pulse.
X Cases not otherwise covered.
Figure 3-2 International VHF Marine Band Channels SECOND 0 No modulating signal
SYMBOL 1 A single channel containing quantized or digital information without the use of
a modulating sub-carrier3.
DESIGNATION OF RADIO EMISSIONS 2 A single channel containing quantized or digital information with the use of a
modulating sub-carrier3.
15. Emissions from radio transmission are classified with 3 symbols which 3 A single channel containing analogue information.
represent the basic characteristics of the transmission. First symbol depicts 7 Two or more channels containing quantized or digital information.
the type of modulation of the main carrier frequency while the second symbol 8 Two or more channels containing analogue information. Composite system
with one or more channels containing quantized or digital.
denotes the nature of signal(s) modulating the main carrier frequency and the 8 Information, together with one or more channels containing analogue
third symbol designate the type of information to be transmitted. Details on information.
the symbols are shown in the Fig 3-3 below. X Cases not otherwise covered.
THIRD N No information transmitted.
SYMBOL A Telegraphy – for aural reception.
B Telegraphy – for automatic reception.
C Facsimile.
D Data transmission, telemetry, telecommand.
E Telephony (including sound broadcasting).
F Television (video).
W Combination of the above.
X Cases not otherwise covered.

Fig 3-3 Designation of Radio Emissions

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CALLSIGNS nations including Nigeria. The main task of ITU is promotion of international
cooperation on all matters of telecommunication. Consequently, the body actively sets
16. NN warships are normally identified by Radio Callsign, Visual Callsign or rules and regulations on various aspects of telecommunication. Accordingly, some of
Tactical Callsign. Any of these callsigns may be shortened to an Abbreviated Callsign or the key ITU conventions and documents on maritime communications include
coded into an Encrypted Callsign: International Telecommunication Convention (Malaga 1973), International Radio
Regulations (RR), International Telegraph Regulations, International Telephone
a. Radio Callsign. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Regulations and manual for use by the Maritime Mobile and Maritime Mobile Satellite
nomenclature for allocating international radio callsigns for ships, aircraft and Services (MAMMS). It is mandatory for all ships (including warships) to carry MAMMS.
shore stations is as follows: It contains extracts of all important regulations on maritime communications.

(1) Ships Station - 2 characters and 2 letters or 2 INTERNATIONAL DISTRESS AND SAFETY FREQUENCIES
characters
and 2 letters with one digit (other than 0 18. The following frequencies are established by ITU for universal application on
or 1) or radio distress and safety communications:
- 2 characters and 4 digits (other than 0 a. 2182 KHz - International Distress Frequency for Radio
and 1 in cases where they immediately Telephony (scrapped).
follow a letter). b. 4125KHz - Supplementary Frequency to 2182 KHz (south of
- 2 characters and one letter with 4 digits latitude 150).
(other than 0 and 1 in cases where they c. 8364KHz - International Survival Craft Frequency.
immediately follow a letter). d. 121.5MHz - International Aeronautical Emergency
(2) Aircraft Station - 2 characters and 3 letters. Frequency.
(3) Survival Craft station – Callsign of parent ship followed by e. 123.1MHz - Auxiliary International Aeronautical Emergency
2 digits (other than 0 or 1 in cases where they immediately follow a Frequency.
letter) f. 156.3MHz - (VHF Channel 06) – Coordinated Ship/Air Station
(4) Land/Fixed Radio Station – 2 characters and one letter SAR Operating Frequency.
followed by not more than 3 digits (other than 0 or 1 in cases g. 156.525MHz - (VHF Channel 70) GMDSS Distress and Safety
where they immediately follow a letter). Digital Selective Calling Frequency
h. 156.8MHz - (VHF Channel 16) International Radio Telephony
b. Visual Callsign. Visual Callsign is a combination of alphanumeric Distress Calling.
characters imprinted prominently on the warship’s hull to give her a visual i. 243.0MHz - Military Emergency Frequency.
personal identity usually related to the type/class of ship. Some of the j. 406-406.1MHz - Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon
conventional alphabetical type designation standards include CV (aircraft Frequency.
carrier), F (frigate), P (patrol boat), A(Auxiliary warship), (Landing ship) and k. 1530-1544MHz - GMDSS Distress Urgency and Safety Frequency
M (Minesweeper). Band (SAT-COM).
l. 1544-1545MHz - Space to Earth Distress and Safety Frequency.
c. Tactical Callsign. Tactical callsigns are combinations of m. 1626.5-1645.5MHz - Earth to Space Distress and Safety Frequency
alphanumeric characters usually of temporary nature and are allocated to Band.
ships during operations, exercises or tasks. Tactical callsigns are used in radio n. 9200-9500MHz - Radar Transponder SAR Frequency Band.
and visual signaling.

INTERNATIONAL RADIO ORGANISATION

17. The primary global organisation on communication is the ITU. Its

headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland and its membership cover over 191

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CHAPTER THREE R). Either the full word or code letter may be used when drafting messages. The
precedence determines the relative order in which messages are to be handled. It
SIGNAL MESSAGE PROCESSING
indicates:
a. The urgency of the message and the speed of delivery required by
DEFINITIONS
the originator.
b. The relative order of handling and delivery to be used by the
1. Message. Any thought or idea expressed briefly by the originator in
communication staff.
plain or coded language, prepared in a form suitable for transmission by any means of
c. The relative order in which the Addressee should note the message.
communications.
It does not indicate how quickly the recipient should react or what
precedence should be assigned to the reply. Such instructions when required
2 Originator. The originator of a message is the command by whose authority are included in the text.
a message is sent. The originator is responsible for the functions of the Drafter and
the Releasing officer. The instructions to originators are equally applicable to Releasing 11. NOFIX Procedure. In peace time exercise, those messages which would
Officers and Drafters. not be sent in war (e.g, Umpire messages, Deep Field signals, Messages concerning
the necessities and amenities of peace time port entry etc.) should be transmitted
3. Drafter. The person who actually composes a message for release by the using "NOFIX" procedure. NOFIX indicates that the transmission and contents of the
originator or the releasing officer. message may not be D/Fed, analysed or used in any way as intelligence during the
exercise. NOFIX procedure may only be used with the express permission of the
4. Releasing Officer. A releasing officer is one who may authorise the Command in each case. Messages authorised for transmission using, NOFIX procedure
transmission of a message for and in the name of the originator. should be clearly marked 'NOFIX' by the originator in the Originator's Special
Instructions portion of the message form. The word "NOFIX" is transmitted,
5. Action Officer. The officer responsible for taking action on an incoming unencrypted:
message himself or ensuring that action will be taken. a. Once after each initial call;
b. Once before the word (s) identifying the exercise;
6. NOTAL. A message not addressed to, nor needed by all the addressees of a c. Once as the last word of the TEXT.
subsequent message; e. g, NHQ 211255 JUN NOTAL. d. It is most important to realise that the messages sent under NOFIX
cover are still liable to interception by potential enemy and therefore, they
7. PASEP. A message which was not originally sent to an addressee but which must carry the proper security classification.
is now being passed to him. Literally "being passed separately". e. g. FOCEAST 301030
12. Codeword. A codeword is a word used to provide security cover for
JUL PASEP.
reference to a particular classified matter. It aims at giving security concerning
intentions, and may be used to:
8. Acknowledgement. An acknowledgement is a communication
a. Provide names for plans, projects and operations.
indicating that the message to which it refers has been received and the purport is
b. Conceal intentions in documents, messages and discussions.
understood by the command. It should be made only to the authority originally
c. Designate geographical locations in conjunction with (a) and (b)
ordering acknowledgement.
above.
9. Date-Time-Group (DTG). The DTG is the date and time at which a
13. Nickname. A nickname consists of two words and is used for administrative
message is officially released by the releasing officer to the COMCEN for transmission.
convenience for reference to a particular matter where security cover is not required.
It consists of 3 pairs of digits, representing the date, the hour and the minutes past
the hour; followed by the first 3 letters of the month and the last 2 numerals of the
MESSAGE FORM AND ADDRESS
year. For instance, 1415 hours on 31 July 2007 is written as 141531 JUL 07. For
messages outside Nigeria, the digits are followed by the zone suffix.
14. Message Form. The standard form used for signal message the NN Form
FSIG 206 as shown in Fig 3-1. The standard colour for message forms to be used by
10. Degree of Precedence. The 4 degrees of precedence given to messages
originators is white, irrespective of security classification of the message. Unless
are FLASH (code Z), IMMEDIATE (code O), PRIORITY (code P) and ROUTINE (code
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authorised by the Naval Headquarters, NN message forms are to be produced and P Signs 206
distributed by NHQ. The address component of a message may contain: Pads of 100 MESSAGE FORM
Serial No

CHECK BOX
a. FROM - The approved title of the originator should be inserted here.
Short titles may be used if officially recognized, but care should be taken with LINE 1
Routed by__________________________________
messages to outside authorities. LINE 2
Time _____________________________________
b. TO - The approved title(s) of the Action Addressee (s) should be in- LINE 3 DE
Perforated by _______________________________
serted here. Short titles may be used as in ‘a’ above. LINE 4
Time _____________________________________
FOR SINGLE TRANSMISSION
c. INFO - The approved title (s) of the Information addressee(s) ROUTING Precedence – Action Precedence-info Date Time-Group Transmitted to______________________
should be inserted here. Short title(s) may be used as in (a) above. INDICATORS Routine Month Channel No/System ________________
Time ____________________________
FROM Operator ________________________
d. EXEMPT - If the originator has used a collective address but desires IIIMESSAGE INSTRUCTIONS
TO
to exclude one or more ships/authorities he should use EXEMPT: e.g
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

FROM – FOC WEST (Messages referring a classified

message
INFO
must be classified RESTRD or above
TO – WNG GR .
DIG SERIAL NO.
EXEMPT – DELTA (If used)
The prefix NNS, HMS, INS etc is to be inserted as appropriate before name of ships
appearing in the address only to avoid ambiguity.

15. Types of Message Address. The following types of address may be

used:
a. SINGLE ADDRESS A message to one addressee.
b. MULTIPLE ADDRESS A message destined for two or more add- INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION FILE
NUMBER
OR
REFERENCE
ressees each of whom is informed of all addressees. Each addressee must be DRAFTER’S NAME
IN BLOCK LETTERS
indicated as ACTION or INFORMATION. TELEPHONE BRANCH
Refers to a classified message NUMBER
Page ________
c. BOOK MESSAGE A Book Message is one which is destined for of_____ pages
This message (tick appropriate box)
Does not refer to a classified message RELEASING OFFICER’S RANK

two or more addressees and is of such a nature that the originator considers FOR R
SIGNATURE

that no addressees need to be informed of any of the other addressees. In OPR’S

USE
FILLING
TIME/TOR
SYSTEM OPERATOR FINAL CHECK
OPERATOR
NAME IN
BLOCK LETTERS
this type of message the word "BOOK' should be inserted in the "MESSAGE
INSTRUCTIONS" block on the message form. Similarly, distributed versions of Fig 3-1 The Standard Message Form (NN Form FSIG 206)
the message are marked "BOOK". As the use of BOOK messages reduces
transmission times, they should be used instead of multiple address d. GENERAL MESSAGE –A General Message is a message which has a
messages whenever practicable. It is particularly important to use BOOK wide standard distribution and is from one authority to a fixed list of
messages for messages to attachees and other authorities for whom cable or addressees. Additional addressees may be added and those not required may
Telex has to be used. be exempted from a particular message if required. General messages are
identified by short titles or letters and will be preceded by a sequential serial
numbers e, g, 123 NG is a General Message from Naval Headquarters, the
message number is 123, and the addressees include all Senior Officers, Ships
and Establishments, W/T Stations and other Naval Authorities. The guideline
on originators and addressees of various general messages in the NN is
tabulated in Fig 3-2.

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ORIGINATORS AND ADDRESSEES OF GENERAL MESSAGES IN THE 16. Address of Messages to Naval Headquarters. Under normal
NIGERIAN NAVY circumstances only Administrative Authorities are authorised to send signals direct to
Srl General Originating Distribution Action
Naval Headquarters. Special circumstances under which individual ships are permitted
Message Authority to address signals direct to Naval Headquarters are laid down in the current NNOI.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
1. NG NHQ NN ships and establishments, other Commands, ships, establishments and
Messages are not to be addressed to a Branch/Directorate of Naval Headquarters.
(Nigeria General) establishments where NN personnel are personnel affected by message content.
borne including Tri-Service
establishments and foreign service.
17. Limiting Number of Addressees. It is essential to exercise the
2. ABJ GEN NHQ NN, Tri-service and other DHQ, NHQ, NUA, establishments and
greatest care in limiting the number of addressees of messages to those who need to
(Abuja General) establishments where personnel are personnel in Abuja area affected by take action or for whom the information is really essential. The rule must be "NEED TO
borne within Abuja area. message content.
KNOW" and not "NICE 'TO KNOW". Too many addressees, particularly, information
3. LAG GEN FOC WEST NN Ships and establishments, other NN ships, establishments and personnel
(Lagos General) establishments in Lagos Area where NN affected by message content in Lagos, addressees, seriously impede the rapid flow of signal traffic whilst not directly
personnel are borne. Ogun, Ondo and Kwara States. proportional, the number of transmissions associated with anyone message rises
4. CAL GEN FOC EAST NN Ships and establishments, other NN ships, establishments and personnel
(Calabar General) establishments in Calabar Area where in Cross River and Akwa-Ibom States sharply as the number of addressees increase. It does not follow that a reply to a
NN personnel are borne (Cross River affected by message content. message should always contain the same addressees as the original (e. g., a reply to a
and Akwa - Ibom States).
5. PH GEN FOC EAST NN Ships and establishments in Port NN ships, establishments and personnel message which requires a number of addressees to furnish certain information to NHQ
(Port Harcourt Harcourt Area, other establishments in Rivers, Bayelsa, Abia and Imo States or Administrative Authority). When it is essential to send a message to a very large
General) where NN personnel are borne (Rivers, affected by message content.
Bayelsa, Abia and Imo States). number of addressees consideration should be given to submitting it for promulgation
6. DEL GEN FOC WEST NN Ships and establishments in Delta NN ships, establishments and personnel as a Command Area or Nigeria General Message so as to shorten the heading and
(Delta General) Area (Delta and Edo States). Delta and Edo States affected by
message content. simplify preparation for despatch.
7. WNG FOC WEST NN ships and establishments under FOC NN ships, establishments and personnel
(Western Naval WEST in Western Naval Command AOR affected by message content under
Command FOC WEST in Western Naval Command.
18. Signals to Outside Authorities. As a general rule Naval Headquarters is
General) the only Naval Authority who can communicate directly with authorities outside Nigeria
8. ENC FOC EAST NN ships and establishments under FOC NN ships, establishments and personnel
(Eastern Naval EAST in Eastern Naval Command AOR affected by message content under
except for the following circumstances:
Command FOC EAST in Easter Naval Command. a. Administrative Authorities, CND, CCPO may communicate
General)
9. NTG FOC NAVTRAC Ships and establishments under FOC NN ships, establishments and personnel
directly with Defence Adviser or Deputy Defence Adviser (Navy), on
(Naval Training NAVTRAC in Naval Training Command, affected by message content under routine matters. Administrative Authorities and ships may address the
Command Training Institutions with NN presence FOC NAVTRAC in Naval Training
General) NDA (Naval Wing), AFCSC (MWD) AFRC Command.
Defence Adviser in signals dealing with urgent operational matters, when
Oshodi, DIS. NHQ have included him in the address of previous signals on the subject.
10. LOG GEN FOC LOG Ships and establishments under FOC NN ships, establishments and personnel
(Logistics LOG in Logistics Command. affected by message content under b. Administrative Authorities and Commanding Officers of
Command FOC LOG in Logistics Command.
General) establishments having foreign naval personnel under training may
11. WFG (Western FC WEST Ships and boats under the operational Ships, boats and personnel affected by communicate direct with the foreign naval authorities concerned on the
Fleet General) control of Western Naval Command message content.
except tenders to operational bases.
following subjects:
12. EFG (Eastern FC EAST Ships and boats under the operational Ships, boats and personnel affected by
Fleet General) control of Eastern Naval Command message content. (1) Movement of Personnel
except tenders to operational bases. (2) Pay and Allowances
(3) Welfare.
Fig 3-2 Guidelines on Originators and Addressees of general Messages in the NN
c. Commanding officers of Naval Hospitals may communicate directly
with foreign ships and authorities who are interested in the welfare of
e. ALL INFORMED - An all informed message is one which is destined
patients admitted in those hospitals.
for two or more addressees and is of such nature that the originator
considers that no addressees need to be informed of any other addressees. d. Signals to outside authorities referred to at sub-paras (a), (b), and
Each addressee must be indicated as "ACTION" or "INFORMATION". Word (c) above are always to include NHQ as an information addressee as also the
"ALL INFO" will be Used at the end of the text to indicate. "ALL INFORMED" Administrative Authority concerned if appropriate.

23 24
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e. It is emphasised that only Naval Headquarters is authorised to flagship unless it is stated specifically in the general message authorising the
communicate with outside authorities on policy matters. Administrative procedure that main communication office of the flag officer concerned will
Authorities requiring information from the MOD (NAVY), Nigerian Missions function from his temporary flagship or location.
abroad or other Foreign Naval Organizations by signal are to forward their
requirements to NHQ. b. “REAR LINK" (eg, FOCWEST REAR-LINK). In the case of all
other messages not coming under the above heading.
f. Prior to obtaining diplomatic clearance for visits to foreign ports,
Naval Headquarters is the only authority who can communicate with common- Messages addressed in error to the normal designation of the Flag Officer without
wealth and foreign authorities. After diplomatic clearance for the visit has been amplification will be routed to the Main Administrative Office (viz Rear Link). Such
obtained Administrative/Operational authorities will be authorised to messages must be reviewed by the Operational Staff or Secretariat, and if considered
communicate directly with such commonwealth and foreign authorities as to come under subparagraph ‘a’ above, they are to be re-addressed to “FLAG" and
necessary. retransmitted accordingly. In the event, however, of the message being required by
both "FLAG" and "REAR-LINK" originators are to ensure that both are included in the
19. Address to Diplomatic Authorities Abroad. Messages to Nigerian address. The standard form for ordering Rear-Link Address procedure is at Annex A.
Missions abroad are cleared through Defence Intelligence Agency and the Ministry of
21. Civil Addressees. Official signals should be addressed to Service
External Affairs. These Messages are to be addressed to Nigeria followed by the name
authority only and should not include civil firms and authorities in the address. If it is
of country concerned and the locality. e.g, NIGERIANUK (London), NIGERIANINDIA
desired to send a copy of an official signal to a civil address the correct procedure is as
(New-Delhi), NIGERIANWASHINGTON etc. Commonwealth channels exist in addition
follows:
for clearing traffic to Nigerian Missions abroad. Only unclassified messages may be
sent on these channels if: a. Instruct the despatching MCO to send a copy of the signal to the
civil addresses by post or telegram.
a. The text directly or by implication will not cause embarrassment to b. Insert a paragraph in the text stating that (a) above has been done.
the Navy Department or Nigerian Naval Authority (NNA) abroad. eg. “……………………………………… informed".
The above procedure is not intended in any way to place restrictions on telegrams to
b. The text will not provide prior knowledge of a subject to the Navy
civil addressees concerning search and rescue operations etc. In the case of classified
Department on which NNA abroad is required to make a subsequent approach.
messages care must be taken to observe the regulations governing the protection of
plain language texts of encrypted messages.
c. Messages required to be passed on Commonwealth channels are to
be routed through NHQ (Abuja W/T). GENERAL GUIDELINES ON SIGNAL MESSAGE DRAFTING
22. The wording of the text must be clear and concise, leaving no room for
20. Rear Link Address Procedure. Rear link procedure may be ordered when
ambiguity, but omitting unnecessary details. Brevity is especially necessary in
a Flag Officer or other Naval Authority is absent from his main administrative office. It
messages of an urgent nature which have to be encrypted. However, stereotyped
provides for addressing and routing of administrative and routine messages to his main
phraseology should be avoided in certain classified messages. In all messages,
administrative office and of messages of immediate concern to his temporary flag ship
originators should be careful in the use of abbreviations. The following points should
or location. When Rear Link Address Procedure is in force for an authority, Originators
be noted:
are to address messages to the authority by his normal designation followed by either
of the following word, depending on the subject matter of the text: a. Formal phrases such as "I AM DIRECTED TO", "PLEASE INFORM
ME" etc, are to be omitted.
a. “FLAG" (eg, FOCWEST FLAG). To be used in the case of
messages concerning current operations or exercises of immediate interest to b. Such expressions as "IN REPLY TO YOUR 180930" are to be
the flag officer or his accompanying staff, or those requiring the immediate abbreviated to "YOUR 180930 FOLLOWED BY THE FIRST THREE LETTERS OF
personal attention to the Flag Officer, or as stated in the general message THE MONTH".
promulgating the introduction of the procedure. Messages encrypted in the c. The term "SUBMITTED" should only be used when a definite course
editions reversed for the flag officer are to be addressed to the permanent of action is submitted for consideration.
25 26
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d. When references are placed in a message destined for several

d. Distinction is to be made between the words: addressees care must be taken so that such references are available to all
addressees. In cases where a reference is not held by all addresses, the
(1) "INTEND ………….." Which indicates that action will be originator should include either of the following indications after the reference:
taken unless contrary orders are received. (1) "NOTAL" - (Not to, nor needed by all addresses).
(2) "PROPOSE ………….. " Which means that approval will be (2) "PASEP" - (Being passed separately).
awaited before action is taken. It is the responsibility of the communication department to take. the necessary
passing action but originators should ensure that the attention of the
e. The distinction between "INTEND" and "PROPOSE" is only applicable
communication department (normally, the MCO) is drawn to the requirement
INTRA NN and with Commonwealth Navies. The word "INTEND" should be
for separate passing action. This may be qualified by an indication of the
used wherever possible, since it avoids ambiguity and by not requiring a
reply, helps to reduce signaling. It should be used by senior to a junior only, individual passing action being taken.
e. g. – R – 161400
not vice versa.
FROM FOCWEST CONFIDENTIAL
f. Legibility is most important, since operators are often required to TO NHQ
transmit a message reading direct from the' original copy. = FC WEST 121212 JUL PASEP =
g. A word may be repeated to avoid error, e. g. "AGUNUBI" repeat
e. Messages originated by Naval Headquarters are to be referred to
"AGUNUBI". This is not to be done solely for the purpose of emphasis. The
as:
tendency to repeat the word "NOT" in this way should be resisted. The
"NHQ..... ….. " (for INTRA NN and joint use) or
possible danger of confusion between "NOT" and "NOW" should, however, be
borne in mind. The use of the latter may often be avoided altogether. "NHQ (N) ........ ..." (for combined use).

23. In a classified message it is important that stereotyped phrases should be f. When a letter, order or document is referred to, in a signal, a brief
avoided, particularly at beginning and the end. The practice of starting such a reference to the subject matter must invariably be included in the text in
message with a reference to a date time group is harmful to cryptographic security, addition to the date and month unless the text reveals the subject or
and should usually be avoided, e. g. Instead of opening a message with "YOUR reference, e. g.. "MY HQWNC 02/14/37IVol.III/73 OF 18 JAN REGARDING
091615 ARADU WILL ARRIVE AT ……….", It could read "ARADU WILL ARRIVE MEDICAL COURSES".
AT......... YOUR 091615 REFERS".
g. In the case of references being made to signals originated by the
REFERENCES TO PREVIOUS MESSAGES other Services, it is necessary to include the Originator/Reference number as
24. When it is necessary to refer to a previous message, letter or other well as the DTG.
document, the following provisions and instructions will apply: For example-AHQ AF30S DTG 121216 APR.

a. References are normally made by quoting 'YOUR', 'MY' or the autho- ORIGINATORS SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
rised abbreviated title of the third party followed by the DTG.
b. General Messages are referred to by their originator’s number and 25. Special Instructions. The following Special Instructions may be inserted
distinguishing letter followed by the date and month. e. g. 414 NG of 18 JUN. in the text:
a. At the Beginning:
c. If the DTG referred to is in the current year, the year is to be (1) PERSONAL FOR ………..: This instruction is to be followed
omitted. Otherwise, it is to be added but the DTG must as a rule, always be by the name or title of a particular individual to indicate that the text
followed by the month. e. g, YOUR 261245 FEB (current year) or YOUR of the message is to receive the attention of the individual for whom
261245 DEC 06 (previous year). the message is intended.

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(2) PERSONAL FROM ………..: Indicates that the message is b. At the Beginning and the End:
a personal one from the officer whose name or title follows
immediately after this instruction. (1) EXERCISE. Indicates that the purport of the message is to
be carried out for exercise only.
(3) FOR ………. FROM ………: This indicates that the message
(2) DRILL. Indicates that the message is intended for
is a "Private Message" between the two officers named.
operators training only.

(4) EXCLUSIVE c. At the End Only:

(a) Originators should insert the instruction
(1) Acknowledge. Means "Action addressees acknowledge this
"EXCLUSIVE" on a classified message when, by reason of
message as soon as it is understood and it is possible to transmit
the extremely secret or personal nature of its contents, it is
acknowledgement by means not subject to enemy interception, or as
desirable to reduce to a minimum the number of people
soon as electronic policy in force permits".
aware of its contents.
(b) The instruction "EXCLUSIVE" means that message (2) Acknowledge Immediately. Means "Action addressees
will: If classified TOPSECRET or SECRET, be handled only acknowledge this message as soon as it is understood". Electronic
by an officer specially detailed by name by the silence is to be broken if necessary. It may be used by operational
Commanding Officer. If classified CONFIDENTIAL or commanders only, and then only if the receipt of the
RESTRICTED, be handled by a senior communication rating acknowledgement is considered more important than the risk
specially detailed by name by the Commanding Officer. In incurred by the addressee disclosing his position by breaking
all cases, be limited in distribution to the authority electronic silence. Messages containing this instruction "IN CLEAR"
addressed pending his further instructions. should be authenticated when radio silence is in force.
(c) "EXCLUSIVE" is not to be used with
unclassified messages. (3) All Acknowledge. Means same as
(d) The following are examples of "ACKNOWLEDGE" except that both action and information addressees
"EXCLUSIVE" messages: are required to comply with the instruction.
(i) A message giving details of plans for
(4) Acknowledge by Post. Means that acknowledgement of
future operations, which must be safe-guarded at
the message is to be sent by post. This is done to reduce signal
all costs, may be classified - EXCLUSIVE
traffic where there is no urgency in obtaining acknowledgement.
TOPSECRET.
(ii) Reports on Senior Officers may be (5) All Informed. By using "ALL INFO" at the end of the
classified EXCLUSIVE SECRET. text of multi-addressed messages considerable time is saved in the
(iii) Messages concerning sensitive private, communication centre. This enables the communication department
affairs of officers and ratings may be classified - to delete from each copy of the message all addressees except
EXCLUSIVE CONFIDENTIAL or in exceptional those to whom a copy is to be sent. When" ACKNOWLEDGE" or "ALL
cases, EXCLUSIVE SECRET. ACKNOWLEDGE" and" ALL INFO" are to be used together in a
message they are written as follows:
NOTE: The distribution of messages prefixed as in (1) to (3) above need = 'TEXT(.) ACKNOWLEDGE/ALL ACKNOWLEDGE (.) ALL
not necessarily be restricted to the particular individual but, unless order on INFO= 'ALL INFORMED' procedure should not be used if it
this matter have been laid down, these instructions should usually be is likely to confuse the recipients. It may be frequently
obtained before a wider distribution is made. used on the following occasions:

29 30
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(a) When a reference is made to. some previous corres- 26. Punctuations. Punctuations should not be used except when necessary to
pondence bearing the same distribution as the new the sense of the message. When it is essential to employ punctuation, only the
message. following punctuations with abbreviations and symbols will be used:
PUNCTUATION ABBREVIATION SYMBOL
(b) When the message of the type being originated is HYPHEN -
regularly addressed to the same addressees and distri- PARENTHESES/BRACKETS ()
bution is well known to all concerned. PERIOD/FULLSTOP .
PARAGRAPH PARA
(c) When it is not necessary for every recipient to know to
COMMA CMM ,
whom besides himself the message is addressed.
SLANT/OBLIQUE/STROKE /
(d) Messages to attaches and other authorities for whom QUOTATION MARKS QUOTE-UNQUOTE “ ”
cable or telex has to be used. COLON CLN :
c Instructions To Addressees. Used to convey transmission SEMI-COLON SEMCLN ;
instructions ordered by the originator which cannot be signaled by normal
procedure e. g. Naval Headquarters, PLS PASS COPY TO PERMSEC MINISTRY When the message is written by hand it is advisable to encircle the symbols for
OF HEALTH “BY HAND". COMMAS and PERIODS in order to make them more conspicuous.

18. Encrypted Trailers (Intra NN Only). If it is required to send a long 27. Abbreviations. Abbreviations are used to shorten the text of signal
message of which only a part contains classified information, the unclassified part may messages while retaining the meanings. Only authorised abbreviations should be used
be sent in plain language and be followed by an encrypted trailer containing the in the text of messages and care should be taken, particularly when using local
classified information and a reference to the plain language message. In this way it is abbreviations, that all addresses hold necessary publications to interpret them correctly.
possible to comply with the security rules and save cryptographic effort as well. It is A list of standard abbreviations for use in text of signals is at Annex B.
important that no reference to the encrypted trailer is contained in the plain language
message. During wartime the following types of messages may be dealt with by 28. Proper Names. The text of signal messages is to be written in Block
encrypted trailer if the rules for the use of plain language allows: Capitals. The letters NNS, HMS, INS or the words US CRUISER, GREEK CRUISER etc.,
should be inserted before names of ships only if ambiguity might otherwise arise. In
a. Concession Telegrams for Lieutenants and below. INTRA-NN signals, the words NN after the name and rank of a person should be
omitted.
b. Details of drafts taking passage. (Names of Captains N.N. and
above, and "'of Commanding officers whatever their ranks, are not to be sent
29. Isolated Letters and Phonetic Equivalents. When it is necessary to
in the encrypted trailer).
include an isolated letter in messages, the authorised phonetic equivalents should be
c. Periodical messages regarding the advancement of ratings. used as follows:
d. Casualty lists, if the enemy will obviously be aware of the loss.
These lists must be confined to ratings, and the Naval Headquarters or the A - ALFA G – GOLF
Local Flag Officer's permission must be obtained in each case. These B – BRAVO H – HOTEL
messages should be based on the principle that the names of the persons are C – CHARLIE I – INDIA (EYE in single letter word).
transmitted in plain language and the names of ships to which they belong are D – DELTA J – JULIETT
sent in the encrypted trailer, the two being linked together by reference E – ECHO K – KILO
numbers. F – FOXTROT L – LIMA
Example:- RESTRICTED M – MIKE T – TANGO
N – NOVEMBER U – UNIFORM
=MY 171645 OCT IN PL NOs 1 TO 4 NNS VICTORY.
O – OSCAR V – VICTOR
NOs 5 TO 10 NNS DAMISA =
P – PAPA W – WHISKEY
Q – QUEBEC X – X-RAY

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R – ROMEO Y – YANKEE (a) (b0 (c) (d) (e)

12. 1571/2 E– 1721/2E -11 L
S – SIERRA Z – ZULU.
13. 1721/2E – 180 -12 M (See Note 1)
14. 71/2W – 221/2W +1 N (See Note 2)
30. Numbers. Numbers may be written as digits or spelt out. When spelt out 15. 221/2W – 371/2W +2 O
they should be written as one Word for each digit except for exact hundreds, 16. 371/2W – 521/2W +3 P
thousands or their multiples otherwise confusion might result. eg., 546 should be 17. 521/2W – 671/2W +4 Q
written as "FIVE FOUR SIX" and not "FIVE FORTY SIX" which might be interpreted as 18. 671/2W – 821/2W +5 R
19. 821/2W – 971/2W +6 S
5406. But 500 should he written as "FIVE HUNDRED". The figure ZERO is to be written 20. 971/2W – 1121/2W +7 T
as 0. 21. 1121/2W – 1271/2W +8 U
22. 1271/2W – 1421/2W +9 V
31. Use Of 'And', 'The', 'But' etc. The use of words "AND" "THE" and "BUT" 23. 1421/2W – 1571/2W +10 W
etc is to be avoided unless essential to the meaning of the message. 24. 1571W – 1721/2W +11 X
25. 1721/2 – 180 +12 Y (See Note 1)
32. Expression of Positions. Positions are expressed as follows:
Fig 3.2 Time Zone
a. When Using Latitude and Longitude method, groups must be
NOTES:
separated by "N" or "S" to indicate Latitude. "E" Or "W" indicating
longitude are optional and may not be used if no confusion arises. 1. The letters Y and M are used for +12 and -12 hours respectively depending on whether a
b. When using bearing and distance from a geographical point, position is to eastward or westward of the International Dateline, ie 180 degrees east or west.
they are to be indicated in the sequence "BEARING" "GEOGRAPHICAL
2. The letter N is used for -13 hours as well as +1 hour. Zone -13 is used for a position in
POINT" and "DISTANCE" e.g., 140 DOLPHIN LT 2. zone -12 using ‘summer’ (ie ‘daylight saving’) time: There can be no confusion as the 2 zones
33. Courses and Bearings. Courses and bearings are expressed in three are widely separated.
numerals representing degrees. Courses and bearings are always true unless
3. Actual zone boundaries sometimes deviate slightly to fit national boundaries etc.
otherwise stated.
4. For times midway between 2 zones both letters are used, eg 1330ST means 1330 hours in
34. Time Zone Lettering System. The Earth is divided into 25 time zones. a zone whose time is 61/2 hours behind GMT, ie 2OOOZ.
Time in adjacent zones differs by one hour and each is indicated by a letter known as
the zone time suffix. GMT is indicated by Z. the zones to the east (therefore ahead of EXPRESSION OF DATE AND TIME IN THE TEXT
GMT) are lettered from A to M, the letter J being omitted. The 12 zones to the west of
GMT are lettered N to Y as shown in Fig 3.2. 35. Date. When it is necessary to indicate a date alone in the message it
should be expressed by one or two figures indicating the date of the month followed
Srl Zone Boundary To obtain GMT from Zone Times Remarks by the first 3 letters of the name of the month. The last two figures of the year are to
Zone Time add or Suffix be added if referring to the year other than the current year. A night should be
subtract the following described by the dates over which it extends, e.g, NIGHT 18/19 AUG or NIGHT 31
number of hours
AUG/l SEP 06.
(a) (b0 (c) (d) (e)
1. 71/2 W – 71/2E 0 Z
2. 71/2E – 221/2E -1 A 36. Time. Time is expressed as four figures followed by the Zone Suffix
3. 221/2E – 371/2E -2 B letter(s). The Zone Suffix Letter(s) is/are to be omitted if it is the same as the DTG.
4. 371/2 – 521/2E -3 C 0001 or 2359 and the date should be used instead of 0000 or 2400 or midnight. In
5. 521/2E – 671/2E -4 D
the text of a message involving a large number of dates and times, the Zone suffix of
6. 671/2E – 821/2E -5 E
7. 821/2E – 971/2E -6 F which differs from that of DTG, a covering expression like "ALL DATES FEBRUARY
8. 971/2E – 1121/2E -7 G AND TIMES ALFA" could be used.
9. 1121/2E – 1271/2E -8 H
10. 1271/2E – 1421/2E -9 I
11. 1421/2E – 1571/2E -10 K

33 34
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 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED NNCP-9

37. Date and Time Together. When this is necessary it should be STANDARD FORMATS
written as six figures followed by the Zone Suffix, month and year if required, e.g.,
1230A on 16th April 07 is written as "161230A APR 07". 43. For reasons of brevity and convenience certain commonly made signals have
been given Standard Format in NN communications. Details are at Annex A. The short
38. Tomorrow and Today. These words may be used if it is desired to give title which identifies the message is inserted as the first word of the text. Basic
added emphasis, e.g., "CNS WILL BE AFLOAT WITH HIS FLAG FLYING AT 1600 TODAY information is furnished using item designations as listed under each format. Non
MONDAY". These words are never to be used alone. They should be accompanied by applicable items are to be omitted. The item/section letters are to be spelt out in full.
the day of the week. The date may be added, if required.
PARAGRAPH NUMBERING
DATE TIME GROUP
44. In NN signal message, the Indented Text method is applicable in message
39. Use of Zone Times in Messages. Nigerian Standard Time (NST) without drafting. In this method, paragraphs should be numbered with Arabics numerals in
Zone Suffix is to be used for all messages to and from addresses within Nigeria. Zone sequence and followed by a fullstop. Each paragraph may contain sub-paragraphs
Suffix Letter "A" are to be added to the DTG of messages originated in Nigeria for lettered in sequence commencing with a lower case 'a' followed by a fullstop. A sub-
authorities outside Nigeria. DTGs of messages originated by ships and NN authorities sub-paragraph should be numbered with an Arabic numeral in brackets commencing
keeping times other than NST are to be in GMT irrespective of the security with '(1)'. A sub-sub-sub- paragraph should be lettered with a lower case letter in
classification, and are to bear Zone Suffix Letter" Z" (ZULU). bracket commencing with '(a)'.
Example: 1.
40. Expression of Date Time Group. The exact time to the nearest minute is 2.
to be used, and no two messages originating from the same authority are to bear the A.
same DTG. The communication department or an appointed representative is respon- B.
sible for allocating DTG to every outgoing message except DF and Enemy Contact (1)
Reports which are to be inserted by the Originator. DTG is omitted in messages sent (2)
by executive method, certain short operational messages and normally all procedure (A)
messages. (B)
(All paragraph numbers and letters are to be signaled as written and) not spelt out.
41. Distribution. Once a message has been originated and received in the
* Teleprinters print all letters as capitals.
Main Communication Office, the communication officers at the sending and receiving
ends are, between them, responsible for dealing with it up to the time it has been
UNITS OF REFERENCE
distributed. Each ship or establishment will have a standard distribution guide. In some
ships or establishments delivery may be made to certain offices or departmental
45. When a signal makes reference to numbers, distances, ranges, heights,
officers who are responsible for further distribution within their departments.
depths, speeds, or weights, the unit of reference is as indicated below, unless
otherwise stated in the meaning of the signal. For intra-national use, the units of
IDENTIFICATION OF EXERCISE MESSAGE
measurement of the nation concerned may be used.
42. In training and tactical exercises, exercise orders will indicate instructions for
Altitude ……………………………. hundreds of feet.
the identification of messages sent during or relating to the exercise, so that non-
Distance …………………………… nautical miles (2,000 yards).
participating units will not be unduly alarmed, and the message may be given special
Range ………………………………. hundreds of yards.
handling if necessary. These instructions normally require the originator to insert the
Height ………………………………. feet or fathoms.
short title or codeword of the exercise, preceded by the word "EXERCISE" as the first
Depth ………………………………… feet.
two or (three) words of the text. This rule does not apply to maneouvering signals.
Speed ………………………………… knots.
Example: FROM FOCWEST
Weight ……………………………….. tons (2,000 pounds).
TO CTF 40
Sector boundaries ……………….. tens of degrees.
= EXERCISE IGBOCHI. EXECUTE MY 261430 =
Sector limits ………………………… thousands of yards

35 36
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 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED NNCP-9

d. Is the number of addressees excessive? Too many addressees

TACTICAL SIGNALS (particularly information addressees) seriously impede the rapid flow of signal
traffic; whilst not directly proportional, the number of transmissions
46. Tactical Signals are used during operations, exercises and training to facilitate associated with any one signal rises sharply as the number of addressees
dissemination of orders and information. Tactical signals include maneuvering signals, increases. It does not follow that a reply to a signal should always contain the
standard operational signals and administrative signals. Details on use and same addresses as the original (e.g a reply to a signal which required a
interpretation of tactical signals are contained in NNTP 1 Vol IV. Particular note should number of addressees to furnish certain information to NHQ or Administrative
be taken of the appropriate units of reference, position indication as well as the Authority).
Governing Pennants and Governing Groups. The Governing Pennants and Governing
Groups are used to supplement or modify signals to achieve better low level coding e. Is the TEXT brief? Are all the “ands”, and “the’s” essential to the
precision. Details of their use are at paragraphs 0110 – 0112 of NNTP 1 Vol IV. correct sense of the text? Phrases such as “It is proposed that” and “It is
requested that” etc, should be replaced by “Propose” and Request”
JOINT SIGNAL MESSAGE WRITING respectively.

47. The message writing procedures for NA and NAF are found in the Joint f. Has wording which might become ambiguous if corrupted been
Service Writing Manual (JSWM). The rules are almost the same with NN procedure avoided? e.g:
except that Continuous Text is used in NA and NAF signal messages while the NN
adopts the Indented Text method. In Continuous Text, the body of the message is (1) “Not repeat not” might be corrupted as “Now repeat now”.
written continuously without indentation of paragraphs. The NN Indented Text (2) “No longer” is sometimes better than “Not now”.
involves indenting of paragraphs and sub-paragraphs as indicated in this chapter. (3) “Impossible” is better and shorter than “Not possible”.
Currently, the Continuous Text is the preferred method for Joint Service Message
Writing. g. The subject of reference made to a previous signal must be inserted
by the Communication Department at the bottom of the message form
GENERAL INSTRUCTION TO ORIGINATORS containing the new signal where the reference is made.
49. Cancellation. A message which has already been transmitted can be
48. General Guide. The primary responsibility of signal message originator is to cancelled only by a new message. The cancellation may be included in a message
ensure prudent employment of communication equipment as well as the message which replaces the one intended to be cancelled or it may be sent separately.
content and its processing. Originators must be convinced that a signal is essential and
be guided by the old maxim of ‘Don’t send a signal if a letter will do’. Originators 50. Corrections. It sometimes becomes necessary for the originator to
should note that indiscriminate resort to use of signal message may lead to change the substance or phraseology of a message after it has been transmitted.
uncontrollable habit and unnecessary congestion on radio network. Before sending a Small changes can usually be made by means of a new message containing correc-
signal message, the originator must answer the following questions: tions to the original message. When the change is lengthy, it is advisable to cancel the
original message and originate a new message.
a. Is this signal necessary? Would a letter do instead? If it must be a 51. Marking and Protection of Plain Language Texts. All plain
signal can it go by radio, fax, email or hand? language copies of signals distributed will have one of the following security markings
stamped on it:
b. Is the degree of precedence right for both ACTION and
INFORMATION addressees? a. "UNCLASSIFIED" - This marking is typed or stamped on all
unclassified signals. There are no restrictions to the replies or references to
c. Is the Security Grading inserted? Have I obeyed the rules? Do not unclassified signals.
make the grading unnecessarily high as this may result in delay in delivery of b. "(CATEGORY) AC - No Unclassified Reply or Reference” This
the message to the addressees. is typed or stamped on all signals classified RESTRICTED or higher except
those in (c) below. Replies or references to messages so marked must be
classified. Messages need not be paraphrased or DTG removed if approval is
37 38
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 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED NNCP-9

given for such messages to be published in the press or displayed on the

notice boards.
IRREGULARITY CHIT
c. "(CATEGORY), B - No Unclassified Reply or Reference
Paraphrase Required" This is typed or stamped on all messages classified Number …………………...
RESTRICTED or higher which have been encrypted in a category 'B' system at 1. The CNS/FOC/Admiral/Commodore/Commandant/Commanding Officer
anytime. No unclassified reply or reference may be made to such messages. ……………
Paraphrasing is required and the DTG is to be removed before the text of any Has authorised me to draw attention of the Originator of DTG…………………….. (copy
such message is released to the press or displayed on notice boards. enclosed) to faults of the nature outlined below (offended as ticked):
a. Unnecessary Signals.
52. Repetitions, Checks and Verifications. A message whose text is b. Unnecessary Addressees.
doubtful or unintelligible should be returned to the communication department, c. Unnecessary Words.
indicating that a repetition, check or verification of the whole or a portion is to be d. Over Classification.
obtained. In REPETITION the message or portion is re-transmitted while a CHECK e. Too high a Precedence.
implies that the encryption of the message or part is checked and then retransmitted. f. Could have been a Letter.
VERIFICATION involves CHECK, and in addition the message or part is referred back g. Should not have been UNCLASSISFIED.
to the Originator to verify. Requests for repetitions and checks can be originated by h. Should have been addressed to ……………… for ACTION/INFO.
communications personnel while a request for a verification can only be originated by
the addressee. 2. It is imperative that such mistake(s) be avoided in future.
53. Procedure for Authorising Messages. Originators may depute officers Signature ……………………..
to release messages for him, and may issue instructions concerning the release of
messages bearing certain degrees of precedence. Specimens of these officer's Designation …………………..
signatures are to be given to the Main Communication Office and the Special Date ……………………………
Cryptographic Office for verification. Officers or Ratings in charge of cryptography in
various communication offices, may be authorised to release the necessary signal TO …………………………… (ORIGINATOR)
service messages, in connection with their duties (e. g., Requests for CHECKS, Fig 3-3 A Sample of an Irregularity Chit
REPETITIONS, AND INSTRUCTIONS TO SHIFT FREQUENCY etc.). At sea, all tactical
messages may be authorised verbally by a competent authority. 55. Distribution of Signals. Copies of signals received at and despatched naval
communication centres are distributed to only those departments or individuals who
54. Drafting Errors. It is important that originators of messages should have need to know their contents. The proper stowage of all distributed copies must be
their attention drawn to any errors in drafting. Accordingly Communication Officers of ensured by departments concerned since any mishandling is liable to endanger
headquarters, ships, W/Ts and establishment are authorised to issue Irregularity Chits physical as well as cryptographic security. Copies of all classified signals no longer
in the form given at Figure 3-3 in respect of any error on messages addressed to their required are to be destroyed in accordance with the local arrangements for the
units. No explanations are required in replies to Irregularity Chits except when disposal of confidential waste.
specifically asked for. Irregularity Chits are normally to be sent to the Originator of the
message only. Copies of these may be sent to other addressees, administrative 56. Minimise. In peace or war, cases may arise when communication
authorities and Naval Headquarters (Directorate of Signals) when considered facilities may be limited causing serious overloading of vital circuits in a particular area,
absolutely necessary. e. g, during periods of political tension, in the opening stages or for the entire duration
of exercises; when local emergencies develop. In this situation, the volume of
message traffic will inevitably increase. To ensure that the delay on vital traffic is kept
to the minimum, it may be necessary to reduce drastically message and telephone
39 traffic which is not directly connected with the current situation. This instruction will be
promulgated using the codeword "MINIMISE"). The codeword "MINIMISE" signifies
that "it is mandatory that normal message and telephone traffic be drastically reduced

40
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 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED NNCP-9

in order that vital messages connected with the situation indicated shall not be CHAPTER FOUR
delayed. Minimise may be ordered to apply to a particular area or command area.
COMMUNICATION SECURITY
Minimise when ordered will normally be lifted by the authority who originally imposed
it and the order will be "CANCEL MINIMISE'. Naval Headquarters will authorise the use
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
of "MINIM1SE" within the Nigerian Navy. Before authorising the transmission of a
message, or making a telephone call to, through or from the area affected, Originators
1. Security classification is imposed on a signal message to limit the availability
must satisfy themselves that immediate operations/exercises will be adversely affected
of its content to only authorised personnel destination and to prevent information
if the message or call is not made. Messages which do not pass this test are not to be
being revealed to adversary intelligence network. Primarily, allocation of security
sent by electrical means (other than commercial). Messages not affecting the
classification is determined by the level of injury unauthorised disclosure of the
immediate operation/exercise but which have to be made should be sent by
message content could inflict on national security. the Nigerian Armed Forces currently
commercial channels or mail. They are not to be held until "MINIMISE" is cancel1ed,
operates a 5-level security classification as follows:
since this may cause serious overloading of communications channels for some hours
afterwards.
TOP SECRET (TOPSEC)
SECRET (SECRET)
CONFIDENTIAL (CONFD)
RESTRICTED (RESTD)
UNCLASSIFIED (UNCLASS)

Details of the 5 classifications are explained below. It should be noted that no

reference to classified signals is ever to be made in an unclassified signal. The
exception to this rule is only permitted with messages classified RESTRICTED when
the contents of the text do not warrant classification.

TOP SECRET

2. Definition. TOP SECRET is used for messages the security aspect of which
is paramount and which unauthorised disclosure would cause exceptionally grave
damage to the nation. This category is reserved for the nation’s closest secrets and is
to be used with great reserve. Examples of use in peace time are as follows:

a. Information relating to negotiations which, if disclosed to other

parties, would prevent our achieving highly important ends.
b. Higher defence policy and strategy.
c. Plans for the defence of vital strategic areas including details of
major operations projected or in progress.
d. Highly specialised techniques or tactics to be used in future
operations and the identity and composition of units to use them.
e. Critical information about major scientific and technical develop-
ments of defence interest.
f. Operational requirements for advanced weapon systems and for the
military use of space.
g. Information which would imperil a major source of covert intelli-
gence or major intelligence operation.

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h. Important particulars of cryptoanalysis; critical information about l. Order of battle information and moves affecting the orders of battle.
cryptography and details of any new high grade cryptographic system.
5. Handling. Messages are handled at all stages by ratings of the
i. Information about the supply of some vital strategic materials, inclu-
communications staff. Messages classified SECRET and below are filed together.
ding particulars of specific quantities of war reserves.
Distribution copies are to be enclosed in sealed envelopes. Messages must normally be
j. Composition of items which individually may be classified SECRET, encrypted when transmitted by any means other than hand or secure line circuits.
but which collectively, constitute TOP SECRET information.
k. Particulars of important dispositions or impending movements or CONFIDENTIAL
forces or convoys.
6. Definition. CONFIDENTIAL is used for messages the unauthorised
3. Handling. Messages are to be handled only by officers, or by ratings disclosure of which while not endangering national security would be prejudicial to the
specially cleared to handle TOPSECRET where authorised by Naval Headquarters, at all interests of the nation, any government activity or individual or would cause
stages including encryption or decryption, typing, filing and distribution. Messages administrative embarrassment or difficulty or be of advantage to a foreign nation. Most
must be encrypted when transmitted by any method except that, if conveyed by an matters will on proper analysis, be classified not higher than CONFIDENTIAL.
officer, they may be sent as hand messages in plain language in sealed envelopes. Examples of use in Peace and War:

SECRET a. Routine political and intelligence reports.

b. Routine service reports, e.g. on operations, exercise and training
4. Definition. SECRET is used for messages the unauthorised disclosure of which do not contain information of great value to a foreign country.
which would endanger national security, cause serious injury to the interests or
c. Technical information concerning maintenance and inspection of
prestige of the nation or serious embarrassment to the government or would be of certain equipment and weapons and training in their use.
great advantage to a foreign nation. This classification should be used for highly
d. Reports reflecting the fighting/operational efficiency of ships or
important matters and is the highest classification ordinarily used. Examples of use in
types of aircraft as a whole.
peace and war:
e. Certain protective security measures.
a. Information which reveals highly embarrassing disagreement with a f. Cryptographic devices and equipment unless specifically assigned a
friendly government/country, or which contains instructions likely to be higher classification.
repugnant to other governments/countries. g. General military radio frequency allocations.
b. Plans for the defence of areas other than vital strategic areas, h. Details of current callsigns and low grade crypto systems.
including details of associated operations. i. Confidential books and publication numbers with their titles.
c. Information concerning foreign countries, the value of which References to standard high grade cryptographic systems provided no details
depends upon the country concerned not knowing that we possess it. are included.
d. Adverse reports on general morale affecting major operations.
j. Compilation of items which individually may be classified RESTRIC-
e. Information revealing the development and proposed use of new
TED or which may be unclassified, but which collectively constitute
weapons and equipment or projects to which new principles apply.
CONFIDENTIAL information.
f. Information which would disclose certain intelligence sources,
operations and techniques. k. Routine operations and battle reports which contain information of
g. Emergency measures planned in case of strikes in essential interest to the enemy.
industries. l. Military callsigns unless so collected together that they reveal the
h. Compilation of items which individually may be classified CONFI- order
DENTIAL or lower but which collectively constitute SECRET information. of battle.
i. Information concerning new low grade cryptographic and new m. Meteorological information of designated areas.
callsign systems. Details of standard high grade cryptographic systems.
j. Particulars of operations in progress.
k. Plans or particulars of operations not included under TOP SECRET.

43 44
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 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED NNCP-9

7. Handling. Messages are handled at all stages by ratings of the

communication staff. Messages must be encrypted when transmitted by any means SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF A REPLY TO A MESSAGE
other than hand secure line circuits or visual signal when specially authorises.
12. The reply to a message should carry the security classification required by its
RESTRICTED own contents, this may well be different from that of the original message. But no
reference to classified signals is ever to be made in an unclassified signal. This rule
8. Definition. RESTRICTED is used for messages containing information may be relaxed in the case of reply to documents or letters not classified higher than
which should not be published or communicated to any one except for official RESTRICTED provided they make only brief innocuous reference to the document or
purposes. Examples of use in Peace and War: letter, such as quoting the reference number and date.

a. Routine information relating to the supply and procurement of MEDICAL-IN-CONFIDENCE

special military stores.
13. MEDICAL-IN-CONFIDENCE is to be used on all medical documents and other
b. Information of moves of non-operational significance in areas
documents containing medical information which are thereby regarded as confidential
remote from theatres of war.
for personal reasons. The term is not a security classification and an additional
c. Mention by name or reference number of any standard
classification must be used and the appropriate measures taken where there is an
cryptographic system or publication connected therewith, provided no
aspect of security. It is not to be used in signals, nor should signals giving medical
indication is given of the method of encryption.
details normally be classified, unless this is indicated by operational considerations, or
d. Routine departmental instructions, memoranda, etc., which contain reference is made to former classified signals.
information which must not be published or communicated either directly or
indirectly to the public without official authorisation. CLASSIFIED MESSAGES TRANSMIITED IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

e. Wireless Organisation - reference to and changes of frequencies, 14. In tactical operations simulated or actual, when speed of delivery is so
including cryptal frequencies unless channel or circuit numbers are used. essential that time cannot be spared for encryption and the transmitted information
f. Information to moves of non-operational significance in areas cannot be acted upon by the enemy in time to influence current operations, messages
remote from theatres of war. of any classification except TOP SECRET may be transmitted in the clear over any
g. Strength returns of units remote from operational theatres. circuit. In such cases, transmission in the clear must be authorised separately for each
message by the Commanding Officer or his authorised representative. Linkage to
9. Handling. Messages are handled at all stages by ratings of the previously encrypted messages should be avoided. These messages will not be given a
communication staff. Messages must be encrypted when transmitted by any means security classification but will be identified by the word CLEAR transmitted at the
other than hand, visual signal when specially authorised or secure circuits. beginning of the text indicating that the message contains classified information and
has been authorised for transmission in the clear. The message when received, will be
UNCLASSIFIED marked with the phrase "RECEIVED IN THE CLEAR" and the word CLEAR in the text
removed prior to delivery to the addressee(s). Messages marked "CLEAR" or
10. Definition. UNCLASSIFIED is to be used for messages containing "RECEIVED IN THE CLEAR" will be handled as confidential material and will not be
information for which no security is required. It is to be inserted on the message form readdressed. Should the addressee desire the information to be forwarded to another
in place of a security classification. In war, instructions will be given to cease using addressee a new message will be originated and handled as the situation dictates. The
plain language by wireless. Certain relaxations may be permitted. rule does not apply to messages which are not normally encrypted, such as enemy
contact reports, etc.
11. Handling. Unclassified messages are handled by ratings of the
communications staff and over all systems are transmitted in plain language, in brevity SECURITY OF OPERATIONS
codes or in vocabulary codes without security.
15. Communication Security Policy. The purpose of Communication Security
(COMSEC) is to deny to a listening adversary, the contents of transmissions and the

45 46
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 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED NNCP-9

identity of stations involved. It is achieved by the use of cryptography, codes, callsigns

and other aids to security. The level of COMSEC required by the force at any time is SEARCH +
HEIGHTFIN
FC, GMC
RADARS
ELECTRONIC WARFARE
EQUIPMENT
NAVIGATIONAL
AIDS
SONAR
EQUIPMENT
COMMUNICA
TION
determined by the Communication Security Policy (CSP) promulgated by the OTC. The INDEX NUMBERS
DERS EQUIPMENT

purpose of CSP is to restrict the amount and type of traffic on those nets which the

10
11
12
13
14

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Emcon Policy in force allows to be used and to order the encoding of certain tactical EQUIPMENT
information. The possible CSPs that can be issued and their meanings are stated at

INDEX LETTERS

IFF Transponder

HF/MF ship/ship
G,H Band DECM

IFF interrogator
E,F Band DECM

U/w Teleohone

Explosive Echo
All uhf Comms
HF/MF Beacon

All Equipment
J Band DECM

Noise Makers
Cca/asi radar

I band DECM

UHF Shi/ship
NNTP1 Vol IV Chapter 16.

Short Tange

UHF Shp/Air
All jammers

All Navaids

Equipment

equipment
Simulators
Aew Relay
G,h bands

G,h bands
A,b bands

All MF/HF
G,H Band
E,f bands

C,D band

UHF/VHF
All bands

A,B band

All DECM
Jammers
Jammers
Jammers

Jammers
E,F Band
jammers
Allbands

Ranging
Doppler
Comms

Beacon

comms
I band

I band

Tacan

Sonar
16. EMCON Plan. Electronic Warfare policy in the NN is governed by an
assessment of the balance between the operational need for electronic emissions and A HELOS U H T

the intelligence that may be gained by the adversary from interception of own B
C
AAW SURFACE PICKETS
ASW AIRCRAFT
emissions. The plan for managing all electromagnetic radiations of the force or unit to D CAP AIRCRAFT

obtain the maximum tactical advantage is called the Emission Control (Emcon) Plan. A E
F
STRIKE AIRCRAFT
RECCE AIRCRAFT
typical Emcon plan is at Fig 4-1. Emcon includes all emissions in the radio, sonic and G ELECTRONIC WARFARE
H MP AIRCRAFT
infrared spectrum. The specific Emcon situation to be observed at requisite periods is I ASW SAU
directed by the OTC using Radiation Status Indicators (RSIs). Further information on J
K
SURFACE ACTION GROUP
NGS GROUP
the Emcon plan and its implementation is at NNTP1 Vol 1 Chapter 19. Each unit is L URG

expected to maintain an Emcon Bill in order to optimize its reaction to Emcon changes. M
N
CONVOY (MERCHANTS)
CONVOY ESCOURTS
P
T T T T T P H U T
The bill sets forth all the units emitters including their frequency ranges and control O AMPHIBIOUS FORCES
P AMPHIBIOUS ESCOURTS
locations. Q MINESWEEPERS
R AUXILLIARIES

17. The Communication Plan. A modern naval operation is supported S FAST PATROL BOATS U U T P

by a communication plan (COMPLAN) which contains the various nets with specified
frequencies and mode of transmission within the VLF – SHF bands. The COMPLAN
Fig 4-1 A Sample Emcon Plan
ensures proper co-ordination of all communication activities of the force. The types of
AUTHENTICATION
nets in a COMPLAN depend on the nature of operation/exercise and the
communication facilities available on the participating ships and shore stations. The 18. Authentication is a security measure designed to protect a communication
COMPLAN gives information about the nets, frequencies to be manned by each unit system against fraudulent transmissions. Reliable systems of authentication are
and the frequencies which are used as compensation under break-down necessary to enable a receiving station to distinguish between genuine and fraudulent
circumstances. Within a net, ships are tasked using Watch Designators enabling them stations or transmissions. Authentication should be mandatory under the following
to Guard (X), Cover (T), Copy (R), Listen (L), Intercept (I) or act as the Guardship (G). circumstances:
A typical COMPLAN is at Fig 4-2. a. On arrival of units joining a force.
b. When any station suspects imitative deception on any circuit.
c. When any station is challenged or requested to authenticate.
d. When directing/lifting radio silence or requiring a station to break an
imposed radio silence.

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authenticator in a transmitted message. The authenticator is generated from test

elements derived from predetermined items of the message itself. In Challenge and
Reply Authentication the sending station transmits a challenge which the receiving

CONTROL
station uses to determine a reply authenticator in accordance with the authentication
system in force. The challenged station then transmits the reply which the challenging
LINE NUMBER

NNS DAMISA
NNS ARADU

AIR
station must determine to be correct before exchange of messages may begin.

NNS EKPE

NNS AGU

SHIP
ASW
OTC
(a)
FUNCTIONAL TITLE
(b)
FRQUENCY
(c)
EMISSION
(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
21. Spoofing. Spoofing on radio circuits is a means of disruption and
1 RATT BROADCAST R R confusing radio circuits. Spoofing can be countered by authentication and strict circuit
2 TG BROADCAST M R R R R R discipline.
3 TG TACTICAL V X L L L L
4 TG REPORTING V X XW XW XW XW XW
5 SHIP – SHORE M XW 22. Gingerbread Procedure. Gingerbread procedure helps to alert operators
6 LOCAL/HARBOUR V R
7 ASW COORDINATION V X L X
to spoofing on the net. The meaning of the codeword ‘Gingerbread’ in accordance with
8 SAU TACTICAL V V NNCP 165 (Brevity Code) is as follows: ‘Voice imitative deception is suspected on this
9
10
net’.
Procedure: Gingerbread Gingerbread 3x
This is (C/S)
Emission Modes
Time ………………
(column d) Watch Symbols
Authentication is …………………
R = RATT L = Listening
out.
M = Morse X = Guard
V = Voice R = Copy
CRYPTOGRAPHY
W = When required

Fig 4-2 A Sample COMPLAN 23. Cryptography is essentially the science of encryption and decryption of
communications to ensure that a message gets to its intended receiver. Its use confers
19. Authentication is advisable: security to communication as well as provides confidentiality, authenticity and
a. When making contact and amplifying reports in plain language or reliability. Encryption is the conversion of data into a form, called a cipher text, which
brevity code. cannot be easily understood by unauthorized people. Decryption is the process of
b. When making initial radio contact or resuming contact after converting encrypted data back into its original form, so that it can be understood. The
prolonged interruption. use of encryption/decryption is as old as the art of communication. In wartime, a
c. When transmitting to a station which is under radio silence. cipher, often called a "code," can be employed to keep the enemy from obtaining the
d. When transmitting a ZIPPO-message in ‘Anti-Ship Missile Defence’ contents of transmissions. Simple ciphers include the substitution of letters for
(ASMD). numbers, the rotation of letters in the alphabet, and the "scrambling" of voice signals
e. When transmitting a plain language cancellation. by inverting the sideband frequencies. More complex ciphers work according to
f. When transmitting operating instructions, such as change of sophisticated computer algorithms that rearranges the data bits in digital signals.
frequency, closing down a net, etc.
g. When authorised to transmit a classified message in plain language 24. Crypto Systems. The materials which are used as a unit to provide
on a non-approved net. a single means of encryption and decryption are collectively known as Crypto System.
These materials include:
PROCEDURE FOR AUTHENTICATION
a. Cryptographic machines and associated equipment.
20. The authentication procedures are split in two categories; transmission b. Cryptographic devices.
authentication and challenge and reply. Transmission Authentication is self- c. Cryptographic operating and maintenance instructions.
authentication. A station may authenticate its transmission by including an d. Cryptographic keying material.
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e. Aids to security like authentication and callsign encryption. 30. Crypto Security Officer. The Crypto Security Officer is the officer appointed
f. Basic code books and tactical codes other than purely brevity codes, by the CO for accurate, secure, and efficient operation of the Crypto Centre where
such as NNCPs 131, 165 and NNTP1 Vol IV. cryptographic materials are kept. He is charged with the supervision and training of
g. Recognition and identification documents. crypto personnel. In addition he ensures that all suspected compromises or violations
of instructions are reported promptly.
25. Low-Grade Crypto Systems. Low-grade crypto systems provide
temporary security by using low grade codes. The codes use combinations of letters 31. Crypto Custodian. The Crypto Custodian is an officer who is charged
and numerals to stand for words, phrases and sentences in tactical messages. Their with the actual custody, handling, safeguarding and destruction of cryptographic
main purpose is to meet the requirements for security of tactical communications material issued and who is responsible for accounting to the commanding officer. He is
where the primary systems cannot be used. Codes derived from NNTPs are examples also responsible for accounting and maintenance of accurate and up-to-date records
of low grade crypto. connected with such charge and shall submit a muster report to the appropriate
authority at prescribed times. He is further responsible for the distribution of
26. High-Grade Crypto Systems. High-grade crypto systems are cryptographic material and maintaining records of the distribution.
designed to provide lasting security to classified messages. Encryption is performed by
substitution or transposition means. In substitution method the plain text is substituted 32. Crypto Clearance. Naval personnel who have to handle
by other terms whereby letters, figures, words etc are substituted by addition or cryptographic material require crypto clearance before they are allowed to have access
subtraction from a pseudo randomly generated sequence of numbers. This may be to these materials. Clearance may be given to a reliable and trustworthy person who
performed manually by an operator using the one time pad or automatically by a must have been cleared with regard to security and the need for access established.
cipher-generator. In the transposition method, the elements of the plain text are
transposed in their positions without losing their original meaning. 33. Loss or Suspected Compromise of Crypto Material. It is the
responsibility of every person to whom crypto material is entrusted to prevent its loss
CRYPTO SECURITY or compromise. Any person having the knowledge or suspicion that crypto material
has been lost, compromised, or has come to the knowledge of unauthorised persons,
27. Crypto Security. Messages containing information regarding details of shall immediately report the facts to the custodian of the material or other officer to
cryptographic methods are typed or stamped at the top and bottom right hand cover whom he is responsible. It is the Commanding Officer’s responsibility to submit a
with the marking "CRYPTO SECURITY" in addition to the security classification. report.

28. Encrypted Trailer. See Chapter Three. 34. Handling of Classified Messages. Plain language copies of
encrypted messages and the corresponding crypto text shall be filed separately. Plain
29. Encryption and Decryption Procedures. Encryption and decryption could language copies of encrypted messages shall be stored as required for other material
be achieved by On-line or Off-line Procedure. The On-line procedure is the automatic of the same classification. Work sheets, excess copies, typewriter ribbons, carbon
method of encryption associated with a particular transmission system, where by papers and blotters used in preparing and processing classified information shall be
signals are encrypted and passed directly to the line or other transmission medium. accorded the same handling, storage and disposal as that exercised for other classified
The signal is decrypted by requisite reciprocal equipment at the distant station and is material.
received as plain message. The off-line procedure is a method of encryption which is
not associated with a particular transmission system and in which the resulting 35. Storage. Issued crypto material are stored in safes having locks of not less
cryptogram can be transmitted by any means. It is used to encrypt classified messages than three way combinations or their equivalents to preclude the possibility of theft or
up to top secret including special category messages like exclusive, “eyes only” and compromise and must be securely fastened to the surrounding structure.
crypto security messages. The encryption is done separately off the line by high-grade Combinations of locks are to be changed at the reception of the container and when
crypto systems. The ciphered text is decrypted by authorised personnel in the crypto any person having knowledge of the locks leaves the command or unit. It should also
department separately. be changed at 6 months interval and any time when there is reason to believe that the
combination has been compromised.

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 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED NNCP-9

36. Accounting. Custodians shall keep inventory of registered materials and CHAPTER FIVE
shall submit accurate inventory report to the proper office of the record at prescribed
CEREMONIALS
times. When crypto material is turned over from one shift or watch to another, strict
continuity of responsibilities shall be maintained.
MILITARY HONOURS AND MARKS OF RESPECT

37. Destruction. The recommended methods for destroying crypto materials 1. Marks of respect are usually paid to royal personages, officers and officials on
are burning, shredding, pulping and pulverising. Destruction must be accomplished in their arrival at and departure from NN ships and establishments. They are normally
the presence of two witnesses and an appropriate report of destruction prepared. The paid only between Colours and Sunset except otherwise waived by the senior officer in
two categories of destruction are routine and emergency destruction. special circumstances. Detailed instructions are contained in the NN Regulations.

a. Routine Destruction. Routine destruction is the destruction of 2. Alert and Still. Alert is to be sounded on the bugle between the hours of
superseded and obsolete crypto materials. Registered crypto material is Colours and Sunset, whenever the Chairman of the Navy Board or an officer of flag
destroyed when directed by competent authority. Prior to destroying such rank or Commodore, in uniform, comes onboard or leaves any of NN ships or visits a
material, each item shall be thoroughly checked to ascertain that only the naval establishment. Alert is also to be sounded at the hoisting and hauling down of
material which should be destroyed is included. Routine destruction shall be colours. Other occasions for sounding alert and personages entitled to ‘Alert’ are given
accomplished only by authorised personnel. in the NN Regulations.

3. Piping the Side. The side is piped only onboard NN ships and between the
b. Emergency Destruction. Emergency destruction of classified
hours of colours and sunset. It is not to be piped at any shore establishment. The side
material is authorised any time. It is necessary in order to prevent damage to
is piped for the following personages coming on board or leaving NN ships:
national security. The specific steps taken to ensure effective destruction of
materials under emergency conditions will depend on the conditions existing a. The Head of State.
in the particular area. It must be reported immediately to higher authority. b. The Navy Board and Commonwealth Naval Boards when in uniform.
c. Officers of flag rank in uniform.
d. Commodores in uniform.
e. An officer in uniform in command of a sea-going vessel or tender in
commission.
f. The President or a member of a court-martial proceeding or
returning from the court.
g. The officer of the guard when flying a pennant .
h. A body when brought onboard or sent out of a ship.
i. All foreign naval officers in uniform at all hours.
j. Officers on the retired list under the same rules applicable to officer
of equivalent rank on the active list in his proper uniform.

4. Playing the National Anthem. The National Anthem is to be played at

the reception of the following personages:

a. Nigeria’s President.
b. Foreign Presidents or heads of state (their national anthem).
c. Foreign Sovereigns and members of foreign Royal families (their
national anthem).

5. Musical Salutes and Airs. Musical salutes and airs are to be played
on the authorised occasion as given in the NN Regulations. Commonwealth naval
53 54
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 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED NNCP-9

officers should be accorded the same musical salutes as Nigerian officers of equivalent honours and marks of respect laid down in the NN Regulation are to be paid.
rank and salutes. When Chairman of the Navy Board or an officer of the flag rank or
commodore on uniform, is passing a ship not under way in a boat displaying
6. Ceremonies of Reception and Departure of Important a Red or Blue Disc as appropriate, the Alert is to be sounded on the bugle.
Personages/Officers. Military honours and marks of respect are authorized to be
c. Boat Passing with a State Governor. When a state governor
rendered at the reception and departure of personages and officials onboard. The
with his flag flying in a boat or tender passes an NN ship which is not under
same ceremonies are to be rendered during reception and departure. The ceremonies
way, the guard and band is to be paraded, the Alert sounded and the salute
to be rendered at the reception onboard are contained in the NN Regulations. The
given as prescribed in the NN Regulations. When a person who is about to
same ceremonies are to be conducted at departure of the official.
be, or has been received with the Alert passes one of the NN ship which is
not under way, the Alert is to be sounded.
7. Proceeding Onboard Otherwise than by Boat. When an officer proceeds
onboard any NN ship or arrives at a naval establishment otherwise than by boat, in
10. Two Ships Passing. When, between sunrise and sunset, one NN ship
circumstances under which he would be flying his flag or pendant if he had proceeded
passes another ship which is not underway, and if neither is flying a standard flag or
by boat, he is to receive the same honours and marks of respect as if he had not
another distinguishing flag or is a flagship or foreign warship, the junior ship is to
proceeded on piping the side.
sound the ‘Alert’ and the other is immediately to do likewise and after a short interval
sound the “Carry-on”. The junior ship is, after a short interval, also to sound the
8. Reciprocal Honours. Officers of NA and NAF, being in their proper
“Carry-on”. If guards and bands are to be paraded, the junior ship is to give the
uniforms, are to be received onboard any NN ships or on arrival at shore
appropriate salute, the guard in the senior ship receiving the salute at the “slope”; but
establishments, with the same honours and marks of respect as are directed by the
if one of the ships is a foreign warship, a similar salute is to be given by the junior and
NN Regulation. Honour and marks of respect are to be paid to officers of
returned in full by the senior, the bands playing the foreign National Anthem. In case
corresponding ranks and status in the Navy when the occasion of the visit is of similar
of doubt as to seniority, the NN ships are to be prepared to give salute first at the
nature to those laid down, except as regards piping the side. Officers of the NN, being
most appropriate moment, provided they are satisfied that it is likely to be returned in
in their proper uniform are to have the same honours and marks of respect from NA
a similar manner. If neither ship is a flagship, nor warship of a foreign nation, the
and NAF units as the officers of corresponding ranks and status in those Services.
bugle is not to be used but similar marks of respect are to be paid and returned by
pipe. If guards and bands are paraded, the guard is to remain at the ‘slope’. When one
9. Ceremonies When Boats are Passing with Personalities. The rules
NN ship passes another ship which is also underway the foregoing marks of respect
governing the ceremonies to be rendered when a boat is passing with an important
are to be paid and returned by pipe only. If guards are paraded, the guard is to come
personality, are laid down in the NN Regulations. Typical situations are as follows:
to ‘slope’, but if a foreign warship should act, or appear likely to act as, reciprocal
action is to be taken by one of NN ships when passing, or being passed by such
a. Boat Passing with Royal Personage or Flag Flying
foreign warship.
(1) When a Royal personage, Head of State or Governor in a
11. Naval Personal Salute. The method of making the naval personal salute
boat or tender or when the Navy Board, a Flag Officer or
is laid down in BR 1834 and Rifle Drill. The Salute with the hand is to be made only
Commodore, with a flag or broad pendant flying in a boat or tender,
when wearing headgears. When colours are hoisted or hauled down and when the
is passing a ship not under way, the guard and band is to be
National Anthem, Commonwealth Nations anthem or any foreign national anthem is
paraded, the Alert sounded and the salute given.
played, all officers and men not fallen in are to stand to attention, face the required
direction and salute. Parties fallen in are to be called to attention by the officer or
(2) If a ship not under way is flying the flag or broad pendant
rating in charge, who alone is to salute. When a national anthem is played indoors or
of a senior officer to the Flag Officer or Commodore passing in a
between decks, individual officers and men are to salute if wearing head-dress. If
boat or tender, the Alert is to be sounded but the guard and band is
without head-dress, they are to remain without and stand to attention. Onboard NN
not to be paraded.
ships officers and men are to salute when they come over the gangway or on the
b. Boat passing with Flag Plate or Discs Displayed. .When the Quarterdeck and when addressing or addressed by their superiors. Ratings are to
Chairman of the Navy Board or a Naval Member of the Board is afloat in a stand to attention when passed by an officer.
boat or tender on an official visit with Navy Board Flag or Plate displayed, the
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 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED NNCP-9

(2) Colour Party close up in their positions (earlier if

CEREMONY OF COLOURS Guard/Band are present).

12. Definition of Colours. Colours is a general term describing any flag which 14. Morning Colours – No Guard or Band Present.
is flown to denote the nationality of a ship, of a body of people, or of a place. In the a. At 5 minutes prior to the Ceremony:
NN, Colours refer to the suit of White Ensign, National Flag and Commissioning (1) Controlling Authority hoists ‘Prep’ close up (other ships
Pennant. In shore establishment, Colours refers to White Ensign and Commissioning repeat).
Pennant only. The Ensign and National Flag are worn during the prescribed hours by (2) Rating on Ensign Staff reports to OOD ‘5 minutes to Colour,
NN ships at anchor, secured to a buoy or berthed alongside but when the ship gets Sir’.
under way (i.e. when the last anchor is aweigh, the sliprope slipped from the buoy, or b. At approximately one minute to the Ceremony the OOD is to order
the last hawser let go) the National Flag is lowered and it is not rehoisted until the ship ‘Colour Party Attention’.
again anchors, secures to a buoy or berths alongside (i.e. until the first anchor is let c. At the exact time of the Ceremony (in the following sequence):
go, the picking-up rope brought to the capstan or the first hawser secured). A ship (1) Controlling Authority dips ‘Prep’ (other ships conform).
under way wears her Ensign whenever there is sufficient light for it to be seen. Ships (2) Rating on Ensign staff reports ‘Eight (or nine) o’clock, Sir.
in harbour, whenever another ship is under way, hoist their Ensigns if there is (3) OOD orders ‘Make it so’.
sufficient light for them to be seen. The only two occasions when a National Flag is (4) Rating detailed strikes eight (on twos) bells. Ratings on
worn by one of NN ships under way are: when she is under way in harbour and ships Ensign and National Flag staffs turn to face the staff.
not under way are dressed overall and when she is wearing the Presidential Standard (5) On completion of the bells, the OOD orders ‘Sound the
or escorting a ship in which the Sovereign is embarked. For reasons of economy the Alert’ (or ‘Pipe the Still’ if no bugler is present).
National Flag is not worn by ships in dock or by ships undergoing a dockyard refit. (6) On completion of the Alert/Still:
(a) The Bugler sounds the ‘General Salute’, rating on
13. Preparation for Colours. Colour party personnel should be Ensign and National Flag hoist away at a rate to ensure
nominated and individual duties specified as a matter of normal daily harbour routine. that both flags reach their block as the block as the last
The Duty Senior Rating (DSR) should muster and brief his party as to their duties as note of the ‘General Salute’ is sounded.
follows: (b) If no bugler is present, ratings on Ensign and
National Flag hoist away slowly so that flags reach their
a. By 30 minutes prior to the ceremony, following arrangements should block in approximately 20 seconds (conforming to the
be completed: Senior ship if visible).
(7) When the last note of the ‘General Salute’ has sounded
(1) Colour Party mustered and detailed. and/or the Ensign is closed up to the block, the rating on the Ensign
(2) Halyards and clips checked. turns to face the OOD.
(3) Ensign and National Flag checked and bent on. (8)
(4) Preparative pennant bent on. (a) In the Controlling Authority, the OOD then orders
(5) Time check carried out. ‘Sound/Pipe the Carry On’ and ‘Prep’ is hauled down (other
ships conform).
b. At 15 minutes prior to the ceremony, the DSR is to report to the (b) In ships other than the Controlling Authority, the
Officer of the Day (OOD) that the Colour Party and all preparations are rating on the Ensign staff reports ‘Prep Hauled Down, Sir’,
correct, he should also report which ship or shore station is controlling the the ‘Carry On’ is then sounded/piped’.
ceremony (for the purpose of these instructions known as the Controlling (9) On completion of the Carry on, the OOD orders ‘Colour
Authority. Party Dismiss’. Ensign and National Flag halyards are then made
fast.
c. At 10 minutes prior to the Ceremony:
Note. *These reports should be preceded by a hand salute if the Conducting Officer is
(1) The OOD is to report to the Captain 10 minutes to Colours. a commissioned officer and the rating is not constrained by the halyards.

57 58
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c. When NN ships are in company with ships of Commonwealth Navies,

15. Morning Colours – Guard Present. When a guard is present, the visiting ports in Commonwealth States, bands are to play the national anthem
following procedure should be in addition to that laid down above: of the country concerned immediately after the Nigeria National Anthem.

a. At approximately one minute prior to the Ceremony, after the OOD d. After the final note of the last anthem, the guard is ordered to slope
has called the Colour Party to attention, the Guard Commander is to call the arms and the OOD of the Controlling Authority then orders the ‘Carry – On’ to
guard to attention and order ‘Guard, Shoulder – Arms’. be sounded.

b. After the Alert/Still is sounded/piped, the Guard Commander is to 17. Sunset/Evening Colours. The ceremony of Sunset which could be
order ‘Guard, General Salute, Present – Arms’. (All hand salutes are to referred to as Evening Colours, is carried out at the actual time of sunset or at 2100
conform to the guard’s final rifle movement of the present). (local), whichever is earlier. When in a foreign port in company with warships of that
country, the custom of that country should be observed in respect of timing.
c. On completion of the ‘General Salute’ (or, if a band is present, on Preparations should follow that of Colours as far as applicable.
completion, of the National Anthem(s), the Guard Commander is to order
‘Guard, Slope – Arms’. (All hand salutes conform, resuming the position of a. At 5 minutes prior to the ceremony:
attention on the final movement of the guard sloping arms). (1) The Controlling Authority hoists ‘Prep’ close up, (Other
ships repeat).
d. When the guard has returned to the Slope, the OOD is to order (2) Rating on the Ensign staff reports to OOD ‘Five Minutes to
‘Sound/Pipe the Carry On’. Sunset/Evening Colour, Sir’.

e. On completion of the ‘Carry On’ the Guard Commander is to march b. At the exact time of the ceremony (in the following sequence):
off the guard and when they have left, the OOD is to order ‘Colour Party – (1) The Controlling Authority dips ‘Prep’ (other ships conform).
Dismiss’. (2) The rating on the Ensign staff reports* ‘Sunset Sir’/’Evening
Colours, Sir’.
16. Morning Colours – Band Present. Should bands be paraded in ships (3) The OOD orders ‘Sound the Alert’ (or ‘Pipe the Still’ if no
other than the Controlling Authority, the latter is to be kept informed of the intended bugler is present).
ceremonial programme. When a band is present, the following procedure is to be used (4) On completion of the Alert/Still:
in addition to that laid down above: (a) The Bugler sounds ‘Sunset’. Ratings on the Ensign
and Jack then lower away at a rate to ensure that the flags
a. After the ‘Alert’ has been sounded, the National Anthem is to be are gathered in their arms by the time the last note is
played in place of the ‘General Salute’. The Ensign and National Flag are to be sounded or
hoisted so as to reach the block on the final note of the anthem. (b) If no bugler is present, the Ensign and Jack are
lowered in silence in a time of approximately 20 seconds
b. If warships of other countries are present, on completion of the (following the Senior Officer if visible).
National Anthem, other anthems are to be played in the following order: (5) On completion of lowering the Ensign, the rating turns to
face the OOD.
(1) National Anthem of the host country (when in foreign (a) In the Controlling Authority, the OOD orders
ports). Sound/Pipe The Carry On’ and the Prep is hauled down
(other ships conform).
(2) At the discretion of the senior officer present, a selection of (b) In ships other than the Controlling Authority, the
anthems from other countries in company, taking into account the rating reports ‘Prep Down, Sir’, the ‘Carry-On’ is then
seniority of Flag Officers present. Selection to be varied from day to sounded/piped.
day.

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(6) On completion of the ‘Carry On’, the OOD orders ‘Colour

Party, Dismiss’. The halyards are then secured and the Colours e. Ship’s boats should all have ensigns, they should not be shipped
folded. until the boat is slipped.

Notes. These reports should be preceded by a hand salute if the Conducting Officer SIGNAL FLAGS
is a commissioned officer and the rating is not constrained by the halyards. Further
information on Colours and Sunsets ceremonies are contained in NNR and ATP 1 Vol 20. Signal flags are used in the NN for visual communication and some
2. ceremonial functions. They are in 3 main groups namely: Alphabetical Flags, Numeral
Flags and Pennants as well as Special Flags and Pennants. The various signal flags
18. Half-Masting Colours. Colours are half-masted to indicate a death. When including their international and naval meanings are depicted in Fig 5-1.
Colours are ordered to be half masted, only the Ensign and National Flag (if worn) are
involved. Masthead flags and ensigns remain close up. When Colours are ordered to SIGNAL FLAGS AND THEIR MEANINGS
be half-masted from the time of Morning Colours, it is first hauled close-up. After the
Srl Flags International Naval Meaning Remarks
‘Carry-On’ has been sounded the Ensign and National Flag are to be lowered to half
Meaning
mast. At Evening Colours, if Colours are at half mast, the Ensign and National Flag are (a) (b) I (d) (e)
to be hoisted up as soon as ‘Prep’ is dipped. The OOD is not to order the ‘Alert/Still’ ALPHABETICAL FLAGS
until the Ensign is close up. When Colours are ordered to be masted or re-hoisted at I am undergoing a Divers or friendly
other then the time of Morning or Evening Colours, the only requirement is that both 1. special trial personnel under
ALPHA water
Ensign and National Flag (when worn) are half masted or re-hoisted in unison. The
I am taking in or I am carrying out
Controlling Authority should hoist/transmit the appropriate signal in sufficient time to discharging, or explosive or fuel.
allow personnel to close up. No other ceremonial procedure is involved. 2 BRAVO carrying dangerous Firing exercise
goods
Yes (Affirmative) or Yes or permission
19. Ceremonial Entry. No single set of instructions can apply to
“The significance of granted
Ceremonial Entry, as circumstances differ on each occasion. The following general 3. the previous group
CHARLIE
guidelines are provided: should be read in the
affirmative.
a. When entering harbour on a National Anniversary of Festival when Keep clear of me, I I am making
ships are dressed, ship enters harbour dressed with masthead ensign and 4. am maneuvering with degaussing runs
DELTA difficulty.
National Flag hoisted. When firing a national salute, the national ensign
I am altering my Ship company have
should be broken at the first gun. 5. course to starboard time for meal
ECHO
b. Dressing lines should be out of sight and ratings fallen in until after
I am disabled, Flight operation
the ‘Extend’. communicate with (Aircraft) when
c. At the ‘Extend’ hands detach to run out/stand by dressing lines. me. operating both
fixed wing aircraft
Because the ‘Extend’ is not ordered until the last moment compatible with 6.
FOXTROT
helicopters
efficiency, dressing lines may need to be previously run out and shackled to currently
downhauls prior to entering harbour. In this case, care should be taken to I am hauling nets This ship is guide
ensure that dressing line flags are not visible nor fouled prior to hoisting.
7. GOLF
d. At ‘Out Booms and Ladders’ (The ‘G’ on the bugle) if a bugler is I have a pilot Am ready to
borne, dressing lines are hoisted and hauled taught on the order of ‘Out onboard. operate helicopters
Booms and Ladders’ which is given as follows: 8.
HOTEL
when wing
conditions are
(1) Anchoring - as the anchor is let go. suitable
(2) Mooring - as the second anchor is let go.
(3) Coming to buoy - when the first bridle is shackled on.
(4) Securing alongside - when the first wire is secured ashore.
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
I am altering my Am ready to I require assistance At Sea: Nil
course to port receive you (not distress). In Habour: Ship is
alongside. Come 22 VICTOR opened to visitors
9 INDIA alongside either I require medical Information
port or starboard 23. assistance. addressee
I am on fire and have Have semaphore WHISKEY
dangerous cargo on message to Stop carrying out your Evolution or
10. board transmit
JULIET intentions and watch exercise completed
I wish to Personnel are 24. XRAY for my signals.
communicate with you working aloft or nil I am dragging my At sea: I am the
11. KILO anchor OTC
25. YANKEE In Habour: Have
You should stop your Do not approach
visual
vessel instantly within … guide of
communication
this unit or unit
duty
12. indicated without
obtaining positive I require a tug Gun tight
LIMA
clearance to do so
26.
My vessel is stopped Have medical and ZULU
and making no way dental guard duty.
MIKE through the water At sea: disregard
13. my movement NUMERAL PENNANTS
No (Negative of ‘The Your movement Srl Pennant Spoken Written Remarks
significance of the not understood (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
previous group should PENNANT P0
14. NOVEMBER be read in the ZERO
negative 1. ZERO
Man overboard Man overboard 2. PENNANT P1
ONE
15.
OSCA ONE
My nets have come General recall PENNANT P2
fast upon an position indicator TWO
16. obstruction 3 TWO
PAPA
I request free pratique All boats belonging 4. PENNANT P3
to the ship return THREE
17. to this ship THREE
QUEBEC
immediately 5. PENNANT P4
The way is off my In harbour: I am FOUR
ship-you may feel duty ready ship FOUR
18. your way past me At Sea: 6. PENNANT P5
ROMEO Replenishment FIVE
My engines are going Signal flying is for FIVE
astern flag hoist drill 7. PENNANT P6
19. SIX
SIERRA
Keep clear of me, I Time indicator SIX
am engaged in pair 8. PENNANT P7
20. TANGO trawling SEVEN
You are running into Weighing anchor SEVEN
danger
21. UNIFORM

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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
9. PENNANT P8 3 DESIG DESIG
EIGHT
EIGHT Designation (Desig)
10. PENNANT P9 4 EMERGENCY EMERG
NINE
NINE Emergency (Emerg)
11. TACKLINE TACK - 5 FORMATION FORM
NUMERAL FLAGS Formation (Form)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 6 INT
INTERROGATIVE
1. ONE 1
Interrogative (Inter)
ONE 7 PORT PORT
2. TWO 2
Port
TWO 8 PREPARATIVE PREP
3 THREE 3
Preparative (Prep)
THREE 9 SCREEN SCREEN
4 FOUR 4
Screen
FOUR 10 STATION STATION
5 FIVE 5
Station (Sta)
FIVE 11 STARBOARD STBD
6 SIX 6
Starboard (Stbd)
12 SPEED SPEED
SIX
7 SEVEN 7
Speed
13 SUBDIV SUBDIV
SEVEN
8 EIGHT 8 Subdivision (Subdiv)
14 TURN TURN
EIGHT
9 NINE 9 Turn
15 NEGAT NEGAT
NINE
0 ZERO 0 Negative (Negat)
16 DIV DIV
ZERO
SPECIAL FLAGS AND PENNANTS Division (Div)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 17. FLOTILLA FLOT FLOT
1 CODE OR ANSWER CODE OR ANS 18. Squadron Squad Squad

Code or
answering (Ans)
Fig 5-1 Signal Flags and their Meaning.
2 CORPEN CORPEN DRESSING SHIP

Corpen
21. Dressing ship is a ceremonial evolution whereby warships ‘dress up’ by
hoisting the Dressing Line which runs from the bow to the stern. When Dressing Ship

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is ordered, ships are normally dressed during morning colours. The Controlling Fore down - Running from Foremast to National Flag – Sub Div-Echo
Authority will hoist/transmit the signal ‘Dress Ship’. When the signal is executed, Fore main - Running from Foremast to Mainmast-Stn-3rd Subs
dressing lines should be hauled taught and Masthead Ensign broken. At Sunset, the Main down - Running from main to Ensign-Speed-Flag 3
dressing lines are lowered and Masthead Ensigns are to be hauled down as soon as Note: For a ship having one mast station, speed and 3rd substitute are to be omitted.
the signal to ‘Undress Ship’ is executed. On completion of hoisting/lowering, ratings on
the down hauls and halyards should as far as possible face aft for Colours/Sunset. COMMISSIONING, RECOMMISSIONING AND REDEDICATION

22. Occasions for Dressing Ships. Ships are normally dressed overall on 24. Commissioning. During a commissioning ceremony, the parade is usually
the following occasions: formed with the Ship’s Company facing away from the ship. The focal point is the
a. On independence day-1 October. turning about of the Ship’s Company to face the new ship for the symbolic hoisting of
b. During Navy Day celebrations colours. This prevents the Guest of Honour, 67 Chaplaincy, Commanding Officer and
c. When the President’s flag is hoisted. other guests from having to turn about for the part of the ceremony. On receipt and
d. When ordered by the CNS or Senior officer. reading of the commissioning warrant by the Commanding Officer, the Band plays the
National Anthem while the National Flag and Ensign are hoisted and the
23. Guide for Dressing Ship: The sizes of flags for dressing ships are: commissioning pennant is broken. Only the commissioning pennant and Ensign is
a. Size 3 – Capital ships, Carriers, Cruisers, Minelayers, Depot ships hoisted when commissioning a shore establishment.
and Repair ships.
b. Size 4 – All other ships. 25. Rededication. The procedure for conducting a Rededication Ceremony
The normal distance between flags is 75cm distance. The size of dressing line (wire should be based on Form S3023A obtained from the Naval Chaplaincy. It contains the
rope) is 1” flexible steel wire rope. The layout of a fully dressed ship is shown in Order of Service for Commissioning, but excluding reading the Commissioning
Fig 5-2. Warrant, hoisting the Ensign and breaking the masthead pennant. The Parade Orders
for Rededication Ceremony is similar to those for a commissioning. However, the order
of events varies according to the circumstance.

26. Decommissioning. Unlike the Commissioning Ceremony, there is no

formal Parade to mark a Ships Decommissioning. Commanding Officers may, however,
if they so wish hold a Final Ceremonial Divisions to mark the Decommissioning of the
Ship.

NATIONAL FLAG

Fig 5-2 A Ship Dressed Overall

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