Climate chng refs 2 long-term shifts in temps &

wthr patrns. D term is comnly usd 2 refs spcfclly 2

D largely hmn-casd chngs that hv happnd snce D
early 20th cent, or evn more spcfclly, 2 D rise in
glbl temps assoctd vth D incrse in greenhouse gs
in D Erth’s atmosp.
Causes D main cause of climate change is D
burnng of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, & gas, vh
releass carbon dioxide & othr greenhouse gs into
D atmosp. Ths gs trap heat frm D sun’s rays insd D
Erth’s atmosp, causng D Erth’s avg temp 2 rise, a
phnmnon knwn as glbl warmng. Deforstn &
land-use chnge also cntribute 2 glbl warmng, as
forests absorb CO2 vh they grow, so cuttng them
dwn stops them frm absorbg CO2 & adds 2 D CO2
in D atmosp vh D trees R burnd or rot away.
Impact mrn envrnmntClimate chng hs signifct
impacts on cstl & mrn envrnmnts. Risng sea lvls
due 2 meltn polar ice cps cn led 2 D loss of cstl
habts. Warmer ocean temps & ocean acidificatn
cn disrupt mrn ecosystms, ledng 2 coral bleachng
& D loss of biodivsty. Chngs in ocean temp cn also
affect D distributn & abundance of mrn spces, vh
cn disrupt food webs & impact fisheris. Frthrmore,
incrse storm intensity & freqncy cn led 2 grter cstl
erosn & fldng.
Adptn & mitgatn R 2 key stratgs in rspndng 2
climate chng:Adptn invlvs makng adjstmnts in our
physcl infrstrct & socl sys 2 betr cope vth D chngs
that R hapng due 2 climate chng. Ths could inclde
bldng sea walls 2 protect agnst risng sea lvls,
chngng agri practcs 2 cope vth chngng wthr
patrns, or devlpng heat- & drought-resistnt crops.
Mitgatn invlvs effrts 2 redc D amnt of greenhouse
gs we R putng into D atmosp. Ths could inclde
swtchng 2 renewble nrgy sources, imprvng nrgy
efficincy, or chngng trnsp & dietry habits 2 lowr
carbon emssns.
Ocean Warming: As D Erth’s temp rise due 2
climate chng, D ocean absorbs much of ths heat.
Ths leds 2 warmr ocean temps, vh cn disrupt mrn
ecosystms. Warmr waters cn leds 2 coral bleachng,
vh corals expel the alge lvng in their tissues,
causng them 2 turn cmpltly white. Ths is harmfl 2
the corals & reducs their ablty 2 survive. Warmr
waters also affect the distributn of mrn spces, vth
many movng twrds coolr waters, disruptng D
balance of mrn ecosystms.
Ocean Acidification: Incrsd lvls of carbon dioxide
(CO2) in D atmosp leds 2 mor CO2 bng absorbed
by the oceans. Ths causs D oceans 2 bcome mor
acidic, a process knwn as ocean acidificatn. Ths cn
hv harmfl effcts on mrn life, partclrly orgnisms vth
calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, such as
shellfish & corals, as D incrsd acidity cn causs thse
shells & skeletons 2 dissolve.
Sea-Level Rise: As glbl temps incrse, sea lvls rise
due 2 D meltn of polar ice cps & therm expnsion of
seawatr. Ths cn led 2 D loss of cstl habts, such as
mangroves & seagrass beds, vh R imprtnt breedng
& feedng grnds 4 many mrn spces.

The shipng indstry cn hv signifct impacts :

*Noise Pollutn: Noise prodcd by ships oftn trvls
long dstnces & interfrs vth the norml behavr of
mrn spces like whales that rely on snd for their
actvts.*Oil Spills: Oil spills into the ocean hv
devastatng effcts on mrn life.*Sewage & Waste
Disposl: Ships cn dischrg sewage, garbage, & othr
wastes into the ocean, leadng to pollutn.*Air
*Pollutn: Ships emit greenhouse gases & othr air
pollutants, cntributng to climate chng & air qulty
issus.*Invasve Spces: Ships cn unintntnlly intrduce
invasve spces 2 new areas through their ballast
watr.2 mitigte these impacts,
Imprve Fuel Qlty: Using cleaner fuels cn redce D
amnt of air pollutn from ships.
Instll Exhaust Scrubbrs: Ths devcs cn redce D
amnt of pollutants relsd into D atmosp.
Redce Energy Use: Ships cn implmnt nrgy-savng
mesrs 2 redce their ovrl envrnmntl footprnt.
Waste Mgmt: Proper waste disposl practcs cn
prevnt pollutn from ship waste.
Ballast Watr Mgmt: Tretn ballast watr cn prevnt D
sprd of invasve spces.
Regulatn & Enfrcmnt: Strnger regulatns &
enfrcmnt cn ensur tht ships comply vth envrnmntl
stdrds.Decarbonizatn: The shipng indstry cn
commt 2 reducng its greenhouse gas emssns, in
line vth intrntnl climate goals.
Bllst watr is watr takn on board a ship 2 maintn
safe opertng conditns. It’s typclly takn on in
coastal waters at 1 port & dischrgd at D nxt port of
call. Bllst watr cn cntn a variety of biol material,
incl ding plants, animals, viruses, & bactria. Ths
material oftn incl non-native, nuisance, invasive,
exotic spces that cn caus extnsve eclgcl & econmc
dmg 2 aquatic ecosystms.D prcss of bioinvasion
ocurs whn thse orgnisms R dischrgd in a new
locatn thru the bllst watr. If D conditns R suitbl,
thse orgnisms cn establis themslvs in their new
envrnmnt & becme invasive. Invasive spces cn
out-compete native spces 4 resorcs, disrupt D
balance of local ecosystms, & caus signifcnt eclgcl
& econmc impacts.4 exmple, D zebra mussel,
native 2 Eastrn Europe, was transportd 2 D Great
Lks in N Amerca via bllst watr. It has snce causd
signifcnt eclgcl & econmc dmg by outcompeting
native spces & cloggng watr intake pipes."
An ecosystm is a cmplx of livng orgnisms, their
physcl envrnmnt, & their intrrlatnshps in a prtclr
unit of space. It’s a geograpc area where plants,
animals, & othr orgnisms, as well as wthr &
landscapes, wrk 2gethr 2 form a bubble of life.
mangrove forest & discuss four key ecosystem
services it provides:
Provisioning Services: Mangroves R rich in
biodivrsity & provide a varity of resorcs 4 human
use. They support fishries by servng as nursery
grnds 4 many spces of fish & shellfish. They also
provide timber & non-timber forest prdcts, such as
honey & medicnl plants.Regulating Services:
Mangroves play a crucial role in carbon
sequestratn, helng 2 mitigte climate chng. They
also help in waste-watr treatment by filtrng out
pollutants & imprvng watr qlty. Frthrmore, they
provide a natrl barrier agnst coastal erosn &
extreme wthr evnts, such as storms &
tsunamis.Supporting Services: Mangroves
cntribute 2 nutrient cyclng & the maintnnce of
biodivrsity. They provide habitat 4 a wide range of
spces & help maintn the hlth of coastal ecosystms.
Cultural Services: Mangroves offer signifcnt
cultural benfits. They R oftn sites of recrational
activits like bird-watchng & fishng. They also hold
spiritual & aesthtc value 4 many local commnits.
Ocean Zones-zns bsed on depth , light penetrtion:
Sunlight Z (Epipelagic Z): D is top lyer of ocean vh
there's engh sunlight 4 photosynthesis.
Twilight Z (Mesopelagic Z): Light rpidly dimnshes
in ds z. While some light penetrtes ds depth, it’s nt
engh 4 photosynthesis.
Midnight Z (Bathypelagic Z): D z is in perpetual
drkness & D prssr is immense.
Abyssal Z: D z is ptch black, nr freezing & hs a
crushng prssr.
Hadal Z: D is deepest part of ocean in deep sea
trenches1.Economic Importns of Seaweeds
Food & Agri: Seaweeds R cnsumd dirctly as food
& R used in prod of food additives.
Indstrl Apps: Seaweeds R used in vrs inds, incl
cosmetics, pharmcs, & biofuels.
Aquaculture: Seaweed frmng prvd lvelihoods 4 mn
coastal coms.Envir Srvcs: Seaweeds play crucial
role in carbon seqstration, watr qlty imprvmnt, &
habitat provn.
*Coral bleachng is phnomenon tht occurs wn
corals, strssd by changes in cnditns such as temp,
light, or nutrnts, expel symbiotic algae lvng in thr
tissues, causng them 2 turn cmpletly white. While
bleachd corals R nt dead, they R under more strss
& R subject 2 mortality. Major causes of coral
bleachng incl climate chng, prtcly warming ocean
temps, & othr envir strssrs.
Coastal Wetlands: Imp & Threats
Biodivsty: They provd habitat 4 a wide variety of
species.Flood Protctn: They absorb excess rainwtr,
reducng flood dmg.Watr Qlty: They filter
pollutants & imprv watr qlty.Climate Regulatn:
They seqster large amounts of carbon, helpng 2
mitigate climate chng.
Integrated Coastal Resources Mgmt
(ICRM) is holistic aprch 2 mgng coastal resrcs. It
invlvs integration & coordn of var coastal & marine
mgmt effrts. D major objctve of ICRM is 2 addrss D
gov of human actvts affctng sustainable use of
goods & srvcs gen by coastal & marine
ecosystems. It invlvs mul stakeholders, incl govts,
local coms, & non-gov orgs.