SAFETY OFFICER PREPARATION SHEET

CONFINED SPACE
 Any space having a limited means of entry and exit.
 Generally which is not design for continuous human occupancy.
 Excavation more than 1.2m.
Example:- Manhole, Trench, Pipe, Pit, exaction more than 1.2m etc.
Hazar
d:-
 Oxygen Deficiency and Enrichment WHO IS CONFINED SPACE ATTENNDANT?
 Toxic & flammable gases He is one who is aware of the confined space
 Poor illumination, Communication & Ventilation. hazards and knows how to react if anything goes wrong,
 Chemical hazards fire hazards. able to maintain confined space entry log sheet etc.
 Fire & Explosion  Trained and Competent
 Restricted movements.  Authorized for gas test
Identifying Hazards:  Able to Maintain Log Sheet.
 Atmospheric Hazards: Lack of oxygen, presence of  Trained for Emergency Evacuation
toxic gases (e.g., hydrogen sulfide), flammable  Not assign for any other work
vapors.  He is responsible for the safety of entrants,
 Physical Hazards: Restricted movement, extreme  Maintain update entry log sheet,
temperatures, slippery surfaces, and falling objects.  Maintain continuous communication with entrants
 Engulfment and Entrapment: Risks from loose  Prevent unauthorized personnel.
materials or liquids.
IN WHAT CIRCUMTANCES A CONFINED SPACE WORK
PERMIT CAN BE ISSUED?
What are the safety precautions before entry in a  Properly ventilated,
confined space?  Gas test reading are satisfactory,
 First check confined space entry work permit.  Properly barricaded and warning signs are Posted,
 Ventilation must be provided.  Trained stand by man is present with log sheet,
 . Gas test should be frequently done.  Sufficient lightening and low voltage Electricity
 Oxygen level 19.5% between 23.5% (24V-110V), proper means of communication,
 LEL 0%.  Locked and tagged out if necessary,
 Shall be provide Proper light and low voltage  Lifeline man retrieval System if necessary etc.
electricity (24V - 110V).
 Proper communication between confined space Life-Saving Devices in Confined Spaces
attender  Gas Tester- Portable multi-gas detectors,
 person working inside the confined space. Use  Respiratory Protection: SCBA, APRs
appropriate respirator if necessary  Protective Clothing: Flame-resistant clothing
(FRC),
Toxic Gasses in CS  Head, Eye, and Hearing Protection: Helmets,
 Benzene,
safety goggles, and ear protection for physical
 Ethylene Oxide,
safety.
 Sulphur Dioxide, (SO2)
Communication Method.
 Hydrogen Sulfide, (H2S)
 Verbal, Face to Face, Radio OATH METHOD
 Ammonia,
 O-OK, A-Advance me rope, T-Take me up, H-Help.
 Carbon Monoxide,
 Carbon Dioxide,
 Ethylene Chloride

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TOXIC GASSt Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂):
 Properties: Colorless gas with a pungent, irritating
odor. Heavier than air.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S)  Hazards:
 Sources: Natural gas, crude oil, sulfur deposits, and o Toxicity: Can cause respiratory problems,
drilling operations eye irritation, and aggravate conditions like
 Properties: Colorless gas with a characteristic asthma. High concentrations can be life-
"rotten egg" odor at low concentrations. Heavier threatening.
than air and colorless. o Corrosivity: Can form sulfuric acid when
Hazards: combined with water, leading to corrosive
 Toxicity: Extremely toxic, even at low damage to equipment.
concentrations. Can cause irritation of the eyes,  Sources: Produced during the refining process,
nose, and throat, respiratory distress, and can be especially in facilities processing sour crude oil.
fatal at high levels. Nitrogen Oxides (NO2):
 Flammability: Highly flammable and can form  Properties: Group of gases including nitric oxide
explosive mixtures with air. (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). Brownish-red in
H₂S Exposure Limits color with a sharp, biting odor.
TWA Definition: The average concentration of H₂S that a  Hazards:
worker can be exposed to over a standard 8-hour workday o Toxicity: Can irritate the respiratory
or 40-hour workweek without adverse effects. system, cause lung damage, and contribute
 PEL 10 PPM to the formation of smog and acid rain.
 TVL (Threshold Limit Value): 1 ppm o Flammability: While not flammable, NOx
 REL – 10 PPM gases can react with other chemicals to
STEL Definition: The maximum concentration of H₂S to produce hazardous compounds.
which workers can be exposed for a short period (typically  Sources: Combustion processes in engines, flares,
15 minutes), with no more than four exposures per day and and heaters.
at least 60 minutes between exposures. Ammonia (NH₃):
 STEL: 5 ppm (15 minutes)  Properties: Colorless gas with a pungent odor.
 LEL: 4.3% Lighter than air.
 UEL: 46%  Hazards:
Methane (CH₄): o Toxicity: Can cause respiratory irritation,
 Sources: Natural gas fields, oil drilling, and coal burns, and severe lung damage at high
mining. concentrations.
 Properties: Colorless, odorless gas. Lighter than air. o Flammability: Flammable under certain
Hazards: conditions and can create explosive
 Flammability: Highly flammable and can form mixtures in air.
explosive mixtures with air.  Sources: Used as a refrigerant, in gas treatment
 Asphyxiation: In high concentrations, it can processes, and as a chemical feedstock.
displace oxygen and cause suffocation. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂):
Carbon Monoxide (CO):  Properties: Colorless, odorless gas. Heavier than
 Properties: Colorless, odorless gas. Slightly lighter air.
than air.  Hazards:
 Hazards: o Asphyxiation: In high concentrations, it can
o Toxicity: Highly toxic. Binds to hemoglobin
displace oxygen, leading to suffocation.
in the blood, preventing oxygen transport, o Corrosivity: Can lead to corrosion in
leading to headaches, dizziness, pipelines and equipment when dissolved in
unconsciousness, and death. water, forming carbonic acid.
o Flammability: Flammable and can  Sources: Result of combustion processes, natural
contribute to fires and explosions. gas processing, and as a byproduct in oil recovery
 Sources: Incomplete combustion of carbon- operations.
containing fuels, gas flares, and engine exhausts. Gas Tester.

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 TLV - maximum concentration of a airborn contaminants
H2S emergency Action Steps? that workers can be exposed day after day without harmful
1. Evacuate the Area effects.
2. Sound the Alarm
TLV-TWA 10 ppm - average concentration of airborn
3. Assess the situation
4. Protect rescue plan
contaminants that workers can tolerate 8 hours per day, 5
5. Rescue the victim days in a week without suffering harmful effects.
6. Revive victim TLV-STEL 15 ppm - maximum concentration of airborn
7. Get medical Aid contaminanats that workers can tolerate to continuously
for up to 15 minutes and 4 times per day after every 2
Flammability Limit hours gap.
(% Fuel/Air by volume) TLV-Ceiling 20 ppm - this is the concentration that should
GAS LOWER LIMIT UPPER LIMIT not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure,
Hydrogen 4 - 75% even for an instant.
Carbon Monoxide 12.5 - 74.2% Health effects of H2S - on the body are depending on
Methane 5 - 15% exposure concentrations. H2S will enters through the lungs
and it is considered a chemical asphyxiate. It blocks the
Butane 1.5 - 9
transfer of oxygen to the blood cells and causes paralysis of
Ethylene 2.7 - 28.6% the respiratory system.
Acetylene 5.5 - 80%  Exposer to lower concentration can result in eye irritation,
sore throat, cough, nausea, shortness of breath and fluid in
the lungs. These sysmptoms usually go away in a few
How Many Step to Stop Work Authority? weeks.
1. Stop unsafe work  Long term low level exposure may result in fatigue, loss of
2. Notify Effected person appetite, headaches, irritability, poor memory and
3. Investigate the cause for Incident (Accident) dizziness.
4. Communication finding and rescue Victim
 Short term high level exposure can induce immediate
5. Follow up
collapse, loss of breathing and high probability of death,
What is acute toxicity? death of cell and brain damage, immediate respiratory
(Acute toxicity is defined as that which is manifest on short paralysis.
exposure)  Smoking with H2S inhalation may worse effect.
 If a person drunk alcohol and exposed to H2S within 24
What is chronic toxicity? hours it will be poisoned even by low concentration.
(Chronic toxicity is defined as that which is manifest over a  0.01-1.5 ppm is odor thresold. Odor become more
long period of time) offensive at 3-5 ppm. Above 30 ppm odor described as
sweet.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) - it is a types of gas  2-5 ppm long exposure may cause nausea, tear eyes,
which occurs naturally in crude oil, natural gas and also headaches or loss of sleep. Airway problem in some
produced by human and animal waste like sewage. In asthma patient.
industrial activities that can produce H2S gas include  20 ppm possible fatigue, loss of appetite (bhukh),
petroleum, natural gas drilling and refining, wastewater headache, irritability poor memory and diziness.
treatment. It can collect in low lying and enclosed, poorly  50-100 ppm leads to eye irritation, may cause digestive
ventilated area such as basements, manholes, sewer lines upset & loss of appetite.
& vessel, confined spaces etc...  100 ppm is IDLH, coughing, eye damage, loss of smell
Properties of H2S - it is a colorless, odor smell like rotten after 2 to 15 minutes, altered breathing, drowsiness after
egg, highly toxic, corrosive, flammable, heavier than air, 15 to 30 minute, throat irritation after 1 hour and death
soluble in water and oil. may occurs after 48 hours.
 Mixture of H2S and air can be explosive.  100-150 ppm nerve is paralyzed after a few inhalations,
 It burns with blue flame to form Sulfur dioxide (SO2). sense of smell disappear.
 When H2S mixed with water it form hydrosulphuric acid.  200-300 ppm marked conjunctivitis and respiratory tract
 It used in paper making industry when H2S combine with irritation after one hour and pulmonary edema may occur
alkali metals. from prolonged exposure.
 Treatment involves immediate inhalation of amyl nitrite, 300-500 ppm lungs damage, respiratory failure and
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 injection of sodium nitrite etc...
 possibility of death.
 500-700 ppm collapse with in 5 minutes, serious damage to
eyes in 30 minutes and death after 30-60 minutes.
 700-1000 ppm rapid unconsciousness with in minute, loss
of breathing, death with in minute.
 Concentration over 1000 ppm cause instant death.
Precautions for H2S or before entering area where
H2S may be present
 Atmospheric test should be done for presence of hydrogen
sulphide by using multi gas meter.
 Do not rely on your sense of smell use of toxic clip
continiously.
 Provide H2S training and allow only trained and educate
person who have knowledge about H2S hazards and
control measures.
 A safety line to allow for rapid exit if conditions become
dangerous.
 If gas is present then space or area must be ventilated
continually to remove the gas.
 If the gas cannot be removed and person entering the
space or area must use appropriate respiratory protection
like a full facepiece pressure demand SCBA with a
minimum service life of 30 minutes and a combination full
facepiece pressure demand supplied-air respirator with an
auxilliary self contained air supply.
 If H2S levels are below 100 ppm an air-purifying respirator
can be used because filter cartridge or canister is
appropriate for H2S. A full facepiece respirator prevent eye
irritation.
 Provide proper information about respiratory system like
what respiratory are, how it works etc...and always make
sure before using respiratory system proper respirator
selection, fit testing, medical evaluation must be fitting and
training.
 Any other PPEs, rescue and communication equipment.
 Never attempt a rescue in containing H2S area without
using appropriate respiratory protection and without being
trained.
Important points for H2S
 1% = 10,000ppm
 SEL, OEL, PEL, WEL, REL & MAC (maximum admissible
concentration) these all are same.
 In case of H2S release hold your breath and wear (don)
escape breathing apparatus in 30 seconds and check the
cylinder pressure gauge & pressure valve.
 Face mask must be purged to remove toxic gases from it.

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 SAFE DISTANCE
HYDRO-TESTING The safe distance during a hydro-test is calculated based on
factors such as pressure, volume and the potential energy
Hydro-testing involves filling a pipeline with water to a release in case of failure.
specific pressure to test its integrity, strength, and leak
resistance.

It is crucial in the oil and gas industry to ensure the safety

and reliability of equipment, preventing potential leaks,
L=0.15D α 0.4 (P/ ∛ρ)
ruptures, and failures that could lead to hazardous L= Minimum Safe Distance in Meter.
incidents. D=Internal Dia
Main hazards associated with hydro-testing?. P=Pressure in Bar
 High Pressure
 Leaks and Bursts
α = Safety Factor= I/D
 Slips and Falls: I= Length of System
 Mechanical Failures ρ = Density of fluid (1000 for water)
 Noise:
What documentation is required before, during, and after
Key precautions include: a hydro-test?
 Exclusion Zones: Establish and clearly mark Before the Test:
exclusion zones around the test area to keep non-  Test Plan
essential personnel at a safe distance.  Risk Assessment.
 Pressure Relief: Ensure pressure relief valves are  Permits:
installed and functioning to prevent over-  Equipment Inspection Records:.
pressurization.  Test Log:.
 PPE Requirements:  Incident Reports
 Equipment Inspection
 Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of pressure
levels and equipment during the test is essential.
Assign a dedicated team member to monitor
gauges and systems.
 Emergency Procedures: Have clear and rehearsed
emergency procedures in place, including
immediate shutdown protocols and evacuation
plans.
Application of Hydro Testing
 Fill water in pipeline
 Raising the pressure as per required.
 Hold for recommended duration
 Check the pressure drop and visible inspection

Component of Manifold.
 Valves:- Ball, Relief and Needle Valve
 Pressure Gauges: Minimum 2 calibrated with capacity of
15MPa to 40 Mpa
 Pressure Transducers:
 Pressure Pump
 PRV Pressure release valve
 Air Vent
 Isolation vent
 Drain Point
 Piping and Fittings:

Page 5
PRE-COMMISSIONING 4. What methods are commonly used during pre-
 Pre-commissioning is the process of preparing and
commissioning?
testing systems, equipment, and pipelines before
Answer: Common pre-commissioning methods include:
they are put into operation.
 Hydrostatic Testing: Testing pipelines and vessels
with water under pressure to check for leaks and
 This includes activities such as cleaning, flushing,
integrity.
pressure testing, and verifying the functionality of
 Pneumatic Testing: Using compressed air or inert
systems.
gases to test systems for leaks, typically at lower
pressures than hydrostatic tests.
 It is crucial to ensure that everything is installed
 Flushing and Cleaning: Removing debris,
correctly, free from defects, and ready for safe and
contaminants, and preservation chemicals from
efficient operation.
pipelines and equipment using water, air, or
chemical solutions.
 This step helps to identify and rectify issues before
 Chemical Cleaning: Applying chemical solutions to
the actual commissioning, reducing the risk of
remove scale, rust, or other deposits from
failures during operation.
equipment and pipelines.
 Blowdown: Using compressed air or nitrogen to
blow out any remaining debris or moisture from
2. What are the main hazards associated with pre-
systems.
commissioning activities?  Electrical Continuity and Insulation Resistance
Answer: Key hazards during pre-commissioning include: Testing: Ensuring that electrical systems are
 High Pressure and Hydrocarbon Leaks: properly connected and insulated before
 Chemical Exposure: The use of chemicals for energization.
cleaning, flushing, or preservation can expose  Valve and Instrument Calibration: Checking and
workers to toxic or corrosive substances. calibrating control valves, pressure relief devices,
 Confined Space Entry. and instrumentation to ensure proper functioning.
 Electrical Hazards
5. How do you manage confined space hazards
 Mechanical and Structural Failures:
during pre-commissioning?
Answer: Managing confined space hazards involves:
3. What precautions would you implement to ensure
 Confined Space Entry Permit:
safety during pre-commissioning?  Atmospheric Testing:
Answer: Key precautions include:  Ventilation & Comunication.
 Risk Assessment and Planning:  Rescue Plan.
 Permit to Work (PTW) System:  Buddy System: Ensuring that workers never enter a
 PPE Requirements: confined space alone and that a standby person is
 Gas Monitoring always present to monitor and assist.
 Isolation of Energy Sources
 Communication and Coordination:
 Emergency Preparedness

Page 6
6. What steps would you take to ensure compliance
with industry standards and regulations during pre-
commissioning?
Answer: Ensuring compliance involves:
 Adherence to Standards: Following industry
standards such as those set by API (American
Petroleum Institute), ASME (American Society of
Mechanical Engineers), and local regulatory bodies.
 Documentation: Keeping detailed records of all
pre-commissioning activities, including risk
assessments, test results, and inspections.
 Training: Providing training to all personnel on
relevant standards, procedures, and safety
requirements.
 Third-Party Inspections: Engaging third-party
inspectors to verify that all systems and equipment
meet the required standards before
commissioning.
 Regular Audits: Conducting regular audits to
ensure that all pre-commissioning activities comply
with regulatory requirements and company
policies.
7. Can you describe a challenging situation during
pre-commissioning and how you handled it?
Answer: (Example Scenario) During a pre-commissioning
phase, we encountered a situation where a critical valve
failed during a hydrostatic test, leading to a potential leak
of high-pressure water. I immediately halted the test,
isolated the affected section, and initiated an investigation.
We replaced the faulty valve, rechecked the integrity of the
system, and conducted a thorough risk assessment before
resuming the test. This proactive approach prevented any
serious incident and ensured that the system was safe for
commissioning.

Page 7
LIFTING 25. Lifting hazard?
 Crane fall,
 Over turn,
WHAT IS LIFTING PLAN?  Over speed,
IT Is the documents prepare for planning a critical lift by  Oil leakage,
calculating and considering all factors which is going to  Mechanical failure,
 Over loading,
effect the lift and there by selecting the correct tools and
 Ground surface is not level
cranes and ensure the safe lifting procedure to be followed
for the particular lift, which is used for lifting and what the How to Report in Emergence?
safe factor is, where the load is lifted, where it is fitted, size  Call To 110 or 911 Control room
and SWL of each lifting tool used JSA and load-chart are  3 Time Say “This is An Emergency Call”
attached with it.  Describe incident Location
 Describe the incident
WHAT IS TANDUM LIFT?  Report injury if any
A lift in which two or more crane are used for  Give your name and Badge No
Lifting is called Tandem Lifting.  Repeat above information
 Last Stay on line for further instruction
As a safety officer, when inspecting various equipment,
What is procedure in Emergency Situation?
you should focus on: Evacuate immediately,
1. Mobile Crane: Sound the alarm, Assess the situation, Protect rescue plan,
- Structural integrity of the crane. Rescue victim, Revive victim
- Functionality of lifting and hoisting mechanisms.
- Inspection of cables, hooks, and other lifting accessories. Types of Alarm?
- Operation of safety devices and alarms.  5 Types
 Stop work
2. Manlift:  H2SAlarm
 LEL Alarm
- Stability and levelness of the platform.
 (Fire)Emergency
- Functional controls and emergency stop mechanisms.  All Clear
- Inspection of safety rails and harness attachment points.
- Adequate training and certification for operators. 22. Crane, man basket and scaffolding maximum working air
speed?
Who can prepare by a critical lifting plan?  Man basket 25Kph
Class 1st level rigging supervisor.  Crane lifts 32kph
 Scaffolding 65kp
What is critical lifting, how pass this plan and Rigger level 1
capacity? 23. What the issuer check before issuing permit crane lifting?
 Lifting over 40Ton Lifting gear physical condition, operator and rigger certificate,
 Lifting near overhead power line crane check list
 Load more than 85% of crane
 Critical lift plan approved by only certified 24. Lifting Requirement?
Aramco rigger level one.  Critical lifting
19. Critical lifting?  Work permit,
 Lifting near power line  Critical Lift Plan,
 Lifting near population area  Crane inspection sticker,
 Lifting near Railway line  Rigger and operator certificate,
 Lifting more Than 40Ton  Safe distance from power line,
 Lifting more than 85% of rated crane capacity.  Boom safe angle 450
 Tandem lifting (two or more lift)
 Tails lift (more than 2 lift)
20. Rigger level 2 capacity?
 Up to 40 ton
21. Rigger 3?
 Up to 10 ton
Common types of lifting machines used in erection

Page 8
activities include:
WORK PERMIT
 Cranes
 Hoists: .WHAT IS WORK PERMIT?
 Forklifts. is a written document authorizing a person or a
 Winches:. group to perform maintenance, inspections or construction
 Chain blocks:. work.

THE TYPES OF CRANES What is Work permit?

 Mobile Crane Work permit shall be regarded as written agreement
 Crawler Crane between the person authorizing the work and personnel
 Tower Crane receiving it. Job shall be done only with the work permits.
 Over Head Crane Two types of work permits were used in the plant

THE PARTS OFCRANE? 1) Safe work permit, means Scaffolding, Manual painting,
Boom,Slings,Shackie ,Flyingjib, Antitwoblock, Outerrigger Insulation, inspection, etc.
Mainhoist ,Auxillaryhoist,Pulley,Webslings, , LMI(Load
Movement Indicator). 2) Hazardous work permit means hot work, excavation,
confined space, X-ray work, etc. Permit shall be issued &
What necessary documents required for crane mobilized accepted by only authorized persons.
to the site?
Ensure licensed and third party certified of crane is
available. HOW MANY TYPE OF PERMITS ARE USED?
Ensure valid driving license and third party certified
operator is available. v Hot work permit,
Medical documents of operator. v Cold work permit,
Ensure third party certified rigger is available. v Confined space entry permit,
Ensure third party certificate for all lifting equipment. v Excavation permit,
Competent person certificate. v Lifting permit,
Crane inspection certificate initial or periodic. v Night work permit,
Cross check license plate No. v Radiography permit,
Load test document manufacture date and next inspection Other permits as per job requirement.
date.
What is blanket permit?
WHAT ARE THE REQUIRMENTS OF A MAN BASKET? A blanket permit is a permit issued on the basis of location
It should be designed and fabricated according to where the multiple jobs are to be carried out at safe
standards have party certificates two guide ropes damage location.
free lifting gears the load bearing capacity should be
written on man basket shackles with cotter pin only to be What is delegated work permit?
used. Delegated work permit used for areas requiring light
control. Ex : Fabrication, yards – valid – 30 days
ManLift Hazard
 Key risks include falls from heights,
 Equipment tipping over,
 Electrical hazards from overhead power lines, and
Entrapment or crushing incidents.
 Proper risk assessment and hazard identification
are crucial before starting any manlifting operation.

ELECTRICE
Page 9
 What are amps, volts, and ohms?
The three most basic units in electricity are voltage,  Circuit Breaker: The general term for devices designed
Current and resistance. Voltage is measured in Volts, to interrupt the flow of electricity in the event of a fault.
Currents is measured in amps and resistance is measured
in ohms.  Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB): A small device
used to protect circuits from overloads and short circuits.
What is the difference between DC and AC current?
With DC (Direct Current), the current always flow in one  Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB): A larger
direction with no relation to change in time, as is the case breaker that can handle higher currents and provides more
with a dry cell battery. advanced protection features.
AC (Alternating Current), on the other hand reverses its
directions at uniform time intervals.  Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB): Also
known as a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI), this
What is function of a circuit breaker? breaker protects against earth faults by detecting differences
in the current between the live and neutral wires.
Circuit breaker is provided to prevent the genset from
overloading. In cause, the genset is loaded beyond the
 Air Circuit Breaker (ACB): Used in industrial settings,
specified load capacity, the genset will trip and engine will
it operates in air as the arc extinguishing medium.
come to no load condition. The circuit breaker will have to
be manually reset after removing the extra load.
 Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB): Utilizes a vacuum to
extinguish the arc and is typically used in medium voltage
What is electrical terminology? applications.
Current The movement of electrical charge.
Resistance Opposition to current flow  Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB): Protects
Voltage A measure of electrical force. against earth leakage by breaking the circuit when it detects
Grounding A conductive connection to the earth which a fault.
acts as a protective measure.

How much time it will take to GFCI shut off?

1/40 of a second Electrical plan - is a type of technical drawing that
delivers visual representation and describes circuits and
electrical systems. In short it describes the position of all
the electrical apparatus. It consists of symbols and lines
ELECTRICITY - a fundamental form of energy that showcase the contractor's (engineer) electrical design
observable in positive and negative forms that occurs to its clients.
naturally (as in lightning) or is produced (as in generator) Purpose and benefits
and that is expressed in terms of movement and  It helps to distribute power to various appliances and
interaction of electrons. A simple electrical circuit can be equipment through accurate operation and installation of
described in terms of three parameters which are as elements.
follows...  It highlights all the potential risks before the occurrence of
any substantial damage.
 Voltage - a measure of electrical driving force or potential  Helps to ensure that your system runs safely, efficiently
difference that is forcing electricity through the conductor. and smoothly.
Unit is "volt" and symbol is "V".
 Current - a measure of rate of follow of electricity through
a conductor. Unit is "ampere or amp" and symbol is "I".
 Resistance - a measure of how much a component in
circuit resists the passage of electricity. Unit is "ohm" and
symbol is "R".

Direct current (DC) - current flows in one direction only
from one terminal of the battery to other terminal.
Alternate current (AC) - current flows forwards and
Page 10
 backwards through the circuit. MCB & MCCB (Miniature circuit breaker & Molded
Frequency - the rate at which AC current switches case circuit breaker) - an electrical safety device that
backwards and forward called frequency the number of work in similar way to fuse to protect equipment from
cycles per second. Unit is "hertz" and symbol is "Hz". overcurrent (short circuit or overload) as well as faulty
condition. It doesn’t melt in response to overcurrent; it
RCCB, RCD or ELCB (Residual current circuit breaker, simply trip. Nowadays we use MCB instead of a fuse. The
Residual current device or Earth leakage circuit fuse may not sense it but the MCB does it in a more
breaker) - It is a sensitive safety device that switche off reliable way. MCB is much more sensitive to overcurrent
electricity automatically & prevent from getting than a fuse.
(electrocution) electric shock and also protection against Key differences between MCB and MCCB is MCB is a type
electrical fires caused by earth faults. of switch which protects the system from overloaded
For example - RCD constantly monitor electric current current whereas the MCCB protects the system from over
going out on the live and coming back on the neutral and temperature and short circuit current.
make sure they're equal. If they differ by (commonly 30mA MCB is mainly used for low breaking capacity requirement
- milliampere to 100mA) because of a person accidently mainly domestic. MCCB is mainly used for both low and
touched a live part or appliances overheat then RCD will high breaking capacity requirements mainly industrial.
trips and break or switch off the electrical circuit very
quickly (within 25 milliseconds). Fuse - an electrical safety device that offer a good level of
*Note - RCCB, RCD or ELCB all works on same principle. protection for the electrical equipment against current
There are two types of ELCB - voltage operated reffered as overloaded that might damage the equipment or cause
ELCB and current operated reffered as RCCB. ELCB is the overheating, fire or explosion.
old name and often refers to voltage operated devices that
are no longer available. RCCB or RCD is the new name that Earthing or Grounding - Grounding gives electricity the
specifies current operated. RCCB is best because it will most effective way to return to the ground via electrical
detect any earth fault but ELCB only detects earth faults panel. A grounding wire gives an appliance or electrical
that flow back through the main earth wire and RCCB have device a safe way to discharge excess electricity. An
the only line and neutral connections. electrical circuit relies on both positive and negative
electricity. A static electric shock is a simple example.
GFCI, GFI or ALCI (Ground fault circuit interrupter, Earthing means connecting the natural point of the supply
Ground fault interrupter or Appliance leakage system to the general mass of the earth by line or wire.
current interrupter)- It also works as same as RCCB but it
trips only current differ by 5mA. GFCI detects current in Hipot (high potential) test - it is a insulation leakage test
both neutral and earth wire but ELCB can detects current done for high voltage electrical cables with high voltage
only in earth wire. merger.

RCBO (Residual-current circuit breaker with Static electricity - potential difference (voltage) between
overcurrent protection)- RCD will detect imbalance in surface as a result of friction between them. If a person
the currents of the supply and return conductors of a walk on a new carpet and scuffs their feet they may get a
circuit. But it cannot protect against overload or short small electric shock when he touch the door of handle. This
circuit like a Fuse or MCB does. However, RCD & MCB often is because he have built up a voltage on their body through
come in a same device, thus being able to detect both friction between their shoes and carpet.
supply imbalance and overload current. Such a device is
called RCBO in Europe, GFCI in USA and Canada, RCD or Arc, arcing or flash light - where electricity jumps across
safety switch in Australia. an air gap. It occurs inside some low voltage electrical
equipment like portable electrical drill. High voltage power
lines can arc across distance of more than 10 meters
through air.

Electrical isolation procedure

 Identify correct point of isolation as well as secondary
source like DG.

Page 11
 Check condition of voltage indicating device such as a test
lamp or two-pole voltage detector. Range of effects of electric shock
 Switch off (energy source) installation/circuit to be  0.5 to 2 mA - threshold of sensation.
isolated.  2 to 10 mA - tingling sensation, muscle tremor, painful
 Verify with voltage indicating device that no voltage is sensation.
present.  10 to 60 mA - muscle contraction, inability to let go and
 Re-confirm that voltage indicating device functions breathe.
correctly on proving unit.  60 and above - ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest,
 Some additional steps also including here like carry out extreme muscle contraction, burns at contact points and
earthing and short circuiting, provide protection against deep tissues.
adjacent live parts.  Above current is measured in milliamps (mA), where 1 mA
 Lock-off device used to isolate installation circuit (LOTO). = 0.001 amp. The current is AC.
 Post warning notices/signages. 
 Electrical burns - burn can also resul
Hazards, risks & danger of electricity t of electric shock at the point of contact and may be
 Electric shock, electrical burns, fire and explosion. internal burns along the path of current is direct burn and
 Arcing or flash light, secondary effects. dropping a spanner onto a high voltage cable can cause a
 Workplace electrical equipment, use of poorly maintained short circuit resulting in a flash of radiant heat and
electrical equipment. explosion of molten metal means an electrical accident
 Working near overhead power lines, work on mains causes simething to overheat and explode is indirect
electricity supply, contact with underground power cables, burns.
and use of electrical equipment in wet environment.
 Fire and explosion - electrical equipment overheat,
Electric shock - occurs when person touch the wire and inadequate wiring, poor connection, not using proper plug,
current passes through their body means using the body as bad insulation, overloaded system and circuits, use of
a conductor. damage power tools & equipments, flammable
atmosphere may be present, use of electrical equipment in
 When body get an electric shock several factors influence wet environments.
the severity of injury
 Volatge - higher volatge greater current. Arcing or flash light
 Duration - how much time (1 second 2 second or Risk associated with arcing are...
millisecond) body contact with current.  Electric shock, direct burn and indirect burn when struck by
 Frequency - of the current. arc.
 Current path - contacted part of body, if it runs through  Damage to eye as a result of ultraviolet light that is
chest it is likely to affect the heart. emmited by arc.
 Resistance - higher the resistance lower the current. A dry 
skin has 100, 000 ohms but if wet or damaged this reduce
Secondary effects - accidents involving electricity
dramatically to 1000 ohms.
frequently involve two or more of these hazards at the
 Contact surface area - more skin or less skin surface area
same time.
contact with live surface.
 Environment - wet surface, humid air, metal surface
Workplace electrical equipment means protect the
etc...affect the low or high resistance.
electrical devices that may be exposed to pedestrian and
 Nature of clothing and footwear - may provide some
vehical traffic.
protection or increase current.
 Presence of potenital secondary hazards.

Precautions for electricity

 All electrical work must be covered by appropriate work

Page 12
 permit.
 All electrical conductor (cable, casing on a drill machine)
Range of effects of electric shock
 0.5 to 2 mA - threshold of sensation.
should be protected by insulation.  2 to 10 mA - tingling sensation, muscle tremor, painful
 All electrical quipment (electrical panel, switch gear) should sensation.
 10 to 60 mA - muscle contraction, inability to let go and
be protected by access door locked and inspected. breathe.
 Use of appropriate electrical equipment according to  60 and above - ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest,
extreme muscle contraction, burns at contact points and
related job. deep tissues.
 Use of following equpment to protect the equipment and  Above current is measured in milliamps (mA), where 1 mA
= 0.001 amp. The current is AC.
people like fuse, MCBs, RCDs or ELCBs. 
 Use of loto system for isolote the power from a circuit or Electrical burns - burn can also result of electric shock at
the point of contact and may be internal burns along the
system. path of current is direct burn and dropping a spanner onto
 Use of double insulated equpment or cable. It is commonly a high voltage cable can cause a short circuit resulting in a
flash of radiant heat and explosion of molten metal means
used as the means of protection for hand held an electrical accident causes simething to overheat and
electrical equioment. explode is indirect burns.

 Reduced and low voltage system because we know lower Fire and explosion - electrical equipment overheat,
voltage lower lower current means reduced shock. inadequate wiring, poor connection, not using proper plug,
bad insulation, overloaded system and circuits, use of
 Use appropriate electrical socket Purple - 24V Yellow - damage power tools & equipments, flammable
110V Blue - 220V Red - 415V atmosphere may be present, use of electrical equipment in
wet environments.
 Use battery powered equipment if it is possible, Only
competent person allow to work. Arcing or flash light
Risk associated with arcing are...
 Warning on top of buried cables and electrical cables must
 Electric shock, direct burn and indirect burn when struck by
be provide. arc.
 Damage to eye as a result of ultraviolet light that is
 Only industrial type plugs & socket shall be used, inspect
emmited by arc.
electrical equipment before use. 
 Avoid using equipment in wet condition, ensure all Secondary effects - accidents involving electricity
frequently involve two or more of these hazards at the
equipments are grounded. same time.
 Electrical panel, junction boxes, pull boxes and fitting must
Workplace electrical equipment means protect the
have approved covers. electrical devices that may be exposed to pedestrian and
 Do not overload on a circuit, use the appropriate PPE for vehical traffic.

the job.
 Isolate power when not in use & when changing electrical
accessories.
 During work on or near live electrical system follow SSW
like permit to work system, competent person, insulating
PPEs (gauntlets and boots), insulated tools and equipments
(screwdrivers), designated work areas (earth free zones),

Page 13
 isolation, locating buries services.
Electrical equipment for use in flammable
atmospheres
For gases, vapours, mists and dust zone
classifications are
 Zone 0 and Zone 20 - a place in which an explosive
atmosphere is present continiously or for long periods of
time.
 Zone 1 and Zone 21 - a place in which an explosive
atmosphere is likely to occur in normal operation
occasionally.
 Zone 2 and Zone 22 - a place in which an explosive
atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operation
occasionally but if it does occur will persist for a short
period only. Zone 20, 21 & 22 are for dust.
The ATEX equipment directive sets a standrds for the
specification of electrical equipment that is intended for
use in classified hazardous areas, as follows...
Electrical equipment Zone
Category 1 Zone 0 or Zone 20
Category 2 Zone 1 or Zone 21
Category 3 Zone 2 or Zone 22
Category 1 equipment can be used in zone 1 & 2 as well,
and category 2 quipment can be used in zone 2

SCAFFOLDING
Page 14
Who can erect scaffolding? What are the requirements in placing an access ladder on
Certified scaffold a scaffold?
Provide access when scaffold platforms are more than 2
Who can inspect the components used for erecting a feet above or below a point of access.
scaffold? When using ladders, bottom rung must not be more than
A competent and certified scaffolding supervisor 24 inches high. Ladder to be at the correct angle (i.e. Feet
out for every 4 feet in height) Ladders are to be tied at
What is tag system? both sides not by the rungs. Make sure the ladder extends
A tag system is put on scaffolding, by a competent person, a safe distance (at least 90cm) above the landing stage.
indicating the present condition whether it can be used When the horizontal travel distance exceeds 15 meters
and whether fall protection needed or not. provide at least two accesses. If the platform is longer,
Red tag – Do not use (is being erected or dismantled) access shall be provided at every 30 meters. The ladder
Yellow tag – Can use with 100% fall protection (is should be free from damage and should be color coded. All
incomplete or cannot be completed) access ladders must be tagged.
Green tag – Safe to use (scaffolding is complete)
What is the minimum width required for a walk-way?
Who can place a scaffold tag? Minimum width of a walk-way is 18 inches.
Competent person (scaffolding supervisor)
What material’s can be placed on a scaffold platform?
What are the details in a scaffold tag? All types of construction materials which are used for
Location, Maximum loading capacity (kN/m2 or psf), Date particular construction activity can be kept on scaffolding
erected and date inspected with foreman’s name and platform but before keeping the materials and tools
signature. required for the work on the platform, we must ensure
load bearing capacity of that scaffolding platform. The
In which condition a scaffold cannot be erected? platform shall not be overloaded and shall be fitted with
Extreme weather (strong wind, rain, ice), ground not object protection system like toe board nets etc.
stable, safe clearance (minimum 10 feet) can’t be What are the requirements for working on a moving
maintained with live wire, certified workers and supervisor scaffold?
are not available, permit not available.  Mobile scaffolding shall be plumb, level and
square.
What is the minimum overlapping of two adjacent planks  It shall be moved only by manually pushing or
in a platform? pulling the base.
Not less than 12 inches  No men, equipment, or materials shall be on the
working platform or elsewhere on the scaffolding
What is a guard rail system? while it is in motion.
A barrier consisting of top rail and med rails, toe board and  Castors shall be locked at all times except during
vertical up right erected to prevent men and materials scaffold movement.
falling from an elevated work area.  The temporary foundation or truck set on uneven
ground for scaffold movement shall be level and
What is a toe board? properly secured. The height of the working
Barrier secured along the sides and ends of a platform to platform shall not exceed 4 times of the minimum
guard falling of materials, tools, and other objects. base dimension, if it exceeds this limit outriggers
must be installed.
What is the minimum height of a toe-board?  A complete guard rail system must be provided.
Minimum 4 inches The scaffolding shall be inspected and tagged
before use by a competent person.
What is the height of the top-rail from the platform?
38 inches to 45 inches

When should we inspect scaffold?

Scaffolding shall be inspected and tagged after completing

Page 15
erection. Also before each work period or where they are What are basic components of scaffolds?
altered, adjusted to rain or heavy winds. Thereafter the a) Base Plate
scaffolding shall be examined at least once in every seven b) Sill Boards
days. c) Screw Jack
What is the angle to fixed the Ladder? d) Couplers
e) Vertical tubes or Bearer also called LEDGERS
The angle of Ladder is 75deg or ¼. f) Horizontal tubes or Ledgers also called STANDARDS
g) Transoms connected across the width
What is the space between the two ladder Rungs? h) Hand rails mid rails
i) Toe Boards
The gape or space is 12inch or 30cm. j) Platforms
k) Ladder
With what color a ladder can be painted? l) Diagonal Bracings for stability

Aluminum ladders and wooden ladders shall not be RIGGING

painted.
What are different types of slings used for lifting?
What is a life-line? a) Wire rope slings
Life line is component that consists of a flexible line that b) Synthetic/Nylon Webbings
connects to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically or c) Chain Slings
that connects to anchorages at both ends to stretch
horizontally and which serves When a sling is considered unsafe for use?
as a method to connect component of a personnel fall 1) 10 wire broken in one rope lay randomly distributed
arrest system to the anchorage. 2) 05 wires broken in one strand in one lay
3) 1/3rd of original diameter is scrapping or worn
How can we calculate the safe anchorage of a life-line? 4) Kink crushing, bird caging, or other damage or
When life is used they shall be fastened to fixed safe points distortion of wire rope structure
of anchorage capable of supporting 2300 kilos shall be 5) Evidence of heat damage
independent, and shall be protected from sharp edges and 6) End attachments that are cracked worn or damaged
abrasion. Safe anchorage points may include structural 7) Hooks open more than 15% of normal throat
members (minimum 4 inches structural member or 4inces 8) Twisted more than 10 degrees from the plane
pipes) but do not include guard rails, vents, other small dia
piping system, electrical conduit, outrigger beams or
counter weights. It shall be made from 10mm dia wire
ropes. Horizontal lifelines shall be installed at the highest
feasible point, preferable above shoulder height. This life
lines shall be maintained with unloaded sag at the centre
no longer than 30cm (12inches) for every 10meters of life
line length between attachment points.

What is lock-out/tag-out system?

For servicing or maintenance of live equipments or pipe
lines where the unexpected energizing or release of energy
could cause of injury, lock and tag are place on the isolating
device to avoid uncontrolled operation and give details of
the lock-out schedule.

DEFINITIONS
Page 16
 WHAT IS METHOD OF STATEMENT?
It is the documents submitted by contractor to WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT?
client, covering the general work procedure of a particular Waste management means safely disposing the by-product
job in safe manners as per required standard. of a process or a work to the environment after the proper
treatment if necessary so that no threat for living
We can plan and execute the work easily and safely, it also properties and environment exists.
helps to know the codes and standards used for each
activity. WHAT IS MSDS?
Materials safety data sheets is the documents prepared by
WHAT IS JSA AND ITS USE? the manufacturer giving product name producer address
Job safety analysis is the step by step analysis of a job to emergency contact phone number information of
determine the safe working procedures ingredients possible hazards first aid measures precaution
It includes the following steps. to be taken for storage and handling recommended PPE
a.) Watch the job being done extinguisher physical and chemical properties etc.
b.) Break the job down into steps
c.) Described the hazards in each step of task WHAT IS ISOTOPE?
d.) Identity the desired controls measures and Isotope means one or more species of atoms having same
e.) Implement these counter measures in the job atomic number but different mass number.
executions.
WHY IS ISOTOPE IS HAXARDOUS?
What is Safety? Isotope are hazardous because it emits uncontrolled
v Safety is a state where the Risk has been Eliminated or energy in the form of radio active waves which is
Reduced to an Acceptable Level. hazardous to all living things as it can destroy the living
v Control of Accidental Loss of Resources Human and tissues that causes fatality or can convert it to cancer.
Material
WHAT IS RADIOGRAPHI?
What is near-miss? It is use for welding X-rays.
An undesirable event which has the potential to cause loss (If the wind velocity is up the 32 km or 20 miles then
work should stop.)
WHAT IS ACCIDENT?
Accident is uncontrolled events that results in undesirable WHAT IS RADIOACTIVITY?
consequences to personnel injury, illness of the assets Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of atomic
damage or loss or to the environment. nucleus emits ALPHA particles BETA particles or GAMA rays
An Undesirable event which causes harm to personal or electromagnetic rays during this process.
Damage to property.
WHAT IS THE UNIT FOR MEASURING THE RADIATIONS?
WHO MAKES AN ACCIDENT REPORT? Micro sever or Mille Rem.
Concerned area supervisor or site safety
representatives. IN WHAT CONDITIONS A WORK PERMITS CAN BE ISSUED
FOR RADIOGRAPHY?
WHO MAKES AN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT? The controlled area is calculated evacuated and barricaded
A team of frontline supervisor, HSE manager sub contractor with yellow black tapes warning signs a minimum of 4 no.
representatives if subcontractor personnel and red or yellow flash lights.
Are injured high officials depending upon the severity of
accident. WHAT ARE SAFETY MEASURES TO BE TAKEN WHILE
DOING RADOIGRAPHY?
WHAT IS THE USED OF ACCIDENT REPORT? Ensure a competent person is surveying outside the
To find out the root cause of accident makes barricaded areas with surveys meters. The crews are
recommendations to prevent re-occurrence and evaluate observing and following the safety precautions. The
the effectiveness of emergency response. controlled areas is calculated evacuated and barricaded
with yellow black warning signs a minimum of 4no.s
WHAT IS THE CONTROLLED AREA? and red or yellow flash lights.

Page 17
 Any area where the radiations dose is more that What is the importance of a tool-box meeting?
0.75 MREM/h (7.5 Micro sever) The workers can be educated about safe work rules and
procedures, and their awareness can be improved on some
WHAT IS A GIEGER METER? task.
Is the instruments used to measure the radiations
dose (Radiation Survey Meter) What is an Emergency Evacuation Plan?
It is the procedure to provide concise guidelines for
WHAT IS THE USED OF FILM NADGE? evacuation in case of some emergencies and to identify the
This badge is worn by the personnel who are exposed to emergencies in advance. This also helps us to plan and to
radiation due their nature of duty and this is processed to define roles and responsibilities of all building custodian,
calculate the received radiation dose of a person during the fire wardens and occupants.
period normally 1 month of exposure. What is a hypo-test?
It is the insulation leakage test done for high electrical
WHAT IS DECAY CHART? cables, with high voltage merger
Is the chart showing the change in the radioactivity What are the safety requirements for doing a hot work?
of an Isotope by losing mass by decay in certain period at Remove all combustible materials from the area (with in
regular interval of time. 10m), if possible.
Use fire blanket to protect immovable combustible
WHO IS AN AUTHORIZED EXPOSE PERSON? materials and also for welding slugs.
He is one who got formal training in the use of sealed Cover the area with fire blanket for containment of sparks
source and X-RAY equipment used in industry radiography generated while doing hot work.
Provide proper fire extinguisher in sufficient numbers.
Appoint a fire-watch with red jacket, if necessary.
HOW SLINGS ARE INSPECTED? Barricade the area and post proper signage.
All slings must be inspected before every use and Use of proper PPE and damage free
periodically it should be inspected thoroughly and shall be Conduct gas test if presence of combustible gases expected
rejected if found were one third of the original outside the prior to work.
diameter of outside individual wires serves corrosion
distortion linking crushing bird caging broken wires. What are the benefits of near-miss reporting?
To make analysis of the incident, in order to avoid re-
What is different between a flash back arrestor and a occurrence.
check valve? To rectify the cause of those near misses before it turns
A check valve allows flow in one direction only. This into accidents.
prevents oxygen reaching acetylene cylinder and acetylene To identify the deficiencies of site safety performances and
reaching oxygen cylinder in the event of blockage in the find remedial actions.
torch or line or pressure variations. To improve safety performances by reducing LTA’s
But a flash back arrestor prevents reverse flow; stop the incidents and near misses.
flow of flame from reaching the cylinder in the event of a
flash back or the temperature exceeds a limit (220 deg f.) In what situation “ear protection is needed”?
In the areas, where sound pollution is more than 85 dBA
What is a risk assessment?
Risk assessment is a method of estimating the rate of risk What is the emergency evacuation procedure to follow in
of an activity, by classifying actual and potential the event of a gas release?
consequence and finding out mitigation actions to limit Don’t get panic on hearing alarm
that risk. Observe the direction of wind flow, proceed out in the
 Hazard Identification: Identify all potential hazards cross wind direction to the plant boundary fence and then
associated with the work. proceed up wind.
 Risk Evaluation: Assess the likelihood and impact of each
Obey further instructions from emergency response team.
hazard.
 Control Measures: Determine and implement measures to Resume work after getting clearance only.
eliminate or mitigate identified risks
What is heat stroke? What are the different stage through What is an “Assembly Muster Point “?
which a person undergoes before he gets heat stroke? The area determined and marked, for assemble of people

Page 18
 working the area in case of any emergency.
During hot days, due to dehydration, body temperature What is meant by “Head counting”? What is the purpose?
increases beyond safe limit, because of breakdown of On hearing emergency alarm, all people have to assemble
body’s heat regulating mechanism. Due to this the person in “Assembly Muster Point”.
collapses and if not taken care off he can even die. This is There area supervisor will call his workers with attendance
called heat stroke. sheet and confirm that nobody is trapped in the site. This
procedure is called head counting. Its purpose is to ensure
Generally pulse raises 20 beats per minute for each 1 all workers are present in the assembly area, they are
degree C rise in temperature, heat cramps: Exercising in safely evacuated and identify the person if anybody is
hot weather can lead to muscle cramps, because of brief trapped and take necessary actions to rescue these
imbalances in body salt. trapped workers.

Heat exhaustion: further losing of fluid and salt can lead to What is First Aid and CPR?
dizziness and weakness body temperature may rise up to Medical aid provide to a victim of an accident scene. This
102 degree F. first aid is administered by trained nurse. CPR (Cardio
Pulmonary Resuscitation) a first aid given to a person
Heat stroke: In some cases, extreme heat can upset body’s having heart blocked or chocked due to sudden shock
thermostat, causing body temperature to rise to 105
degree F. or higher. Symptoms are lethargy, confusion and What is a SCBA?
unconsciousness, heat stroke can kill.
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus, use in confined spaces
What are the precautions to be taken while handling and or where oxygen deficiency exists or where concentration
storing compressed cylinders? of toxics gases is harmful to humans.
1) Where cylinders are to be kept for an appreciable
length of time should be provided to ensure that they What is toxic Material?
cause no hazard to workers or public in the area.
2) Cylinders should be stored in a well ventilated area- A material or substance which adversely effects body or
preferable in open air but protected from the weather. organs.
3) The store should be away from fire risks and source of
heat and ignition. Nothing else should be stored in the What are Flammable and Combustible Liquids?
area. Liquids that give off enough vapors to form an ignitable
4) The cylinders should be stored upright on a firm level, mixture with air and produce a flame when a source of
well drained surface free from hollows and cavities. All long ignition is present.
grass, weeds etc. should be removed.
5) Cylinders should be secured so as they are prevented What is KENAPI?
from falling over, when in storage or use.
6) Cylinders should be segregated within the store To Safe Workers from falling objects we can use KENAPI
according to type and weather full or empty. nets and catch plate forms.
7) Oxygen and oxidizing gases should be separated
flammable gases by 6m or by a fire resistant partition. Which Permit is use for Vehicles?
8) No electrical apparatus should be installed within a Hot Work Permit
cylinder store unless it is constructed to a suitable standard
for the hazard.
9) No cylinder should be used in a storage area.
10) Appropriate warning signs “HIGHLY FLAMMABLE”. NO
SMOKING”, “FULL/EMPTY” etc. should be displayed.
11) Suitable fire fighting apparatus should be situated
adjacent to the store. Typically dry powder fire
extinguishers. These should be inspected and maintained
at intervals not exceeding 1 year.
Reactive Monitoring
Reactive Monitoring, which is used in the investigation of

Page 19
accidents, incidents or dangerous occurrences-After
What's your strength
Proactive Monitoring Answer. 1)Adaptability( It means I am capable to adjust in
Pro-active monitoring, which involves checking that any condition)
standards, practices, procedures and system are being 2) Honesty.
complied with. Before 3) Hardworking( I am completely dedicated to my work)
4) Flexibility.
Maintenance Inspections 5) positive attitude
Inspections involve examining, testing and making 6) Fast decision maker
repairs/adjustments to such items, often specified by the 7) persistent means regular on work
manufacturer or supplier. 8) Mentor(an experienced and trusted adviser)
9) Leader (the person who leads or commands a group,
Safety Inspection organization
A formal inspection by a team of inspectors who go round
an area or section of work to check on standards; e.g floor What are the requirements of vehicle entry in the plant?
condition, HK, warning signs, fire equipment Vehicle shall be in good working condition, Oil leak from
the vehicle is not permitted, Driver shall be having valid
Safety Survey KSA driving license, Vehicle shall have fitness & test
An in-depth examination of specific procedures such as the certificate, Vehicle shall not enter operating area without
introduction of new equipment, or investigating a rise in work permit, seat belt shall be worn by driver and
accident or incident rate passenger if available, Vehicle shall be parked only in the
designated parking area, Vehicle shall not have blocked any
Chemical Hazard Fire protection equipment, Plant sticker and fire
Liquids, dusts, fumes, mists extinguisher should be kept in the vehicle, Maximum speed
limit 20 km/hr inside the plant, Heavy vehicles like
Biological Hazards forklifts / cranes shall be operated only by trained
Exposure to bacteria, viruses and fungi personnel & authorized by the concerned supervisor

Physical Hazard What is the importance of a tool box meeting?

Mechanical, noise, radiation, heat etc. also includes The workers can be educated about safe work rules and
ergonomic factors procedures, and their awareness can be improved on some
special task its importance.
Psychological Hazards What is an emergency evacuation plan?
Refers to mental stress It is the procedure to provide short guidelines for
evacuation in case of some emergencies and to identify the
Safe Work System emergencies in advance. This also helps us to plan and to
A safe system of work is: a formal procedure which results define roles and responsibilities of all building custodian,
from systematic examination of a task in order to identify fire wardens and occupants.
all the hazards What is hydro test?
It is the test carried out for leak test for pipes, equipment
What is Lost Time Injury? etc. by filling water in these equipment and pipes with
An Injury sustained at work, by an employee, which some pressure and its joints and connections are checked
results in time lost from work of one complete shift or for any leak or breakage. Using the equipment is manifold.
more.
What is the maximum pressure gage for acetylene
What is Lost Time Injury frequency rate? cylinder?
Calculated as the number of occurrences of injury divided 15PSI or 100kpa (Kilopascal).
by the total number of hours worked by all in the recording
unit, for each one million hour worked. How many Procedures for SHEMS?
LTI FR = LTI X 1,000,000 Total work hours Elements-16 & Sub Elements-53 (total 69)
What are the responsibilities of a Safety officer?
Conduct weekly safety meeting and Daily tool box meeting.

Page 20
Daily site visits and find un situation and un safe action any Incident arranging order:
and implement corrective action. Experienced to conduct Fatality>Lost Work Day Injury>Restricted Work Day
JSAs and to prepare hot work check list. Checking All work Injury>Medical Treatment Injury>First Aid Injury.
permits (Confined space, Excavation, Scaffold, Hot work
etc.). Weekly Safety inspection joint with client and making What is a recordable injury?
deviation report, this report submits to the client. Conduct Fatality, Lost Work Day, Restricted Work Day and Medical
orientation program, fall protection program & Confined Treatment injuries is called recordable injuries.
space entry program. Attending heavy lift, Confined space When Incident Investigation reports submit to client?
work, Excavation area, working at height etc. Inspecting Preliminary report as soon as possible after incident and
barricades, warning boards, caution signs. Preparing and final report within 48 hours after incident. Team
keeping safety record and prepare accident /Incident investigation need for class A and B incidents and other all
reports. Ask to employee correcting actions to reduce the incidents not required for team investigation.
accident or unsafe working conditions. Inspection of PPE
for properly wears all employees in the site. Inspection Who is the appointing authority for incident team
scaffold and scaffold tag. Inspection ladder and ladder tag. investigation?
OR Senior management shall be the appointing authority for
Be properly trained and qualified. Class A incident and Project manager shall be the
Comply with safety rules and procedures. appointing authority for all Class B, C, D and E incidents.
Maintain adequate information systems.
Be able to interpret the law applying to their organization. What is the document for final investigation report?
Establish and maintain procedures for reporting, Executive summary.
investigating, recording and analyzing accidents and Description of incident.
incidents. Observation and evidence.
Be able to present their advice effectively. Conclusions.
Recommendations.
What is gas cutting? What are safety precautions during
gas cutting? What are the basic steps for making HSE plan?
The cylinders oxygen and acetylene using gas cutting work. Preliminary study of the work site, job, job related risk,
The color of acetylene cylinder is yellow and use the tube hazards then ensure the following steps to make HSE plan.
color is red. The color of oxygen cylinder is green and use HSE commitment, HSE Vision, HSE Mission, Company HSE
the tube color is also same. Make sure that both end of the policy statement, HSE Requirements, HSE Organization,
tube must be fitted with flash back arrester. Carrying HSE Program, Introduction and training, Task Risk
cylinder one place to another place must be in standing Assessment/JSA, Work Permit, Emergency Response and
position. When not use cylinders remove the pressure gage Preparedness, Accident Investigation, Injury and Damage
and put in the cylinder cap properly and should be Reporting Procedure, Required PPE, Medical Facility,
protected with wall. During storage of oxygen and Welfare and Sanitation, Safe work procedure and Waste
acetylene cylinders they must be separated by fire resistant management.
wall or a distance of 20feet  HSE Policy Statement: Draft a clear policy outlining
the company’s commitment to health, safety, and
What is your check for environmental management at job environmental protection.
site?  Set Objectives: Establish specific, measurable HSE
Dewatering water throwing without permit, Dust control, objectives to achieve during the project.
Pest control, Waste management, Toilet cleaning, Food
waste, Environmental housekeeping, Atmosphere test,
Sound test, Equipment smoke, kitchen housekeeping, Mess
hall housekeeping etc.

FIRE & EXPLOSSION

Page 21
What is the classis of fire and what type of fire
extinguishers are used for them?
Class A. Ordinary combustible materials
Example: Wood, Cloth, Plastic, Rubber
Extinguisher- Water, DCP, Foam, CO2, Halon
Smothering – Cut off oxygen / close the ventilation using
Class B. Combustible liquids and gases. fire extinguisher
Example: Gasoline, Diesel, Oil, Grease, Oil based Starving – Remove the fuel / remove the material going
paint, tar… to burn
Extinguisher- CO2, Foam, DCP Cooling – Reduce the heat / use water

Class C. Energized electrical equipment What are the precautions for Welding?
Extinguisher - DCP, FM 200, Halon, Carbon dioxide. v Hot work permit is required
v Area should be barricaded and warning signage should
Class D: Combustible metals be placed
Example: Magnesium, Potassium, Zinc, Calcium, v Area should be clean at least 8 meters (free from
Titanium combustible materials)
Extinguisher- Metal x-type, Combustatible metal v Fire extinguisher and fire blankets should be available
type v Trained fire watch man should be available
v Fire water drum should be available
What is the responsibility of Fire Watch? Note: Welder must use complete PPE’s (Welding Helmet,
Gloves and Long sleeves shirt)
Fire watch is the person design to identify and eliminate
fire hazards, alert and extinguish fire incase of any out How do you treat a heat stroke victim?
break of fire and to protect the person and properties from  Heat stroke is a form of hyperthermia in which the
a fire. He is the man to reach first in case of fire by keeping body temperature is elevated dramatically. Victims of heat stroke
a close watch on such hazardous areas. must receive immediate treatment to avoid permanent organ
damage. First and foremost, cool the victim.
What is color coding system?
 Get the victim to a shady area, remove clothing,
This system followed to inspect and insure the
and apply cool or tepid water to the skin (for
serviceability of tools, equipment’s periodically ( normally example, you may spray the person with cool
it is monthly ) like fire extinguishers, full body harness, water from a garden hose), fan the victim to
lifting gears, electrical codes and power tools, etc. These promote sweating and evaporation, and place ice
things are inspected by competent person and are packs under the armpits and groin.
indicated by putting the color of particular month (this
color is decided in advance and is being followed by all  If the person is able to drink liquids, have them
people at particular site). The items which are found drink cool water or other cool beverages that do
defective or unserviceable will not be color coded and has not contain alcohol or caffeine.
to be removed from service.
 Monitor body temperature with a thermometer
and continue cooling efforts until the body
How does the chemical enter the body? temperature drops to 101 to 102 F (38.3 to 38.8
Inhalation. (Entering through Breathing) C).
Absorption. (Entering through the pores of skin)  Always notify emergency services (911)
Ingestion. (By eating contaminated food)Injection immediately. If their arrival is delayed, they can
give you further instructions for treatment of the
victim

Color coding for fire extinguisher?

Water Red
Foam Dry Creamblue, use for B
powder and C
What is Fire? Carbon dioxide black, use for Electrical fire

Page 22
Chain reaction of FUEL, HEAT, OXYGEN.
A) Fuel any material which can burn like Paper, Rubber, Introduction
Wood, Oil, Lubricants, Gases, Metals like Phosphorous,
Magnesium.
Hello, my name is Fakharuddin Ansari. I hold a
B) Heat or temperature at which the any fuel can ignite
B.Tech in Civil Engineering, along with a Diploma in
this depends on its flash point.
Industrial Safety and the NEBOSH IGC certification. I
C) Oxygen which is helping in combustion and is present
in the air.
have accumulated a total of 6 years of professional
experience in the field of safety, with 4 years of
How Fire can be extinguished? experience in the Gulf region.
Remove anyone of the above three elements of Fire. Fire
will extinguished, During my time in the UAE, I had the opportunity to
A) Remove the burning material, the remaining materials work with All Nation Co. Ltd on the RRW Ruwais
will be safe. Refinery project, where I served as a Safety Officer for
B) Cut off the Oxygen by blanketing with foam or Fire 2 years. Additionally, I spent 2 years working on the
blanket or any other materials which RPI Erection of Dust Collection System at Emirates
can not burn the oxygen will be cut off and fire Steel Industry with Dolphin UAE. These roles have
extinguished. given me significant exposure to high-risk
C) Remove or lessen the heat with water or use Carbon environments and the implementation of rigorous
Dioxide fire cylinder. Never use Water for Electric Fire as safety protocols.
water is good conductor of electricity and you will get
electric shock if water is used for electric fire. Prior to my experience in the Gulf, I worked for 2
years in India, where I honed my skills in industrial
PASS: safety and gained valuable insights into managing
P Pull the pin. safety in various construction and industrial settings.
A Aim at the base of the fire.
S Squeeze the top handle. I am passionate about ensuring a safe work
S Sweep from side to side. environment and am committed to upholding the
highest standards of health, safety, and environmental
What is burn Injury? management in every project I undertake.
An Injury happened through hot liquid or stem (Scalds),
flame, chemical, electricity and ultraviolet rays which result
in personnel injury is called a burn injury.

Work At Height
If the person could fall more than 1.8 meter then a fall
Page 23
protection system should be used. What is a life-line?
Use fall protection systems when working at heights to Life line is component that consists of a flexible line that
prevent falls and ensure worker safety. connects to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically or
that connects to anchorages at both ends to stretch
What are the primary types of fall protection systems horizontally and which serves
recommended by ANSI and API for Work at Height? as a method to connect component of a personnel fall
Answer: ANSI and API recommend three primary types of
arrest system to the anchorage.
fall protection systems:
 Guardrails: Physical barriers that prevent falls.
 Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS): Equipment
What is the Conventional fall protection system?
like harnesses and lifelines that stop a fall after it The protection includes Guard rail system, safety net
occurs. system and Personal Fall Arrestor System (PFAS).
 Safety Nets: Systems installed below the working
area to catch workers if they fall.
"Hierarchy of Controls" in managing Work at
Guardrail Systems Height risks
 Height Guardrails must be 42 inche
 Midrails: 21 inches hight.  Elimination: Removing the hazard or avoiding
work at height if possible.
 Strength: At least 200 pounds downward
 Substitution: Using less hazardous methods.
direction  Engineering Controls: Implementing guardrails,
nets, or other safety devices.
Personal Fall Arrest Systems  Administrative Controls: Implementing safe work
Harnesses: Full-body harnesses must be used. procedures and training.
Anchorage Points: Must be capable of supporting at least  Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Using
5,000 pounds per employee PFAS when other controls are not feasible.
Lanyards and Lifelines: Must be designed to limit the
maximum arresting force to 1,800 pounds. minimum
breaking strength of 3,000 pounds.
Free Fall Distance: Should not exceed 6 feet,

Safety Net Systems

 Installation: Safety nets must be installed as close as
possible under the working surface and no more than 30 feet
below.
 Drop Test: Safety nets must be drop-tested after
installation using a 400-pound bag of sand dropped from the
height of the work area.
 Mesh Size: Openings in the mesh should not exceed 6
inches by 6 inches.
 Border Rope Strength: The border ropes must have a
minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds

Page 24
Manlift Standards
 Design and Construction:
o Height Requirements: Guardrails must
be 42 inches (±3 inches) above the
platform surface.
o Platform Stability: Platforms must be
equipped with guardrails, midrails, and
toeboards to prevent falls.
o Load Capacity: The platform's rated
capacity must not be exceeded. The
manufacturer’s load rating, which
includes personnel, tools, and materials,
must be clearly marked.
o Controls: Controls must be clearly
labeled and should include emergency
stop functions.
o Access Gates: Gates on the platform
must close automatically or be designed
to prevent accidental opening.

Hazards of Manlifts

 Tip-Over Hazard: .
 Contact with Overhead Objects:
 Falls:
 Pinch Points .
 Electrical Hazards:

Page 25
  Soil testing instruments - Pocket penetrometer, Shear
Vane, Thumb penetration, Dry strength, Plastic or wet
thread and Visually.
EXCAVATION - is making a hole or tunnel by digging 
the ground with help of man or machine is called Trenching - a types of excavation, simply we can say
excavation. Excavation over 1.2 meter in depth should be narrow excavation or depression in the ground in which
considered as confined spaces. generally depth is greater than its width but width of
trench should not be more than 15 feet.
Soil classification
Soil can either cohesive or granular Cave-in - is the detachment of the mass of soil in the side
Solid/Stable Rock – Most & highly stable. Examples – of trench and sudden displacement inside excavation. It is a
Granite or sandstone most common hazards of excavation. Cave-ins can
prevented by using sloping, shoring and shielding.
Type A - Cohesive & stable (with UCS of 1.5 ton per square
foot (T/SF) or greater). Examples - clay, silt clay, sandy clay Excavation hazards
& clay loam etc…  Cave-in (collapse of soil), striking buried services like high
voltage cables, telecommunications line, pipelines etc...
Prevention type -
 Flooding from surface water during heavy rain, ground
*Note- No soil is type A if soil is fissured, vibrated or
water or a ruptured water main.
previously disturbed due to sources such as heavy traffic or
 People & objects falling due to unfenced edge, from ladder.
pilling, seeping water, is part of sloped, where excavation
 Hazardous substances that is heavier than air such as H2S,
layered system on a slope of 4 horizontal to 1 vertical
LPG, CO2.
(4H:1V) or greater. Prevention type – Benching  Collapse of adjacent structures means foundation of
nearby buildings may be disturbed.
Type B – Cohesive (with UCS greater than 0.5 T/SF but less Lack of oxygen, fire & explosion.
than 1.5 T/SF). Examples – angular gravel, silt, silt loam 
etc… Prevention type – Benching Basic excavation rules & precautions for safe
excavation
Type C – least cohesive with (UCS of 0.5 T/SF or less.  Obtain excavation permit or certificate along with job
Examples – Granular soils such as gravel, sand, loamy related work permit.
sand, submerged soil and if soil is fissured, vibrated or  Prevention for collapse of soil by applying following way...
previously disturbed due to sources such as heavy traffic or Benching or Stepping - side of excavation to form one or
pilling, seeping water, is part of sloped, where excavation
layered system on a slope of 4 horizontal to 1 vertical series of horizontal levels or steps.
(4H:1V) or greater.
 Sloping or Battering \/ - side of the excavation can be
Prevention type - sloped back (Battered) at an angel that is sufficiently
shallow that soil not slip. All sloping shall be an angel of
Multi type soil – Where soils are configured in layers such 1.5:1 ratio or 34* (1.5 meters horizontal and 1 meter
as trench excavation. vertical) this would be for all excavation of less than 6
*Note - Maximum allowable slopes for excavations less meters. Ensure the slope of angle greater than 45* when
than 20 feet deep shoring is not installed.
Solid rock-------- 90* (Vertical)
TYPE A ------------53*
TYPE B-------------45*
TYPE C-------------34*

 Cohesive or clumps soil - contains fine particles and

enough clay so that soil will stick to itself.
 Granular soil - made of coarse particles such as sand or
gravel. This type of soil will not stick to itself.
 Unconfined compressive strength (UCS)"- A type of

Page 26
 test to measure the materials or soil strength. This value is  underground services. Hand tool use up to 1 meter
usually reported in units of ton per square foot.
excavation.

 Shoring or Shielding |-| - side of the excavation can be  All sloping shall be sloped at an angle not steeper than 1.5
supported or shored with metal or timber inside the meters horizontal to 1 meter vertical (1.5H:1V) for all
excavation that is fixed in place. Bracing and shoring must excavations of less than 6 meters.
be carried down and along with hand excavation.  Ensure slope of angle greater than 45 degrees when
 Before any excavation it's important to know the type of shoring is not installed.
soil to prevent cave-in.  Excavation more than 3 meters near adjacent structure or
 A competent person will determine the soil type and subject to vibration need excavation plan and make sure
plan provided by a civil engineer and approved by
identify conditions that are hazardous to employees. concerned department Sr. manager.
 Use of detection equipment (metal hum, cable detectors,  From excavation edge crane should place minimum 2 times
ground radar and use of metal detector machine), plan or of depth (B & C type soil) and scaffolding should be erect
drawing of area for burried services. minimum 1.5 times of depth for all types of soil.
 A competent person must inspect excavations before start  Mark out on the ground exact location and area of the
each day or shift, Inspect again after rain or any occurrence excavation.
that could have changed condition, after any fall material
or people.  Location of all known underground services should be
 Excavation above 1.2 meter considered as confined space physically located before permitting any machine
and need atmospheric test and confined space entry excavation.
permit.  De-energize or isolate underground services if possible
 Excavation more than 100mm (4") digging need excavation otherwise use hand tools in area of underground services
and insulate men and equipment from possible electrical
work permit. contact.
 Excavation more than 200mm (8") considered as created  Do not cut red concrete because red colour concrete used
opening. to mark underground electrical systems.
 For entry & exit proper way should be provide like ladder,  A trench can cut through more than one type of soil.
stairway or ramp. If a ladder is used it should be secured  On completion of excavation work compact backfilled
and extend 3 feet above the landing. No step ladder can be excavation to prove load bearing capabilities along with
use all exit ladder should be straight ladders. surrounding area before removal of barricades.
 Hard barricade should be provide 1 meter away from edge
of excavation with high visible signage and flashing light for
unprotected edge.
 Ladder should be maximum 6 meters length after that
scaffold or MEWPs use.
 Do not place excavated material or mechanical equipment
within 1 meter of edge of any excavation. Keep equipment
and other heavy object at least 2 meters away from edge
of excavation.
 Start providing adequate precaution like benching,
battering or shoring after 1.2 meter depth of excavation or
when it necessary to operate heavy equipment nearer than
2 meters to edge.
 Provide ladder or other suitable means of access or egress
to excavations at a maximum spacing of 30 meters on the
perimeter of open excavation and 7.5 meters for trench
excavation - greater than 1.2 meters in depth.
Page 27
 Do not use mechanical excavation within 1 meter of any Types of eye and face protection
  Safety spectacles - these eyeglasses have safety frames
constructed of plastic or metal and impact resistant lenses.
Personal protective equipments (PPEs) – Side shields are available on some models.
equipment or clothing that is worn by employees for  Goggles - these are tight fitting eye protection that
protection against health and safety hazards. PPEs completely cover the eyes and some goggels will fit over
designed to protect many parts of the body like head, face, corrective lenses.
hands, feet and ears etc...  Welding shields - constructed of vulcanized fibre or
fiberglass and fitted with a filtered lens. It protects eye
Head protection - safety helmet protect from impact and from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light or
penetration hazards as well as electrical shock and burn radiation, also protect eyes and face from flying sparks,
hazards. Safety helmet or hard hat (polyethylene) should metal spatter and slag chips produced during welding,
not exceed 400 grams in weight. Hard hats must have a brazing, soldering, and cutting operations.
hard outer shell and shock absorbing line that suspend the Laser safety goggles - specially protect against intense

shell from 1 to 1.25" away from head. concentrations of light produced by lasers.
 Face shields - protect full face means from eyebrows to
Hard hats are divided into three industrial classes below chin against nuisance dust and potential splashes or
 Class A hard hats - provide impact and penetration spray of hazards liquids but not provide adequate
resistance along with limited volatage protection up to protection against impact hazards . Face shields used in
2200 volts. combination with goggles or safety spectacles will provide
 Class B hard hats - provide highest level of protection additional protection against impact hazards.
against electrical hazards with high volatge shock and burn 
protection up to 20,000 volts and also provide protection Types of safety glasses
against impact and penetration hazards by flying or falling  Clear glass use inside the plant area for clear vision.
objects.  Dark or black glass use outside the plant area for sunlight
 Class C hard hats - provide lightweight comfort and impact protection.
protection but no protection from electrical hazards.  Chemical splash goggles for chemical splash protection.
 Safety helmets constructed with adjustable headband from Defiant safety glasses for eye and chin area protection.
1 to 8" increments. 
 Made from - PVC, fibre glass and plastic. Respiratory protection - a device or a types of PPEs to
 Components of safety helmet - ABS (acrylonitril butadine protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous atmosphere
styrene) shell, accessories slot (for ear muff and face such as dust, fumes, gases and air born contaminants.
shield), vents, chin strip, sweat band,6 or 4 point webbing
harness, strip ratchet, ratchet adjustment headband etc... There are two types of respiratory protection
 A safety helmet life is 5 years from manufacturing date 1 - Air purifying respirator (APRs)
 . APRs can remove contaminants in the air like dust, metal
Color code for use of safety helmet fumes, mists etc... It cannot be used there may be lack of
 White - managers, engineers, supervisors and foreman oxygen because its only filter not add oxygen and should
 Red - fire fighters not be used to remove very toxic contaminant like
 Blue - electrician, carpenters and other technical hydrogen cyanide, use of breathing appratus for highly
operators toxic atmosphete. It is tight fitting.
 Yellow - labours, earth moving operators and unskilled
person
 Brown - welders and workers with high heat application
 Grey - site visitors
 Green – safety

Ear protection - earmuff and earplug protect from high
noise or sound and these are reduce noise upto 15 to 30
dB.
Eye and face protection - against dust, splashes, toxic
fumes, chemical spillage, fliying particles and workplace
Page 28
 hazards. tube or mask etc...
2 - Supplied-air respirator (SARs)
SARs supply clean air from a compressed air tank or
Types of air purifying respirator through an air line. It does not rely on filters. It can be used
 Disposal mask or filtering facepiece respirator - covering in very toxic atmosphere and there may be lack of oxygen.
the nose and mouth below the chin. useful to prevent SARs may have either tight fitting or loose fitting
inhalation of dust and sometimes gas and vapour but not respiratory inlets.
suitable for high concentration of contaminant or long
duration use. Types of supplied air respirators
Merit - cheap, easy to use and disposable.  Airline or supplied air respirators - it is use when APRs
Demerits - low level of protection, does not seal against cannot provide sufficient protection from airborne
the face effectively and uncomfortable to wear. concentrations being used. Airline respirator may also be
 Half face mask or ori-nasal respirator - consist of a rubber used when chemical that absorb poorly in cartridge, in
or plastic face piece that fits over the nose and mouth with oxygen deficient or in IDLH situations.
one or two canisters (cartridge). Care must be taken to  Fresh air hose BA - a hose is connected to the user's face
select the correct filters because any leaks (poor seal mask. Air is either drawn down the hose by breathing or
against face or a split in the rubber) will allow blown down by a fan at low pressure.
contaminated air in. Merits - supply of air is not time restricted and air is from
Merit - gives higher level of protection than the disposable outside the work room.
mask, good fit achievable and easy to use. Demerits - hose must be tethered, bends or kinks make
Demerits - does not protect eyes, create negative pressure breathing difficult and user is restricted by limited
inside facepiece when wearer inhales and hose length.
uncomfortable to wear.  Compressed air BA - similar to the fresh air hose system
 Full face piece mask - similar to half face mask but it but air is supplied down a small bore hose at high pressure.
protect eyes and it can be impkrtant where contaminant Pressure is then stepped down by a regulator and supplied
can cause eye irritation or be absorbed through the eye. at low pressure to the users face mask.
Merits - gives higher level of protection than the Merits - supply of air is not time restricted and positive
disposable and half face mask, protect eyes and good fit pressure inside facepiece and not burden of cylinder
achievable. Demerits - hose can be long but not endless.
Demerits - restricts vision, create negative pressure inside  Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) - breathable air
facepiece when wearer inhales and uncomfortable to wear. is supplied from a pressurised cylinder worn by user.
 Powered air purifying respirators - a powered fan blows Merits - complete freedom of movement & positive
filtered air to wearer. Usually made of a helmet and face pressure inside face piece.
visior with air blown down over the face from the helmet. Demerits - supply of air is time restricted, equipment is
Care must be taken to select the correct filters because this bulky and heavy and more technical training is
type of respirators does not have tight seal with wearers required.
face and especially used to dusty, hot environments where
stream of air moving over the face is a benefit.
Merits - air is from outside the work room and supply of air
is not time restricted.
Demerits - hose must be tethered, bends or kinks make
breathing difficult and user is restricted with
limited hose length.
 APRs also called dust, fume and mist respirators or masks.
 Chemical cartridge respirators that can have a combination
of chemical cartridge along with a dust pre filter. This
combination provides protection against different kinds of
contaminants in the air.
 Gas masks contain more adsorbent than cartridge type
respirators and can provide a higher level of protection
than chemical cartridge respirators.
Inspection - check for holes or tears, loss of elasticity and

Page 29
 loose fittings, breakage, dirt, crack, distortion from orkplace÷concentration of contaminant in facepiece.
improper storage, head straps, inhallation and exhalation Use of RPE should receive appropriate information,
valve, canister and filter condition, corrugated breathin instruction and training which are as follows...
Types of SCBA  How to fit the RPE, How to test it to ensure that it is
 Open circuit SCBA - filled with filtered, compressed air working effectively.
rather than pure oxygen and it provide air from high  The limitations of equipment, Any cleaning and
pressure tank. Open circuit SCBA have two regulators; a maintainance requirements.
first stage reduce the pressure of air to allow it to be Cleaning and disinfecting RPE
caaried to the mask and second stage regulator to reduce it Proper cleaning of respirators reduce the potential for
even further to a level just above standard atmospheric contaminants and dermatitis.
pressure.  Frequently clean and disinfect personal respirators.
Open circuit SCBA have large cylinder then close circuit  Thoroughly clean and disinfect shared respirators between
SCBA. users.
 Close circuit SCBA - close circuit SCBA recirculate and  Clean and disinfect emergency use respirator after each
recycle exhaled gas and are sometimes referred to as use.
rebreathers. It is used when a longer duration supply of  Cleaning should be done with disinfecting deodorizing
breathing gas is needed such as mine rescue and long slution like quatemary ammonium and use of cleaning
tunnel etc... agent such as soap, water and alcohol towletts.
 Close circuit SCBA less weigh then open circuit SCBA Storage of RPEs
because close circuit SCBA use smaller cylinder that contain Respirator needs to be stored properly to prolong their life
pure oxygen. and effectiveness.
 Close circuit SCBA have two basic gas passage configuration Protect respirators from dust, sunlight, heat, extreme cold,
pendulum and loop. Pendulum configuration mainly used excessive moisture and chemicals.
for underwater diving also known as SCUBA (self contained Store respirators with facepiece and exhalation valve
underwater breathing appratus and it not creats bubble in resting in normal position.
water).  Routinely used respirators may be placed in plastic bags.
And second is loop configuration used for emergency  Store emergencg use respirators in an accessible, clearly
responder applications and consists of a gas tight loop for marked compartment.
the responder inhalation and exhalation. Filters classification based on levels of oil resistance
 Close circuit SCBA more expensive than open circuit SCBA.
and filter efficiency
 Components of SCBA - fullface mask, regulator, air
 N-series - not resistant to oil means use in any atmosphere
cylinder, cylinder pressure gauge (sometimes with an
where no oil is particulate
integrated PASS device) and harness with adjustable
 R-series - resistant to oil means used in no oil particulate
shoulder straps and waist belt.
atmosphere or up to one shift (8 hours continiously) where
 Inspection - similar as the APRs and check hood, helmet,
oil particulate present.
full suit, volume and charge of air cylinder, incorrect gas
 P-series - oil proof means use in any atmosphere including
cylinder, loose connection, breaks or kinks in air supply
oil particulates for more than one shift.
hose, improper setting of regulator and valve etc...
Whole body protection - coverall protect the whole
 Defects and deficiencies must be corrected by trained
body from sparks, chemicals, solvent acid, oils, or a variety
person in both cases ARPs and SARs.
of aerosols. Coveralls keep person to clean, happy and safe.
 Air cylinder usually comes in one of three standard sizes: 4
litres, 6 litres or 6.8 litres.
Time calculate for duration of SCBA oxygen cylinder
Example - cylinder capacity = 6 liters & pressure of cylinder
= 300bar
Formula - volume of cylinder (in liter)×pressure of cylinder
(in bars)÷40-10 ( 10 is for safety margin)
So, 6×300÷40-10 = 35 minutes working duration.
 Air cylinders are made of aluminium, steel or of a
composite carbon fibre wrapped.
 Air cylinder must be taken out of service after 15 years and
hydrostatically tested every 5 years.

Page 30
 Protection of RPE according level of concentration by  Latex, nitrile or synthetic gloves - made from latex and
assigned protection factor (APF) synthetic. These gloves are widely use in laboratories and
APF = concentration of contaminant in w healthcare settings. Provide protection against bio-hazards,
Types of coverall oils, solvents, grease, chemicals. This type of gloves will not
 Paper like fibre - disposable coverall - some jobs don't provide adequate protection against puncture or sharp and
require heavy layer of protection. Disposable coverall abrasive surfaces.
protect from dust, splashes, many other dry particles, or  Leather gloves - made from leather. Leather gloves have a
other contaminants. It protect workers from irritating and wide range of uses and many useful qualities. Leather is a
hazardous materials such as lead dust and asbestos. material that offers a good grip, resists sparks and protect
 Treated wool and cotton - fire retardant coverall - adapts against sharp or abrasive surface. This protection even
well to changing in temperature, comfortable, protect continues when the glove is exposed to moderate levels of
against dust, abrasions, rough and irritating surface. heat such as heat from welding, friction from a rope during
 Duck - woven cotton fabric coverall - protects against cuts lowering loads. Leather gloves offer high durability function
and bruises when handling heavy, sharp or rough and great fit but when exposed to too much heat then it
materials. will harden or shrivel. This type of gloves largely use for
 Leather coverall - often used to protect against dry heat welding.
and flames.  Aluminized gloves - manufactured with insulating and
 Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastic coverall - reflective properties. These are high heat resistant gloves
protect against chemical and physical hazards. suitable for welding work, furnace and foundary work or
 Quilted coverall - protect from cold weather. laboratories with high-heat ovens. It can provide heat
 Arc-resistant coverall - protect from electricy danger. protection up to 2000* F.
 Waterproof coverall  Kevlar gloves - manufactured with kevlar have a wide
 High visibility coverall, waist or appron - mostly use in variety of industrial applications. Kevlar glove also used as
traffic areas, used by fire and whole watcher. lining to support a variety of other gloves. Protect against
 Safety harness - protect against fall from height. leightweight material and durable glove with remarkable
 Coverall and overall both are same. resistance to cuts and abrasions.
Jumpsuit and boilersuit - is a one piece garment with full Puncture resistant gloves - this can be woven kevlar gloves
length sleeves and legs but usually less fitting. Both has no or manufactured to emulate the skin of fish. Especially
gap between jackets and trouser. Boilersuit with an protect against puncture to hands and latter use to deflect
attached hood are available but jumpsuit are not. penetration from needles, shards etc...
Hand protection - safety gloves provide protection  Impact resistant and vibration resistant gloves - protect
against skin absorption of harmful substances, chemical against vibration or impact to the hand infact HAVS. They
and thermal burns, electrical dangers, bruises, abrasions, work absorbing the energy from an impact and reducing
cuts, punctures, finger guard, amputation etc... vibration to the hands. These types of gloves are highly use
Types of safety gloves - when selecting a safety glove the in fabrication work where use of grinder for entire shift and
fit, function and required level of protection all have to be in construction and automotive industries where use of
taken into consideration. jackhammers and other pnematic tools.
 Fabric, cotton or liners gloves - made from cotton. Provide  Chemical and liquid resistant gloves - there are different
minimal protection against puncture, jagged materials, types of chemical resistant glove so, select the appropriate
open flames or hot surfaces but they may provide enough gloves according to products or MSDS will help to identify
of a barrier to prevent scrapes or abrasions and also help proper level of protection or appropriate gloves. Protect
keeo the hands clean. Also protect from colder climates. from chemicals and liquid dangers.
Some manufacturers add a coating to the gloves fabric in
order to improve grip, increase protection or add strength
to the glove.
 Coated Fabric gloves - there are many different coatings
available including: latex, nitrile, polyurethane and PVC
etc...these are general purpose gloves. They offer higher a
higher level of puncture and cut resistance, increased
protection from the alkalinity of concrete items such as
bricks, and improved chemical resistance when compared
to standard fabric glove. This type of gloves allowing heat

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 to escape from the hands and this type of gloves offer  heat of molten metal. It also keep hot metal from lodging
some chemical resistance but it is not a substitute for a into shoes eyelets, tongues or other shoes parts. It is snugly
dedicated chemical gloves. fit, made in leather or leather substitute, features like
 Types of chemical resistance gloves and their safety shoes and has leather or rubber soles or heels. All
applications foundary shoes must have built in safety toes.
 Butyl rubber gloves - used when workers contact with
substance. It also offer resistance to water and steam
permeation. Protection against ketons, esters, alcohols,
alkali, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid.
 Natural latex or rubber gloves - suitable for biological
hazards and water based liquids.
 Neoprene gloves - typically used in extended contact
situations with materials such as acids, bases, alcohol,
fuels, peroxides, hydrocarbons, hydraulic fluids, gasoline,
organic acids etc...
 Nitrile rubber gloves - general use or disposable gloves.
These types of gloves are used for protection material such
as solvents, petroleum oils, gasoline, greases, some acids
and bases etc...
 First identify the hazards then select the appropriate
gloves.
Foot and leg protection - footwear protect foot and leg
from falling or rolling objects or from crushing or
penetrating materials, exposure to hot substances or
corrosive materials and electrical hazards.
Different varieties for foot and leg protection
 Leggings - protect lower legs and feet from heat hazards
such as molten metals or welding sparks.
 Metatarsal guard - protect instep area from heavy load
impact and compression . Made of alluminium, steel, fibre
or plastic. These guards may be strapped to the outside of
shoes.
 Toe guard - fit over the toes of regular shoes to protect the
toes from impact and compression and made of steel,
alluminium or hard plastic.
 Combination foot and shin guard - protect the lower legs
and feet and may be used in combination with toe guards
when greater protection is needed.
 Safety shoes - have impact resistant toes and heat
resistant sole that protect the feet against hot work
surface. The metal insoles of some safety shoes protect
against puncture wounds. Safety shoes may also be
designed to to prevent the buildup of static electricity in
area with potential for explosive atmosphere or
nonconductive to protect from electric hazards.
 Special purpose shoes
 Electrically conductive shoes - provide protection against
the buildup of static electricity. If employees exposed to
electrical hazards must never wear conductive shoes.
 Electrical hazards, safety toe shoes - are nonconductive
and protect feet from electrical circuit to the ground up to
600 volts. Nonconductive footwear must not be used in

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 explosive or hazardous locations.
 Foundary shoes - which insulate the feet from extreame

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