Unit_1 Introduction to Environmental Studies

Short Answer Questions

1. Define environmental studies and explain its multidisciplinary nature.
2. List the four main components of the environment and briefly describe each.
3. What is the lithosphere? How does it interact with the biosphere?
4. Explain the concept of sustainability. Why is it important?
5. Differentiate between atmosphere and hydrosphere with examples.
6. Briefly describe the history of environmentalism.
7. What do you understand by sustainable development? Provide one example.
Long Answer Questions
1. Discuss the scope of environmental studies and its relevance in today's world.
2. Explain the components of the environment with examples and describe how they are
interconnected.
3. Elaborate on the concept of sustainable development. Discuss its importance for
environmental conservation.
4. Trace the brief history of environmentalism and highlight key milestones.
Fill-in-the-blank questions

1. The study of the environment and its interaction with humans and other organisms is
called __________.
(Answer: Environmental Studies)
2. The __________ is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth, which is essential for
life.
(Answer: atmosphere)
3. The __________ encompasses all the water on Earth, including oceans, rivers, lakes,
and groundwater.
(Answer: hydrosphere)
4. The solid, outer part of the Earth, including rocks, minerals, and soil, is called the
__________.
(Answer: lithosphere)
5. The __________ consists of all living organisms on Earth and their interactions with
the physical environment.
(Answer: biosphere)
6. Environmental studies is a __________ field, integrating knowledge from biology,
geology, chemistry, sociology, and other disciplines.
(Answer: multidisciplinary)
7. The concept of __________ refers to meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
(Answer: sustainability)
 8. The term __________ refers to development that is economically viable, socially
inclusive, and environmentally sustainable.
(Answer: sustainable development)
9. The __________ movement emerged as a response to environmental challenges and
aims to protect the natural world.
(Answer: environmentalism)
10. One of the early examples of environmentalism is the __________ movement, which
started in the 1970s and focused on conservation and environmental protection.
(Answer: Chipko Movement)

1. Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies

Q1. Which of the following is NOT a component of the environment?
A. Atmosphere
B. Hydrosphere
C. Lithosphere
D. Photosphere
Answer:
Q2. The study of environmental science is considered multidisciplinary because:
A. It integrates knowledge from various fields.
B. It focuses solely on biological sciences.
C. It is only about protecting animals.
D. It avoids topics like economics and politics.
Answer:
Q3. Which of the following components is associated with the Earth's crust?
A. Atmosphere
B. Lithosphere
C. Hydrosphere
D. Biosphere
Answer:
Q4. The hydrosphere refers to:
A. The water component of Earth.
B. The air component of Earth.
C. The solid rocks on Earth.
D. The living organisms on Earth.
Answer:
3. Scope and Importance of Environmental Studies
Q5. Environmental studies aim to:
A. Understand and solve environmental problems.
B. Focus only on climate change issues.
C. Ignore human activities' impact on nature.
D. Teach technical aspects of geology only.
Answer: A. Understand and solve environmental problems.
Q6. Why is environmental science important in today's world?
A. It provides awareness about environmental issues.
B. It helps in policymaking for environmental conservation.
C. It ensures sustainable development for future generations.
D. All of the above.
Answer:.
4. Concept of Sustainability and Sustainable Development
Q7. The concept of sustainability primarily focuses on:
A. Meeting present needs without compromising future needs.
B. Increasing industrial development at all costs.
C. Protecting animals by halting all human activities.
D. Stopping natural resource utilization entirely.
Answer:.
Q8. Which of these is an example of sustainable development?
A. Deforestation for urban expansion.
B. Using renewable energy sources like solar and wind.
C. Overfishing in the oceans for economic benefits.
D. Building industries without waste management systems.
Answer:

Q9. The modern environmental movement began in the:

A. 17th century
B. 18th century
C. 19th century
D. 20th century

Answer:

Q10. Which landmark book is considered the foundation of the environmental movement?
A. "The Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson
B. "The Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin
C. "Walden" by Henry David Thoreau
D. "A Sand County Almanac" by Aldo Leopold

Answer:
Q1. What does the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies imply?
a) It focuses only on biological sciences
b) It integrates multiple fields like biology, chemistry, and social sciences
c) It emphasizes solely on physical sciences
d) It is unrelated to humanities and engineering
Answer:

Q2. Which of the following is NOT a component of the environment?

a) Atmosphere
b) Lithosphere
c) Anthrosphere
d) Biosphere
Answer:

Q3. The lithosphere refers to:

a) The gaseous layer surrounding the Earth
b) The solid outer layer of the Earth, including rocks and soil
c) The water bodies on the Earth
d) The living organisms in the environment
Answer:

Q4. Which of the following best describes the biosphere?

a) The layer of air surrounding Earth
b) The region of Earth that supports all forms of life
c) The solid layer of Earth’s crust
d) The total amount of water on Earth
Answer:

Q5. Environmental studies is important because:

a) It focuses only on climate change
b) It helps understand the interactions between humans and the environment
c) It deals exclusively with pollution control
d) It is a part of geography only
Answer:

Q6. One of the key reasons to study environmental science is to:

a) Exploit natural resources more effectively
b) Achieve sustainability in resource use
c) Focus exclusively on economic development
d) Limit human interaction with the environment
Answer:

Q7. Which of the following best defines sustainable development?

a) Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations
b) Development that emphasizes rapid industrialization
c) Development focused solely on economic growth
d) Development aimed at reducing population
Answer:

Q8. The three pillars of sustainability are:

a) Economy, Population, and Energy
b) Environment, Society, and Economy
c) Biodiversity, Politics, and Technology
d) Energy, Ecology, and Health
Answer:

Q9. The term "Silent Spring," which marked the beginning of modern environmentalism, was
authored by:
a) Rachel Carson
b) E.O. Wilson
c) Vandana Shiva
d) David Attenborough
Answer:

Q10. The first Earth Day was celebrated in:

a) 1960
b) 1970
c) 1980
d) 1990
Answer:

Q11. Which activity can help in understanding the practical aspects of environmental
sustainability?
a) Conducting a survey on water conservation practices
b) Writing a theoretical essay on air pollution
c) Reading about environmental issues online
d) Watching environmental documentaries only
Answer:

Q12. A major objective of outreach activities in environmental studies is to:

a) Memorize scientific concepts
b) Actively engage in solving local environmental problems
c) Avoid interaction with the community
d) Focus entirely on lab-based experiments
Answer:

Unit_2 Ecosystems

1. Define the term "ecosystem." How is it different from a biome?

2. Explain the interdependence between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem.

3. What are the main components of an ecosystem? Provide examples of biotic and
abiotic components.
4. Describe the concept of energy flow in an ecosystem. Why is it unidirectional?
 5. Differentiate between food chains and food webs with suitable examples.
6. Explain ecological succession. What are its types, and why is it important?
7. Discuss the role of nutrient cycling in maintaining ecosystem balance.
8. What is ecological productivity? Distinguish between primary and secondary
productivity.
9. Explain the significance of ecological pyramids and their different types.
10. Define homeostasis in an ecosystem. How do ecosystems achieve stability?

11. Describe the characteristics of tundra and desert ecosystems. How are they similar
and different?
12. Explain the features of forest ecosystems. Highlight their importance with examples
from India.
13. What are the major threats to grassland ecosystems? Suggest measures for their
conservation.
14. Discuss the structure and functions of aquatic ecosystems like rivers and estuaries.
15. Provide examples of ecosystem services specific to Indian aquatic ecosystems.

16. What are provisioning ecosystem services? Give examples relevant to Indian
agriculture.
17. Explain the concept of regulating services in an ecosystem. Why are they crucial for
climate stability?
18. How do cultural ecosystem services contribute to human well-being? Provide
examples from Indian traditions.
19. What are supporting services in ecosystems? Discuss their importance in biodiversity
conservation.

20. Discuss the significance of ecosystem conservation in the context of climate change.
21. Compare in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods with examples.
22. What are the key steps involved in ecosystem restoration? Provide examples of
successful projects in India.
23. Explain the importance of integrating local communities in ecosystem conservation
efforts.

FILL IN THE BLANK

1. An ecosystem consists of both _______ and _______ components.

2. The term "ecosystem" was first coined by _______ in 1935.
3. An ecosystem is a functional unit of _______ and _______ interacting with each
other.

4. Biotic components of an ecosystem include _______ , _______ , and _______.

5. Abiotic components of an ecosystem include _______ , _______ , and _______.
6. The process by which energy flows through an ecosystem is known as _______.
7. The interconnected food chains in an ecosystem form a _______.
8. _______ refers to the gradual and predictable change in the composition of species in
a community over time.
 9. The physical function of an ecosystem involves the flow of _______ through various
trophic levels.
10. The biological process in which energy is transferred from one organism to another is
called a _______.
11. The cycle of nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in an ecosystem is called
_______.
12. The ability of an ecosystem to maintain its stability despite external disturbances is
called _______.

13. The type of ecosystem found in cold regions with low biodiversity is the _______
ecosystem.
14. Forest ecosystems are known for their high _______ productivity and biodiversity.
15. The _______ ecosystem is characterized by sparse vegetation, sandy soil, and extreme
temperatures.
16. Aquatic ecosystems are categorized into _______ and _______ ecosystems based on
water salinity.
17. Mangroves are examples of _______ ecosystems found in coastal areas of India.

18. Provisioning services of an ecosystem include resources like _______ , _______ , and
_______.
19. _______ services regulate processes like air quality, climate, and water purification.
20. Cultural services of an ecosystem include _______ , _______ , and _______
activities.
21. Supporting services of an ecosystem provide basic processes such as _______
formation and nutrient cycling.

22. The process of actively repairing and restoring a degraded ecosystem is called
_______.
23. National parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India are examples of _______ strategies
for ecosystem preservation.
24. Planting native tree species in deforested areas is a method of _______.
25. One of the main threats to ecosystems in India is _______ caused by human activities.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which of the following best defines an ecosystem?

a. A community of living organisms interacting with each other.
b. The physical environment in which living organisms exist.
c. A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
d. Only the biotic components of a habitat.
Answer:
2. What does the term "abiotic components" in an ecosystem refer to?
a. Living organisms in the ecosystem.
b. Non-living elements such as air, water, and soil.
c. Interactions between organisms.
d. Energy flow in food chains.
Answer:
3. In an ecosystem, which of the following is considered a biotic component?
a. Soil
b. Water
c. Plants
d. Sunlight
Answer:
4. What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems?
a. Wind energy
b. Solar energy
c. Geothermal energy
d. Chemical energy
Answer:
5. Which of the following represents the correct sequence in a food chain?
a. Producer → Carnivore → Herbivore → Decomposer
b. Producer → Herbivore → Carnivore → Decomposer
c. Decomposer → Herbivore → Producer → Carnivore
d. Herbivore → Producer → Carnivore → Decomposer
Answer:
6. What does an ecological pyramid represent?
a. Interactions between biotic and abiotic components.
b. The flow of energy, biomass, or number of organisms at each trophic level.
c. The sequence of ecological succession in an area.
d. The nutrient cycling process in an ecosystem.
Answer:

7. Which of the following ecosystems is characterized by extreme cold, low

biodiversity, and permafrost?
a. Desert
b. Tundra
c. Grassland
d. Aquatic
Answer:
8. Which type of ecosystem is most commonly associated with mangrove forests?
a. Grassland
b. Estuarine
c. Desert
d. Tundra
Answer:
9. The Sundarbans in India are an example of which type of ecosystem?
a. Desert
b. Aquatic
c. Forest
d. Mangrove
Answer:

10. What type of ecosystem service does pollination of crops by bees fall under?
a. Provisioning service
b. Regulating service
c. Cultural service
 d. Supporting service
Answer:
11. Which of the following is a provisioning service provided by ecosystems?
a. Water purification
b. Food production
c. Climate regulation
d. Spiritual inspiration
Answer:
12. Mangrove forests act as a natural barrier against coastal erosion. This is an example
of:
a. Provisioning service
b. Regulating service
c. Cultural service
d. Supporting service
Answer:

13. What is the main goal of ecosystem restoration?

a. To increase agricultural productivity.
b. To bring an ecosystem back to its original state.
c. To prevent human activities in ecosystems.
d. To establish artificial ecosystems.
Answer:
14. Which of the following is NOT a conservation strategy for ecosystems?
a. Biodiversity hotspots preservation
b. Overexploitation of natural resources
c. Afforestation programs
d. Establishing protected areas
Answer:
15. Which law in India is directly related to the conservation of ecosystems and
biodiversity?
a. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
b. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
c. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
d. The Forest Rights Act, 2006
Answer:

UNIT_3 Natural Resources

1. Define land resources and explain their importance for human survival and economic
development.
2. What are the causes and consequences of land degradation, soil erosion, and
desertification?
3. Discuss the impact of deforestation on biodiversity and local communities.
4. Explain the environmental and social consequences of mining and dam building on
forests and tribal communities.
5. Distinguish between natural and man-made water sources. Provide examples of each.

5. Explain the environmental and social impacts of over-exploitation of surface and

groundwater resources.
 6. What are the causes and consequences of floods and droughts? Provide examples
from India.
7. Discuss the major international and interstate conflicts over water resources, such as
the Cauvery river dispute.
8. Compare and contrast renewable and non-renewable energy sources, providing
examples.

9. Discuss the role of alternate energy sources in meeting India’s growing energy needs.
10. Explain the energy content and usage of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and biogas.
11. How can agro-residues serve as a biomass energy source? What are the advantages
and challenges?

Fill in the Blank

1. __________ are natural forest products used in various industries, including medicine
and construction.
2. Land __________ refers to the transformation of natural landscapes for urban,
agricultural, or industrial purposes.
3. __________ is the process where fertile soil is carried away by water or wind.
4. __________ is the term for the persistent degradation of drylands, primarily caused
by human activities and climatic variations.
5. __________ and __________ are two major causes of deforestation globally.
6. Mining impacts the environment by causing __________, __________, and loss of
biodiversity.
7. The construction of large __________ has led to significant displacement of tribal
communities.

8. The excessive withdrawal of groundwater leads to __________, reducing the

availability of water for future generations.
9. __________ and __________ are extreme hydrological events caused by climate
variability and human mismanagement.
10. Conflicts over __________ and __________ rivers have caused interstate disputes in
India.
11. __________ is a traditional method of storing rainwater in arid regions.
12. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are examples of __________ energy resources.

12. Solar and wind energy are considered __________ energy resources.
13. The __________ movement in India promotes water harvesting and renewable energy
solutions in rural areas.
14. Energy from __________ is derived by burning crop residues like straw and husks.

16. The __________ movement in Uttarakhand aimed to protect forests from commercial
logging.
17. The __________ dam project on the Narmada River has been criticized for its impact
on the environment and displaced communities.
18. The __________ river water conflict involves disputes between Tamil Nadu and
Karnataka.
19. The __________ movement in Karnataka is often referred to as a sister movement to
Chipko, focusing on forest conservation.
20. India’s __________ promotes large-scale use of solar energy as a renewable resource.
MCQs Based on Natural Resources Syllabus

1. Which of the following is a cause of land degradation?

a) Crop rotation
b) Soil erosion
c) Afforestation
d) Contour farming

Answer: b) Soil erosion

2. What is one major impact of deforestation?

a) Improved soil fertility
b) Increase in biodiversity
c) Soil erosion and desertification
d) Enhanced agricultural yield

Answer: c) Soil erosion and desertification

3. Forest-based industries primarily depend on:

a) Marine resources
b) Natural forest products
c) Artificial fibers
d) Renewable energy

Answer: b) Natural forest products

4. The Chipko movement was primarily aimed at:

a) Urbanization
b) Deforestation prevention
c) Mining activities
d) Promoting renewable energy

Answer: b) Deforestation prevention

5. The main cause of interstate water conflicts in India is:

a) Pollution of rivers
b) Unequal distribution of water resources
c) Lack of irrigation techniques
d) High rainfall variability

Answer: b) Unequal distribution of water resources

6. What is a primary consequence of over-exploitation of groundwater?

a) Reduced salinity
b) Aquifer depletion
 c) Increase in crop yield
d) Flooding

Answer: b) Aquifer depletion

7. The Cauvery river water conflict is primarily between:

a) Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
b) Kerala and Andhra Pradesh
c) Maharashtra and Gujarat
d) Punjab and Haryana

Answer: a) Tamil Nadu and Karnataka

8. Tarun Bharat Sangh is known for its efforts in:

a) Dam construction
b) Water conservation
c) Afforestation
d) Mining regulation

Answer: b) Water conservation

9. Which of the following is a non-renewable energy resource?

a) Solar energy
b) Wind energy
c) Coal
d) Biomass

Answer: c) Coal

10. The energy content of biogas is mainly derived from:

a) Methane
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Nitrogen
d) Sulfur dioxide

Answer: a) Methane

11. Which movement was initiated to promote the use of alternate energy sources in
India?
a) Chipko Movement
b) National Solar Mission
c) Appiko Movement
d) Sardar Sarovar Dam Initiative

Answer: b) National Solar Mission

12. Which agro-residue is commonly used as a biomass energy source?

a) Wheat
b) Rice husk
 c) Sugar
d) Corn syrup

Answer: b) Rice husk

13. The Sardar Sarovar Dam project is associated with which river?
a) Narmada
b) Ganga
c) Brahmaputra
d) Krishna

Answer: a) Narmada

14. What is a key environmental concern associated with mining activities?

a) Enhanced soil fertility
b) Loss of biodiversity
c) Increase in agricultural output
d) Reduction in water availability

Answer: b) Loss of biodiversity

15. Which movement is closely associated with protecting forests in Karnataka?

a) Chipko movement
b) Appiko movement
c) Tarun Bharat Sangh
d) Save Silent Valley

Answer: b) Appiko movement

UNIT _4 Environmental Pollution

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which of the following is NOT a primary air pollutant?

a) Carbon monoxide (CO)

b) Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
c) Ozone (O₃)
d) Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)

Answer: c) Ozone (O₃)

2. Which of the following is a major cause of thermal pollution in aquatic ecosystems?

a) Excessive chemical use in agriculture

b) Discharge of heated water from industrial processes
c) Deforestation
d) Urbanization

Answer: b) Discharge of heated water from industrial processes

3. What is the main effect of high levels of nitrogen oxides in the air?

a) Ozone depletion
b) Formation of smog and acid rain
c) Increased respiratory diseases
d) Global warming

Answer: b) Formation of smog and acid rain

4. Which of the following is the most effective way to control noise pollution?

a) Use of quieter machinery

b) Increasing the height of buildings
c) Limiting industrial activities
d) Regular forestation

Answer: a) Use of quieter machinery

5. What is the primary health risk associated with nuclear hazards?

a) Skin cancer
b) Respiratory diseases
c) Genetic mutations and cancer
d) Digestive disorders

Answer: c) Genetic mutations and cancer

6. Which of the following is a control measure for hazardous waste management?

a) Incineration
b) Dumping in landfills
c) Recycling
d) Direct release into water bodies

Answer: a) Incineration

7. Which of the following is true about the Ganga Action Plan (GAP)?

a) It focused primarily on water conservation without addressing pollution.

b) It was introduced in the 1980s to reduce the pollution of the Ganges River.
c) It was successful in completely eliminating pollution in the Ganges River.
d) It aimed at controlling air pollution along the riverbanks.

Answer: b) It was introduced in the 1980s to reduce the pollution of the Ganges River.

8. What is the major effect of plastic waste in the environment?

a) It degrades rapidly and causes no harm to wildlife.

b) It contributes to soil fertility.
c) It causes blockages in drainage systems and harm to marine life.
d) It can be easily recycled without any loss of material.

Answer: c) It causes blockages in drainage systems and harm to marine life.

9. Which of the following is a source of E-waste pollution?

a) Old newspapers
b) Electronic devices such as computers and phones
c) Plastic bottles
d) Organic waste

Answer: b) Electronic devices such as computers and phones

10. Which of the following is the primary concern of the Plastic Waste Management
Rules?

a) Reduction in plastic waste production

b) Recycling of plastic waste
c) Disposal of plastic waste in landfills
d) Segregation of plastic waste from other wastes

Answer: b) Recycling of plastic waste

11. Which of the following is a secondary air pollutant?

a) Carbon monoxide
b) Sulfur dioxide
c) Ozone
d) Nitrogen dioxide

Answer: c) Ozone

12. Which of the following best describes the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?

a) A disaster caused by industrial waste dumping in a river.

b) A nuclear leak that affected local populations.
c) A chemical leak from a pesticide plant leading to thousands of deaths.
d) A forest fire caused by industrial negligence.

Answer: c) A chemical leak from a pesticide plant leading to thousands of deaths.

13. Which of the following is an example of a control measure for urban waste
management?

a) Open dumping
b) Recycling and composting
c) Burning of waste in open areas
d) Flooding waste into rivers
Answer: b) Recycling and composting

14. What is the major concern of solid waste management in industrial areas?

a) Lack of awareness among the public

b) Disposal of hazardous waste
c) Limited landfill space
d) Insufficient resources for waste segregation

Answer: b) Disposal of hazardous waste

15. Which of the following is a common cause of water pollution?

a) Overpopulation
b) Industrial discharge of chemicals and sewage
c) Deforestation
d) Climate change

Answer: b) Industrial discharge of chemicals and sewage

Fill-in-the-type questions

 Environmental Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the

________ that cause adverse effects on the environment and human health.

The main sources of ________ pollution include vehicular emissions, industrial processes,
and the burning of fossil fuels.

________ pollutants, such as particulate matter and sulfur dioxide, are emitted directly
into the air, while ________ pollutants are formed as a result of chemical reactions in the
atmosphere.

________ pollution is caused by the excessive accumulation of substances in the soil,

often due to industrial waste disposal and agricultural activities.

The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was launched with the aim of reducing the pollution levels
in the ________ River and improving water quality.

Thermal pollution occurs when the temperature of ________ is raised, typically due to the
discharge of heated water from power plants, which affects aquatic life.

The ________ are responsible for setting standards for air and water quality in India to
ensure the protection of public health.
 Nuclear hazards are associated with the release of ________ radiation, which can pose
serious health risks, including cancer and genetic mutations.

One of the most significant pollutants contributing to Delhi’s air pollution is ________
from vehicle emissions, particularly during the winter months.

Solid waste management involves the collection, transportation, and disposal of ________
waste, such as household, industrial, and commercial waste.

________ waste includes items like old batteries, chemicals, and heavy metals, which are
harmful to the environment and require special disposal methods.

E-waste consists of discarded ________ devices, such as computers, mobile phones, and
televisions, which contain toxic materials like lead and mercury.

The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred in ________, when a chemical leak from the Union
Carbide plant exposed thousands of people to toxic gas, resulting in widespread fatalities.

In waste management, the practice of sorting waste into categories such as recyclable,
biodegradable, and non-recyclable is called ________ segregation.

The Plastic Waste Management Rules, introduced by the Government of India, aim to
reduce the use of ________ and encourage recycling and proper disposal of plastic waste.

________ is a type of pollution that results from noise produced by traffic, construction
activities, and industrial operations, which can have harmful effects on human health.

Water pollution is primarily caused by the release of untreated ________ and industrial
effluents into rivers, lakes, and oceans.

The effects of air pollution include respiratory diseases, heart problems, and ________
conditions, especially in urban areas with high levels of pollutants.

The ________ is responsible for implementing the Solid Waste Management Rules in
India, including ensuring the segregation and safe disposal of waste.

The presence of toxic chemicals like dioxins and furans in the soil and water due to
industrial activities is an example of ________ pollution.

Important questions

o Explain the major causes of air pollution and discuss the effects on human health and
the environment.

o Differentiate between primary and secondary air pollutants. Provide examples

of each.
o Describe the key components of air quality standards. How do these standards
help in controlling air pollution?
o What are the main causes of water pollution? How do they affect aquatic
ecosystems and human health?
o Discuss the various methods used to control water pollution.
o Explain the water quality standards and their importance in maintaining safe
drinking water.
o Describe the causes of soil pollution. How does soil contamination affect
agriculture and human health?
o Discuss some effective control measures for reducing soil pollution.
o What is thermal pollution? What are its causes and consequences for aquatic
life?
o How can thermal pollution be controlled or minimized?
o Explain the sources of noise pollution and the impact on human health and
wildlife.
o Discuss the measures that can be taken to reduce noise pollution in urban
areas.
o Discuss the potential hazards of nuclear energy. How do nuclear accidents
affect human health and the environment?
o Explain the short-term and long-term health risks associated with radiation
exposure.
o What are the different types of solid waste generated in urban and industrial
areas? Discuss their management strategies.
o Describe the control measures for managing hazardous waste, including e-
waste.
o Explain the importance of waste segregation at the source and the steps
involved in proper disposal.
o Discuss the objectives and outcomes of the Ganga Action Plan (GAP). How
effective has it been in controlling pollution in the river?
o Analyze the situation of air pollution in Delhi. What are the public health
issues associated with it, and what control measures have been implemented?
o Discuss the Plastic Waste Management Rules in India. How do these rules
help reduce plastic pollution?
o Analyze the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. What were the causes of the tragedy, and
what were its environmental and health consequences?