Pangasinan State University

College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Rationale

The effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in combating

crime is a critical concern globally. Police forces worldwide

grapple with the challenge of maintaining peace and order amidst

evolving criminal tactics and resource constraints. A key factor

influencing police performance is the availability and quality

of equipment, encompassing everything from basic patrol vehicles

to sophisticated forensic technology. This research delves into

the correlation between equipment sufficiency and crime solvency

within the context of the Philippine National Police (PNP) in

Pangasinan, drawing upon global, national, and local

perspectives to underscore the significance of this

investigation.

Globally, the link between police resources and crime control

has been a subject of extensive research. Studies conducted in

various countries have consistently demonstrated a positive

correlation such as in North America typically have a number of

holsters or cases for carrying an automatic pistol, spare clips

of ammunition, metal and plastic handcuffs, a portable radio,

pepper spray, a collapsible baton, and a video microphone

transmitter (if the officer’s car contains a camera). A clipboard

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
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with spare report forms also is standard equipment. A well-

equipped police force is better able to deter crime through

visible patrols, respond swiftly to incidents, gather evidence

effectively, and conduct thorough investigations, ultimately

leading to higher crime solvency rates. The current study builds

upon this global body of knowledge by examining the specific

context of Pangasinan, contributing to a broader understanding

of how resource allocation impacts police effectiveness in

diverse settings.

At the national level, the Philippines faces significant

challenges in ensuring adequate resources for its police force.

The PNP has long grappled with budgetary constraints, hindering

its ability to acquire and maintain essential equipment (Coronel

Ferrer, 2010). This resource gap has implications for crime

prevention and investigation, particularly in light of the

country's high crime rates and the evolving sophistication of

criminal networks. The Philippine government has recognized the

importance of investing in the PNP, implementing various

programs to modernize its equipment and enhance its capabilities

(DND, 2023). However, continuous assessment and research are

crucial to ensure that these efforts translate into tangible

improvements in crime solvency.

In Pangasinan, it's important to acknowledge the unique

crime-related challenges it faces. Although Pangasinan generally

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
has a lower crime rate than other areas of the Philippines (as

reported by the PNP in 2022), it still contends with issues like

theft, robbery, and illegal drug activity. The local police

force plays a vital role in maintaining peace and order, but

their effectiveness is often hindered by limited resources. This

research seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the equipment

needs of the PNP in Pangasinan and how those needs influence

their capacity to solve crimes.

Conceptual Framework

This study operates on the understanding that sufficient

equipment is a crucial factor in the PNP's ability to solve

crimes in Pangasinan. It uses the independent and dependent

model to illustrate this relationship. Equipment Sufficiency as

the independent variable, encompasses the availability,

functionality and adequacy of tools and resources essential for

effective enforcement of law in crime solving operations, such

as communication devices, forensic tools, and patrol vehicles.

Crime solvency as the dependent variable, is measured through

indicators of percentage of cases solved.

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
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FIGURE 1.

Paradigm of the Study

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Equipment Crime Solvency

Sufficiency in Pangasinan
• Availability • Solved
of Equipment Case Rates
• Functionality
and usability

Statement of the Problem:

This study aims to assess the current state of equipment

sufficiency and its correlation between equipment sufficiency

and crime solvency rates of the PNP in

Pangasinan. Specifically, this study sought to answer the

following;
 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
1. What is the current state of equipment

sufficiency in the PNP units in Pangasinan?

2. What is the crime solvency rates in Pangasinan

over the past two years?

3. Is there a significant correlation between the

sufficiency of police equipment and the crime solvency in

Pangasinan?

4. What are the challenges related to improving

equipment sufficiency for the PNP in Pangasinan?

Null Hypothesis

1. There is a significant negative correlation between

equipment sufficiency and PNP crime solvency in Pangasinan.

Assumption of the Study

This study focused on the correlation between the equipment

sufficiency and crime solvency within the Philippine National

Police (PNP)in Pangasinan. The following assumptions were made:

1. Relevant and reliable data on crime statistics, police

equipment inventories, and budget allocations will be

accessible and available for the study.

 Pangasinan State University
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2. PNP personnel, government officials, and community

members will willingly participate in the study and provide

honest and insightful information during interviews.

3. The equipment used by the PNP in Pangasinan is assumed

to be in working order and utilized effectively by the

officers.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will examine the relationship between the

availability and quality of police equipment and the ability of

the PNP in Pangasinan to solve crimes. It will take a close look

at the current equipment situation, assessing the types of tools

available to officers, their condition, and how well they

function. By analyzing crime statistics and case clearance rates

across different police stations, the study will seek to

determine if there's a link between equipment and the PNP's

success in solving crimes. It will also pay particular attention

to identifying which specific types of equipment seem to have

the biggest impact on crime solvency. To gain a deeper

understanding, the study will include interviews with police

officers to gather their perspectives on the challenges and

opportunities related to equipment and its influence on crime

solving.
 Pangasinan State University
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However, it's important to acknowledge that this study has

some limitations. Firstly, it will focus solely on Pangasinan,

focusing on top 3 three (3) cities and municipalities with a

largest crime solvency. Secondly, the study will be bound by a

specific time frame, meaning the results could be influenced by

particular trends occurring during that period. Thirdly, the

study relies on existing data, which may have gaps or

inaccuracies. Fourthly, the interviews conducted might be

influenced by personal opinions and perspectives. Lastly,

practical constraints like time, budget, and access to

information could affect the scope of the research. Despite

these limitations, the study aims to provide valuable insights

into the connection between equipment and crime solving in

Pangasinan, contributing to a better understanding of how to

improve public safety in the province.

Significance of the Study:

This study holds significant implications for a variety of

stakeholders involved in maintaining peace and order and

promoting public safety in Pangasinan. These include:

Philippine National Police (PNP) Personnel in Pangasinan:

The findings will provide valuable insights into the impact of

equipment on their daily operations and crime-solving

 Pangasinan State University
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capabilities. This information can empower them to advocate for

their needs and contribute to more effective resource allocation

within the police force.

PNP Leadership and Policy-makers: This research will offer

evidence-based recommendations for equipment procurement and

resource allocation, ultimately aiming to improve the efficiency

and effectiveness of the PNP in Pangasinan. It can inform

strategic planning and policy decisions related to policing and

crime prevention.

Local Government Units (LGU’s) in Pangasinan: The study can

guide LGU’s in understanding the needs of their local police

force and making informed decisions about budget allocation and

support for law enforcement initiatives. It can also encourage

collaboration between LGUs and the PNP to address crime

challenges effectively.

Community Members in Pangasinan: By shedding light on the

factors that contribute to effective policing, this study can

empower communities to engage in constructive dialogue with the

PNP and advocate for their safety needs. It can also promote

transparency and accountability within the police force.

Researchers and Academics: This study contributes to the body

of knowledge on policing and crime prevention in the Philippines.

It provides valuable data and analysis that can inform future

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
research and contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex

relationship between police resources and crime.

Definition of Terms:

To ensure clarity and consistency, the following terms are

defined as they are used in this study:

Crime Solvency: This refers to the resolution of a criminal

case, typically when law enforcement identifies the perpetrator

of a crime and takes necessary legal actions, such as arresting

the suspect and filing charges. A crime is considered "solved"

or "cleared" when investigators have sufficient evidence to

attribute the crime to an individual or individuals, even if

they are not convicted in court.

Equipment Sufficiency: This refers to the availability and

adequacy of tools, technology, and resources provided to the PNP

in Pangasinan to carry out their duties effectively. It includes

factors such as the quality and functionality of equipment,

accessibility to necessary resources, and whether the equipment

meets the demands of modern policing.

Equipment Categories: For this study, equipment is categorized

into the following:

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
* Mobility: Vehicles used for patrol and rapid

response, such as cars and motorcycles.

* Communication: Devices and systems used for

efficient information sharing and coordination,

including radios and digital communication networks.

* Investigative Tools: Equipment used for

gathering and analyzing evidence, such as forensic

kits, cameras, and surveillance technology.

* Protective Gear: Equipment designed to

ensure officer safety, such as body armor, helmets,

and protective vests.

PNP: This refers tcrimes andppine National Police, the

primary law enforcement agency in the Philippines

responsible for maintaining peace and order, preventing

and investigating crimes, and enforcing the law.

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the conceptual literature and the

research literature of the study. The literature and related

studies that are selected in this chapter addresses the

concepts, generalizations, conclusions and different

developments that are related in our study from the past to

present, that will provide deeper understanding about the study.

Conceptual Literature

Beyond the direct impact on crime solvency, the availability

of adequate equipment can also influence community perceptions

of police legitimacy and effectiveness. The government’s primary

capability is to improve the police force’s operational

efficiency and effectiveness in preventing and suppressing

crime, as well as to strengthen the police force’s

responsibility and self-governance, which is crucial in shaping

the justice of equality as an administrative command (Bailey and

Dammert, 2006).The determination of public security

expenditures, according to Kopp and Fenoglio (2003), is an

important indication for evaluating the government’s

efforts to prevent crime. Many governments have been under

pressure to cut spending and execute budgetary improvements due

to very high and rising public security costs, which points to

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
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performance measurement and economic output, and outcome

evaluation (Alibegovic and Slijepcevic, 2015.)

When communities perceive the police as fair, competent,

and well-equipped, they are more likely to trust and support

their efforts, leading to increased reporting of crimes and

participation in crime prevention initiatives. This, in turn,

can contribute to a reduction in crime and an overall improvement

in public safety.

Additionally, the availability of specific types of equipment

can influence the nature and focus of police work. For instance,

the introduction of computer-aided dispatch systems and crime

mapping software has led to a greater emphasis on data driven

policing strategies (Ratcliffe, 2008). This shift towards

proactive and targeted interventions has the potential to

improve the efficiency and effectiveness of crime prevention

efforts. Similarly, the availability of non-lethal weapons, such

as tasers and pepper spray, has provided officers with

alternative options for managing conflict and resolving

potentially dangerous situations without resorting to deadly

force (Alpert & Dunham, 2004).

Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the mere

presence of equipment does not guarantee positive outcomes. The

effective utilization of technology and resources depends on

various factors, including officer training, departmental

 Pangasinan State University
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policies, and community engagement. For instance, a study by

Ariel et al. (2015) found that the effectiveness of body-worn

cameras in reducing police use of force and citizen complaints

is contingent on factors such as departmental policies regarding

camera activation and footage review. This highlights the

importance of comprehensive training and clear guidelines to

ensure that equipment is used responsibly and ethically.

Moreover, the acquisition and maintenance of police equipment

can be a costly endeavour, and resource allocation decisions

often involve complex trade-offs. A study by Levitt (1997)

examined the relationship between police hiring and crime rates,

finding that increasing the number of police officers can have

a significant impact on crime reduction. However, this raises

questions about the optimal balance between investing in

personnel versus equipment, and the need for cost-benefit

analyses to guide resource allocation decisions.

In the context of developing countries, such as the

Philippines, the challenges related to equipment sufficiency can

be particularly acute. Limited budgets, inadequate

infrastructure, and corruption can all hinder the procurement

and maintenance of essential police equipment (Quisumbing &

McDevitt, 2008). This can create disparities in resource

allocation across different regions and communities, potentially

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
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exacerbating existing inequalities in access to justice and

public safety.

Also, the rapid advancement of technology presents both

opportunities and challenges for police forces worldwide. While

new technologies can enhance police capabilities and improve

efficiency, they also require significant investments in

training and infrastructure to ensure effective implementation

(e.g., National Research Council, 2009). This raises questions

about the sustainability of technology adoption in resource-

constrained environments and the need for long-term planning and

capacity building.

Considering these complexities, this study aims to provide a

nuanced and context-specific analysis of the relationship

between equipment sufficiency and PNP crime solvency in

Pangasinan. By examining the specific challenges and

opportunities faced by the PNP in this province, the research

will contribute to a better understanding of how resource

allocation and equipment utilization can be optimized to enhance

police effectiveness and promote public safety.

The findings of this study will have implications for policy-

makers, police leadership, and community stakeholders. By

identifying the specific types of equipment that have the

greatest impact on crime solvency, the research can inform

evidence-based decisions regarding resource allocation and

 Pangasinan State University
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_______________________________________
procurement. Furthermore, by examining the factors that

influence the effective utilization of equipment, the study can

provide guidance on training programs, departmental policies,

and community engagement strategies to maximize the benefits of

technology and resources.

Eventually, this research aims to contribute to the ongoing

dialogue on police reform and modernization in the Philippines.

By shedding light on the critical role of equipment in effective

policing, the study can help to promote transparency,

accountability, and evidence-based decision-making in the

allocation and utilization of police resources. This, in turn,

can contribute to a more just and equitable system of law

enforcement that serves the needs of all communities.

This study can also inform future research on the complex

relationship between police resources, technology, and crime.

By examining the specific context of Pangasinan, the research

can contribute to a broader understanding of how these factors

interact in different policing environments. Furthermore, the

study's mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and

qualitative data, can serve as a model for future research that

seeks to capture both the objective and subjective dimensions

of police effectiveness.
 Pangasinan State University
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Research Literature

There is a critical role of equipment in effective policing.

A study by Jarrett,2003. “With each option of whether the

facility manager needs to increase personnel or improve

equipment automation comes additional factors to study, thereby

making security improvement a deliberate process that involves

weighing both practical and financial considerations.” This

study emphasized that inadequate resources can hinder officers'

ability to respond effectively to calls for service, conduct

thorough investigations, and ultimately, solve crimes.

Similarly, research by Cordner and Scarborough (2010) found a

strong correlation between police resources, including

equipment, and the efficiency of police operations. They argued

that well-equipped police forces are better positioned to deter

crime, respond to incidents promptly, and gather evidence

effectively, all of which contribute to higher crime solvency

rates.

More recent studies have delved into the specific types of

equipment that have the greatest impact on police effectiveness.

A study by Lum and Koper (2017) found that the use of predictive

policing technologies, such as crime mapping and hotspot

analysis software, can significantly improve the efficiency of

crime prevention and investigation efforts. Similarly, research

by Willis, Mastrofski, and Weisburd (2012) highlighted the

 Pangasinan State University
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Binmaley, Pangasinan
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importance of communication technologies, such as body-worn

cameras and mobile data terminals, in enhancing police

accountability and transparency, which can indirectly contribute

to increased public trust and cooperation, ultimately aiding in

crime solvency.

The impact of equipment on officer morale and motivation has

also been a subject of scholarly inquiry. A study by Paoline and

Terrill (2007) found that officers equipped with less-lethal

weapons, such as tasers, reported feeling safer and more

confident in their ability to handle potentially dangerous

situations. This increased sense of security and preparedness

can translate into improved performance and a greater

willingness to engage in proactive policing strategies.

Furthermore, research by White and Escobar (2017) suggested that

access to modern forensic technologies can increase officers'

sense of professionalism and efficacy, leading to greater job

satisfaction and a stronger commitment to solving crimes.

However, the relationship between equipment and police

effectiveness is not without its complexities. Some scholars

have cautioned against an over-reliance on technology and

emphasized the importance of human factors, such as training,

leadership, and community relations, in achieving successful

policing outcomes (Bayley, 2014). Furthermore, concerns have

been raised about the potential for bias and misuse of certain
 Pangasinan State University
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Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
technologies, such as facial recognition software and predictive

policing algorithms, highlighting the need for ethical

guidelines and oversight to ensure responsible and equitable

implementation (Ferguson, 2017).

In the Philippines, a study by Coronel-Ferrer (2010) examined

the challenges faced by the Philippine National Police (PNP) in

terms of resource constraints and the need for modernization.

The study emphasized the importance of investing in essential

equipment and technology to enhance the PNP's capacity to address

crime and maintain peace and order. More recently, a report by

the Philippine Commission on Human Rights (2022) highlighted the

need for accountability and transparency in the use of police

equipment, particularly in light of concerns about human rights

violations.

This study builds upon this existing body of literature by

specifically examining the correlation between equipment

sufficiency and PNP crime solvency in Pangasinan. It aims to

contribute to the understanding of how resource allocation and

equipment utilization impact police effectiveness in a specific

local context, while also considering the broader implications

for policing in the Philippines. By combining quantitative and

qualitative research methods, this study will provide a nuanced

and comprehensive analysis of the issue, informing evidence-

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
based recommendations for improving police performance and

promoting public safety.

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Method

This study will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining

both quantitative and qualitative research techniques to gain a

comprehensive understanding of the relationship between

equipment sufficiency and PNP crime solvency in Pangasinan.

Quantitative data will be collected and analyzed through crime

statistics, police records, and equipment inventories to

establish correlations and identify trends. This will involve

statistical analysis to determine the relationship between

variables such as crime rates, case clearance rates, and the

availability of different types of equipment. Qualitative data

will be gathered through semi-structured interviews with PNP

personnel. These interviews will explore perspectives on the

impact of equipment on police work, challenges faced due to

resource limitations, and potential solutions for improvement.

Thematic analysis will be used to identify key themes and

patterns in the qualitative data, providing rich insights to

complement the quantitative findings. This combined approach

will allow for a more nuanced and in-depth understanding of the

issue, leading to more robust and meaningful conclusions.

 Pangasinan State University
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_______________________________________
Research Design

This study will employ a quantitative correlational design

to examine the relationship between equipment sufficiency and

PNP crime solvency in Pangasinan. This design is appropriate

because it aims to describe and quantify the characteristics of

a situation (the availability and quality of police equipment)

and its potential impact on an outcome (crime solvency rates).

The researcher will also use qualitative research design to

determine the challenges related to improving the equipment

sufficiency for the PNP in Pangasinan.

Locale of the Study

To gather the necessary data for the study, researchers will

conduct the study at the top three (3) cities and municipalities

with a highest rate of crime solvency in Pangasinan which are:

Dagupan City (851), San Carlos City (575), and Urdaneta City

(749) next by the three municipalities: Mangaldan (623),

Pozurrobio (370), and Bayambang (398).

Pangasinan, a province located in the Ilocos Region of the

Philippines, provides a compelling setting for this study. Its

diverse landscape, encompassing urban centers, rural

communities, and coastal areas, allows for an examination of how

equipment needs and challenges may vary across different

policing environments. This diversity offers a rich context for

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
investigating the correlation between equipment sufficiency and

PNP crime solvency.

While Pangasinan generally has a lower crime rate compared

to other regions in the Philippines, it still contends with

various criminal activities, including theft, robbery, and

illegal drug activities. Despite a lower crime rate in

Pangasinan, the PNP there needs to improve its ability to solve

crimes, especially serious ones, according to a 2020 study. This

makes it a relevant setting to investigate how sufficient

equipment might influence the PNP's ability to address these

challenges effectively.

The PNP in Pangasinan faces resource constraints similar to

those experienced by other police forces in the country. This

makes it a representative case for examining the impact of

equipment limitations on crime solvency. By focusing on

Pangasinan, this study can provide valuable insights into the

specific needs and challenges faced by the PNP in this province,

while also contributing to a broader understanding of the issue

at the national level.

The findings from this study have the potential to inform

policy decisions and resource allocation strategies not only in

Pangasinan but also in other provinces facing similar

challenges. By focusing on a specific locale, this research can

provide a more nuanced and in-depth analysis of the complex

 Pangasinan State University
College of Criminology
Binmaley, Pangasinan
_______________________________________
relationship between equipment sufficiency and crime solvency,

contributing to more effective and targeted interventions to

improve public safety.

Figure2.

Cite Map of the 3 Cities and Municipalities with the

Highest Crime Solvency in Pangasinan.

Respondents of the Study

The main participants of this study will be two (2) PNP

officers of different ranks assigned at Investigation Unit or

Patrol unit in Dagupan City, Urdaneta City, San Carlos City,

 Pangasinan State University
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Mangaldan, Bayambang, and Pozorrubio who will share their

experiences on what challenges related to improving equipment

sufficiency for the PNP. The study aims to gain a well-rounded

understanding of the issue and provide recommendations for

improvement. The sampling method to be used by the researchers

was purposive sampling method.

Data Collection

This study will use a data collection strategy involving both

quantitative and qualitative approaches to gather complete

information on the relationship between equipment sufficiency

and PNP crime solvency in Pangasinan. The researchers will begin

to request a data coming from the Pangasinan Police Provincial

Office about Crime Solvency and list of equipment used in solving

crimes in Pangasinan. The data to be collected will be analyze

and correlate if there is a relationship between equipment

sufficiency in crime solvency. The researchers will also create

a letter address to the different Chief of Police of every Police

Station with a highest crime solvency for a structured interview.

For the structured interviews, interviewers will be thoroughly

trained to ensure consistency in their approach and observance

to the interview protocol. All interviews will be conducted in

a private and comfortable setting to foster open and honest

dialogue.
 Pangasinan State University
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The study will also dig into the differences of individual

experiences and perspectives through qualitative data collection

methods. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with a

varied group of PNP personnel, including officers with varying

levels of experience and responsibilities. These interviews will

explore the perceived impact of equipment on their daily tasks,

the challenges faced due to equipment limitations, and their

suggestions for improvement. This qualitative data will provide

valuable context and depth to the quantitative findings,

painting a more holistic picture of the issue.

Statistical Treatment

The data analysis process in this study will involve a

particular and multi-faceted approach to ensure a comprehensive

understanding of the relationship between equipment sufficiency

and PNP crime solvency in Pangasinan. Quantitative data,

gathered through surveys and structured interviews, will be

analyzed using descriptive statistics to paint a clear picture

of the current state of equipment sufficiency. This will involve

calculating frequencies and percentages to understand the

distribution of different equipment types, such as patrol

vehicles and communication devices.

 Pangasinan State University
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Furthermore, correlation analysis or the Pearson’s r will be

employed to explore the relationship between equipment variables

and crime solvency rates. The formula of Pearson’s r as follows:

It has a value of -1 to +1, where in:

-1 = total negative linear correlation;

0 = being no correlation; and

+1 = total positive correlation

The interpretation of the quantitative data will focus on

identifying trends, patterns, and areas of concern. If the

analysis reveals a significant shortage of essential equipment

or a lack of access to modern technology, this would signal a

need for improvement. Qualitative data from the semi-structured

interviews and focus group discussions will be analyzed using

thematic analysis. This involves identifying recurring themes

and patterns in the responses to understand how PNP personnel

 Pangasinan State University
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_______________________________________
and community members perceive the impact of equipment on police

work, the challenges they face, and their suggestions for

improvement.

By combining the quantitative and qualitative findings, the

study will provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of

the relationship between equipment sufficiency and PNP crime

solvency in Pangasinan. This integrated analysis, drawing on

both statistical data and rich qualitative insights, will be

used to inform evidence-based recommendations for resource

allocation, policy changes, and training programs aimed at

enhancing police effectiveness and improving public safety.

Ethical Consideration

This study will be conducted with strict observance to

ethical principles to ensure the protection and well-being of

all participants and maintain the integrity of the research

process. The following ethical considerations will be

prioritized:

Informed Consent everyone involved in the study will be told

exactly what the study is about, what they will be asked to do,

and any possible risks or benefits before they agree to

participate. They can choose to participate or not, and can

stop participating at any time.

 Pangasinan State University
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_______________________________________
Confidentiality and Anonymity all information gathered will

be kept private. Participants' names and any personal details

will not be revealed, and no one will be able to identify them

in any reports or publications.

Data Security all collected information will be stored safely

and only the research team will be able to access it.

Minimizing Harm, the study will be designed to avoid causing

any harm or discomfort to participants. Interviews will be

conducted respectfully, and participants can choose not to

answer any questions that make them uncomfortable.

Researcher Responsibility the researchers will act with

honesty and professionalism at all times. They will follow

ethical research practices and make sure the study respects

everyone involved.

Ethical Review before the study starts, it may be reviewed

by an ethics committee to make sure it meets ethical standards.