Module 6: Physical self Testes or testicles – responsible for production of

sperm, the male sex hormone

Physical self is not only limited to what can be seen
by the naked eye. Key points: Vas deferens – passageway of sperm, tube that
connects the testes and urethra.
1. The self is impacted by the body.
2. The impact of culture on body image Scrotum – the sac skin that carries and protects
and self esteem the testes.
Genotype – refers to specific info embedded within Sperm – male sex cell. Released through semen.
one’s gene
Prostate Gland – gland that surrounds the upper
Hereditary – Transmission of traits part of the urethra. Nourish and protects the sperm.
Phenotype – physical expression of a trait. Can be Epididymis – long coiled tube located at the back
observed. of the testicle that sores and carries sperm.
Self image problem – looks doesn’t match your Ovary – the female reproductive organ. Produces
beauty standards. ovum and secretes progesterone and estrogen.
Body image – both internal and external Ovum – the egg cell, unites with the sperm.
*How we look has possibly never held as much Fallopian tube/Oviducts – from uterus to the
societal importance or reflected so significantly on ovaries. Carries egg to the uterus.
our perceived self worth.
Uterus – where ovum develops into fetus.
The media – platform that reinforces cultural
Cervix- lower part of uterus.
beliefs and projects strong views on how we should
look. Vagina – elastic passageway from the cervix to the
outside of the body.

Module 7 Sexual Aspect of Self Vulva – external genital organ of the female.
Consists the labia majora, mons pubis, clitoris,
For Freud all human behavior is motivated by the vestibules, and the vaginal opening.
desire to feel pleasure (sexuality and aggression)
Erogenous Zones – “hots pots” highly sensitive
Libido- internal psychic energy that drives sexuality parts of the body and the stimulation of which leads
and aggression to sexual responses ( relaxation, fantasies, arousal,
and orgasm)
During adolescence, boys and girls develop their
secondary sex characteristics along with other Sexual Response Cycle – a model that describes
physical changes they experience in this stage. the physiological responses that occur during
sexual activity. Created by William Masters and
Testosterone – takes place at the age of 12- 14
Virginia Johnson. Divided in four stages:
Estrogen – takes place at the age of 10-12
Phase 1 Excitement – Can last a few minutes to
Rapid growth and changes happen at 16-17(boys) several hours, includes muscle tension increase,
and 15-17(girls). heart rate quickens, breathing fast, skin is flushed,
nipples hardened, vaginal lubrication, etc
Physical changes in boys: Adams apple, growth
of height and weight, deep voice, wide shoulders, Phase 2 Plateau – Extends to the brink of orgasm
pubic hair, underarm and facial hair wtc. which includes changes in phase1 are intensified,
vagina continues to swell, clitoris became highly
Physical changes in girls: Increase in height and sensitive, testicles tighten, muscle tension,
weight, onset of menstruation, development of breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure all
breast and hips among other. increase.
Penis – primary male sex organ. Has long shaft
and an enlarged tip(Glans penis).
Phase 3 Orgasm – The climax of the sexual Chlamydia - caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
response cycle. The shortest and last only a few bacterium, which infects the urethra and cervix.
seconds. It includes Involuntary muscle
Gonorrhea – begins in the urethra or the cervix
contractions, muscle in feet spasm, muscles of the
can give rise to pelvic inflammatory disease.
vagina contract, ejaculation of semen, a sex flush
and forceful release of sexual tension. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease – disease of the
upper female reproductive tract.
Phase 4 Resolution – The body slowly returns to
its normal level of function. This phase is marked Genital Warts or Human Papillomavirus – can be
by a general sense of well being, enhanced spread through skin to skin touching during sex.
intimacy and often fatigue.
Genital Herpes – occurs around the vagina, the
Lust( Libido or sex drive) – characterized by the penis, the anus or on the buttocks and thighs.
desire for sexual gratification. Testosterone and Chronic lifelong condition.
estrogen.
Syphilis – small painless open sore or
Attraction – intense attention given to a desired ulcer(chancre) on the genitals, mouth skin or
partner. This stage is driven by ff hormones. rectum that heals by itself.
Adrenaline- “fight or flight” response. Methods of Birth Control
Dopamine – intense rush of pleasure when Intrauterine Contraception – small contraceptive
released. devices that are inserted into the uterus to prevent
pregnancy.
Serotonin – attributed to falling in love.
Attachment hormones: Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUD) –
a small T shaped device placed inside the uterus.
Oxytocin(cuddle hormone) – released during
Copper T intrauterine device(IUD) – shape of T.
orgasm, or when one is physical in touched with
another body. Can last up to 10 years and has lower rate of
failure.
Vasopressin (anti diuretic hormone) – released
Hormonal methods:
after sexual intercourse.
Implant – single, thin rod that is inserted under the
Masturbation – a sexual act of stimulating one’s
skin of a woman’s upper arm.
own genital done alone.
Injection or shot – shots of hormone progestin in
Premarital sex – sexual activities people engage
the buttocks or arm every three months.
outside of marriage.
Combined oral contraceptive – “pill” taken at the
Marital sex – sexual activities that happen within
the boundaries of marriage. same time each day. Contains estrogen and
progestin.
Extramarital sex- sexual activities that married
people engage with people they are not married to. Progestin only pill – “mini pill” taken at the same
time each day.
Heterosexuality – attraction of the opposite sex
Patch – skin patch worn on the lower abdomen
Homosexuality – attraction of the same sex
Hormonal vaginal contraceptive ring – releases
Sexually transmitted diseases – health conditions progestin and estrogen. Placed inside the vagina,
that are passed through sexual contact. can be worn for three weeks.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus – virus that Barrier methods
attacks the immune system
Diaphragm or cervical cap – placed inside the
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome- caused vagina to cover the cervix.
by HIV. Immune system is too weak to fight
infections.
Sponge – contains spermicide and is placed inside perspective viewed religion as the unconscious
the vagina where it fits over the cervix. minds need for wish fulfillment. Because people
need to feel secure and absolve themselves of their
Male condom – keeps sperm from getting out
own guilt they choose to believe in God, who
Female condom – Help keep sperms from getting represents a powerful father figure.
into her body.
Spermicides – kills sperms and come in several
2. Carl Jung – Freuds protégé, he believed life has
forms.
a purpose beyond material goals, and this
Permanent Methods: espouses the spiritual self. He understood our
spiritual needs as , “as real as hunger” and “fear of
Female Sterilization/Tubal ligation – fallopian death” as basic, as profound, as essential as these
tubes are tied or closed. other deep guides, or archetypal patterns, which
Male Sterilization/Vasectomy – cuts the supply of govern how we try to live.
sperm. Vas deferens are cut and sealed
Module 8 Material Aspect of Self 3. Kenneth Pargament – he theorizes that the
Material self – concept of being fixated on purpose of religion and spirituality is to cope with
acquiring material things as a way to identify life’s stresses. He called this religious faith as
oneself. (William James) “coping strategy”.

Material self includes body, clothes, immediate 4. Victor Frankl – captured by Nazis, his
family, home, and other things one considers to be experiences in the concentration camp gave him
his or her own. the insight to develop logotheraphy.

Material possessions – are objects of instinctive Logotheraphy (logos: meaning) – Frankl believe
preference that may be related with a person’s human are motivated by “will to meaning” which
most practical interests in life. equates to a desire to find meaning in life.

Credit card – changed consumer culture and its “Everything can be taken from a man but one thing:
role on how individuals, as consumers, function as the last of the human freedoms – to choose one’s
part of the process of production and consumption. attitude in any given set of circumstances.”

Need – something that a person must have in order Core Properties

to live. 1. Each person has a healthy core.
Want – something that a person’s desires to but 2. Ones primary focus is to enlighten others to
can live without. their own internal resources and provide the
tools to use their inner core.
Module 9 Spiritual Aspect of Self 3. Life offers purpose and meaning but does
not promise fulfillment or hapiness.
Spirituality – a way of life that seeks to connect
with a higher being with the true self, or with nature Finding meaning
or the universe.
1. By creating a work or doing a deed.
Religion – set of doctrines or beliefs espoused by 2. By experiencing something or encountering
a certain group. someone.
3. By the attitude that we take toward
Spirituality – goes beyond these doctrines or
unavoidable suffering.
beliefs and is more personal in nature.
Basic Assumptions
Different perspectives about Spirituality and
Religion 1. Body, Mind, and Spirit – human being consists
of a body(soma), mind(psyche), and spirit(noos).
1. Sigmund Freud – according to him religion is an
The spirit is what we are ou essence.
expression of distress. Freud’s psychoanalytic
2. Life has meaning in all circumstances – when 3. Utang Na Loob – filipinos feel obliged to retain
situations seem objectively terrible, there is a immediately or in the future any favor they receive
higher level of order that involves meaning from another person. Citizens often disregard the
impact of their votes to public interest when they
3. Humans have a will to meaning – meaning is
elect corrupt officials just because they feel
our primary motivation for living and acting and indebted to them.
allows us to endure pain and suffering.
4. Sense of over dependency – some
4. Freedom to find meaning – individuals have
constituents rely on elected officials for a “patron”
the freedom to access that will to find meaning.
politician for their personal and economic needs.
5. Meaning of the moment – for decisions to be This culture results in the election of incompetent
meaningful, individuals must respond to the officials whose means to stay in power are to
demands of daily life in ways that match values of provide temporary relief to impoverished Filipino
society or their own conscience. families.

6. Individuals are unique – every individuals is 5. Belief that majority of politicians for corrupt –
unique and irreplaceable. the term buwaya has been used to describe corrupt
politicians signifying their greed for money and
Benefits of Spirituality power. “Wala naming politikong hindi kurakot”public
1. Spiritual people are compassionate perception of politics is anchored as evil.
2. Spirit people flourish 6. Lack of political maturity – people elect
3. Spiritual people self actualize officials based on popularity and personality and
4. They take time to savor life’s experiences not on performance and platform.
Module 10: Political Aspect of Self Ideal citizen – a person who follow the laws,
According to Aristotle, man is a “political animal”. protects and takes care of the environment, and
Humans come together and form a political body, it contributes to the welfare of other people.
is intended for the attainment of good life. “polis” is Article XIV, Section 3, Paragraph 2 of the
the highest and most desirable form of organized Philippine Constitution identifies the qualities
society. He believed humans are interconnected expected of citizens to posses.
and must work together.
Governance – is defined as the traditions and
Political culture – is the pattern of individual institutions that determine how authority is
attitudes and orientation towards politics among exercised in particular country.
members of a political system. Includes beliefs,
feelings, group accepted pratices, language, and Good governance – In 1944 Prime minister John
paraphernalia. Mayor created a committee on standards in public
life to outline proper behavior by public servants.
Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture
Nolan principles – named after committee’s first
1. Dominance of family ties or kinship system – chairman Lord Michael Nolan. This aims to
where blood relations is given utmost importance, it eliminate corruption in the government.
does not matter even if a political candidate is
inefficient, immoral, or corrupt. As long as he or she Seven Nolan Principles – Selflessness, objectivity,
is part of a political dynasty found trustworthy by a integrity, honesty, accountability, openness, and
community, he/she would be considered leadership.
trustworthy.
Selflessness – caring for what the people need
2. Euphemism – officials and employees in lower and want
positions are not straightforward in criticizing
Objectivity – being neutral and free from biases in
officials of higher rank. They use “parinig” or making decisions. The law must be applied as it is.
“patutsada”, they put more importance to their
relationship with the officials. Honesty – telling the truth, hiding nothing and
being transparent.
Accountability – being liable and responsible for Euphemistic – not being frank and straightforward
one’s action. so as not to offend or hurt other.
Openness – being transparent with whatever Filipino Time – Lack of punctuality
information one handles.
Manana Habit – from mamaya na means stalling
Leadership – being able to lead the way for on doing tasks instead of doing them immediately
development that would benefit all.
Ningas Kugon – being enthusiastic only at the
Filipino values – inherent traits that make Filipinos beginning of an endeavor.
different from other nationalities.
Lack of Sportsmanship – Filipino attitude where
Positive Filipino Values they cannot accept defeat.
Bayanihan – a practice of the spirit of kinship and Tsamba lang Attitude – refusal to take credit for
camaraderie. one’s own accomplishments.
Damayan – Filipinos always extend sympathy for Module 11 Digital Aspect of Self
people especially for those who lost their loved one.
Digital self – a version of yourself that is projected
Familism or Close family ties – Filipinos are online.
known to prioritize the welfare of family members
above other things. Online self – often more impressive, expressive,
and more positive than your real self.
Optimism – Attitude of looking at all ways to be
Six Degrees – what many people consider to be
happy and maintain a positive outlook.
the first modern social media site.
Hospitality – Filipinos are identified to be warm,
LiveJournal – one of the first mainstream blogging
friendly, generous, and accommodating to other
formats.
people.
Cyberbullying – a type of harassment done online.
Flexibility – Ability to adapt or conform the
expectations or will of other people to achieve Trolling – deliberately inciting quarrels or chaos in
smooth and harmonious relations. online communities.
Respect for Elders – show courtesy towards the Spreading of Fake News- Sharing or propagating
elderly at all times. news articles or videos that are not based on facts,
either deliberately or not.
Remedyo Culture – Filipinos are known for being
creative and resourceful. Module 12 BECOMING A BETTER STUDENT
Matiyaga – Filipinos are known for their grit and Learning – acquisition of knowledge or skills
strong determination in every undertaking. through experience, study, or by being taught.
Utang na Loob – feeling of gratitude, recognition of Characteristics of learning
one’s indeptness
1. Learning is purposeful
Negative Filipino Culture 2. Learning is a result of experience
3. Learning is Multifaceted
Bahala na Attitude – Leaving to fate and luck the
4. Learning is an active process
outcome of a certain undertaking
What happens during learning
Colonial Mentality – giving high regard to foreign
products and treating local as inferior and low in Brain changes: Synaptic
quality. transmission(Neurotransmission), Neural
Network(Connection)
Crab Mentality – attitude born out of jealousy and
insecurity characterized by an attempt to pull down Parts of the Neuron:
those who are ahead in life.
Dendrites – receives signals from other cell
Cell body – organizes and keeps the cell functional Short term goals – achieved quickly
Cell membrane – protects the cell Long term goals - takes a long time to achieve
Axon hillock – generate impulse in the neuron Albert Bandura’s Theory of self Efficacy – in
order to succeed, people need a sense of self-
Node of Ranvier – Allow diffusion of ions
efficacy, to struggle to together with resilience to
Schwann cell – produces the myelin sheath meet the inevitable obstacles and inequities of life.

Nucleus – controls the entire neuron Self efficacy – refers to one’s belief on one’s ability
to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a
Axon – transfers signals to the other cells and task.
organs
Ways to Strengthen Self efficacy
Myelin sheath – increases the speed of the signal
Mastery experiences – first hand or direct
Axon terminal – forms junctions with other cells experiences that a person acquires.
Behavioral Changes - Learning has been defined Vicarious experiences – emanate from observing
as a permanent change in behavior as a result of a people, especially those that one regards as his or
experience her role models.
Barry Zimmerman – emphasized that self Verbal Persuasion – encouragement and
regulation is not a mental ability or skill but a self discouragement pertaining to an individuals
directive process whereby learners transform their performance or ability to perform.
mental abilities into skills.
Affective State – current physical and mental
Effective Learner: health condition develops self efficacy
1. Planning and setting goals Emotional and Physiological states – refer to the
2. Using strategies and monitoring emotional and physiological conditions that the
performances, and person is in.
3. Reflecting on one’s own performance and
adapting strategies to achieve goal. Mindset – the established set of attitudes held by
someone.
Good Study Habits
Carol Dweck’s Growth mindset theory
• Get organized
• Prepare your review materials Fixed mindset – believe that personality,
• Ask help intelligence, abilities, and so on are unchangeable.
• Test yourself or ask someone to test you Growth mindset - believe that personality,
• Allot time to take a break and eliminate intelligence, abilities, and so on can change or
stress improve over time.
• Create or join a study group
• Teach what have you learned Edwin Locke’s Goal Setting Theory – he
stressed that setting a goal provides a significant
• Study to understand, not remember
source of motivation which, in turn, improves
Meaningful Learning – both relevant to student’s people’s performance.
life and aims to achieve deep understanding
Locke’s goal setting theory:
through active and constructivist learning.
1. Mastery goals
Module 13 Setting Goals for Success
2. Performance goals
Goal – the desired outcome anticipated by a
person or organization
Goal setting – establishes a standard or objective
to serve as a target of one’s actions.
Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance Stress – the reaction of our psychological and
by Locke and Latham – importance of setting physiological self to any kind of demand or threat.
specific and difficult goals. It concluded that there
Eustress – beneficial stress
were five fundamental principles:
Distress – known as bad stress
Clarity – when a goal is clear and specific, with a
definite time set for completion. Stressor – any event that compels a person to
adjust or change.
Challenge – people are often motivated by
achievement, and they’ll judge a goal based on the Common Stressors:
significance of the anticipated accomplishment.
1. Catastrophic events in life – Traumas,
Complexity – for goals that are highly complex, abuse, unforeseen events etc.
take special care to ensure that the work doesn’t 2. Life changes and strains - new adjustments
become too overwhelming. 3. Chronic problems – problem that exists for a
long time ex: illness
Commitment and Feedback – goals must be
4. Everyday hassles – irritations, traffic bad
understood and agreed upon if they are to be
day etc.
effective. Feedback provides opportunities to clarify
expectations, adjust goal difficulty, and gain Stress tolerance – refers to the ability of an
recognition. individual to endure stress.
Julian Rotter’s Expectancy theory - he Being unable to manage stress can lead to
described that people have two types of addiction(of any kind) or undesirable behaviors
personalities
Coping with stress:
Locus of control – the degree to which people
expect events to be controlled by their internal Problem focused - you attempt to eliminate the
efforts or by external forces. source of stress. Ex: confrontation

Internal efforts – you control the consequences of Emotional focused – aimed at controlling the
your behavior. negative emotional consequences of stressors. Ex:
distancing, self control
External efforts – The consequences of your
behavior are outside your control. Self-care – refers to all activities that a person
does to maintain and improve her well being
Succes – having achieved and accomplish an aim
or objective. Benefits of Self care

King(2204) categorized success into mental, 1. Enhanced productivity

spiritual, personal, career, financial, social, and 2. Improved vitality
family success. 3. Enhanced self esteem
4. Increased self-knowledge
Module 14 Taking Charge of One’s Health 5. Mindfulness and compassion
Physical domain- coordination, strength, and well Self-compassion – showing compassion towards
being self. Being open to and moved by one’s own
suffering.
Intellectual domain – alertness, analytical
functioning, memory, logic, and communication Components of self-compassion
Emotional domain – creativity, mood, awareness, 1. Self-kindness
and perception. 2. Common humanity – accept imperfections
3. Mindfulness
Personal health responsibility – involves active
participation in one’s own health and healing
through education and lifestyle change.