Phase:

The Islamic
Sciences Of The
Quran
Phase:

CHAPTER 1:
ULOOM AL-QURAN
Phase:

– Uloom is the plural of ilm which means knowledge or science

– Al-Quran is the proper name for the final revelation of Allah sent for the
Definition, guidance of mankind

Subject – ‫ – ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮآن‬sciences of the Quran

– This field of knowledge includes discussions about:
Matter, & – Revelation
Purpose – Preservation
– Compilation
– Order and arrangement
– Causes of revelation
– Makki vs. Madani verses
– Abrogation
– Miraculous nature of the Qur’an

– Purpose: Understand the final revelation of Allah properly in the

light of how the Prophet Muhammad(saw), his companions,and
their students understood it.
Phase:

CHAPTER 2:
AL-QURAN
Phase:

The Prophet SAW said:

‫ﱠ‬ َ ْ ُ 5 ََ ْ َ ْ َE َ ْ5 ُ ْ َ E َ ُ ْ 2 ََْ َ ُ E ُ َ ْ 2 َ ْ َ َ َُ َ َ ْ 2 5ْ َ َ 5 َ 2ََ + ُ َ

‫ﺎ[ر‬0‫ﻪ ِﻣﻦ ﺟ‬W‫ﺲ ِ@ﺎﻟﻬﺰِل ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮ‬O‫ﻢ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻟ‬:‫ﻨ‬G‫ﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺑ‬D‫ﻢ وﺣ‬4‫ﻢ وﺧ?> ﻣﺎ @ﻌﺪ‬:‫ﻠ‬0‫ﺎن ﻗ‬4 ‫ﺄ ﻣﺎ‬0‫ِﻪ ﻧ‬-‫* ِﻓ‬ ِ ‫ِﻛﺘﺎب ا‬
The ُ َ ‫ َ ُ َ ُ َ ﱢ‬E ُ E ‫ َ _ُ َ ُ َ ﱢ‬E + ُ ْ َ َ ُ َ ُ + ُ + َ 5 ْ َ _ َ ُ E َ_ َ ْ َ َ ُ + ُ َ َ َ
‫اط‬m‫ﻢ وﻫﻮ اﻟ‬-‫ وﻫﻮ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﺤِﻜ‬hd‫* اﻟﻤِﺘ‬ ِ ‫ﻞ ا‬0‫ ]>ِە أﺿﻠﻪ ا* وﻫﻮ ﺣ‬d ‫ ﻏ‬ab ِ ‫ﻗﺼﻤﻪ ا* وﻣ]ﻦ اﺑﺘ^ اﻟﻬﺪى‬
Prophet’s َ َ ‫ „ْ َ ﱠ ﱢ‬5 5 َ ُ 5 ْ َ َ َ ُ َ 5 ُ E ُ ْ ُ َ ْ َ َ َ ُ َ E َ ُ َEَ َ َ ُ َ ْ َ ُ َ َ
‫ ﻛ>ِة اﻟﺮد وﻻ‬ƒ‫ﺲ ِ@ِﻪ اﻷﻟِﺴﻨﺔ وﻻ {ﺸﺒﻊ ِﻣﻨﻪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء وﻻ •ﺨﻠﻖ ﻋ‬yِ‫ـ ـﻎ ِ@ِﻪ اﻷﻫﻮاء وﻻ ﺗﻠﺘ‬ts]‫ﻢ ﻫﻮ اﻟِﺬي ﻻ ﺗ‬-‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘِﻘ‬
+ َ ُ ُ َ ْ ُE

Description ‫ ﱡ ْ َ َﱠ‬5 ْ َ ً َ َ ً ُْ َْ َ ‫ﱠ‬ 2 َ ‫ ﱡ ْ َ َ ْ ُ َ •ﱠ‬E َ ْ َ ْ 5 + َ ُ ُ ُ َ َ _ ََْ

‫ﺎ * ﻳﻬِﺪي ِإ– اﻟﺮﺷِﺪ ﻓ˜ﻣﻨﺎ‬0‫ﺘِﻪ اﻟِﺠﻦ ِإذ ﺳِﻤﻌﺘﻪ ﺣ• ﻗﺎﻟﻮا )ِإﻧﺎ ﺳِﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻗﺮآﻧﺎ ﻋﺠ‬Š‫ﻪ ﻫﻮ اﻟِﺬي ﻟﻢ ﺗ‬0‫‡ ﻋﺠﺎِﺋ‬ b ِ ‫ﺗﻨﻘ‬
َ ْ ُ َ 5 َ ُ ْ5 َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ َ 5 َ ْ َ َ َ 2 َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ
‫ٍﻢ‬-‫اٍط ﻣﺴﺘِﻘ‬œِ –‫ِﻪ ﻫِﺪي ِإ‬-‫ﻢ ِ@ِﻪ ﻋﺪل وﻣﻦ دﻋﺎ ِإﻟ‬D‫ِ@ِﻪ ( ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎل ِ@ِﻪ ﺻﺪق وﻣﻦ ﻋِﻤﻞ ِ@ِﻪ أِﺟﺮ وﻣﻦ ﺣ‬

Allah's book. In it is news for what happened before you, and information about what comes after you,
and judgement for what happens between you. It is the Criterion (between right and wrong) without jest.
Whoever among the oppressive abandons it, Allah crushes him, and whoever seeks guidance from
other than it, then Allah leaves him to stray. It is the firm rope of Allah, it is the wise remembrance, it is
the straight path, and it is the one that the desires can not distort, nor can the tongues twist it, nor can
the scholars ever have enough of it, and it shall not become dull from reciting it much, and the
amazement of it does not diminish. It is the one that when the Jinns hear it, they did not hesitate to say
about it: 'Verily, we have heard a wonderful Recitation (this Qur'an)! 'It guides to the Right Path, and we
have believed therein.' Whoever speaks according to it then he has said the truth, and whoever acts
according to it he is rewarded, and whoever judges by it he has judged justly, and whoever invites to it
then he guides to the straight path.
Phase:
.َ َ
– Derived from the root word ‫ﻗﺮأ‬, which means to read or recite
– ‫ ﻗﺮآن‬literally means the reading, the recitation, or that which is read or
recited.
Linguistic – It is a book that is recited by Muslims throughout the world and will
continue to be recited until the end of times.
Definition
Phase:

– 6-part defintion: The (1) miraculous Arabic (2) speech of Allah that (3) He
revealed to Muhammad (4) through the Angel Jibril, which has been (5)
preserved in the masahif (written copies of the Quran) and has (6) reached us
by mutawaatir transmission.
Technical – 1st part: miraculous Arabic
– Part of the miracle of the Quran is that no one can produce anything similar to it
Defintion – All translations of the text are excluded from this defnition

– 2nd part: speech of Allah

– Excludes the speech of any other creation (like the Prophet)

– 3rd part: He revealed to Muhammad

– Excludes revelation sent to previous prophets

– 4th part: through Angel Jibril

– Limits the Quran to the revelation that the Prophet received through Jibril

– 5th part: preserved in the masahif

– Refers to the copies of the Quran that were written during the time of Uthman

– 6th part: mutawaatir transmission

– So many people transmitted it that it is impossible for the Quran to be a lie
Phase:

َ‫ََﱢ‬ ‫ ﱠ‬C ً ُ ُ ُْ< َ 4 / َ َ ََ ُ ْ َ

‫ﻨﺎٍت‬JI‫س و‬
7 ‫ِﻪ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻫﺪى ﻟﻠﻨﺎ‬:‫ﺰل ِﻓ‬7‫ﺷﻬﺮ رﻣﻀﺎن اﻟِﺬي أﻧ‬
The
َ ْ ُ< َ ٰ َ ُ< َ ‫ﱢ‬
Purpose of ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﺪى واﻟﻔﺮﻗﺎِن‬
the Quran
It was in the month of Ramadan that the Quran was
revealed as guidance for mankind, clear messages giving
guidance and distinguishing between right and wrong.

Surah Baqarah, Ayah 185

Phase:

CHAPTER 3: WAHY
Phase:

– Linguistic definition: revelation or inspiration

– Technical definition: the speech of Allah revealed to one of His Prophets or
Messengers

Definition & – Allah says in Surah Shura, Ayah 51:

' '
‫َﺸﺎُء ۚ إﱠﻧُﻪ َﻋ ﱞ‬Tَ ‫ْذِﻧِﻪ َﻣﺎ‬Q‫ ﺑ‬Nَ ِ ‫ إﱠﻻ َوْﺣً?ﺎ أْو ِﻣْﻦ َوَراِء ِﺣَﺠﺎب أْو ُﻳْﺮِﺳَﻞ َرُﺳﻮًﻻ َﻓُﻴﻮ‬9ُ : ‫ﻠَﻤُﻪ ا‬53'1ُ ‫ 'أْن‬,َ- +َ‫َوَﻣﺎ '&ﺎَن ﻟ‬
Types ‫ َﺣِﻜ?ٌﻢ‬XOِ ِ ِِ O ٍ ِ . ِ
It is not ˹possible˺ for a human being to have Allah communicate with them, except through
inspiration, or from behind a veil, or by sending a messenger-angel to reveal whatever He
wills by His permission. He is surely Most High, All-Wise.
– 3 types of wahy are understood from this verse:
– Inspiration directed into the prophet’s heart
– No one is seen and no voice is heard, but the message is placed directly into the heart of
the prophet. This can happen while the prophet is awake or asleep.
– Direct speech of Allah from behind a veil
– Allah is not seen, but His voice is heard. This voice does not resemble the voice of any
creation of Allah.
– Inspiration through an angel
– Angel Jibril conveys the message through voice only, comes in the form of a human, or
comes in his original form.
Phase:

– The Prophet received revelation in 6 ways:

– True dreams
– The Prophet would see certain dreams and whatever he saw would come true

How Wahy – The ringing of bells

– The Prophet would sometimes hear a sound similar to the ringing of a bell. It was

Came to the continuous and would come from all directions.

– Some scholars mention the sound was the voice of the angel or the sound of its
wings fluttering
Prophet – This form was the most difficult upon the Prophet
– Angel coming in the form of a human
– Angel Jibril would often take the shape of Dihya al-Kalbi, one of the companions of
the Prophet.
– Sometimes, he would come in the form of a stranger.
– Angel coming in its original form
– The Prophet described him as having 600 wings and that he would fill the space
between the heavens and the earth.
– This form was rare and only occurred a few times
– Direct speech from Allah
– Allah spoke to the Prophet behind a veil during the Israa and Miraj journey
– Inspiration directed to the heart
– Jibril would inspire something in the Prophet’s heart without appearing in front of
him.
– The Prophet said: Jibril inspired in my heart that none of you will leave this world
until his sustenance has been made complete
Phase:

– The Quran was written in the Preserved Tablet (‫)ﻟ"ح ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ‬. Then,
it was sent down in 2 stages:
– Stage 1: Revelation of the entire Quran
Stages of – First, the Quran was revealed from the Preserved Tablet to a place in
the lower heavens known as the House of Honor (‫)ﺑ]ﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮر‬. It is the
Revelation place of worship of the angels located directly above the Kaabah.
– This took place during Ramadan on ‫ﻟ?ﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺪر‬
– Stage 2: Gradual revelation of the Quran
– This took place over a period of 23 years
– The Quran was revealed in response to specific circumstances,
incidents, events, and questions.
– This started in Ramadan on ‫ ﻟ?ﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺪر‬when Jibril came to the Prophet
at the cave of Hira.
Phase:

– First revelation: the first 5 verses from Surah al-Alaq

3 ُ َ ' َ ْ َ ‫ْ َ' َ َ ﱡ‬ 8َ ْ َ َ ْ ْ َ 8 َ َ 8 َ 3 َ ‫ْ َ' ْ َ ﱢ‬
‫ﺮم اﻟِﺬي‬E ‫ﻚ اﻷ‬/‫ﻚ اﻟِﺬي ﺧﻠﻖ ﺧﻠﻖ ا ِﻹ;ﺴﺎن ِﻣﻦ ﻋﻠٍﻖ اﻗﺮأ ور‬/‫اﻗﺮأ ِ)ﺎﺳِﻢ ر‬
First & Last ْ‫ﻠﻢ‬8‫ْﻌ‬Iَ ‫ﻟْﻢ‬8 ‫ﻠَﻢ اْﻹْ;َﺴﺎَن َﻣﺎ‬3‫ﻠﻢ َﻋ‬8‫ﻠَﻢ )ﺎ'ﻟَﻘ‬3‫َﻋ‬
ِ ِ ِ
Revelation Read: In the Name of your Lord who created. Created man from a clot. Read:
And your Lord is the Most Generous. He who taught by the pen. Taught man
what he never knew.
– After this, there was a break in divine revelation for a certain period of
time (4 1
5 ‫ة اﻟﻮ‬0‫)ﻓ‬.
– Last revelation: verse 281 from Surah al-Baqarah
َ ُ9 R ُ َ ْ ُ َ ْ َ َ 9 َ ْ َ ‫ ﱡ‬C ٰ ‫ ; ُ ﱠ ُ َ @ﱠ‬9 َ ُ َ ُْ ً َْ ُ‫َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻈﻠﻤﻮن‬P ‫ﺖ وﻫﻢ ﻻ‬L‫ﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺴ‬ I ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ B ? ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ۖ :
ِ ‫ا‬ 8‫إ‬ِ ِ ِ ‫واﺗﻘﻮا ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﻌﻮ‬
‫ﻪ‬ 5 ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ن‬

Beware of a Day when you will be returned to God: every soul will be paid in full
for what it has earned, and no one will be wronged.
Phase:

CHAPTER 4:
PRESERVATION &
COMPILATION
Phase:

– Allah says in Surah Hijr, Ayah 9:

َ ; َ 7 ُ 7 ‫ َ َ ﱠ‬. ‫َ ﱢ‬.‫ﱠ َ ْ ُ َﱠ‬
‫ﻧﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻟﺤﺎِﻓﻈﻮن‬6ِ‫ِإﻧﺎ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ و‬
Allah’s
Promise Indeed, We revealed the Message, and indeed, We will preserve it.

– Allah promised to protect the Quran from any distortions,

discrepancies, and additions or deletions.
– The words of the Quran today are the exact same words that were
revealed to the Prophet
– The preservation and compilation of the Quran passed through 3
stages:
– The era of the Prophet SAW
– The era of Abu Bakr
– The era of Uthman
Phase:

– The Quran was primarily preserved in 2 ways:

– Orally through memorization
– Writing
– Oral preservation
The Era of – Reading and writing were not common for the Arabs, but they were extremely
eloquent and creative when it came to speech and poetry.
the Prophet – Because books were uncommon and reading and writing was scarce, they
were dependent on their memories for preservation.
– An average person would have thousands of poetry memorized
– The Prophet was the first to memorize the verses
– Allah said to the Prophet in Surat Al-Qiyamah, ayah 16-17:

ُ ‫ﺳﺎﻧََك ِﻟﺗ َْﻌَﺟَل ِﺑِﮫ ِإﱠن َﻋَﻠْﯾﻧَﺎ َﺟْﻣﻌَﮫ ُ َوﻗ ُْرآﻧَﮫ‬

َ ‫َﻻ ﺗ َُﺣِّرْك ِﺑِﮫ ِﻟ‬
Do not move your tongue with haste to recite it.
It is for Us to collect it and give you the ability to recite it

– The Prophet encouraged the companions to memorize and teach the Quran

َ ‫ﺳﻠﱠَم َﻗﺎَل َﺧْﯾُرﻛُْم َﻣْن ﺗ َﻌَﻠﱠَم اْﻟﻘ ُْرآَن َو‬

ُ‫ﻋﻠﱠَﻣﮫ‬ َ ُR‫ﺻﻠﱠﻰ اﱠ‬
َ ‫ﻋﻠَْﯾِﮫ َو‬ َ ُ ‫ﻋْﻧﮫ‬
ّ ‫ﻋْن اﻟﻧﱠِﺑ‬
َ ِ‫ﻲ‬ َ ُR‫ﻲ اﱠ‬ ِ ‫ﻋْن ﻋُﺛَْﻣﺎَن َر‬
َ ‫ﺿ‬ َ
Uthman bin Affan reported: The Prophet said, “The best of you are those who learn
the Quran and teach it.”
Phase:

– Written preservation
– The entire Quran was recorded before the Prophet passed away, but not
compiled into a single book.
– When the Prophet received revelation, he would command one of his
The Era of scribes to write it down and where to place the verse.

the Prophet – The appointed scribes of the Prophet:

– Ubayy bin Kaab
– Muath bin Jabal
– Zaid bin Thabit
– Abu Zaid
– The scribes would write down verses on whatever they could find.
– Date palm branches, stone slabs, leather scraps, leaves, etc.
– Many of the companions had their own personal copies of the Quran that
they wrote themselves.
Phase:

– Uthman RA reports that it was the blessed practice of the Prophet

Muhammad SAW that soon after the revelation of a certain portion of
the Quran, he would pointedly instruct the scribe to write it in a specific
surah after a specific verse.
The Era of – Zaid bin Thabit: “I used to write down the words of revelation for the
the Prophet Prophet Muhammad SAW. When revelation came to him, he would feel
intense heat and drops of perspiration would start rolling down his body
like pearls. When this state would cease, I would present him a
shoulder-bone or a piece of cloth and begin to write what he would
dictate to me... When I was finished he would say: “Read”. I would read
it back to him. If there was a shortcoming he would rectify it.”
Phase:

– The entire Quran was compiled into a single book during the time of
Abu Bakr.
– During the battle of Yamamah, over 70 companions who memorized
The Era of the Quran were martyred. This concerned the Muslims because they
feared that some of the knowledge of the Quran would be lost if this
Abu Bakr continued.
– Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile the Quran into one book. He
hesitated at first, then eventually gave the task of compiling the Quran
to Zaid bin Thabit.
Phase:

ُ‫ﻟَﺨﱠﻄﺎب ﻋْﻨَﺪە‬Q‫َﻤﺎَﻣﺔ َﻓﺈَذا ُﻋَﻤُﺮ ْﺑُﻦ ا‬Vَ‫ﻟ‬Q‫أْﻫﻞ ا‬. ‫ﺮ َﻣْﻘَﺘَﻞ‬PQ?َ ‫أُﺑﻮ‬. N‫ ﱠ‬. ‫أْرَﺳَﻞ إ‬. ‫ ﻋﻨﻪ ـ َﻗﺎَل‬G EF‫َﺪ ْﺑَﻦ َﺛﺎ?ﺖ ـ ر‬8‫أﱠن َ ْز‬.
ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ R ِ ٍ ِ
The Era of َi ْ . ‫ﱢ‬F َ ْ ُ Q ‫ َ َ َ ُ ﱠ‬Q َ ْ َ ‫ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ ﱠ‬Q ‫ َ َ َ ﱠ‬F َ . َ َ ُ ‫ﱠ‬ F Q َ ُ. َ َ
h‫` أﺧ‬5 eِ‫ﻤﺎﻣِﺔ ِ?ﻘﺮاِء اﻟﻘﺮآِن و‬V‫` ﻓﻘﺎل ِإن اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻗِﺪ اﺳﺘﺤﺮ ﻳﻮم اﻟ‬5 ِ ‫ ﻋﻨﻪ ـ ِإن ﻋﻤﺮ أﺗﺎ‬G E‫ﺮ ـ ر‬RP? ‫ﻗﺎل أﺑﻮ‬
ُ Qُ ُ Q ْ َ َ ُ Q َ ْ . َ . ‫ﱢ‬F َ ْ ُ Q َ ٌ . َ َ ْ َ َ Q ‫ُﱠ‬Q ُ َْQ ‫ ْ َ ْ َ ﱠ‬.
Abu Bakr: َ‫ﺖ ِﻟُﻌَﻤﺮ‬ ْ َ َ
‫ ﻗﻠ‬.‫ﻊ اﻟﻘﺮآِن‬m‫` أرى أن ﺗﺄﻣﺮ ِ?ﺠﻤ‬5 eِ‫ ِﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآِن و‬0r‫ﺬﻫﺐ ﻛِﺜ‬V‫ﻦ ﻓ‬m‫ﺴﺘِﺤﺮ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ِ?ﺎﻟﻘﺮاِء ِ?ﺎﻟﻤﻮاِﻃ‬j ‫أن‬
ُ .َ َ ƒ َ َ َ َُ ُ َ َ ƒ ُ ُ َ ُ Qَ َْ ْ. ًْ َ ُ َ َْ َ ْ.
‫ ﻓﻠْﻢ َﻳَﺰْل ﻋَﻤُﺮ‬.0ٌ ْr ‫‚ ﺧ‬
ِ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺬ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻪ‬ V‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ G … ‫ﺻ‬ ‚ِ ‫ﻒ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺷ}ﺌﺎ ﻟﻢ •ﻔﻌﻠﻪ رﺳﻮل ا‬V‫ﻛ‬
ٌ‫ﺮ إﱠﻧَﻚ َرُﺟﻞ‬PQ?َ ‫أُﺑﻮ‬. ‫ٌﺪ َﻗﺎَل‬8‫ َﻗﺎَل َ ْز‬.‫رأى ُﻋَﻤُﺮ‬. َ ‫ﻟﺬي‬ƒ‫ َذﻟَﻚ ا‬ŽF ‫ﺖ‬ ُ ْ.َ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ ƒ َ َ َ i ‫ﱠ‬1 َ F ُ َ ُ
Presenting ِ R
ُ ْ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُQ ‫َََﱠ‬
ِ
ƒ
ِ 5ِ •‫أ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ِ ِ m ‫ح ا‚ ﺻ‬Š ˆ‫ˆ ﺣ‬5 ِ ‫ﻳﺮاِﺟﻌ‬
‫ﺬ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺪ‬
Q ُ ُQ َ َ ْ“ َْ َ َ ُ ‫َ ﱞ َ ٌ َ َﱠ‬
ُ َ َ ْ َ
the Task to ‫ﻊ اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓﺎﺟﻤﻌﻪ‬m‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ﻓﺘ”ﺒ‬V‫ ﻋﻠ‬G …‫‚ ﺻ‬ ِ ‫ ِﻟﺮﺳﻮِل ا‬4‫ﺘﺐ اﻟﻮ‬P‫ﺷﺎب ﻋﺎِﻗﻞ ﻻ ﻧﺘِﻬﻤﻚ وﻗﺪ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗ‬

Zaid bin That Zaid ibn Thabit who was one of those who used to write the Divine Revelation said: Abu
Bakr sent for me after the (heavy) casualties among the warriors of the battle of Yamama. Umar
Thabit was present with Abu Bakr who said, “Umar has come to me and said, ‘The people have suffered
heavy casualties on the day of Yamama, and I am afraid that there will be more casualties
among the Qurra' at other battle-fields, whereby a large part of the Qur'an may be lost, unless
you collect it. And I am of the opinion that you should collect the Qur'an.’ Abu Bakr added, ‘I said
to Umar, 'How can I do something which Allah's Apostle has not done?’ Umar said, “By Allah, it is
(really) a good thing.’ So, Umar kept on pressing, trying to persuade me to accept his proposal,
till Allah opened my chest for it and I had the same opinion as Umar. Abu Bakr said (to Zaid),
"You are a wise young man and we do not suspect you (of telling lies or of forgetfulness) and you
used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Messenger. Therefore, look for the Qur'an and
collect it (in one manuscript)."
Phase:

َ “َ َْ َ ْ . ُ Qُ ْ ُ ; ْ َ ْ 1 َ َ * ‫َ ; َ َ * َ *ْ َ َ َ* ﱠ ﱠ‬ َ َ َ َْ 1 ُ&* ْ* & َ َ
‫ﻒ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮن‬V‫ﻊ اﻟﻘﺮآِن ﻗﻠﺖ ﻛ‬H‫ ِﻣﻦ ﺟﻤ‬02 ِ ‫ ِﻣﻤﺎ أﻣﺮ‬C‫ﺎن أﺛﻘﻞ ﻋ‬, ‫ﺎِل ﻣﺎ‬7‫ٍﻞ ِﻣﻦ اﻟِﺠ‬7‫ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺟ‬02 ِ ‫ﻠﻔﻮ‬, ‫ ﻟﻮ‬% ِ ‫ﻓﻮا‬
.
The Era of َ‫ح‬Š َ َi ˆ‫ﱠ‬1 ‫ˆ َﺣ‬Fِ‫ﺮ ُﻳَﺮاِﺟُﻌ‬PQ?َ ‫ﻠْﻢ َﻳَﺰْل أُﺑﻮ‬.‫ َﻓ‬0ٌ ْr ‫‚ َﺧ‬
5 R
ƒ َ َ ُ َ َ
ِ ‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ﻗﺎل ﻫﻮ وا‬V‫ ﻋﻠ‬G …‫‚ ﺻ‬
ƒ ُ ُ َ ُ Qَ َْ ْ. ًْ َ
ِ ‫ﺷ}ﺌﺎ ﻟﻢ •ﻔﻌﻠﻪ رﺳﻮل ا‬
Q . َ ُQ ُ َََ ُ Q . ْ ُ . َ َi ƒ ْ ُƒ
Abu Bakr: ُ
‫ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ـ ﻓﺘ”ﱠ—ْﻌﺖ اﻟﻘْﺮآن أْﺟَﻤُﻌﻪ ِﻣَﻦ اﻟُﻌُﺴِﺐ‬G EF‫ﺮ َوﻋَﻤَﺮ ـ ر‬RP?َ `5 –ِ ‫َح ﻟﻪ َﺻﺪَر أ‬Š ‫ري ِﻟﻠِﺬي‬m‫‚ َﺻﺪ‬ ‫ا‬
. َ َ َ ْ . ْ . ‫ ُ َ ْ َ َ َْ َ ﱢ‬. َ َ َ ْ ‫َ ُ َ ﱠ‬ ُ ْ ُ َ ˜
‫ري ﻟﻢ أِﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ أﺣٍﺪ‬m‫ﻤﺔ اﻷﻧﺼﺎ‬8•‫` ﺧ‬5 –ِ ‫ِﺔ ﻣﻊ أ‬œ›‫ﱠˆ َوَﺟﺪت آِﺧﺮ ﺳﻮرِة اﻟﺘ‬1 ‫ر اﻟﱢﺮَﺟﺎِل َﺣ‬m‫َواﻟﻠﺨﺎِف َوُﺻﺪو‬
َ
Q َ . َْ ُ ُ ‫ﱡ‬ َ . َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ‫ﱠ‬1 َ ْ ‫ ْ َ َ ﱡ‬. َ ٌ َ ْ “ ُ ْ . ْ ٌ ُ َ ْ “ َ َ ْ َ . ُ َ ْ َ
Presenting ‫ﺮ‬RP? `5 –ِ ‫ِﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻋِﻨﺘﻢ{ ﺣˆ ﺧﺎِﺗﻤِﺔ ﺑﺮاءة ﻓ¦ﺎﻧِﺖ اﻟﺼﺤﻒ ِﻋﻨﺪ أ‬V‫ﺰ ﻋﻠ‬8•m‫ﻢ ﻋ‬£‫ﻢ رﺳﻮل ِﻣﻦ أﻧﻔِﺴ‬¢‫ە }ﻟﻘﺪ ﺟﺎء‬0r‫ﻏ‬
ُ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ ‫ ُ ُ ﱠ ْ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ ُ ُ ﱠ‬ƒ ُ ‫ﱠ َ َ ﱠ‬1 َ
F َ َ
the Task to ‫ ﻋﻨﻪ‬G E‫ﺎﺗﻪ ﺛﻢ ِﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻔﺼﺔ ِﺑ§ِﺖ ﻋﻤﺮ ـ ر‬V‫ﺣˆ ﺗﻮﻓﺎە ا‚ ﺛﻢ ِﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺣ‬

Zaid bin Zaid said: By Allah, if he (Abu Bakr) had ordered me to shift one of the mountains it would not have been
harder for me than what he had ordered me concerning the collection of the Qur'an. I said to both of
Thabit them, "How dare you do a thing which the Prophet has not done?" Abu Bakr said, "By Allah, it is (really)
a good thing. So, I kept on arguing with him about it till Allah opened my chest for that which He had
opened the chests of Abu Bakr and Umar. So, I started locating Qur'anic material and collecting it from
parchments, scapula, leaf-stalks of date palms and from the memories of men (who knew it by heart). I
found with Abi Khuzayma two Verses of Surat-at-Tauba which I had not found with anybody else, (and
they were): "Verily there has come to you a messenger from amongst yourselves. It grieves him that you
should receive any injury or difficulty. He is ardently anxious over you (to be rightly guided)" The
manuscript on which the Qur'an was collected, remained with Abu Bakr till Allah took him unto Him, and
then with `Umar till Allah took him unto Him, and finally it remained with Hafsa,`Umar's daughter.
Phase:

– Zaid’s qualifications:
– His youth - energy & vigilance
The Era of – He was a morally upright person
Abu Bakr: – His intelligence (especially in literature)
– He had prior experience writing wahy
– He was present while the Prophet would revise the Quran with Jibril
Zaid’s
– Zaid’s method:
Qualifications – Memory
and Method – When a written verse was brought to him, Zaid checked it against his own
memory. Then, he would check it against Umar’s memory.
– The written verses were only accepted if 2 reliable witnesses testified that they
were written in the presence of the Prophet.
– Double-Checking
– He compared the verse with his personal Quran that he wrote while the
Prophet was alive.
– Confirmation
– He compared the verse with the verses written in the companion’s personal
manuscripts.
Phase:

– What was included in the master copy?

– The verses arranged in the sequence told by the Prophet
The Era of – Each surah written separately

Abu Bakr: – The surahs were not arranged in the order we have today.
– They did not put the surahs in the divine order because they were
mainly concerned about having the Quran in one place.
The Master – Later, when Islam spread more, they arranged the surahs in their
divine order.
Copy
Phase:

– The Quran was standardized and sent to other nations during the time
of Uthman
– The Quran was revealed in 7 recitations. Different companions learned
The Era of the Quran from the Prophet in 7 differed recitations. These recitations
were passed down as companions continued to teach the Quran to
Uthman others.
– The people of Syria read in the recitation of Ubayy bin Kaab
– The people of Kufa read in the recitation of Abdulah ibn Masud

– As Islam continued to spread in the new lands, the different recitations

were not well known. This started to cause dispute among the Muslims.
– Huthayfah bin Yaman brought this issue up to Uthman and he decided
to create a single transcript that accommodated for all 7 recitations and
send it to the nations so that no division could occur.
Phase:

– Uthman appointed 4 companions to carry out this task:

– Zaid bin Thabit
– Abdullah ibn Zubayr
The Era of – Saeed ibn Al-Aas
Uthman: – AbdulRahman ibn Harith

– These companions had 4 tasks:

The Task of 4 – To place the surahs in the order that was taught by the Prophet through
revelation
Companions – To write the script of the Quran in a way that incorporated the different
recitations
– No dots or vowel marks were placed on certain letters
– For example, they wrote ‫ ﻧﻧﺳرھﺎ‬so that it could be read as ‫ ﻧَْﻧﺷُُرَھﺎ‬or
‫ ﻧ ُْﻧِﺷُزَھﺎ‬because both recitations are correct (Surah Baqarah, ayah 259)
– To prepare 7 copies to be distributed to Makkah, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain,
Basra, and Kufa (one remained in Madina).
– To check their transcript against the transcript prepared during the time of
Abu Bakr and the personal copies of individual companions.
Phase:

CHAPTER 5:
SUBJECT MATTER
Phase:

– Allah says in Surat Yusuf, ayah 111:

َ ْ َ ْ ٰ َ َ ٰ َ َf ْ ُ ً َ َ 9 َ َ Rَ ْ ُ ٌ َْ ْ َ َ @ َ 9 ْ َ9
‫ﻦ ﺗﺼِﺪﻳﻖ‬iِ‫ﻔ\ى وﻟ ـ‬P ‫ﺎن ﺣِﺪﻳﺜﺎ‬B ‫ﺎِب ۗ ﻣﺎ‬a‫ اﻷﻟ‬8W ِ ‫? ﻗﺼِﺼِﻬﻢ ِﻋ]\ة ِﻷو‬W ِ ‫ﺎن‬B ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬
َ ُ ْ ُ ْ َ ً َ ْ َ َ ً ُ َ ْ َs ‫ ﱢ‬C َ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ َ@ ْ َ ;
The Quran is ‫ٍء وﻫﺪى ورﺣﻤﺔ ِﻟﻘﻮٍم ﻳﺆِﻣﻨﻮن‬rW ‫ﻞ‬B ‫ﻞ‬5‫ِﻪ وﺗﻔِﺼ‬P‫ﺪ‬P op‫اﻟِﺬي ﺑ‬
a Guidance In their stories is a lesson for those who possess intelligence. This is not a fabricated tale,
but a confirmation of what came before it, and a detailed explanation of all things, and
guidance, and mercy for people who believe.

– Imam Shafi’i: Nothing happens to anyone with respect to their religion except
that there is guidance for it in the book of Allah.
– 2 main objectives of the Quran:
– To explain the relationship between man and his Creator
– To detail the rules and regulations that govern everyday life
Phase:

– The Quran discusses 4 major topics:

1. Beliefs
– The absolute truths that make up the system of beliefs.
2. Commandments
4 Major – Guidance to teach man to live in accordance to the rule of Allah
Topics 3. Stories
– To provide reflection and derive practical lessons
4. Parables
– To help teach some truth, religious principle, or moral lesson
Phase:

– 3 fundamental aspects of belief addressed in the Quran:

َ
– ‫( ﺗﻮِﺣْ?ﺪ‬oneness of Allah)
– The belief that Allah is One without any partners. He alone has the
right to be worshipped and nothing in this universe remebles Him in
any way.
' َ
Beliefs – ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬d (messengership)
– The belief in all of the prophets and messengers that Allah sent, from
prophet Adam to prophet Muhammad SAW
– ‫( آِﺧَﺮة‬the hereafter)
– The belief that the life of this world is temporary and the next life is
eternal.

– The Quran also rejects false beliefs and answers doubts that are
presented by different groups of people. These groups are:
– Polytheists
– Christians
– Jews
– Hypocrites
Phase:

– ‫ﺎم‬£‫آ•ﺎت اﻷﺣ‬: verses that speak about law

– There are about 350 verses that deal with laws

– The commandments in the Quran can be divided into 2 categories:

َ
Commandments – ‫ﺎدات‬hَ‫( ِﻋ‬devotional matters)
: ُ ُ
– Verses that are concerning the rights of Allah (9‫)ُﺣﻘﻮق ا‬
– They give basic guidelines for devotional matters such as:
purification, prayer, fasting, charity, hajj, and sacrifice
َ
– ‫( ُﻣَﻌﺎَﻣﻼت‬civil transactions)
ُ ُ
– Verses concerning the rights of the servants of Allah (‫ﺎد‬hَ‫)ُﺣﻘﻮق اﻟِﻌ‬
– These verses discuss many subjects including marriage, loans,
inheritance, criminal law, and civil law.

– The Quran provides us with broad principles and concepts. The details
often come from the hadith and sunnah of the Prophet.
– The Quran also contains verses that regulate social behavior, so it
provides a complete moral, ethical, and legal code for life.
Phase:

– The purpose of the stories mentioned in the Quran is for the reader to
think, reflect, and derive practical lessons from them.
– It is rare to find an entire story mentioned in the Quran in full detail
because it only mentions the parts of the story that can be used as a
point of guidance.
Stories – Types of events mentioned in the Quran:
– Events of the past
– Prophets and messengers
– Pious people (Luqman)
– Disobedient people (Firaun, Qarun, etc.)
– Events of the future
– Signs and events of the Day of Judgment
– Predictions of the future

– The Quran was revealed gradually, so certain stories are repeated in

the Quran to serve as a reminder for people as they were at different
points in their lives.
Phase:

– Defintion: a short symbolic story designed to illustrate or teach some

truth, religious principle, or moral lesson
– ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬/‫ أﻣﺜﺎل‬is used in the Quran to mean an example or metaphor
– Many parables were revealed in Madina
Parables – Allah uses parables to explain concepts or ideas
– Allah says in Surat Al-Baqarah, Ayah 261:
‫ﱠ‬ َ َُ .ُْ ُ ‫ “ ﱢ‬F َ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ ََْ. ‫ َ َ َ ﱠ‬. ƒ َ F ْ ُ. َ ْ. َ ُ ُْ َ ƒ ُ ََ
ۗ ‫ﻞ ﺳ§—ﻠٍﺔ ِﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺣ—ٍﺔ‬¢ Ž5 ِ ‫ﻤﺜِﻞ ﺣ—ٍﺔ أﻧ¨ﺘﺖ ﺳﺒﻊ ﺳﻨﺎِ?ﻞ‬¢ ‚ ِ ‫ِﻞ ا‬V¨ِ‫ ﺳ‬Ž5 ِ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟِﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨِﻔﻘﻮن أﻣﻮاﻟﻬﻢ‬
َ ُ ƒ ‫َﺸﺎُء ۗ َوا‬jَ ‫ﻒ ﻟَﻤْﻦ‬
‫ٌﻢ‬V‫‚ َواِﺳٌﻊ ﻋِﻠ‬ ُ َ ُ ُƒ َ
ِ ‫وا‚ •ﻀﺎِﻋ‬
The parable of those who spend their wealth in God’s way is that of a grain that
produces seven spikes; in each spike is a hundred grains. God multiplies for
whom He wills. God is Bounteous and Knowing.
Phase:

CHAPTER 6:
MAKKI & MADANI
Phase:

– It is important to know the context of every ayah/surah so that you can

understand its message. It gives a framework on how to approach a
certain surah or ayah.
What is – Makki and Madani refer to a classification of time
Meant by – Makki – any surah revealed before the hijrah of the Prophet

Makki and – Madani – any surah revealed after the hijrah of the Prophet

Madani? – This gives us insight into the life of the Prophet, his companions, and
the issues they came across in the different stages of their lives.
Phase:

– 2 primary ways that scholars determine a surah/ayah to be

makki/madani:
How is it – Through narrations from the companions
– Not every verse has a narration regarding if it is Makki or Madani
Kown if a – Through educated reasoning based on external factors
Verse/Surah – Based on the subject matter, style, or theme, a scholar will conclude if
it is Makki or Madani.
is Makki or – This is where differences of opinion arise because it is based on
Madani? educated reasoning.
Phase:

– These themes are general and not absolute. There are

exceptions.
– 3 themes of Makkan revelation :
Themes of – Islamic belief: oneness of Allah, prophethood, and life after death
Makkan and – Morality: what is considered to be good, upright moral behavior,
and rejecting immoral acts
Madani – History: stories of the past prophets, messengers, and nations
Revelation – 3 themes of Madani revelation:
– Ritual acts of worship: the general obligation of prayer, fasting,
hajj, charity, etc.
– Rulings: regulations related to personal, social, and economic life
– Other faiths: discussions with the Jews, Christians, and
hypocrites regarding their beliefs and interacting with them
Phase:

– There are differences in the characteristic in terms of language, sound,

and style.
Characteristics – Characteristics of Makki Surahs:
‫ﱠ‬
Usage of the word ‫&ﻼ‬, meaning “No! Never!”
of Makki and –
–
‫َ ﱠ‬
Beginning with the broken letters (‫)ُﺣُﺮْوف ُﻣﻘﻄَﻌﺎت‬, except for Surat Al-
Madani Baqarah and Surah Ali-Imran
Revelation – The presence of an ayah of prostration
– The mention of the story of Adam and Shaytan, except for Surat Al-
Baqarah
– Shorter verses and more rhythmic
– The use of oaths

– Characteristics of Madani Surahs:

– The mention of specific punishments for certain crimes
– The mention of hypocrites, Jews, and Christians
– Lengthier verses
Phase:

– Surah are not necessarily completely Makki or Madani

– Scholars developed 3 possible classifications:
– Makki surah: majority of the verses were revelaed before Hijrah and there
Classification might be some verses that are Madani
as Makki or – Ayah 151 in Surat Al-Anam is considered Madani, but it is a part of a Makki surah
َ ُ 8 ُُ َ َ َ 8َ َ + 8ُ َْ َ ً َ L ً َ 8 ْA ُ ‫ ﱠ‬+ ْ 8 ْ + َ ْ 8 ‫ ْ ُ َ َ ﱠ َ َ ﱡ‬+ ْ + َ َ ْ ُ
‫ْﻢ َوِ\ﱠ]ﺎﻫْﻢ ۖ َوﻻ‬7‫ْﻢ ِﻣْﻦ ِإْﻣﻼٍق ۖ ﻧْﺤُﻦ ﻧْﺮزﻗ‬V‫ﻦ ِإْﺣَﺴﺎﻧﺎ ۖ َوﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﻠﻮا أْوﻻد‬B‫ﺎﻟَﻮاِﻟﺪْﻳ‬5ِ‫ﺌﺎ ۖ َو‬Hْ‫ِﻪ ﺷ‬Dِ ‫@ﻛﻮا‬
Madani َ 8 َ 8g + 8 8 َ ‫ ﱢ‬L ‫ﱠ‬ ُ g ‫ َﺣﱠﺮَم ا‬hi‫ﻟ‬g‫ﺲ ا‬
‫ْﻢ ﺗْﻌِﻘﻠﻮن‬7‫ِﻪ ﻟَﻌﻠ‬Dِ ‫ْﻢ‬V‫ْﻢ َوﱠﺻﺎ‬7‫ﺎﻟَﺤﻖ ۚ ذ ٰ ِﻟ‬Dِ ‫ ِإﻻ‬k
َ
B ? ‫ﻢ ۖ أﻻ‬7<‫ﻢ ﻋﻠ‬75‫ﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻮا أﺗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺮم ر‬
َ ‫ﻟَﻔَﻮاِﺣ‬L‫ﻮا ا‬5ُ_َ‫َﺗْﻘ‬
َ ‫ﻠﻮا اﻟﱠﻨْﻔ‬8‫َﻄَﻦ ۖ َوﻻ َﺗْﻘُﺘ‬Dَ ‫ﻇَﻬَﺮ ِﻣْﻨَﻬﺎ َوَﻣﺎ‬+ ‫ﺶ َﻣﺎ‬
jِ
Say, “Come, let me tell you what your Lord has forbidden you: that you associate nothing with Him; that you
honor your parents; that you do not kill your children because of poverty—We provide for you and for them;
that you do not come near indecencies, whether outward or inward; and that you do not kill the soul which
God has sanctified—except in the course of justice. All this He has enjoined upon you, so that you may
understand.”
– Madani surah: majority of the verses were revealed after Hijrah and there
might be some verses that are Makki
– Ayah 64 in Surat Al-Anfal is considered Makki, but it is a part of a Madani surah
َE ‫َﻌَﻚ ﻣَﻦ ا@ﻟُﻤْﺆﻣﻨ‬5َ‫ َوَﻣﻦ اﱠﺗ‬8
ُ 9 ‫َﻚ ا‬5ُ‫ َﺣْﺴ‬.
‫ﱡ‬ ‫َ &ﱡَ ﱠ‬
C Dِ ِ ِ = 1 /ِ ‫!ﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟ‬
‫ﻨ‬
O prophet! Count on God, and on the believers who have followed you.
– Or there is a difference of opinion regarding whether the surah is Makki or
Madani
Phase:

CHAPTER 7:
CAUSES OF
REVELATION
Phase:

– Revelation would come in response to a certain situation, event,

problem, or question posed to the Prophet
ُُ
– ‫ول‬0F F ‫ﺐ اﻟ‬-َ‫ – َﺳ‬cause of revelation
– Knowing the reasons why a certain ayah/surah was revealed provides
Causes of a more proper understanding of the meaning of that ayah/surah.

Revelation – Not every ayah has a specific cause associated with it.
Phase:

Khabbab ibn Al-Arat narrated:

I was a blacksmith and Al-Aas Bin Wail owed me a debt, so I went to him to
demand it. He said to me. "I will not pay you your debt until you disbelieve in
Muhammad." I said, "I will not disbelieve in Muhammad until you die and then
be resurrected." He said, "Will I be resurrected after my death? If so, I shall pay
Example you (there) if I should find wealth and children." So there was revealed:-

ً + َ َ ً َ ‫ﱠ‬D َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ + 3 َ ْ+َ َ +
‫ ﻣﺎﻻ ووﻟﺪا‬BC‫ﺎِﺗﻨﺎ وﻗﺎل ﻷوﺗ‬/98ِ ‫ﺖ اﻟِﺬي ﻛﻔﺮ‬/‫أﻓﺮأ‬
ً َْ َٰ ْ ‫ ﱠ َ َ َْ ﱠ‬+ َ ْ َ L َ + ‫ ﱠ‬+
‫ﻦ ﻋﻬﺪا‬X‫ﺐ أِم اﺗﺨﺬ ِﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤ ـ‬N‫أﻃﻠﻊ اﻟﻐ‬
f َ L ُ+ ‫َ ﱡ‬ ُ ُL َ ‫ﱠ‬+
‫ﻘﻮُل َوﻧُﻤﺪ ﻟﻪ ِﻣَﻦ اﻟَﻌﺬاِب َﻣﺪا‬/َ ‫ﻼ ۚ َﺳﻨ^ﺘُﺐ َﻣﺎ‬Z
ً ْ َ َ Lَ َ ُ ُ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ
‫ﻨﺎ ﻓﺮدا‬j‫ﺄِﺗ‬h‫ﻘﻮل و‬/ ‫ﺮﺛﻪ ﻣﺎ‬X‫وﻧ‬
Have you seen him who denied Our revelations, and said, “I will be given wealth and
children?” Did he look into the future, or did he receive a promise from the Most
Merciful? No indeed! We will write what he says, and will keep extending the agony for
him. Then We will inherit from him what he speaks of, and he will come to Us alone.
Surah Maryam, Ayah 77-80
Phase:

Al-Wahidi said:
It is not possible to know the explanation of a verse without being aware of its
story and how it was revealed.

Importance – Benefits of knowing the causes of revelation:

– It sheds light on the wisdom behind a particular legal ruling
– It provides context and background that will prevent
misinterpretations
– It aids in properly applying the verse
– It provides the names of individuals who may be referred to in a
verse
Phase:

– Are the verses that are revealed regarding specific situations only
applied in those specific situations or can they also be applied
generally?
– Imam Al-Suyuti wrote in Al-Itqan fi Uloomul Quran: From the proofs that
General v. consideration is from the general meanings of words is that the
Specific companions and others used the general meanings of verses as proofs
even though they were revealed with a specific cause.
– So, the meaning of a verse revealed about a certain incident can also
be applied in a general sense.
Phase:

CHAPTER 8:
ABROGATION –
AL-NASKH
Phase:

– The entire shariah was not revealed all at once.

– Part of the divine wisdom of Allah was to reveal the laws of Islam
gradually so that it would be easy for people to accept and act upon
them.
Introduction – So, there are some things that were permissible or recommended in
& Definition the earlier days of Islam that were later made impermissible or disliked.
– Definitions of ‫®ﺴﺦ‬
– Linguistic: to replace, remove, change, or transfer from one place
to another
– Technical: ‫ﴍِﻋﻲ‬
َْ ْ - ‫ َرْﻓُﻊ اﳊُْﲂ اﻟ‬- the lifting of a legal ruling by
‫ﴩِﻋﻲ ِﺑَﺪِﻟﯿٍﻞ‬
another legal ruling
‫ﱠ‬
– ‫ – اﻟﻨﺎِﺳﺦ‬the abrogator
ْ
– ‫ – اﻟَﻤ§ُﺴْ›خ‬the abrogated
Phase:

ٌ‫ٍء َﻗِﺪﻳﺮ‬r 9 َ َ ; ‫ ﱠ‬9 ْ 9 ْ َ ْ 99 َ ْ ْ 9 َْ ْ َ Rَ َ ُْ ْ9 َ ْ ْ َ َْ َ

ْ َs ‫ﱢﻞ‬BC ƒ
ٰ ‫ ﻋ‬:‫\ ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ أو ِﻣﺜِﻠﻬﺎ ۗ أﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ أن ا‬I p ‫ٍﺔ أو ﻧ{ِﺴﻬﺎ ﻧﺄِت ِ•ﺨ‬P‫ﻣﺎ ﻧ{ﺴﺦ ِﻣﻦ آ‬
W
We never nullify a verse, nor cause it to be forgotten, unless We bring one better
than it, or similar to it. Do you not know that God is capable of all things?
Proof of Surat Al-Baqarah, Ayah 106
Abrogation
َ ُ 9 ْ َ َ ْ ُ ُ َ‹ R 9 ْ َ َf ْ ُ َ ْ 9 َ ‫ ﱠ‬C َ ُ ‫ ُ َ ُ @َ @ﱢ‬9 ْ 9 ُ ; َ َ َ 9 َ ً َ َ R ‫َ َ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻌﻠﻤﻮن‬P ‫\ﻫﻢ ﻻ‬Š ‫\ ۚ •ﻞ أ‬I ‫ أﻋﻠﻢ ِ•ﻤﺎ ﻳ\ل ﻗﺎﻟﻮا ِإﻧﻤﺎ أﻧﺖ ﻣﻔ‬:‫ٍﺔ ۙ وا‬P‫ﺔ ﻣ†ﺎن آ‬P‫وِ„ذا •ﺪﻟﻨﺎ آ‬
َ ْs •ُ‫َﺖ ا;ﻟِﺬﻳَﻦ آَﻣُﻨﻮا َوُﻫًﺪى َو‬a‫ﻟَﺤﱢﻖ ِﻟُﻴَ”ﱢ‬R‫ﻟُﻘُﺪس ِﻣْﻦ َ ﱢر•َﻚ •ﺎ‬R‫ﺰﻟُﻪ ُروُح ا‬9 ‫ُﻗْﻞ َﻧ ﱠ‬
@ p ‫ﻠُﻤْﺴِﻠِﻤ‬R‫–ٰى ِﻟ‬
َo
ِ •
When We substitute a verse in place of another verse—and God knows best
what He reveals—they say, “You are an impostor.” But most of them do not
know. Say, “The Pure Spirit has brought it down from your Lord, truthfully, in
order to stabilize those who believe, and as guidance and good news for those
who submit.”
Surat Al-Nahl, Ayah 101-102
Phase:

ْ َ P َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ ‫َﱠ َ ْ@ ً َْ َ َ َ َ ﱢ‬Dَ ُ@َ َ ‫ ﱠ‬5 َ ْ َ َ - َ َ ٰ ََ ْ َ

‫ﻠﺔ ﺗﺮﺿﺎﻫﺎ ۚ ﻓﻮل وﺟﻬﻚ ﺷﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﺴِﺠِﺪ‬F‫ اﻟﺴﻤﺎِء ۖ ﻓﻠﻨﻮﻟﻴﻨﻚ ِﻗ‬46 ِ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻧﺮى ﺗﻘﻠﺐ وﺟِﻬﻚ‬
‫ َ ﱡ‬P ُ ‫ َ َ @َ ْ @ ُ َ @ﱠ‬P ُ Y َ a ‫ ْ َ ْ َ ُ َ ﱠ‬Y َ ُ ُ -َ َ ْ ُْ Y َ ُ ْ َ َ َ َ P
‫ﻌﻠﻤﻮن أﻧﻪ اﻟﺤﻖ‬U‫ﺘﺎب ﻟ‬fِ‫ﺚ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﻢ ﻓﻮﻟﻮا وﺟﻮﻫ\ﻢ ﺷﻄﺮە ۗ وِ_ن اﻟِﺬﻳﻦ أوﺗﻮا اﻟ‬U‫اﻟﺤﺮاِم ۚ وﺣ‬
َ Yَ َْ ‫َ ﱠ‬ َ ُa َ َ ْ ‫ْ َﱢ‬
Example ‫ﻌﻤﻠﻮن‬u ‫ﻐﺎِﻓٍﻞ ﻋﻤﺎ‬pِ o ‫ ـِﻬﻢ ۗ وﻣﺎ ا‬m‫ِﻣﻦ ر‬
We have seen your face turned towards the heaven. So We will turn you towards
a direction that will satisfy you. So turn your face towards the Sacred Mosque.
And wherever you may be, turn your faces towards it. Those who were given the
Book know that it is the Truth from their Lord; and God is not unaware of what
they do.
Surat Al Baqarah, Ayah 144

– Initial qiblah was towards Bayt Al-Maqdis in Jerusalem. This verse abrogated
that command
Phase:

– 3 types of abrogation:
– Abrogation of the recitation and the ruling
– Abrogation of the recitation and not the ruling
– Abrogation of the ruling and not the recitation
Types of
Abrogation
Phase:

– The abrogated verse is no longer a part of the Quran neither is its

ruling applied.
Abrogation – Example:
qْ َ َ َ ُ ْu َ ْ ُ L َ َ ْ q َ َ + ْ + َ َ ‫ ﱠ‬+ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ َ
of the َ َ
‫ رﺿﻌﺎٍت ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎٍت‬t‫ﺰل ِﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآِن ﻋ‬X‫ﻤﺎ أﻧ‬N‫ﺎن َ ِﻓ‬Z ‫ﺸﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ‬mِ‫ﻋﻦ ﻋ ُﻤﺮة ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎ‬
ُ 3 ُ ُ َ َ ‫ﱢ‬D ُ ُ َ ‫ﻠﻮ‬q‫َﺨْﻤﺲ َﻣْﻌ‬8 ‫ ﺛﱠﻢ ُ}ﺴْﺨَﻦ‬. ‫َﺤﱢﺮْﻣَﻦ‬/ُ
‫َﻤﺎ‬N‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َوﻫﱠﻦ ِﻓ‬N‫ ﺻ… † ﻋﻠ‬ƒ ِ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ر‬ • ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
Recitation ُْ L َ ‚ q َ ْ ُ ٍ
‫ﻘﺮأ ِﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮآِن‬/
€ ِ ِ

and the Aisha reported that it had been revealed in the Quran that ten clear sucklings make
the marriage unlawful, then it was abrogated (and substituted) by five sucklings and
Ruling Allah’s Messenger died and before that time (it was found) in the Holy Qur'an (and
recited by the Muslims).
– Previous ruling: 10 sucklings are required to establish foster siblings
– Current ruling: 5 sucklings are required to establish foster sibling
– There was a verse that mentioned nursing and its quantity that was later
abrogated. The recitation of that verse is not a part of the Quran and the
ruling of 10 sucklings is not acted upon anymore.
– This is the only example of this type of abrogation
Phase:

– The verse is not a part of the Quran, but its ruling is applied.
– Only one example of this type:
Abrogation َ‫ﻟَﺨﱠﻄﺎب َوُﻫﻮ‬E‫ﺎس َ>ُﻘﻮُل َﻗﺎَل ُﻋَﻤُﺮ ْﺑُﻦ ا‬/‫* ْﺑَﻦ َﻋﱠ‬+‫َﺪ ا‬/ْ‫أﱠﻧُﻪ َﺳﻤَﻊ َﻋ‬4 ‫َﺔ‬/َ‫* ْﺑﻦ ُﻋْﺘ‬+‫ﺪ ا‬/ْ‫* ْﺑُﻦ َﻋ‬+‫ُﺪ ا‬%ْ‫ُﻋَﺒ‬
ِ ِ ِ
ِ ً ‫ َ= َ ْ َ َ َ ُ َ ﱠ‬+ ‫ﱠ‬ ِ + 0 ُ َ َِ ْ 4 َ ٌ َ
of the ‫ﻪ‬%‫ ﻋﻠ‬U N‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪا ﺻ‬E ‫ﻌﺚ‬Z ‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ِإن ا* ﻗﺪ‬e %‫ ﻋﻠ‬U N‫* ﺻ‬
َ َ E َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ ‫ ْ َ ُ ﱠ‬4 َ َ ْ ‫ َ ﱠ‬4 َ َ َ E ِْ 4 َ َ َ 0 ْ 4 َ ِ ‫ َ ﱢ‬E ِ
ِ ‫ رﺳﻮل ا‬QR‫ ﻣﻨ‬N‫ﺟﺎﻟﺲ ﻋ‬
‫وﻋﻘﻠﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬4 ‫آ>ﺔ اﻟﺮﺟِﻢ ﻗﺮأﻧﺎﻫﺎ ووﻋﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬4 ‫ِﻪ‬%‫ﺰل ﻋﻠ‬0‫ﺎن ِﻣﻤﺎ أﻧ‬d‫ﺘﺎب ﻓ‬bِ‫ِﻪ اﻟ‬%‫ﺎﻟﺤﻖ وأﻧﺰل ﻋﻠ‬Zِ ‫وﺳﻠﻢ‬
Recitation ُ ْ ٌ َ
‫س زَﻣﺎن أن َ>ﻘﻮَل‬ 0 ‫ﺎ‬
‫ْ َ َ ﱠ‬
‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬Zِ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ِ k
َl ْ َ ُ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ َ
‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻓ‬
4 ‫ە‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ Z ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺳ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻪ‬ % ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ U N ‫ﺻ‬ *
+ ُ ُ َ َ َ ََ
ِ ‫َ ﻓﺮﺟﻢ َرﺳﻮل ا‬
‫ﱞ‬ + َ s ْ ‫ُ َ ﱠ‬+ َ َ 4 ْ َ َ َ w َ + َ s ُ
and not the ‫* َﺣﻖ‬ ِ ‫ ِﻛﺘﺎِب ا‬4rt ِ ‫ﺮﺟَﻢ‬E ‫ن اﻟ ﱠ‬4 ~ِ‫ و‬4 *ُ ‫ﻬﺎ ا‬E ‫ﻀٍﺔ أﻧﺰﻟ‬ {z0‫ِك ﻓ‬Qْ x ‫ِﻀﻠﻮا ِﺑ‬%َ‫* ﻓ‬ ِ ‫ ِﻛﺘﺎِب ا‬rt 4 ِ ‫ﻗﺎِﺋٌﻞ َﻣﺎ ﻧِﺠﺪ اﻟﱠﺮْﺟَﻢ‬
ُ ْ َ َ َ َ ‫ﱢ‬ َ َ َ 4َ
‫اف‬Qَ x ِ ‫ُﻞ أْو اِﻻﻋ‬/َ‫ﺎن اﻟَﺤ‬‰ ‫• ِإذا أْﺣَﺼَﻦ ِﻣَﻦ اﻟﱢﺮَﺟﺎِل َواﻟ„َﺴﺎِء ِإذا ﻗﺎَﻣِﺖ اﻟَﺒﱢˆﻨﺔ أْو‬s‫ َﻣْﻦ ز‬N‫ﻋ‬
Ruling Abdullah b. Abbas reported that Umar b. Khattab sat on the pulpit of Allah's
Messenger and said: Verily Allah sent Muhammad with truth and He sent down the
Book upon him, and the verse of stoning was included in what was sent down to him.
We recited it, retained it in our memory and understood it. Allah's Messenger
awarded the punishment of stoning to death (to the married adulterer and adulteress)
and, after him, we also awarded the punishment of stoning. I am afraid that with the
lapse of time, the people (may forget it) and may say: We do not find the punishment
of stoning in the Book of Allah, and thus go astray by abandoning this duty prescribed
by Allah. Stoning is a duty laid down in Allah's Book for married men and women who
commit adultery when proof is established, or it there is pregnancy, or a confession.
Phase:

– The abrogated verse is a part of the Quran, but its ruling is not applied.
– Most common type of abrogation

Abrogation – Example:
ْ
– Previous abrogated ruling (‫ُﺴ)خ‬%‫)اﻟَﻤ‬: a widow cannot remarry for at least 1 year
of the Ruling َ ْ ََْ ْ َ Q . ً َ َ ْ َ َْ ً ‫ْ َ ً َ ﱠ‬. َ ُ َ َ َ ْ “ ْ َ ْ ‫ َ َُ َ ﱠ‬ƒ َ
ۚ ‫ج‬R‫ ِإﺧﺮا‬0r‫ اﻟﺤﻮِل ﻏ‬N‫ﺔ ِﻷزواِﺟِﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺎﻋﺎ ِإ‬V‫ﺬرون أزواﺟﺎ وِﺻ‬8‫واﻟِﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﻮن ِﻣﻨ¦ﻢ و‬
and not the ٌ‫ﻢ‬V‫ٌﺰ َﺣﻜ‬8•‫‚ َﻋ‬
ِ
ُ ƒ ‫أْﻧُﻔﺴﻬﱠﻦ ﻣْﻦ َﻣْﻌُﺮوف ۗ َوا‬. ŽF ‫ﻠَﻦ‬Q‫ َﻣﺎ َﻓَﻌ‬ŽF ‫“¦ْﻢ‬Vْ‫ﻠ‬.‫َﻓﺈْن َﺧَﺮْﺟَﻦ َﻓَﻼ ُﺟَﻨﺎَح َﻋ‬
ٍ ِ ِ ِ
m 5ِ 5ِ ِ
Recitation Those of you who die leaving widows should bequeath for them a year’s maintenance without
forcing them out.1 But if they choose to leave, you are not accountable for what they
reasonably decide for themselves. And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise.

‫ﱠ‬
– Current ruling (‫)اﻟﻨﺎِﺳﺦ‬: a widow cannot remarry for at least 4 months & 10 days

َ َ ‫ ُ ﱠ‬. َ . َ ْ . َ َ َ ً ْi َ َ ُ ْ . َ َ َ ْ . ‫ﱠ‬ ُ ْ . َ ْ ‫َ َ ﱠ‬1 َ ً َ ْ . َ ُ َ َ َ ْ “ ْ َ ْ ‫ َ ُ َ َ ﱠ‬ƒ َ

‫ا“ ۖ ﻓِﺈذا ?ﻠﻐﻦ أﺟﻠﻬﻦ ﻓﻼ‬µ‫ﺮ و َﻋ‬R‫ﻌﺔ أﺷﻬ‬œ‫ﺴِﻬﻦ أر‬Qِ ‫ ْ ُﺼﻦ ِ?ﺄﻧﻔ‬œ0 . ‫اﺟﺎ ﻳ‬Q ‫ﺬرون أ َزو‬8“‫ و‬.‫واﻟِﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﻮن ِﻣﻨ¦ﻢ‬
َ َ ƒ F َ َ
0ٌ r ‫ أﻧﻔِﺴِﻬﱠﻦ ِ?ﺎﻟَﻤْﻌُﺮوِف ۗ َوا‚ ِ?َﻤﺎ ﺗْﻌَﻤﻠﻮن ﺧِﺒ‬Ž5 ِ ‫َﻤﺎ ﻓَﻌﻠَﻦ‬V‫¦ْﻢ ِﻓ‬Vْ‫ُﺟﻨﺎَح ﻋﻠ‬
ُ
If any of you die and leave widows, the widows should wait for four months and ten nights before
remarrying. When they have completed this set time, you will not be blamed for anything they may
reasonably choose to do with themselves. God is fully aware of what you do.
Phase:

CHAPTER 9:
THE 7 LETTERS & THE
DIFFERENT RECITATIONS
Phase:

– As Islam spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula, it came into contact with
people who spoke other Arabic dialects.
– So, the Quran was revealed in 7 letters in order to create ease for people to
recite and memorize it.
'
The Seven ُ
– ‫ = أﺣﺮف‬the various ways that the verses of the Quran are read

Letters – The narrations regarding the Quran being revealed in 7 letters is mutawatir
– Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti lists 21 companions who narrated that the Quran was
revealed in 7 letters.
Phase:

َ‫ ﻋﻠ?ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َﻗﺎل‬s X‫ ﺻ‬9:‫ﺎس َﺣﱠﺪَﺛُﻪ 'أﱠن َرُﺳﻮَل ا‬h‫'أﱠن اْﺑَﻦ َﻋﱠ‬
ِ .
ُ ْ ' َ ْ َ ' '
' َ َ ْ ‫ َ ~ﱠ‬w ُ َ َ ُ ُ w َ~ ْ ْ َ ْ ' َ ُ ُ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ ' َ ُ ْ w ' َ ْ '
" ‫ﻌِﺔ أﺣﺮٍف‬h‫ ﺳ‬ƒ‫ ﺣ• اﻧﺘ‚ ِإ‬vO ِ ‫{ﺪ‬€d{‫{ﺪە و‬yd ‫ ﺣﺮٍف ﻓﺮاﺟﻌﺘﻪ ﻓﻠﻢ أزل أﺳ‬X‫{ﻞ ﻋ‬yd z ‫ ِﺟ‬vO ِ ‫" أﻗﺮأ‬
Abdullah ibn Abbas reported that the Prophet said, “Jibreel recited the Quran to me in one
Narrations harf. Then I recited it back to him. Then, I requested him to increase the number of huruf
and he continued to increase it for me, until we stopped at 7 ahruf. Ibn Shihab, one of the
Regarding narrators, said, “It has reached me that these 7 ahruf are essentially one in meaning; they
do not differ about what is permitted or forbidden.”
the 7 Letters
ََ : ُ ُ َ َ ~' َ َ ْ ' ْ ‫َ ْ „َﱢ‬
‫{َﻞ ﻓﻘﺎَل‬yd ْz ‫ ﻋﻠ?ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ِﺟ‬s X‫ ﺻ‬9 ِ ‫ˆ رﺳﻮل ا‬O ِ ‫ﻦ ﻛﻌٍﺐ ﻗﺎل ﻟ‬d‫ ﺑ‬vz‫ﻋﻦ أ‬
‫' ْ َ ْ َ• َ ً َ ﱡ‬ : ُ ُ ‫َ ْ ُ ُ • َ ُ ُ َ ﱠ ْ ُ • ' ُ َ • ُ َ ُ َ • َ َ ُ َ ﱠ‬w ‫ﱢ ُ ْ ُ ' „ ﱠ „ ﱢ ﱢ‬w ُ ْ َ
" ‫ﺎ ﻗﻂ‬‰‫ﻘﺮأ ِﻛﺘﺎ‬1 ‫ر{ﺔ واﻟﺮﺟﻞ اﻟِﺬي ﻟﻢ‬d‫ واﻟﻐﻼم واﻟﺠﺎ‬yŒ‫‹ ِﻣﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﺠﻮز واﻟﺸﻴﺦ اﻟ‘ِﺒ‬Œ‫ أﻣٍﺔ أﻣﻴ‬ƒ‫ِﻌﺜﺖ ِإ‬‰ vO ‫{ﻞ ِإ‬yd z ‫ﺎ ِﺟ‬1 "
ُ ْ ' َ ْ َ 'َ َ ْ„ َ ْ ُ • ‫َ َ َ ُ َ ﱠ ُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻌِﺔ أﺣﺮٍف‬h‫ ﺳ‬X‫ﺰل ﻋ‬d‫ﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ِإن اﻟﻘﺮآن أﻧ‬1 ‫ﻗﺎل‬
Ubbay bin Ka’ab narrates that once the Prophet met Jibril and said, “O Jibreel! I have been
sent to an illiterate nation. Among them are elderly women and men, young boys and girls,
and those who have never read any writings!” Jibreel said: “O Muhammad! Indeed the
Qur'an was revealed in seven letters.”
Phase:

ُ َ َ
‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ﻓﺎْﺳﺘَﻤْﻌﺖ ِﻟِﻘَﺮاَءِﺗِﻪ‬U‫ ﻋﻠ‬a `‫ ﺻ‬8
9 ُ َ َ E َ ُ@ ََ ُ X َْ َ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ ُ َُ ‫ُ ْ َ @ َ ﱠ‬
ِ ‫ﺎِة رﺳﻮِل ا‬Uَ‫^ ﺣ‬1 ِ ‫ٍﻢ !ﻘَﺮأ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻔْﺮﻗﺎِن‬U‫ﻋَﻤَﺮ ﺑﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺎِب !ﻘﻮل ﺳِﻤْﻌﺖ ِﻫﺸﺎم ﺑﻦ ﺣِﻜ‬
ُ ُ &َ 9 ُ ََ َ E X ُ ْ َ 9 ُ ُ َ َ ْ ُْ & & ُ &َ X َْ َ ُ َ َ
‫ﺘﻪ‬xْ‫ َﺳﻠَﻢ ﻓﻠﱠﺒ‬.‫ﱠ‬v ‫ت َﺣ‬lْ ‫ﱠ‬/ ‫^ اﻟﱠﺼﻼِة ﻓﺘَﺼ‬1 ِ ‫ﺪت أَﺳﺎ=وُرُە‬pِ‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ﻓ‬U‫ ﻋﻠ‬a `‫ ﺻ‬8 ِ ‫ﻴﻬﺎ رﺳﻮل ا‬nِ‫ٍة ﻟْﻢ !ﻘ=ﺮﺋ‬lَ D ‫ﻓِﺈذا ﻫﻮ !ﻘَﺮأ ﻋ` ﺣُﺮوٍف ﻛِﺜ‬
9 َ ُ َ ‫َُ@ ُ & َ ْ َ َ ﱠ‬ 9 ُ ُ َ َ & ْ& َ َ X َْ َ ُ َ 9 ََ َ َ & ْ& ْ َ ُ @َُ َ
8ِ ‫ ﻓﻘﻠﺖ ﻛﺬ~ﺖ ﻓِﺈن رﺳﻮل ا‬.‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ‬U‫ ﻋﻠ‬a `‫ ﺻ‬8 ِ ‫ ﻗﺎل أﻗَﺮأِﻧﻴﻬﺎ رﺳﻮل ا‬.‫ ﺳِﻤْﻌﺘﻚ ﺗﻘَﺮأ‬.1 v ِ ‫ِﺑ=ﺮداِﺋِﻪ ﻓﻘﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ أﻗَﺮأك ﻫِﺬِە اﻟﱡﺴﻮرة اﻟ‬
Narrations َ َ ُ ‫َُ@ ُ ﱢ‬
‫‚ َﺳِﻤْﻌﺖ ﻫﺬا‬1 E ‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ﻓﻘﻠﺖ ِإ‬U‫ ﻋﻠ‬a `‫ ﺻ‬8
9
ِ ِ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ُ ‫ َﻣﺎ َﻗ َ @ﺮأَت َﻓﺎْﻧَﻄ&ﻠْﻘُﺖ ~ﻪ &أُﻗﻮُدُە إ&• َر‬lْ ‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َﻗْﺪ &أْﻗ َ &ﺮأﻧﻴَﻬﺎ َﻋ&` َﻏ‬U‫ ﻋﻠ‬a `‫ﺻ‬
ِ ِِ =D ِ
@ & & َ َ ْ ُ @ َ ُ Xَ ْ َ v 9 َ َ َ @ ْ & َ &َ َ َ
Regarding ُ َ َ َْ ُ@ ْ
" ‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ " أرِﺳﻠﻪ اﻗﺮأ !ﺎ ِﻫﺸﺎم‬U‫ ﻋﻠ‬a `‫ ﺻ‬8
ْ & ْX َ َ &
9 ُ ُ َ َ ََ َ ْ ُْ ْ& ُ ُ
ِ ‫ ﻓﻘﺎل رﺳﻮل ا‬.‫ﻴﻬﺎ‬nِ‫ !ﻘﺮأ ِ„ﺴﻮرِة اﻟﻔﺮﻗﺎِن ﻋ` ﺣﺮوٍف ﻟﻢ ﺗﻘ=ﺮﺋ‬.1 ِ ‫ِﻪ اﻟِﻘﺮاءة اﻟ‬U‫ ﻓﻘﺮأ ﻋﻠ‬.
9 ُ ُ َ َ ََ X َْ ُُ َ ُ َ @ ْ َ َ ُ َ ََ E& ْ& 9 َ @ ُ @ ََ
ِ ‫ ﻓﻘﺎل رﺳﻮل ا‬.‫ ﺛﱠﻢ ﻗﺎل " اﻗَﺮأ !ﺎ ﻋَﻤُﺮ "ﺳِﻤْﻌﺘﻪ !ﻘَﺮأ‬. ‫‚ ﻓﻘﺎل‬1 ِ ‫ أﻗَﺮأ‬.1 v ِ ‫ ﻓﻘَﺮأت اﻟِﻘَﺮاَءة اﻟ‬.
the 7 Letters " ‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ " ﻛﺬِﻟﻚ أﻧ=ﺰﻟﺖ‬U‫ ﻋﻠ‬a `‫ ﺻ‬8
ُ ْ َ ‫ْ َ َ& َ ْ َ & ْ ُ َ َْ ُ َ ََ ﱠ‬X َ ْ ُ @ َ َ ‫ْ & ْ ﱠ‬X َ َ &
" ‫‹ ِﻣﻨﻪ‬ Š‫ﻌِﺔ أﺣﺮٍف ﻓﺎﻗﺮءوا ﻣﺎ ﺗ‬5‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ " ﻛﺬِﻟﻚ أﻧ=ﺰﻟﺖ ِإن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺮآن أﻧ=ﺰل ﻋ` ﺳ‬U‫ ﻋﻠ‬a `‫ ﺻ‬8
9 ُ ُ َ
ِ ‫رﺳﻮل ا‬
Umar ibn Al Khattab narrated: I heard Hisham bin Hakim reciting Surat Al-Furqan during the lifetime of
Allah's Messenger and I listened to his recitation and noticed that he recited in several different ways
which Allah's Messenger had not taught me. I was about to jump over him during his prayer, but I
controlled my temper, and when he had completed his prayer, I put his upper garment around his neck
and seized him by it and said, "Who taught you this Sura which I heard you reciting?" He replied, "Allah's
Messenger taught it to me." I said, "You have told a lie, for Allah's Messenger has taught it to me in a
different way from yours." So, I dragged him to Allah's Messenger and said to him, "I heard this person
reciting Surat Al-Furqan in a way which you haven't taught me!" On that Allah’s Messenger said,
"Release him. Recite, O Hisham!" Then he recited in the same way as I heard him reciting. Then Allah's
Messenger said, "It was revealed in this way," and added, "Recite, O Umar!" I recited it as he had taught
me. Allah's Messenger then said, "It was revealed in this way. This Qur'an has been revealed to be
recited in seven different ways, so recite of it whichever way is easier for you.
Phase:

– There are different opinions regarding what is meant by the seven letters
– 2 main opinions:
– Opinion 1: They refer to the 7 dialects of the Arabs that were prevalent at the time of the
Prophet. Each dialect belonged to a tribe.

What are the – Quraysh, Hudhayl, Tamim, Hawazin, Thaqif, Kinanah, and Yemen
– Opinion 2: They refer to the 7 different types of variations that may occur in the Quran.

Seven The variations occur in:

– Word structure from singular to plural or masculine to feminine
َ
َ
Letters? – ‫ ِﻷَﻣﺎﻧِﺘِﻬﻢ‬v. ‫ِﻷﻣﺎﻧﺎِﺗﻬﻢ‬
– Verb tense; past, present or command
, ,
– /َ 0 ِ ‫ أْﺧ‬v. /0ِ‫( أْﺧ‬Surat As-Sajdah, ayah 17)
1 1
– Sequence or types of letters or words
ُْ ُْ
– ‫ﻦ اﻟَﻤﻨﻔْﻮش‬6‫ﺎﻟِﻌْﻬ‬2 v. ‫ﺎﻟُﺼْﻮف اﻟَﻤﻨﻔْﻮش‬2 (Surat Al-Qariah, ayah 5)
– Word order
َ ,َ ْ َ ,ُ ْ َ ,ُ ْ َ ,َ ْ
– ‫ﻘﺘﻠْﻮن‬Aُ ‫ﻘﺘﻠْﻮن و‬Aَ v. ‫ﻘﺘﻠْﻮن‬Fَ‫ﻘﺘﻠْﻮن و‬Aُ (Surat At-Tawbah, ayah 111)
– Vowel markings
َ ُ0 I ْ ُ َ ُ I ُْ
– ‫ﻫﺎ‬H ِ G‫ ﻧ‬v. ‫ﻫﺎ‬H ِ G‫( ﻧ‬Surat Al-Baqarah, ayah 259)
– Addition or subtraction of a letter or word
ُ P ‫ﱡ‬0 َP َ ُ َO ‫َ ﱠ‬ ُ َ P ‫ﱡ‬0 َP َO ‫َ ﱠ‬
– ‫ﺪ‬U‫ اﻟَﺤِﻤ‬R ِ1 ‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻐ‬N‫ ﻓِﺈن ا‬v. ‫ﺪ‬U‫ اﻟﺤِﻤ‬R1 ِ ‫ اﻟﻐ‬N‫( ﻓِﺈن ا‬Surat Al-Hadeed, ayah 24)
– Pronunciation
– Imaalah, pronouncing hamzahs in a certain way, etc.
Phase:

– ‫ – ِﻗَﺮاءت‬the different ways and manners of reciting the Quran

– They are unique styles of recitation that are named after the reciters who recited the
Quran in that unique style
– The 7 letters are different from the different recitations of the Quran
The – The different recitations preserve the 7 recitations
Different – One qira’ah can include multiple variations

Recitations
Phase:

CHAPTER 10:
TAFSIR
Phase:

– Linguistic defintion: to explain, expound, make clear, or interpret

– Technical defintion: the science by which the Quran is understood, its
meanings are explained, and its rulings and wisdoms are derived.
– Allah says in Surat Al-Hashr, Ayah 21:
Defintion & ƒ َ ْ َ ْ ً ‫ْ َ ُ َ ً ُ َ َ ﱢ‬.َ . َ َ ٰ . َ َ ْ ُ Q َٰ َ َ Qَ ْ. ْ .
‚
ِ ‫ِﺔ ا‬V‫ﻟﻮ أﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎ ﻫ ـﺬا اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻋ… ﺟ—ٍﻞ ﻟﺮأﻳﺘﻪ ﺧﺎِﺷﻌﺎ ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻋﺎ ِﻣﻦ ﺧﺸ‬
َ ƒ ََ ƒ . ‫ْ ُ َ ﱠ‬F َ ُ َ ْ َ ْ َ Q َ
Importance ‫ُﺮون‬P‫س ﻟَﻌﻠُﻬْﻢ َﻳﺘﻔ‬
m ‫ ـﻬﺎ ِﻟﻠ‬œ¹
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬ m ‫وِﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﻣﺜﺎل ﻧ‬
Had We sent this Quran down on a mountain, you would have seen it trembling, crumbling
in awe of God. These parables We cite for the people, so that they may reflect.

– Imam As-Suyuti says there are 3 reasons why the science of tasfsir is the most
honorable science:
– Its topic – tafsir deals with the speech of Allah
– Its goal – to lead mankind to the firm handhold of Allah
– Its need – the science of tafsir is needed in order to gain understanding of the
religion
Phase:

– As time passed, it became necessary to preserve a proper way of

understanding the Quran so that people would not interpret it in whichever way
they pleased.
– The proper method for interpreting the Quran was developed through the first 3
Sources of or 4 generations of Islam
– There are 6 main sources:
Tafsir – The Quran
– The Sunnah
– Narrations of companions
– Narrations of successors (‫ﻌﻮن‬‰‫)ﺗﺎ‬
– Arabic language and poetry
– Personal interpretation
Phase:

– Sometimes Allah mentions something briefly, and then explains it more in

another part of the Quran.
– Allah says in Surat Al-Fatiha:
َ ْ َ ْ . َ ƒ َ َ َ َ ْ ُ Q َ َٰ ‫ْ َ ﱢ‬
ْ‫ﻠْﻴﻬﻢ‬.‫ﺖ َﻋ‬
Tafsir of ِ ‫½ط ٱﻟِﺬﻳﻦ أﻧﻌﻤ‬ٰ ِ ‫ﻢ‬V‫ط ٱﻟﻤﺴﺘِﻘ‬¹‫ٱﻫِﺪﻧﺎ ٱﻟ‬

Quran by Guide us to the straight path. The Path of those who You have blessed…

Quran – Allah explains who are those He blessed in Surat An-Nisaa, ayah 69:
ُ ƒ ‫أْﻧَﻌَﻢ ا‬. ‫ﻟﺬﻳَﻦ‬ƒ‫‚ َواﻟﱠﺮُﺳﻮَل َﻓ“ﺄوَﻟ ٰـﺌَﻚ َﻣَﻊ ا‬
َF ‫ﻠْﻴﻬْﻢ ﻣَﻦ اﻟﱠﻨ¨ﱢﻴ‬.‫‚ َﻋ‬
F r ‫¿ َواﻟﱢﺼﱢﺪ•ِﻘ‬
َ¿ َ ƒ ‫َوَﻣْﻦ ُ•ﻄﻊ ا‬
r ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ m ِ
ً َ َ ٰ َ “ َ ُ َ َ َF َ ‫ﱡ‬
‫ﻘﺎ‬V‫¿ ۚوﺣﺴﻦ أوﻟ ـِﺌﻚ رِﻓ‬r‫َواﻟﺸَﻬﺪاِء َواﻟﱠﺼﺎِﻟِﺤ‬
Whoever obeys God and the Messenger—these are with those whom God has blessed—
among the prophets, and the sincere, and the martyrs, and the upright. Excellent are those
as companions.
Phase:

– One of the responsibilities of the Prophet was to clarify the meanings of the
Quran. Allah says in Surat An-Nahl, ayah 44:
َ ُƒ َََ ْ ُƒَ .َ ْ ْ. َ ‫َ ُﱢ‬ ‫َ ﱠ‬F ‫ َ ُ َ ﱢ‬Q ‫ ْ َ ﱢ‬. َ Q َ ْ . َ ُ ‫َ ﱡ‬ َ‫َﱢ‬Q
‫ﺮون‬P‫س ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰل ِإﻟﻴِﻬﻢ وﻟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﻔ‬
m ‫¿ ِﻟﻠﻨﺎ‬r‫ﻚ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ ِﻟﺘﺒ‬V‫ﺮ ۗ وأﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎ ِإﻟ‬mœ•‫ِ?ﺎﻟﺒ}ﻨﺎِت واﻟ‬
Tafsir of With the clarifications and the scriptures. And We revealed to you the Reminder, that you
may clarify to the people what was revealed to them, and that they may reflect.

Quran by – Allah could have sent the Quran alone, but He chose to send the Prophet with
it as a teacher to help the people accept it and act upon it.
Sunnah – Sometimes the Prophet would explain the meaning of certain verses:
E َ َ َ ُ &َ ًَ ُ ُ & َْ ‫ﱢ‬ َ َ ً َ ُ9 ‫َ َ َ & َ ﱠ‬ 9 َ ُ َ ‫َ ْ & َََُْ & ﱠ‬
^1 ِ ‫ﻪ ﻗﺎَل ﻓُﻴﻨﺎِدي‬5‫ﺖ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻓﺄِﺣﱠ‬5ْ‫‚ ﻗﺪ أْﺣَﺒ‬1 E ‫•َﻞ ِإ‬l= ْ/ ‫ﺪا ﻧﺎدى ِﺟ‬5ْ‫ ﻋ‬8 ‫ﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ﻗﺎل " ِإذا أﺣﺐ ا‬U‫ ﻋﻠ‬a `‫ ﺻ‬8 ِ ‫•ﺮة أن رﺳﻮل ا‬Œ‫‚ ﻫ‬1 /ِ ‫ﻋﻦ أ‬
َ › & X َ ُ 9 ‫ﱠ‬
‫ْﺠَﻌُﻞ ﻟُﻬُﻢ اﻟﱠﺮْﺣَﻤُﻦ ُودا ( َوِ•ذا‬Uَ‫ﺬﻳَﻦ آَﻣﻨﻮا َوﻋِﻤﻠﻮا اﻟﱠﺼﺎِﻟَﺤﺎِت َﺳ‬9 ِ ‫ َ) إن اﻟ‬:& 8
9 ُ َْ َ ََ
‫ض ﻓﺬِﻟﻚ ﻗﻮل ا‬ ‫ر‬ ْ ‫^ &أْﻫﻞ اَﻷ‬E ‫ُﺔ‬5‫ُل &ﻟُﻪ ا@ﻟَﻤَﺤﱠ‬lE ْE ‫اﻟﱠﺴَﻤﺎء ُﺛﱠﻢ َﺗ‬
ُ8‫ﺾ ا‬ ِ = ِ 1ِ = ِ
َ ‫أْ~ﻐ‬
ْ ‫^ اَﻷ‬E ‫ْﻐَﻀﺎُء‬5َ‫ُل &ﻟُﻪ ا@ﻟ‬lE ْE ‫^ اﻟﱠﺴَﻤﺎء ُﺛﱠﻢ َﺗ‬E ‫ﻼًﻧﺎ َﻓُﻴَﻨﺎدي‬َ ُ ُ ْ َ ْ & ْ َ ‫ﱢ‬E َ ْ َ َ ًَْ
"‫ض‬ = ‫ر‬ 1 ِ = ِ 1 ِ ِ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ~ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‚1 ‫إ‬ِ ‫ﻞ‬ •
l = / ‫ﺟ‬ِ ‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺪا ﻧﺎ‬5‫ﻋ‬
Abu Hurairah narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: "When Allah loves a slave He calls
Jibreel, (saying): 'Indeed I love so-and-so, so love him.'" He said: "So he calls out in the
heavens. Then love for him descends among the people of the earth. That is as in the
saying of Allah: Verily, those who believe and work deeds of righteousness, the Most
Gracious will grant love for them (19:96). And when Allah hates a slave He calls out to
Jibreel, (saying): 'Indeed I hate so-and-so.' So he calls out in the heavens. Then hatred for
him descends upon the earth.'"
Phase:

– Sometimes the Prophet would explain verses to the companions that they had
difficulty understanding:
َ X ُ َ & َ ْ& َ َ ُ َ ْ َ ُ @ َ َ َ‫ &ﱡ‬9 َ ُ َ َ َ@ُ @ X ْ َُ َ ُ @َ ْ &َ ُ َ َ 9 &ََ ‫ َ َ & ﱠ‬9 ْ َ ْ َ
‫ﺲ §َﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻟﻮن‬Š‫ أﻳﻨﺎ ﻻ !ﻈِﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻗﺎل " ﻟ‬8
ِ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺎ‬! ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ {‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﻈ‬
ٍ ِ~ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻬ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬!‫إ‬ِ ‫ا‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺴ‬ ¢
ِ ‫ﻠ‬! ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻣ‬‫آ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺬ‬ِ ‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬} ‫ﺖ‬
ِ ‫ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧ‬8
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺰ‬ ِ ‫ِﺪ ا‬5‫ﻋﻦ ﻋ‬
Tafsir of َ @ X & َ ْ ‫ ﱠ ¨ ﱢ‬9 ْ ْ ¨ ُ َ ‫َ ﱠ‬E ُ َ
"{ ‫ٌﻢ‬U‫‹ك ﻟﻈﻠٌﻢ ﻋِﻈ‬ ‫ ِإن اﻟ‬8 ‫ﺎ‬~
ِ ِ =‫ك‬‹ © ‫ﻻ‬ .‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬!} ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬ْ ‫ﻟْﻘَﻤﺎَن ﻻ‬X ‫‹ك &أَو&ﻟْﻢ َ©ْﺴَﻤُﻌﻮا إ&• َﻗْﻮل‬
ِِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ْ ِ¨ „ {‫ﻈ@ﻠٍﻢ‬X~ ‫ُﺴﻮا إ!َﻤﺎَﻧُﻬْﻢ‬¢‫}&ﻟْﻢ َ!@ﻠ‬
ِ ِ ِ ِ
Quran by Abdullah narrated: When the verse - "It is those who believe and do not confuse their belief

Sunnah with wrong" (6.83) was revealed, we said, "O Allah's Messenger! Who is there amongst us
who has not done wrong to himself?" He replied, "It is not as you say. ‘And do not confuse
their belief with wrong’ means shirk. Haven't you heard Luqman's saying to his son, 'O my
son! Join not others in worship with Allah, verily joining others in worship with Allah is a
great wrong indeed." (31.13)
Phase:

– The Prophet SAW said:

ْ‫ﻠﻮَﻧُﻬﻢ‬q/َ ‫ﻟﺬﻳَﻦ‬3‫ﻠﻮَﻧُﻬْﻢ ُﺛﱠﻢ ا‬q/َ ‫ﻟﺬﻳَﻦ‬3‫‹ ُﺛﱠﻢ ا‬D‫ اﻟﱠﻨﺎس َﻗْﺮ‬‰ُ ْC ‫َﺧ‬
ِ ِ ‚ِ X
Tafsir of The best people are those of my generation, and then those who will come after them, and
Quran by the then those who will come after them.

Narrations of – Why are they a source of tafsir?

– The Quran was revealed to their nation
Companions – They witnessed the revelation of the Quran & knew the circumstances it was
revealed in
– They understood what problems it was addressing and who it was addressing
– The Quran was revealed in their native language

– Imam As-Suyuti lists 10 companions who were famous for their knowledge of
tafsir: the 4 Khulafa Al-Rashidun, Abdullah ibn Masud, Abdullah ibn Abbas,
Ubay ibn Kaab, Zaid ibn Thabit, Abu Musa Al-Asha’ri, and Abdullah ibn Zubair
– Abdullah ibn Abbas was the most knowledgeable in tafsir
Phase:

– The ‫ﻌﻮن‬‰‫ ﺗﺎ‬learned directly from the companions

– Many of them were known for their deep understanding of the Quran

Tafsir of – Qatadah said: There is not a single verse in the Quran except that I have heard
something about it
Quran by the – Mujahid said: I recited the Quran to ibn Abbas 3 times and in each recitation, I
Narrations of stopped at every verse asking him about its tafsir

Successors – They also had their own process for understanding the Quran. Their sources
were:
– The Quran
– The Sunnah
– The narrations of the companions
– The language itself
– Personal reasoning
Phase:

– Since the Quran was revealed in Arabic, the language itself is considered to be
a source of interpretation
Tafsir of – In order to have a complete understanding of the Quran, you have to master

Quran the Arabic language.

– Imam Malik said, “If any person is brought to me, having interpreted the Quran
through the while he is ignorant of Arabic, I will make an example of him.

Arabic – Mujahid said, “It is impermissible for any person who believes in Allah and the
last day to speak concerning the book of Allah if he is not knowledgeable of the
language dialects of the Arabs.”
– Knowing Arabic helps to understand
– Some of the difficult/rare words used in the Quran
– The usage and connotation of certain words
– Certain expressions/phrases that were used at the time of the Arabs
Phase:

– This is tafsir through ‫( اﺟﺘﻬﺎد‬deliberation) and ‫ﺎط‬5‫( اﺳ«ﻨ‬deduction).

– It is when a scholar uses their own understanding/opinoin to arrive at the meaning of a

Tafsir of verse.
– It must be based on sound knowledge and conform to the general teachings of the
Quran Quran and Sunnah. It cannot be based on one’s desires to make the Quran conform to
through their personal perspectives/opnions.
– There are severe warnings against those who interpret the Quran without proper
Personal knowledge.
‫َْ @ َ@ َ @ ْ َ ُ ْ ﱠ‬ ُ@ E َ ْ
– The Prophet SAW said: ‫ ِﻋﻠٍﻢ ﻓﻠَﻴ«َﺒﱠﻮأ َﻣﻘَﻌﺪە ِﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎ=ر‬l= D ‫^ اﻟﻘْﺮآِن ِ~ﻐ‬1 ِ ‫ َﻣﻦ ﻗﺎَل‬- Whoever speaks on the
Interpretation Quran without knowledge, let him take his seat in Hellfire.
Phase:

– Imam As-Suyuti mentiones 15 subjects a person must master in order to be qualified to

interpret the Quran:
– Knowledge of the Arabic language and its vocabulary
Tafsir of – Knowledge of Arabic grammar (‫)ﻧﺤﻮ‬

Quran – Knowledge of Arabic morphology (‫ف‬t)

– Knowledge of Arabic words and word structure (‫)اﺷﺘﻘﺎق‬
through – Knowledge of Arabic rhetoric

Personal – Eloquence
– Manners of oratory (public speaking)
Interpretation – Knowledge of Qira’at
8
– Knowledge of the principles of fiqh (‫)أُﺻﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬
– Knowledge of fiqh
ُُ +
– Knowledge of ‫ْول‬z{ { ‫ﺎُب اﻟ‬xَ‫أْﺳ‬
َ ْ
– Knowledge of ‫ ﻧﺎِﺳﺦ‬and ‫َﻣ}ُﺴْ~خ‬
– Knowledge of hadith
ُ 8ُ
– Knowledge of ‫ﻋﻠْﻮُم اﻟﻘْﺮآن‬
– Divine endowment
– A person can have all 14 requirements, but if Allah does not will for that person to be a
mufassir, then they will not.
– There are some meanings and understandings that only Allah can inspire in some people
Phase:

Title Author General Distinctions

‫ﺎن‬Uَ‫َﺟﺎِﻣُﻊ اﻟَﺒ‬ Ibn Jareer Al-Tabari - Mentions different recitations
- Uses poetry to explain words
ُ@ َْ
‫ﻢ‬Uْ‫ اﻟﻘْﺮآن اﻟَﻌِﻈ‬lْD ‫ﺗﻔِﺴ‬ Ibn Katheer - Uses narrations for explanation
Famous Tafsir of the Great Quran
ُ & َ
- Easy to read and understand

‫اﻟَﺠﺎِﻣﻊ ِﻷْﺣ¯ﺎم اﻟﻘْﺮآن‬ Al-Qurtubi - Focuses on legal rulings

Works of َ َ
‫ﺐ‬Uْ‫ َﻣﻔﺎِﺗْﻴﺢ اﻟﻐ‬also known as
& َْ
Ar-Razi - Comprehensive
lْD ‫ِﺒ‬p‫ اﻟ‬lْD ‫اﻟﺘﻔِﺴ‬
Tafsir -
-
Discusses rational debates
Refutes unorthodox sects
‫ﻂ‬Uْ‫ْﺤﺮ اﻟُﻤِﺤ‬5َ‫اﻟ‬ Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati al- - Focuses on the linguistics of the
The Encompassing Ocean Andalusi language
ْ E ْE ‫َﻣَﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟَﺘ‬
‫•ﻞ‬l Al-Baghawi - Concise
= ِ
Milestones of Revelation - Focuses on vocabulary

Al-Jalalayn Jalal ad-Din al-Mahaly and - Concise

Jalal al-Din as-Suyuti - Comprehensive
‚1 E ِ ‫ُرْوح اﻟَﻤَﻌﺎ‬ Abu al-Thana Shihab al-Din - Comprehensive
Mahmud ibn Abdillah al-Alusi
ُ َ E
‫^ ِﻇﻼل اﻟﻘْﺮآن‬1 Syed Qutb - Focuses on reflections
In the Shade of the Quran - Very eloquent
ُ ُ
‫َﻣﻌﺎ=رف اﻟﻘْﺮآن‬ Mufti Muhammad Shafi al- - Simple narrative style
Uthmani - Answers contemporary issues
Phase:

CHAPTER 11:
HOW TO APPROACH THE
QURAN
Phase:

– The Prophet SAW said:

ُ ƒَ َ ُQ ƒ َ “ َ
‫ْﻢ َﻣْﻦ ﺗَﻌﻠَﻢ اﻟﻘْﺮآن َوﻋﻠَﻤﻪ‬À0ُ ْr ‫ﺧ‬
The best among you are those who learn the Qur'an and teach it.
Virtues of
ٌ ْ َ ٌ . ْ .َ ٌ ْ َ
ٌ‫ف َوَﻻم‬ ُ ُ . َ َ َ ْ . ْi َ ُ َ َ َ Q َ ٌ َ َ َ ُ .َ ƒ َ ْ ً ْ َ .َ َ ْ َ
Learning the ‫ﻦ أِﻟﻒ ﺣﺮ‬Pِ‫ أﻣﺜﺎِﻟﻬﺎ ﻻ أﻗﻮل اﻟﻢ ﺣﺮف وﻟ‬µ ‫‚ ﻓﻠﻪ ِ?ِﻪ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ واﻟﺤﺴﻨﺔ ?ﻌ‬
ٌ ْ َm ٌ ِ َ ٌ ْ َ
ِ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮأ ﺣﺮﻓﺎ ِﻣﻦ ِﻛﺘﺎِب ا‬
‫ﻢ ﺣﺮف‬V‫ﺣﺮف وِﻣ‬
Quran Whoever recites a letter from Allah's Book, then he receives the reward from it,
and the reward of ten like it. I do not say that Alif Lam Mim is a letter, but Alif is a
letter, Lam is a letter and Mim is a letter.

َ ْ َ ً َ َ َ Q َ ْ َ 1 Qَ ُ ‫ ُ ْ َ َ ﱠ‬Q ُ َ ْ
‫ﻌﺎ ﻷﺻﺤﺎِ?ِﻪ‬V‫ﺎﻣِﺔ ﺷِﻔ‬V‫` ﻳﻮم اﻟِﻘ‬5 ِ ‫اﻗﺮءوا اﻟﻘﺮآن ﻓِﺈﻧﻪ •ﺄ‬
Recite the Qur'an, for on the Day of Resurrection it will come as an intercessor
for those who recite It.
Phase:

– 114 surahs
– Ayat are of varying lengths
– The shortest ayah is 2 words
– The longest ayah is 100+ words
Structure of – 6235 ayat in the Quran
the Quran – Generally, longer surahs are at the beginning and shorter surahs are at the end
– The order of the ayat and sequence of the surahs was determined by the
Prophet through divine revelation
– Quran is divided into 30 ‫أﺟﺰاء‬
– Makes it easy for people to recite the Quran in one month

– Each juz is divided into 2 halves, called a hizb

– Ruku’ is another common division of the Quran
– Purpose is to mark the amount of a surah that can be read in one rakaah of prayer
– They are divided according to the meanings and subject matter of the verses
Phase:

– First step to studying the Quran: learning how to recite it properly

– A person should learn how to recite it properly with the correct tajwid and try to
become as proficient in it as possible
– The Prophet SAW said:
َ‫ٌﺪ َﻋ'ﻠْ?ﻪ َﻗﺎل‬1‫ْﻘَﺮُؤُە َﻗﺎَل ﻫَﺸﺎٌم َوُﻫَﻮ َﺷﺪ‬1َ ‫ﻟﺬي‬:‫َرة َوا‬yَ َ ‫ﻪ َﻣَﻊ اﻟﱠﺴَﻔَﺮة ا•ﻟ‘َﺮام ا•ﻟ‬‰ ‫ْﻘ َ „ﺮأ ا•ﻟُﻘْﺮآَن َوُﻫَﻮ َﻣﺎﻫٌﺮ‬1َ ‫ﻟﺬي‬:‫ا‬
ِ ِ ِ ِ' َ ِ z ' ِ ِ ِ ُ ِِ ِ ِ
Studying the ْ ' ُ ‫ﱞ‬ َ ْ
‫ﺔ وﻫﻮ ﻋﻠ?ِﻪ ﺷﺎق ﻓﻠﻪ أﺟَﺮاِن‬h‫ﺷﻌ‬
َ َ ُ َ َ ْ ُ

Quran The one who recites the Qur'an and he is proficient with it, then he is with the noble and
blessed Angels and the one who recites it" - Hisham said: "And it is hard for him" - Shu'bah
said: "And it is difficult for him, - then he gets two rewards.
– After learning to read it, set an amount to recite every day

– Read a translation and commentary of the portion of Quran recited daily

– This will help a person to reflect on the meanings of the Quran
– Recommended translation: M.A.S Abdel Haleem
– Recommended English commentaries: Tafsir Ibn Katheer, Mariful Quran, In the
Shade of the Quran