BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, MODULE 2 ADVANCES IN ENERGY SYSTEM AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1.Which of the following supplies maximum amount of hydrogen gas? a)Natural gas b) Anaerobic Digestion c) Wastewater treatment d) Electrolysis Answer: a Explanation: Alll the four options produce hydrogen gas. However, fossil fuels, specifically natural gas is the major producer of hydrogen gas. Biomass and biogas are the also commonly used to produce hydrogen gas. 2.1In terms of green house gas emissions, how good or bad is hydrogen fuel? a)Major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions b) — Zero-emission fuel ©) Lowest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions 4) Hydrogen cannot be used as fuel Answer: b Explanation: Hydrogen fuel is a clean source of energy. It is a zero-emission fuel burned with oxygen and is used in different applications to generate electricity. Among all sources of energy, burning fossil fuels produces maximum amount of greenhouse gases. 3. Which of the following use hydrogen as fuel? a)Fossil fuels b) Anaerobic digestion ©)Fuel cells d) Cooking : Fuel cells and internal combustion engines used hydrogen as fuel cells. Anaerobic digestion requires biomass in the form of waste water to generate electricity. Though fossil fuels contain hydrogen atoms, they do not require external supply of hydrogen as fuels. Cooking does not require hydrogen as fuel. 4. Which of the following is the most popuepgapteston of hydrogen fuel cell? DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, a)Fuel cell vehicles b) Fuel cell energy power plants ©}Fuel cells stand-alone power supplies d) — Fuelcells spacecraft Answr Explanation: Spacecraft propulsion uses hydrogen as fuel with the help of fuel cells. It is one of the most established techniques to deploy spacecrafts into outer-space. Though fuel cell vehicles are becoming popular, they are not well established yet. 5. How is hydrogen gas produced from fossil fuels? a)Partial oxidation of methane b) Electrolysis c) Evaporation d) Biomass gasification Answer: a Explanation: Hydrogen gas is produced from fossil fuels by different techniques like partial oxidation of methane, steam reforming and coal gasification. Biomass gasification and electrolysis produce hydrogen gas in small quantities. 6. What is the major drawback of steam-methane reforming technique to produce hydrogen? a) Capital intensive b) Releases greenhouse gases into atmosphere ©)A niche technology d) Poor efficiency Answer: b Explanation: The steam-methane reforming technique is the current leading technology to produce hydrogen. However, the main drawback of steam-methane reforming technique is that it releases greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. How does electrolysis produce hydrogen? a)By running electricity to combine hydrogen and water b) By separating water into hydrogen and oxygen and generating electricity c) By passing electricity into water to separate it into hydrogen and oxygen d) Bypassing electricity into water to evaporate it into hydrogen Answer: ¢ DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, Explanation: Electrolysis is one of the cleanest techniques to produce hydrogen. Electricity is passed through water to separate it into oxygen and hydrogen. In electrolysis, electricity is not generated and instead is used to perform a chemical reaction 8, Why is hydrogen hezardous as fuel? a)Because of high ignition and low combustion energy b) Because of high ignition and high combustion energy ©)Because low ignition and low combustion energy d) Because of low ignition and high combustion energy Answer: d Explanation: Hydrogen is extremely dangerous as fuel. This is because hydrogen has a low ignition temperature and releases large amounts of energy during burning ~ high combustion energy. Also, itis hard to store as it tends leak easily from storage tanks. 9. Traditionally, why is steam methane reforming preferred over electrolysis? a) Because electrolysis requires electricity b) Because electrolysis has lower production efficiency ©) Because steam methane reforming produces greenhouse gases d) Because electrolysis produces greenhouse gases Answr Explanation: Traditionally, steam methane reforming preferred over electrolysis. This is simply because electrolysis requires electricity. Currently, producing electricity is expensive. As the cost of producing a unit of electricity becomes cheaper, electrolysis will be favored over steam methane reforming because it does not release greenhouse gases. 10. What is the main problem in using hydrogen as fuel for vehicles? a) Capital intensive b) Storage ©)Fuel cell technology is not well established 4) Carswill become heavy Answer: b Explanation: The main problem in using hydrogen as fuel for vehicles is storage of hydrogen. Hydrogen is difficult to store because it leaks easily, Moreover, it is extremely hazardous as fuel due to its low ignition temperature and high combustion energy. 11. Whatis a fuel cell? DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, a)Converts heat energy to chemical energy b) Converts heat energy to electrical eneray ©)Converts chemical energy to electrical energy d) Converts kinetic energy to heat energy Answr Explanation: A fuel cell works just like a battery. It converts chemical energy to electrical energy. The chemical energy from a redox reaction occurring within the cell converted to electrical energy due to the flow of electrons. 12, How does hydrogen fuel cell work? a)Membrane — hydrogen ions — electric current and recombination with oxygen b) Electric currentand recombination with oxygen — hydrogen ions — membrane Hydrogen ions —- membrane — electric currentand recombination with oxygen d) Recombination with oxygen — electric current - membrane — hydrogen ions Answer: d Explanation: The hydrogen ions in one chamber of the cell flow into the other chamber through a membrane to recombine with oxygen. Since a redox reaction, electric current is generated due to flow of electrons. 13. What does hydrogen fuel cell emit a)Water b) Steam Greenhouse gas d) Methane Answer: Explanation: Hydrogen fuel cell produces water — its only emission. It does not release any greenhouse gases or carbon compounds like methane because the reaction occurs with two substances, hydrogen and oxygen. 14. Fuel cell vehicle is sourced by a battery. a)True db) False Answer: Explanation: A fuel cell vehicle (FEV) or a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is sourced by 2 fuel cell. It may work in combination with a battery to supply sufficient power to run the systems. But the source of the energy is a fuel cell 15. High pressure containers are used to store hydrogen. a)True b) False DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, Answ Explanation: Hydrogen is stored in a variety of ways to prevent hazards. One of them is, by using high pressure containers. Another commonly used technique is cryogenics — low temperatures 16. Which of the following energy has the greatest potential among all the sources of renewable energy? a)Solar energy b) Wind Energy ©)Thermal energy d) — Hydro-electrical energy Answer: Explanation: Solar energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of renewable energy which comes to the earth from sun. This energy keeps the temperature of the earth above that in colder space, causes wind currents in the ocean and the atmosphere, causes water cycle and generates photosynthesis in plants. 17. Whatis the rate of solar energy reaching the earth surface? a)1016W b) 865W )2854W d) 1912W Answer: Explanation: The solar energy reaching the surface of the earth is about 1016W whereas the worldwide power demand is 1013W. That means solar energy gives us 1000 times more energy than our requirement. 18. _ What is total ammount of solar energy received by earth and atmosphere? a)3.8 X 1024 J/year b) 9.2 X 1024 J/year ©)5.4X 1024 J/year d) 2.1X 1024 J/year Answer: a Explanation: Even if we use 5% of this energy, itis more than 50 times our requirement. The total solar radiation absorbed by the earth and its atmosphere is 3.8 X 1024 Joules/year. Except that it is distributed over the area of earth. 19. Which is most common source of energy from which electricity is produced? DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, a)Hydroelectr b) Wind eneray c)Coal d) Solar energy Answi Explanation: Coal is the most common source of energy that is being used since industrialization, Modern steam boilers can burn coal in any of its form as a primary fuel. Different ranks of coal available are peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite. 20 is estimated to last for more a)100 years b) 500 years OA decade d) 800 years Answer:a Explanation: Almost 40% of energy needs is met by oil alone. With present consumption and a resource of 250,000 million tons of oil, itis estimated to be last for only 100 years, unless more oil is discovered. Major chunk of oil comes from petroleum. 21. Complete the following reai H20 + Co2 — a)CH20 + 02 b) C02 + 02 OH +C02+02 d) CH20 + H20 + 02 Answer: a Explanation: H20 + C02 —- CH20 + 02 “under solar energy CH20 is stable at low temperature but breaks at higher temperature releasing heat equal to 469 Kj/mole. 22, In what form is solar energy is radiated from the sun? 2) Ultraviolet Radiation b) Infrared radiation ©Electromagnetic waves d) ‘Transverse waves Answer: Explanation: Solar energy is radiated from the sun in the form of electromagnetic waves of shorter wavelength of 0.2 to 0.4 micrometers. Out of all the solar energy DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, radiations reaching the earths atmosphere, 8% is ultraviolet radi range light and 46% is by infrared radiation. 23, What does MHD stands for in the energy field? a)Magneto Hydro Dynamic b) Metal Hydrogen Detox ©)Micro Hybrid Drive d) Metering Head Differential n, 40% is visible Answer: Explanation: Magneto hydro dynamic is a generator which is used for direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy. They work on faraday pr When an electric conductor moves across a magnetic field, electric current is produced. 24, Solar radiation which reaches the surface without scattering or absorbed is called iple a)Beam Radiation b) Infrared radiation Ultraviolet radiation d) Diffuse radiation Answer: a Explanation: Solar radiation that has not been absorbed or scattered and reaches the ground from the sun is called direct radiation or beam radiation. Itis the radiation which produces a shadow when interrupted by an opaque object. 25, The scattered solar radiation is called a)Direct Radiation b) Beam Radiation ©)Diffuse radiation d) Infrared Radiation Answer: c Explanation: Diffuse radiation received from the sun after its direction has been changed by reflection and scattering by the atmosphere. Since the solar radiation is scattered in all direction in the atmosphere, diffuse radiation comes to the earth from all parts of the sky. 26. Solar radiation received at any point of earth is called a)Insolation b) Beam Radiation Diffuse Radiation d) — Infraredrays DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, Ansvr Explanation: insolation is the total solar radiation received at any point on any point on the earth’ surface. In other words insolation is the sum of the direct and diffuse radiation. More specifically insolation is defined as the total solar radi received on a horizontal surface of unit area on the ground in unit time. 27. Insolation is less a)When the sun is low b) When the sun right above head OAtnight d) Atsun rise Answer: a Explanation: The insolation at a given point or location on the earth's surface depends among other factors, on the altitude of the sun in the sky. As a result of absorption and scattering, the insolation is less when the sun is low in the sky than when it is higher. 87 HW stands for a)High and Low water b) High Level Waste c) Heated Low Level water d) High and Low Waste Answer: b Explanation: These are generated in reprocessing of spent fuel. They contain all fission products and contain of the transuranium elements not separated during reprocessing, Such wastes are to be disposed of carefully. 88 — Whatis unit of nuclear radiation? a)Reaumur b) — Roentgen Rankine d) Pascal Answer: Explanation: Units of nuclear radiation is Roentgen- amount of radiation which will on passing through pure air under standard condition produce 1 electrostatic unit of ions/ cm3 of air -> 86.9 ergs of energy absorbed/gm of air. 89. Which type of fuel is removed from the reactor core after reaching end of core life service? a)Burnt Fuel DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, b) Spent fuel Engine oil d) — Radioactive fuel Explanation: Spent fuel is the unprocessed fuel that is removed from the reactor core after reaching end of core removed and then stored for 3 to 4 months under water in the plant site to give time for the most intense radioactive isotopes to decay 90. The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is uses a)Energy difference b) Potential difference ©) Temperature difference d) Kinetic difference Answer:¢ Explanation: The ocean thermal energy conversion uses the temperature difference between cold water and hot water to produce electricity. 91. OTEC is developec a) 1880 b) 1926 ©) 1890 d) 1930 Answer: a Explanation: The Ocean thermal energy conversion is developed in the year 1880. Itis the base loaded electricity generation. 92. The OTEC is constructed in a)1920 b) 1924 o1922 d) 1926 Answer: Explanation: The OTEC is constructed in 1926. The OTEC plant pumps the sea water and run the power cycle. It is developed in 1880. 93. The by-product of the ocean thermal energy conversion is a)Hot water b) Des lated water DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, ©) Chemicals ad) Gases Answr Explanation: The by-product in the ocean thermal energy conversion is desalinated water. The amount of water will be in large quantity. 94, Inocean thermal energy conversion, the plant pumps the deep cold sea water and do not pump the surface sea water. a)True b) Fal se Answe Explanation: The ocean thermal eneray conversion, the plant pumps the large quantity of deep cold sea water and surface sea water as well to run a power cycle and produce electricity. 95. How many types of OTEC plants are there? a)1 b)2 3 a4 here are three types of ocean thermal energy plants. They are closed cycle systems, open cycle ocean thermal energy conversion and hybrid ocean thermal energy conversion. 96. Closed cycle systems use the fluid having a)High boiling points b) Low boiling points High viscosity d) Low viscosity Answer: Explanation: Closed cycle system uses the fluid having low boiling points. Ammonia is. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, t whi one of the liquids having low boiling px a turbine to generate electricity. 97. Warm surface sea wate! a)Heat exchanger b) Generator ©) Evaporator d) Condenser s having b ing point -330C to power pumped through a to vaporize the fluid. Answer: Explanation: Warm surface sea water is pumped through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid. The expanded vapour turns the turbo generator to produce electricity. 98. The heat exchanger the vapour into a liquid which is recycled. a)Condenses b) Heats ¢)Cools d) — Evaporates Answer: a Explanation: The heat exchanger condenses the vapour into a liquid which is recycled. The surface water and the deep water is also drawn into the system. 99. Open cycle OTEC uses surface water directly to make electricity. a)Hot b) = Warm c)Cool a) Iey Answer: Explanation: Open Cycle Ocean thermal energy conversion uses the warm surface water to produce electricity. The warm water is first pumped into the low pressure container and set to boil 100. In some cases, the steam drives the low pressure turbine attached to the electrical generator. a)True db) False Answer: a Explanation: In some cases, the steam drives the low pressure turbine attached to the electrical generator. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, 101. The steam leaves the a)Salts b) Aluminium © Copper d) Silver Answer: a Explanation: The steam leaves the salts and the all impurities when they are heated up and left in the low pressure container to giver pure and fresh water. 102. The open cycle system produces water. a)Desalinated b) Impure ©)Contaminated d) Chlorinated Answ Explanation: The open cycle system produces desalinated water and fresh. It is suitable for drinking, irrigation and agriculture. 103. In method the sea water enters a vacuum chamber and flash evaporated. a)Closed cycle system b) Open cycle system Hybrid OTEC d) Neither closed nor open system Answer: Explanation: In hybrid OTEC method draws the sea water into the vacuum chamber and flash evaporated similar to the open cycle system. 104. Depending on the embodiment technique generate power from hydro electric ‘turbine. a)Closed cycle b) Open cycle Hybrid d) Steam pump Answer: d Explanation: Depending on the embodiment steam lift pump technique generate power from hydro electricturbine either before or after the pump is used 105. How is OTEC caused? a)By wind energy b) By geothermal energy DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, ©)By solar energy d) By gravitational force Answ Explanation: OTEC is caused by solar energy indirectly. Of late harnessing tidal and wave energy has gained momentum. While OTEC has its own limitations, wave and tidal energy conversion systems can generate more energy when compared to solar energy. 106. What does OTEC stand for? 2)0cean thermal energy cultivation b) Ocean thermal energy conversion ©) Ocean techno energy conservation d) Ocean thermal energy consumption Answer: b Explanation: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface sea water to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the form of electricity. OTEC can operate with a very high capacity factor and so can operate in base mode. 107. Which country has worlds largesttidal power plant? a)Netherlands b) South Korea c)Laos d) Bolivia Explanation: Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station is the world’ largest tidal power installation, with a total power output capacity of 254 MW. When completed in 2011, it surpassed the 240 MW Rance Tidal Power Station which was the world's largest for 45 years. It is operated by the Korea Water Resources Corporation. 108. Which type of turbine is commonly used in tidal energy? a)Francis turbine b) Kaplan turbine Pelton wheel d) — Gorlovturbine Answ Explanation: The Kaplan turbine is a propeller type reaction turbine that is usually DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, mersed completely in the fluid it derives energy from. A Kaplan turbi in that itis able to operate in lower pressure situations where Pelton or Francis turbines cannot. 109. How is water trapped from coastal waters? 2)By building canals b) —_Bybuilding dams ©By digging wells d) By storing in tanks Answer: b Explanation: The tides are one of the sources of energy from the oceans. This energy can be tapped from coastal waters by building dams. Dams entrap the water at high tide and release it at low tide back to the sea. 110. Water to the turbine is allowed through the a)Pipes b) Sluice gates o)Canals 4) Pumps Answer: b Explanation: A sluice is a water channel controlled at its head by a gate. A sluice gate traditionally a wood or metal barrier sliding in grooves that are set in the sides of the waterway. Sluice gates commonly control water levels and flow rates in rivers and canals. 111. The tides are rhythmic and constant. a)True b) False Answer: Explanation: The tides are rhythmic but not constant. They do not occur on a regular daily schedule. Their occurrence is due to balance of forces, mainly the gravitational force of the moon but also that of the sun, both acting together with that of earth to balance the centrifugal force on the water to the earth’s rotation. 112. For exactly how much time does it take for one tidal cycle? a)22h, 20min b) 24h, 50min ¢)20h, 10min d) 22h, 50min DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, ‘Answer: b Explanation: It takes the Earth an extra 50 minutes to catch up to the moon. Since the Earth rotates through two tidal bulges every lunar day, we experience two high and two low tides every 24 hours and 50 minutes. Here, we see the relationship between the tidal cycle and the lunar day. 113. What type of tide is itif the difference between high and low tide is greatest? a)Diurnal tide db) Neap tide ©) Spring tide d) Ebb tide Answer: Explanation: The tide that occurs when the difference between high and low tides is. greatest. It occurs when the moon is new or full. Spring tides result when the gravitation forces of the sun and moon are parallel to one another. 114. A tide whose difference between high and low tides is leastis called as a)Diurnal tide b) — Neap tide Spring tide d) Ebbtide Ansvr Explanation: A tide that occurs when the difference between high tide and low tide is the least. Neap tides occur when gravitational forces from the sun and moon are at right angles (perpendicular) to one another. 115. Which of the turbine can be mounted vertically and horizontally? 2)Pelton wheel b) Kaplan turbine ©Gorlov turbine d) Answer: ¢ Explanation: The Gorlov helical turbine (GHT) is a water turbine evolved from Darrieus turbine design by altering it to have helical blades/foils. Gorlov turbine can be mounted both vertically and horizontally because it is not directional. 116. What types of tides occur when there is so much interference with continents? a)Diurnal tide Db) Neap tide Spring tide d) Ebbtide DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, Ansvr Explanation: Diurnal tides occur when there is so much interference by continents, only one high tide and one low tide occur per day. This diurnal tide has a period of 24hrs and 50 min. An area has a diurnal tidal cycle if it experiences one high and one low tide every lunar day 117. What does Heating and cooling of the atmosphere generates? a)Thermo line circulation b) Radiation currents Convection currents d) Conduction currents Answer: Explanation: Wind energy can be economically used for the generation of electrical energy. Heating and cooling of the atmosphere generates convection currents. Heating is caused by the absorption of solar energy on the earth surface. 118. How muchis the energy available in the winds over the earth surface is estimated tobe? a)2.9 X 120 MW bd) 1.6X107 MW o1MW ad) 5MW Answer: Explanation: The energy available in the winds over the earth surface is estimated to be 1.6 X 107 MW which is almost the same as the present day energy consumption. ind energy can be utilized to run wind mill which in turn, is used to drive the generators. 119. How much wind power does India hold? )20,000 MW b) 12,000 Mw 140,000 MW d) s000MW Answer: a Explanation: india has a potential of 20,000 MW of wind power. Wind power accounts nearly 9.87% of India’s total installed power generation capacity. Generation of wind power in India mainly account from southern state of India. 120. Whats the main source for the formation of wind? a)Uneven land DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, b) Sun Vegetation d) Seasons Answer: Explanation: Wind is free and renewable form of energy, which throughout history has been used to grind grain, power ships, and pump water. Wind is created when the sun unevenly heat the earth surface. 121. Which country created wind mills? a)Egypt b) Mongolia Olran qd) Japan Answer: ¢ Explanation: The earliest known wind mills were in Persia (Iran). These early wind mills looked like large paddle wheels. Centuries later, the people of Holland improved the basic design of wind mill. Holland is famous for its wind mills. 122. “During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly than the air over water”. a)True b) False Answer: Explanation: During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly than the air over water. The warm air over the land expands and raises, and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its place, creating winds. 123. What happens when the land near the earth’s equator is heated? a)All the oceans gets heated up b) Small wind currents are formed ORise in tides d) Large atmospheric winds are created Answer: Explanation: The large atmospheric winds that circle the earth are created because the land near the earth’ equator is heated more by the sun than the land near the north and south poles. Wind energy is mainly used to generate electricity. 124. What type of energy is wind energy? a)Renewable energy b) _ Non-renewable energy Conventional energy DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, d) Commercial energy Answer: Explanation: Wind is called a renewable energy source because the wind will blow as long as the shines. Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land. 125. What are used toturn wind energy into electrical energy? a)Turbine b) Generators ©) Yaw motor d) Blades Answer:a Explanation: Wind turbine blades capture wind energy, a form of mechanical energy, and put it to work turning a drive shaft, gearbox, and generator to produce electrical energy. Many factors affects wind turbine efficiency including turbine blade aerodynamics. 126. Whatis the diameter of wind turbine blades? 4)320 feet b) 220 feet )80 feet d) 500 feet Answer: Explanation: Large utility-scale wind turbines can now generate more than a MW of electrical power each and deliver electricity directly in to the electric grid, these turbines are placed at 200 feet height at the rotor hub and have blades which are 220 feet or more in diameter. 127. Atwhat range of speed is the electricity from the wind turbine is generated? 2)100 - 125 mph b) 450 - 650 mph 250 - 450 mph @) 30-35 mph Answer: Explanation: Wind turbines are designed with cut-in wind speeds and cut-out speeds . the wind speeds when the turbines start turning or shut off to prevent drive train DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, damage. Typically, maximum electric generations occur at speeds of 30-35mph. 128. When did the development of wind power in India begin? a)1965 b) 1984 )1990 qd) 1985 Answr Explanation: The development of wind power in India began in 1990s. Presently India is the world’s fourth largest wind power generator. The Indian energy sector has an stalled capacity of 32.72 GW. Today India is a major player in the global wind energy market. 129. Disasters can be broadly termed as types. a)2 b)4 5 3 Answer: a Explanation: Disasters can be accidental or intentional. Accidental disasters include natural disasters like tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, etc. Intentional are man-made disasters like, terrorism, bombing, etc. 130. The annual flood peaks in India are recorded in months of: a)June, July b) July, August c) July, September d) August, September Answer: d Explanation: Floods can occur during any part of the monsoon season. But, typically during months of August and September, flood peaks are recorded. On large rivers, it ranges between 60,000 and 80,000 m3/s. 131. Uttarakhand lies in zone of Earthquake prone areas a)5 b)3 4 d)2 Answer: DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, Explanation: There are five zones of earthquake. Zone 5 covers areas with the highest risk (intensity of MSK 1x or greater). Zone 4 covers areas liable to MSK VIII, Zone 3 to MSK VII, Zone 2 to MSK VI or less. Zone 1 area is not there in India. 132. To measure flood variability, is used widely. a)FFMI b) Fl c) FMI qd) FFI Answer: a Explanation: FFMI stands for Flash Flood Magnitude Index. It is the standard devi logarithms to the base of 10 of annual maximum series. 133. Disaster management deals with situation that occurs after the disaster. a)True b) False Answer: b Explanation: Disaster management is a broad term and it deals with a situation prior to, during and after the occurrence of a disaster. 134. How many elements of disaster management are there? a)8 b)7 4 d6 Answer: Explanation: There are six distinct sets of activities. These include risk management, loss management, control of events, equity of assistance, resource management and impact reduction, 135. Which of the below is an example of slow-onset disaster? a)Earthquake b) Tsunami o)Cyclone d) Draught Answer:d Explanation: Disasters can also be classified as rapid-onset and slow-onset. It is based on how long they last. Rapid-onset disasters are Earthquake, Tsunami and Cyclone. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, 136. How many phases of disaster response are there? a)5 b)4 3 d)2 Answer: a hese are the preparatory phase, warning phase, emergency phase, ‘ation phase and reconstruction phase. 137. The first step in preparedness planning is: a)Analysis of data collected b) Determination of objectives ©)Development of implementing device d) Determination of strategy Answer: b Explanation: There are six steps in preparedness planning for emergency response The first step is to determine the objectives to be met within each affected sector. 138. Tsunami detectors are placed in sea at kms from shore. a)25 b) 100 Explanation: Coastal tidal gauges can detect tsunami closer to shore. It is placed at ‘s0kms in the sea from shore. They are linked to land by submarine cables and give warning in time. 139. Carbon footprint can be measured by: a)Carbon dating b) Instruments. ©) Carbon accounting @) Formula Answer: c Explanation: Carbon footprint is the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, event, organization or product. It is expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent. It can be measured by assessment of GHG (greenhouse gas) levels or activities like carbon accounting. 140. How many types of ecological pyramids are there? DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, a)3 b)2 4 d)5 Answer: a Explanation: Ecological pyramid is a graphical representation used to show bio productivity at each trophic level. The three types are the pyramid of energy, pyramid of numbers and pyramid of biomass. 141. A legally binding agreement between 2 or more nation states rel environmenti a)BEA b) BA OMA d) MEA \g to Answer: d Explanation: MEA stand for Multilateral Environmental Agreement. When it is between 2 nation states, itis BEA - Bilateral Environmental Agreement. These are predominantly produced by the United Nations. 142. is a programme run by UN related to sustainable development. a)GHG indicator b) Agenda 21 olpce a) UNEP Answer: Explanation: Agenda 21 is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by governments of member nations of UN and those major groups in every area in which humans impact on the environment. 143. Fora gold LEED certification, how many points are required? a)40-49 b) 60-79 050-59 d) 80-110 Answer: b Explanation: LEED is Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. It has four levels — certified (40-49 points), silver (50-59), gold (60-79) and platinum (80-110 points). 144. Which of the below green building in India has received a platinum LEED DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, i.BESKS08 ENVIRONMENTAL certification? a)Dabur India, Chandigarh b) Logix Cyber Park, UP Unitech Commercial Tower, Chandigarh d) Suzlon One Earth, Pune ing can accommodate 2300 people, has used low energy materials, thus reducing carbon footprint. 90% of occupied space has access to natural daylight. 145. is the conventional source for hydel power. a)Tidal wave b) Currents c) Water d) Ripples Answer: c Explanation: Hydel power is obtained from a high velocity of running water. tis abundantly present. It is used for a longer period of time. It is an exceptional case of conventional energy. 146. The first academic publication about ecological footprints was in: a)1992 b) 1990 )1993 d) 1994 Answer: Explanation: William Rees published the first ecological footprint in 1992. The concept and calculation was developed as the PhD dissertation of Mathis Wackernagel under Rees’ supervision from 1990-1994. 147. Which of the below is a global scale environmental issue? a)Eutrophication b) Regional ozone ©)Climate change @) Pollution Answer: ¢ DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, Explanation: These are three scales of environmental issues - local, re global. Climate change, global warming, stratospheric ozone less, etc. are all issues at a global level. 148. Carbon can be stored in organic matter in the form of: a)Biomass b) Biofuel ©)Bioenergy @) Bio bon, Answer: a Explanation: itis stored in the roots of treesand organicmatter for decades in the form of biomass. The carbon from these is released into the atmosphere on decomposition 149. The ‘Miracle Material’ that can turn CO2 into liquid fuel is: a)Propene b) Copper ©)Graphene d) Potassium Answer: ¢ Explanation: Graphene quantum dots can recycle waste C02 to fuel. Scientist Pulickel Ajayan has shown the conversion of CO2 into ethylene and ethanol using electro catalysis in lab conditions. 150. Acid rains are produced by (a) Excess NO2 and $02 from burning fossil fuels (b) __ Excess production of NH3 by industry and coal gas (c) _ Excessrelease of carbon monoxide by incomplete combustion (d) _ Excess formation of CO2 by combustion and animal respiration. (1988, 89) Answer and Explanation: (a): Acid rain refers to the precipitation with a pH of less than 5. Itis a mixture of H2S04 and HNO3, the ratio of the two acids vary depending on the relative quantities of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides present in the atmosphere. These oxides are mainly produced by combustion of fossil fuels, smelters, industries, power plants, automobile exhausts ete. 151. Which one is not a pollutant normally? (a) _ hydrocarbon (b) Carbon dioxide DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, (©) Carbon monoxide (@) Sulphur dioxide. Answer and Explan: (dD): The common gaseous pollutants are oxides of carbon (CO and C02), oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) oxides of sulphur (S02 and S03), all these together contribute 90% of the global air pollution. Out of all these CO2 is not a pollutant normally, the green plants, by photosynthesis balance the CO2 and 02 ratios in the air to a great extent, whereas others like carbon monoxide, NO2 etc are poisonous gases. 152. Upper part of sea/aquatic ecosystem contains nh: (a) Plankton (b) Nekton (©) Plankton and nekton (qd) Benthos. Answer and Explanation: (a) :Planktons are passively floating in upper water, nektons are actively swimming while benthos lead sedentary life upon the sea bottom. Planktons are producers and are present in large number. 153. Competition for light, nutrients and space is most severe between (a) Closely related organism growing in different niches (b) Closely related organisms growing in the same area/niche (©) Distantly related organisms growing in the same habitat (@)__ Distantly related organisms growing in different niches. (1988) Answer and Explanation: (b) __: Competition is rivalry for obtaining the same resource. Competition of light, nutrients and space is most severe between closely related organisms growing in the same area/niche, due to overproduction of population in the same area/niche. 154. A mutually beneficial association necessary for survival of both partners is (a) Mutualism /symbiosis (b) Commensalism (©) Amensalism (qd) BothA andB. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, B.BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, Answer and Explanation: (a): Mutualism is an associ luals of two species, both of which are benefitted but cannot live separately under natural conditions e.g. instances of mutualism exist between animals and plants and also in between plants e.g. lichens. Ammensalism is an interaction in which one species causes harm to another spices with its toxic secretion often without gaining any benefit from the interaction. Commensalism is the relationship between individuals of two species of which on benefitted and the other is almost unaffected i.e.; neither benefitted nor harmed. 155. What is true of ecosystem? (a) _ Primary consumers are least dependent upon producers (b) Primary consumers out-number producers n betwee! (©) Producers are more than primary consumers (@)_ Secondary consumers are the largestand most powerful. Answer and Explanation: (c)__: Anecosystem maybe defined as a structural and functional unit of the biosphere comprising living organisms and their non-living environment that interact by means of food chains and chemical cycles resulting in energy flow, biotic diversity and material cycling to form a stable, self supporting system. The organisms in an ecosystem are classified into 3 main categories-producers, consumers and decomposers. The consumers utilize materials and energy stored by the producers. Decomposers obtain their food molecules from the organic materials of dead producers and consumers. In a true ecosystem, producers are more than consumers (herbivores and carnivores). 156. In an ecosystem, which one shows one-way passage? (a) Freeenergy (b) Carbon (© Nitrogen (d) Potassium. Answer and Explanation: (a): The behaviour of energy in ecosystem can be termed energy flow due to unidirectional flow of energy, Flow of energy is only in one direction i.e., from solar DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, B.BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, radiation —> producers —> heribivorous —> carnivores. This energy cannot pass in the reverse direction. There is decrease in the content and flow of energy with rise jin tropic level. 157. Green house effectis warming due to (a) Infra-red rays reaching earth (b) Moisture layer in atmosphere ()__ Increase in temperature due to increase in carbon dioxide concentration of atmosphere (@) Ozone layer of atmosphere. Answer and Explanation: (c) The mean global temperature rise by 2° - 6’c and the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the troposphere up to 600 ppm. Hence, the surface of the earth ilar to that of green house in which the glass enclosed atmosphere gets heated up due to its insulation from the restof the environment. Hence, global warming is also known as green house effect and the gases responsible for it are called green house gases e.g CH4, CO2 ete. becomes warm which causes global warming. The phenomenon is si . Soil conservation is Conversion of sterile soi (b) Aeration of soil (©) Erosion of soll (@) Protection against loss. Answer and Explanation: (d): Soil conservation is to conserve fertile soil from the losses like heavy rainfall, drainage, high wind, flood, draught etc. Soil is the top cover of the earth in which plants can grow. The rotation of crops, contour ploughing and use of proper fertil help in maintaining the fertility of soil, Plantation of trees, controlled grazing of grasslands, reforestation, and prevention of forests fires will protect the erosion of top soil. The regulation of water resources to prevent flood will help not only in soil conservation but also supply an adequate water supply in the period of drought. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, B.BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL 159. The relation between algae and fun (a) i (b) Parasitism (© Commensalism (a) Protocooperatio n. Answer and Explan: (a) : Algae and fungi in a lichen show symbiotic relationship. Fungi give support to the algae, give protection and help in absorption of water while algae provide food to fungi which is achlorophyllous. No one is harmed but both are benefitted by each other. 160. Major aerosol pollutant in jet plane emission is (a) Sulphur dioxide (b) Carbon monoxide (©) Methane nh: (d)_ Fluorocarbon. Answer and Explanation (d): Aerosols are chlorofluoro-hydrocarbon compounds released into air with force in the form of vapour. Main source of aerosols is the emission of jet planes, where fluorocarbons are used. These chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer in the higher atmosphere. These CFCS have produced a hole in the ozone layer. 161. Gas released during Bhopal tragedy was (a) Methyl isocyanate (b) Potassium isothiocyanate (©) Sodium isothiocyanate (@ Ethyl isothiocyante. Answer and Explan: (a): In Bhopal, the killer gas methyl isocyanate (MIC) was leaked into air from a chemical plant (Union Carbide) killing more than 2,000 people, many of the people are still suffering from various diseases and defects of eye. 162. Deforestation will decrease nh: DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, B.BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, (a) Soil erosion (©) Soil fertility (b) Land slides (d) Rainfall. Answer and Explanation: (d): Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land use such as arable land, pasture, urban use, logged area, or wasteland. Generally, the removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity. Deforestation results from removal of trees without sufficient reforestation, and results in declines in habitat and biodiversity, wood for fuel and industrial use, and quality of life. Due to deforestation, transpiration will be decreased, air temperature will be increased and water content will be decreased hence rainfall decreases. 163. Pyramid of numbers in a grassland/tree ecosystem (a) Alwaysinverted (b) Always upright (©) Both (a) and (b) (d)__ spindle-shaped. Answer and Explanation: (b): Pyramid of number in a grassland/tree ecosystem is always upright. It shows the number of individual organisms at each level. In grassland, the producers, which are mainly grasses, are always maximum in number. This number then shows a decrease towards apex, primary consumers are lesser in number than the grasses; the secondary consumers are lesser in number than the primary consumers. Finally, the top consumers are least in number. Thus, the pyramid becomes upright. 164. Domestic waste constitutes (a) _ Non biodegradable pollution (b) Biodegradable pollution (©) Effluents (qd) None (a) : Domestic waste constitutes biodegradable pollution. These are also called non- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, conservative pollutants. These are decomposed chemically or by activity of microorganisms into harmless products and are recycled back into the atmosphere. 165. Acid rainis due to increase in atmospheric concentration of (a) ozone and dust (b) C02 and Co (c) $02 andco (d) $02 and NO2. Answerand Explan: (d): S02 and NO2 when present in large quantities dissolved in water vapour form sulphuric acid and nitric acid which dissolve in rain water resulting in acid rain (H2S04) and (HNO3) which in turn causes great damage to forests and vegetation. 166. A non-renewable resource is Qn (@) _Nonrenewable nonconventional energy source (b) _ Nonrenewable conventional energy source (©) Renewable nonconventional energy source (@)_ Renewable conventional energy source. Answer and Explanation () Conventional energy resources are those energy resources which are in common use, e.g. animal power, fuel wood, fossil fuel and hydroelectric energy. These conventional energy resources are non-renewable resources. A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made, re-grown or regenerated on a sea!: comparative to its consumption. It exists in a fixed amount that is being renewed or is used up faster than it can be made by nature. Often fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered non-renewable resources, as they do not naturally re-format a rate that makes the way we use them sustainable. 167. Renewable source of energy is (a) Biomass (b) Coal (©) Petroleum (qd) Kerosene. Answer and Explanation: DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, (a) :Anatural resource qualifies as a renewable resource if it is replenished by natural processes ata rate comparable to its rate of consumption by humans or other users. Biomass, in the energy production industry, refers to living and recently dead biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Most commonly, biomass refers to plant matter grown for use as Biofuel, but it also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers, chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. Renewable resources of energy include biomass energy and some forms of inexhaustible energy like solar energy, hydropower, wind power, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy, etc. Coal, petroleum and kerosene are non- renewable resources of energy. 168. Homeostasis is (a) Tendency of biological systems to change with change in environment (b) Tendency of biological systems to resist change (©) _ Disturbance of self regulatory system and natural controls (@)__ Biotic materials used in homeopathic medicines. Answer and Explanatio (b) : The ability to maintain a steady state within constantly changing environment is essential for the survival of living systems. The maintenance of a constant internal environmentis called homeostasi 169. Deep black soil is productive due tohigh proportion of (a) Sand and zinc (b) Graveland calcium (©) Clayand humus (@)_ Siltand earthworm. Answer and Explan: (©): Deep black soil is productive due to high proportion of clay and humus. The organic matter presentin the soil is contributed by the death and decay of living organisms. These are the richest in nutrients and therefore these soils are the most fertile. 170 Which of the following is NOT a form of precipitation ion: a) Slee DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, B.BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, tb)Fog ° Hail d)Rai n ANS: Fog is not precipitation. Precipitation is moisture FALLING from the sky. Fogis not falling. 172. If you are under a low lying cloud that covers the whole sky, is dark, and it is heavily raining, you would most likely be under a stratus cloud a)True b) False Ans: the statementis false. A low lying cloud that covers the entire sky and is gray would be a stratus cloud, but very little moisture comes out of a nimbostratus cloud. 173. It is possible that on a hot summer day in Houston, that heavy rain can start out as a snow storm high in the clouds from which they fall a)True b) False ANS: Clouds can form at high altitudes where temperatures are below freezing. The type of precipitation that reaches the ground depends upon the temperature in the lower atmosphere. 174, Heavy rain, hail, lighte clouds a)True b) False 9 -- stratus ANS: the statement is False. Heavy rain, hail, lightning and thunder are associated with cumulonimbus clouds. While stratus clouds may produce precipitation, such precipitation will tend to be gentle. Lightening and hail would not be expected from stratus clouds 175. Rains in a warm cloud, falls through a freezing layer a)Rain b) Snow Sleet d) Freezi grain or glaze ANS: Sleetis a frozen raindrop. In t! instance, sleet began as a raindrop in a warm DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL, cloud; it was then frozen on its way to the surface. 176. Adiabatic processes are only important for air a)Which is rising or sinking b) — Thatis stagnant ©Masses which remain near the surface of the Earth d) — Thatis polluted ANS: Adiabatic only has to do with cooling or warming of air caused when air is allowed to expand or is compressed 177. Clouds are formed as a result of conduction a)True b)False ANS: the statement is False. Fog is formed via conduction. Clouds are formed asa result of adiabatic cooling. 178. Liquid water in clouds with temperatures below 32 degrees F ~~ freezing nuclei a)True b) False ANS: The statement is False. Liquid water is LIQUID. Freezing nuclei are solid particles that have a crystal form resembling that of ice. They serve as cores for the formation of, e crystals. 179. Condensation trails produced by jet aircraft that often spread out to form broad bands of cirrus clouds are called a)Contrails b) Radiation Fog Bergeron Process d) Traces of Precipitation ANS: this is the definition of a contrail. They are produced by jet aircraft engines that expel large amounts of hot, moist air. As the air mixes with the frigid air aloft, a streamlined cloud is produced 180. Lifting condensation level is the point at which occurs a)Cloud Formation b)Convectional Activity DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |BESK508 ENVIRONMENTAL ¢) Frontal A 4) Orographic Lifting ANS: the dew point and air temperature are equal and cloud formation occurs. 181. The is associated with super cooled clouds 2)Bergeron process b) —Collision-coalescence process ©)Both a andb d) None of these ANS: The Bergeron process depends on the presence of both super cooled water and ice crystals we are talking here cold clouds. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, |