Report: CHAPTER II

CHAPTER II
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Report: CHAPTER II

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Report: CHAPTER II

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, also known as the Conditional Cash

Transfer (CCT) program, was introduced in the Philippines as a social

assistance program aimed at reducing poverty and improving the well-being of

Filipino families. This literature review will be presented from General to

Specific (Global to Local), and the studies presented and examined from 2015

to the present will be Based on the Variables of the Research focusing on the

program's impact on the economic well-being of its beneficiaries. Conditional

cash transfers (CCT) are among the most prevalent forms of social assistance.

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and Non 4Ps Beneficiaries

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Pantawid Pamilya) is the

Government of the Philippines' flagship social assistance program. A

conditional cash transfer (CCT) program targets poor households with children

and/or pregnant women. Introduced in 2007 as a pilot program for 6,000

households, Pantawid Pamilya was rolled out nationally in 2008. Through a

series of expansions, Pantawid Pamilya has become one of the most extensive

CCT programs in the world (Patel et al., 2014).

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The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Pantawid Pamilya) Is the

Philippines' national conditional cash transfer (CCT) program. The program

grants cash to poor households with limited capacity to invest in their

children's future and well-being (Acosta & Velarde, 2015b).

The behavioral responses to social assistance programs in high informal

employment. It highlights the disincentive effects on registered employment

due to means tests determining eligibility based on income thresholds. The

research provides insights into how beneficiaries of income-tested programs

may adjust their formal employment levels to maximize benefits, shedding light

on the complexities of social assistance programs in influencing labor market

dynamics. Bergolo & Cruces (2021)

4Ps is a poverty reduction strategy that provides grants to impoverished

households to improve their health, nutrition, and education, particularly for

children aged 0-14. This program is a lead project of the Department of Social

Welfare and Development (DSWD) in support of the Department of Education

(DepEd) and the Department of Health (DOH). Based on the study's findings, the

cash grant for health, nutrition, and education was insufficient to cover the

actual expenses for the health and educational needs of the beneficiaries'

children. Moreover, delayed cash releases and strict rules and regulations were

the major problems pointed out by the beneficiaries. DSWD, in support of other

lead agencies, is recommended to develop entrepreneurial/livelihood training

and workshops for beneficiaries to augment their income and sustain their

daily needs (Tiu et al., 2022).

The 4Ps are an excellent Illustration of how the Government may improve its

ability to allocate the country's resources to people who need them. The

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mentioned program will benefit many underprivileged families. The program

meets fundamental requirements that would otherwise go unmet, and it

mirrors the Government's efforts to promote social mobility and equality

(Sannadan et al., 2022)

The study reveals that the respondents perceived that the CCT-4Ps program

has a moderate impact on their lives, and the identified weaknesses were

perceived as moderately severe. For Kalinga's low-income families, the

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program has a lot of compelling objectives, goals,

and rewards. The 4Ps are an excellent illustration of how the Government may

improve its ability to allocate the country's resources to people who need them

(Sannadan et al., 2022).

Revealed that the 4Ps program provides the families' basic needs, promotes

the families' well-being, promotes their socio-economic status, and provides

1
capital for their livelihood. Clearly, the program had a positive impact on the

lives of the beneficiaries, which characterizes the Ilokano phrase 'Rang-ay

Babaen ti 4Ps', which means the improvement of the quality and status of the

beneficiaries' lives after adopting the 4Ps program (De Los Reyes et al., 2022).

There was a significant difference in the satisfaction level of 4Ps parent-

beneficiaries to the CCT program, which revealed that the satisfaction level

survey was higher in 2020 than in 2015, especially regarding health and

education grants. Lastly, it was recommended to provide sustainable programs

that would enhance locals' living conditions and nutrition grants (Parreno,

2022).

According to the findings, beneficiaries are satisfied using their cash grants for

educational purposes. It also shows that aside from education, food is the

expense of the cash grants that were being misappropriated. Lastly, it is highly

recommended that the beneficiaries be engaged in other worthwhile activities

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given by the local government unit to grow their money so there would be no

misappropriation in using the cash grants (F. S. De Jesus & Villanueva, 2023b).

The likelihood of stunting was lower among 4Ps children (AOR: 0.70, 95%CI:

0.52–0.93) than non-4Ps children. Ethnicity was associated with higher odds of

stunting among Indigenous children from major tribes (AOR: 1.67, 95%CI: 1.08–

2.47) compared with non-indigenous children. However, inclusion in the 4Ps

does not significantly affect children's concurrent undernutrition and

overnutrition. Interactions were found between inclusion to 4Ps and locality,

with higher odds of stunting among 4Ps children in Agusan del Sur (AOR = 2.45,

95%CI:1.40–4.30) compared with 4Ps children in Agusan del Norte. Finally,

qualitative findings revealed the positive and negative effects of 4Ps on

malnutrition, which were strongly influenced by parenting styles, parents'

attitudes towards cash grants and cash card management, provisions of child

nutrition interventions, and delivery conditions of 4Ps. Conclusions Improving

children's nutrition is bolstered in the 4Ps implementation strategies.

Policymakers and implementers should consider targeted strategies to prevent

the negative implications of a cash grant and card mismanagement for a

scaled-up impact in decreasing malnutrition in children (Herrera et al., 2023).

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) In the Philippines, a flagship

social assistance initiative, has evolved into one of the world's most extensive

conditional cash transfer programs since its introduction in 2007. Despite its

positive impact on underprivileged families, studies highlight challenges such

as insufficient cash grants for health and education, delayed releases, and

strict regulations. Recommendations include implementing entrepreneurial

and livelihood training to augment income. While respondents perceive a

moderate impact, the program is lauded for meeting fundamental requirements

and reflecting government efforts to enhance social mobility and equality.

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Positive effects on beneficiaries' lives, including improved well-being, socio-

economic status, and livelihood capital, align with the program's objectives.

Satisfaction increased, especially in health and education grants, between

2015 and 2020, emphasizing the need for sustainable programs to enhance

living conditions and nutrition grants. Beneficiaries' satisfaction with cash

grants for educational purposes is noted, urging engagement in worthwhile

activities to prevent misappropriation. Lower stunting rates among 4Ps children

underscore the program's positive impact on nutrition, though challenges in

malnutrition prevention highlight the need for targeted strategies. Overall, the

4Ps program demonstrates successes and areas for improvement in supporting

the well-being of vulnerable populations.

Academic performance of 4Ps and Non-4PS Beneficiaries

According to Kabeer & Waddington (2015), systematic reviews and meta-

analyses have been conducted to assess the economic impacts of CCT

programs, providing insights into consumption smoothing and beneficiary

outcomes.

Moreover, according to Gbollie and Keamu (2017), it is crucial to consider the

role of motivation, strategies, and perceived factors hindering students'

learning in academic performance.

The identified household characteristics and housing profiles as potential

factors influencing the academic performance of non-4Ps beneficiaries. A

study comparing 4Ps beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries regarding household

characteristics and diet diversity found that 4Ps beneficiaries had significantly

higher maternal education and improved water sources compared to non-

beneficiaries, which could have implications for academic performance.

(Zarsuelo et al. 2018)

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According to Zenebe et al. (2018), The academic performance of non-4Ps

beneficiaries can be influenced by various factors, including dietary diversity,

nutritional status, and class attendance. For instance, a study on the school

feeding program demonstrated that it improved dietary diversity, nutritional

status, and class attendance among children, potentially impacting non-

beneficiaries academic performance.

The study by Pace et al. (2018) examined the shaping of cash transfer impacts

through 'soft conditions' in Lesotho, providing valuable insights into the

potential effects of conditional cash transfers on a variety of outcomes, which

could be relevant to understanding the impacts of similar programs in the

Philippines.

The results illustrate the (1) causal effect of the 4Ps on the students' study

skills, Science academic performance, and Science class attendance and (2)

the relationship between study skills and Science academic performance. The

findings are discussed to reflect on the effectiveness of the 4Ps in addressing

poverty relative to its implications for study skills and Science performance

(Punzalan & Marie, 2018).

Analysis of all collected data revealed the significant effect of the program on

the performance of student beneficiaries, especially in motivating students to

attend classes. The result also supports Vroom's Expectancy Theory, which

assumes that the student's efforts, performance, and behavior are influenced

by their importance on the desired outcome. In this case, to satisfy the

conditionalities and remain eligible for the cash grant, which positively affects

the socio-economic status of their family. Based on the findings, it is therefore

recommended that the scope of the program be extended, especially since two

years have been added to the secondary education; livelihood programs be

intensified to provide family beneficiaries with additional income; and for the

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concerned agencies and authorities to review the existing budget and

disbursement schemes to prevent delay in the release of grants. The increase in

students' school attendance and the diminished drop-out rate indicate the

program's positive effect on the lives of the beneficiaries (Flores et al., 2019).

The 4P recipients' academic performances decreased whenever their average

attendance also decreased. 21 out of 87 recipients in Grade 10 for SY2016-

2017 were retained with a completion rate of 75.86%, while 3 out of 69

students in Grade 10 for SY2017-2018 were retained with a completion rate of

95.65%. As for 4Ps recipients in Grade 10 for SY2018-2019, 8 out of 66

recipients were retained, with a completion rate of 87.88%. Therefore, 4P's

recipients for SY2017-2018 have the best completion rate of the above three

classes, and there were significant variations in the completion rate among

them, the rate ranging from 75.86% to 95.65% (SASAKİ et al., 2019).

The fourth benefit incidence analysis of the Philippines' conditional cash

transfer program uses standard measures to assess the implementation

performance of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. The analysis shows

that despite the program's rapid expansion since it was piloted in 2007, it

maintains good targeting accuracy, progressivity, and cost efficiency in

delivering assistance to people experiencing poverty. However, the recent halt

in program expansion and outdated targeting system have resulted in lower

coverage levels and incidence rates among low-income people (Acosta et al.,

2019).

Based on a study conducted at Burgos, Ilocos Sur, results showed that the level

of parents' supervision of the respondents is "Satisfactory," and it was also

revealed that most respondents are "Normal" based on their Body Mass Index

(BMI). The level of academic performance in English, Filipino, Science, and

Mathematics for the first and second quarters of the two groups of

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respondents is "Satisfactory," leading to the overall academic performance of

the respondents as "Satisfactory." Moreover, sex and nutritional status were

found to have significant relationships with the respondents' academic

performance. On the contrary, other variables such as age, family size, number

of siblings covered by 4Ps, occupation of parents, presence of parents at home,

daily allowance, educational attainment of parents, and supervisory assistance

were found to have no significant relationships with the respondents' academic

performance. There was no significant difference between the academic

performance of 4Ps and non-4Ps respondents. Also, the status of both

respondents in terms of supervisory assistance and nutrition was found to have

no significant difference (Performance of 4PS and Non-4PS Recipients in the

Elementary Schools of Burgos, Ilocos Sur, 2020).

To find out the significant relationship between the factors affecting the

academic performance and the academic performance and final grade in the

previous grade level of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) beneficiaries

and employing documentary, descriptive-correlation method of research,

frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, ANOVA and Pearson-r from 181

students of Grade VIII in Dipolog City South District Dipolog City. On the other

hand, results revealed that students' academic performance was satisfactory

regarding the final grade in the previous grade level. A conclusive statement

based on the research results found no significant relationship between all

factors affecting academic performance and the academic performance of

(4Ps) beneficiaries (Barbaso et al., 2021).

The academic performance of conditional cash transfer (CCT) beneficiaries in

the Philippines has been the subject of significant research. For instance, a

study by (Flores et al., 2019) specifically evaluated the effect of the Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on the academic performance of student-

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beneficiaries in Calaba National High School in the Philippines, providing

valuable insights into the impact of CCT on educational outcomes in a local

context, another study by (Arcayna et al., 2021) examined the implementation

of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) conditional cash transfer and

its impact on student's school attendance, providing insights into the

educational outcomes of the program.

According to Mulwa et al. (2021). It is important to note that the impact of

conditional cash transfer programs on academic performance may vary, as

evidenced by a study that found no significant difference in academic

performance between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries.

Furthermore, according to Arcayna et al. (2021). The 4Ps conditional cash

transfer implementation and its correlation with students' school attendance

have been studied, indicating a potential relationship between the program and

educational engagement.

The level of academic performance of the recipients of the Pantawid Pamilyang

Pilipino Program (4Ps) is satisfactory. Beneficiaries are aware of the Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). They always use their allowance in education

according to its intended purpose. The level of awareness of

parents/beneficiaries on the utilization of the 4Ps allowance has no significant

relationship to the academic performance of 4Ps recipients (Basco et al., 2022).

The perceived factors such as personal, family, school, teacher, community, and

multi-media sometimes affect the academic performance of the 4Ps

respondents, except for peer factors. Furthermore, it has also been a result of

this study that there is a significant relationship between the profile variables

and the respondents' academic performance except for age. However, the

student's academic performance level is found satisfactory, so it must be

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improved to attain higher grades in all the subject areas in school. It is

acknowledged further that academic performance is a multi-factorial variable;

hence, other problems that affect academic performance should be

investigated to investigate other variables affecting it (Omaweng, 2022).

More significant in number are the recipients who claimed that the school is

0.7-0.9 kilometers away from their home. Most recipients claimed that they

complied with 85% of attendance in school. Most beneficiaries have an income

between (P1001-P3000), and most are high school graduates. The level of

academic performance of the recipients of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program (4Ps) is satisfactory. Beneficiaries are aware of the Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). They always use their allowance in education

according to its intended purpose. The level of awareness of

parents/beneficiaries on the utilization of the 4Ps allowance has no significant

relationship to the academic performance of 4Ps recipients (Basco et al., 2022).

Another study aimed to determine the perceived factors affecting the academic

performance of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program beneficiaries and found

that the program had implications for the academic performance of the

beneficiaries. (Omaweng, 2022),

The cited studies collectively explore the Impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang

Pilipino Program (4Ps) on the academic performance of student beneficiaries.

The findings consistently highlight positive outcomes, emphasizing the

program's influence on motivating students to attend classes and its positive

correlation with academic achievements. The research suggests that

maintaining satisfactory attendance is crucial for academic success among

4Ps recipients. Recommendations include program extension, intensified

livelihood initiatives, and timely grant disbursement. Despite variations in

completion rates among different academic years, the consensus is that the

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4Ps contribute positively to the lives of beneficiaries. However, some studies

also note areas for improvement, such as the need for updated targeting

systems and the consideration of various factors affecting academic

performance beyond financial assistance. The synthesis underscores the

multifaceted nature of academic success, acknowledging the program's

successes and the need for ongoing enhancements.

In conclusion, the amalgamation of studies reviewed thoroughly examines the

academic implications of conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs, with a

primary focus on the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in the

Philippines. The research underscores the multifaceted nature of factors

influencing the academic performance of CCT beneficiaries, ranging from

economic dimensions and motivational aspects to household characteristics,

housing profiles, and dietary diversity. While some studies reveal positive

correlations between CCT programs and educational outcomes, the

acknowledgment of variability, as highlighted by Mulwa et al. (2021), adds a

layer of complexity. These studies have shown that CCT programs like the 4Ps

Program had a positive effect on the Academic performance of the

beneficiaries; however, to Further verify the claims of its positive effect on the

academic performance of its beneficiaries, there is a need to conduct a

comparative study to identify the difference between the Academic

performance of the beneficiaries of the program to verify the claims about the

programs.

Theory of Maslow

Abraham Maslow's theories, prominently outlined in his hierarchy of needs,

have significantly influenced psychology and human motivation. Maslow's

work, particularly his seminal paper "A Theory of Human Motivation," published

in 1943, presents a hierarchical model that categorizes human needs into a

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pyramid structure. At the base are basic physiological needs, progressing

through safety, social belonging, esteem, and ultimately reaching self-

actualization at the pinnacle. Maslow's theories have provided a framework for

understanding the complexities of human motivation, emphasizing the

progression of needs and the importance of fulfilling fundamental

requirements before higher-order aspirations. His ideas have endured and

continue to shape discussions on human behavior and well-being.

The positive influence of the need for achievement, which was the focus of

most previous research regarding personal and organizational growth,

identified that the need for affiliation, another type of internal motive,

positively affected team performance (Y. J. Yi, K. H. Park, 2015).

The three motivation subtypes mediated the relationship between essential

psychological needs satisfaction and academic performance, positively related

to intrinsic motivation and negatively to motivation, providing partial support to

the SDT. However, basic needs satisfaction was positively related to intrinsic

motivation and negatively to motivation, providing partial support to the SDT

(Malu & Reddy, 2016).

The need for cognition and motivation are related to performance in school and

standardized tests. The need for cognition is distinct from the enjoyment of

thinking and motivation toward challenge. In contrast, motivation, particularly

achievement motivation, is related to performance in the classroom and the

major (Neigel et al., 2017).

Motivation refers to the reasons for specific behavior, as discussed by the

authors; motivation provides individuals with the force essential for directing

and empowering their energy and passion to lead them to better satisfaction

and better educational performance (Buzdar et al., 2017).

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Around 9 percent to 23 percent of the students experience problems in

academic, social, family, emotional, personal, financial, and spiritual problems

whose degree ranges from moderate to great extent. The problems reflect

teachers' lapses in classroom management and pedagogy and lack of activities

that support students' holistic development and effective learning habits.

Linear regression analysis confirms that their problems significantly explain a

variance that ranges from 19 percent to 36 percent in their academic

performance. Hence, this research offers implications that can help address

the adversaries of high academic achievement (Dagdag et al., 2019).

2
The need for cognition Is conceptualized as an individual's intrinsic motivation

to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities. Over the past three

decades, there has been increasing interest in how the need for cognition

impacts and correlates with learning performance (Liu & Nesbit, 2023).
3
Abraham Maslow's renowned hierarchy of needs, articulated in his 1943 paper

"A Theory of Human Motivation," has profoundly shaped psychology and human

motivation. Maslow's pyramid structure categorizes human needs from basic

4
physiological requirements and ascending to self-actualization. This

framework underscores the progression of needs and the significance of

addressing fundamental prerequisites before higher-order aspirations.

Furthermore, various studies have delved into motivation, revealing its

multifaceted impact on personal and organizational growth. For instance, the

need for achievement and affiliation has been explored, highlighting their

positive effects on individual and team performance.

Additionally, research on essential psychological needs satisfaction indicates

its role in influencing academic performance through intrinsic motivation. As

scholars discuss the nuances of motivation, the need for cognition emerges as

a distinct factor, impacting learning performance and correlating with

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achievement motivation. These insights underscore the enduring relevance of

Maslow's theories and their continued influence on understanding human

behavior, motivation, and academic achievement.

The reviewed literature reveals a comprehensive exploration of the Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in the Philippines, a conditional cash transfer

initiative to reduce poverty. The studies consistently highlight the program's

positive impact on the economic well-being of beneficiaries, emphasizing its

role in improving health, education, and socio-economic status. While

acknowledging the program's successes, including increased satisfaction

2
levels and positive effects on recipients' lives, some challenges have been

identified, such as insufficient grants and delayed releases. Moreover, the

synthesis extends to the academic performance of 4Ps beneficiaries, with

research indicating positive correlations, increased attendance, and motivation

3
to attend classes. The multifaceted nature of academic success is recognized,

urging ongoing enhancements and consideration of various factors influencing

performance beyond financial assistance. The enduring relevance of Abraham

4
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is evident, providing a theoretical framework for

understanding human motivation and behavior in the context of poverty

reduction programs like the 4Ps.

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