Poorly attached roof shingles or tiles can blow off.
Coastal flooding and pier damage are often associated with
Category 1 storms. Power outages are typically widespread to extensive, sometimes lasting several days. Even
though it is the least intense type of hurricane, they can still produce widespread damage and can be life-threaten-
ing storms.[11]
of 145 mph (235 km/h). Iota rapidly weakened over land, dissipating late on November 18 over El Salvador.[3] Its
landfall location was approximately 15 mi (25 km) south of where Eta made landfall on November 3.[120]
nos like music in all its forms, from romantic serenades to cheerful dances.
'Los han they would be in the absence of the rules, and where the sole reason for accepting such limita-
tion is to make possible such activity." (Bernard Suits)[15]
"When you strip away the genre differences and the technological complexities, all games share four
defining traits: a goal, rules, a feedback system, and voluntary participation." (Jane McGonigal)[16]
Gameplay elements and classification
Games can be characterized by "what the player does".[9] This is often referred to as gameplay. Major key ele-
ments identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of game.
Tools
A selection of pieces from different games. From
top: Chess pawns, marbles, Monopoly tokens, dominoes, Monopoly
hotels, jacks and checkers pieces.
Games are often classified by the components required to play them (e.g., miniatures, a ball, cards, a board and
pieces, or a computer). In places where the use of leather is well-established, the ball has been a popular game
piece throughout recorded history, resulting in a worldwide popularity of ball games such
as rugby, basketball, soccer (football), cricket, tennis, and volleyball. Other tools are more idiosyncratic to a certain
region. Many countries in Europe, for instance, have unique standard decks of playing cards. Other games, such
as chess, may be traced primarily through the development and evolution of their game pieces.
Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. A token may be a pawn on a board, play money, or
an intangible item such as a point scored.
Games such as hide-and-seek or tag do not use any obvious tool; rather, their interactivity is defined by the envi-
ronment. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the environment is altered. For ex-
ample, hide-and-seek in a school building differs from the same game in a park; an auto race can be radically dif-
ferent depending on the track or street course, even with the same cars.
Rules and aims
Games are often characterized by their tools and rules. While rules are subject to variations and changes, enough
change in the rules usually results in a "new" game. For instance, baseball can be played with "real" baseballs or
with wiffleballs. However, if the players decide to play with only three bases, they are arguably playing a different
game. There are exceptions to this in that some games deliberately involve the changing of their own rules, but
even then there are often immutable meta-rules.
Rules generally determine the time-keeping system, the rights and responsibilities of the players, scoring tech-
niques, preset boundaries, and each player's goals.
The rules of a game may be distinguished from its aims.[17][18] For most competitive games, the ultimate aim is win-
ning: in this sense, checkmate is the aim of chess.[19] Common win conditions are being the first to amass a certain
quota of points or tokens (as in Settlers of Catan), having the greatest number of tokens at the end of the game
(as in Monopoly), or some relationship of one's game tokens to those of one's opponent (as in
chess's checkmate). There may also be intermediate aims, which are tasks that move a player toward winning.
For instance, an intermediate aim in football is to score goals, because scoring goals will increase one's likelihood
of winning the game, but is not alone sufficient to win the game.
An aim identifies a sufficient condition for successful action, whereas the rule identifies a necessary condition for
permissible action.[18] For example, the aim of chess is to checkmate, but although it is expected that players
will try to checkmate each other, it is not a rule of chess that a player must checkmate the other player whenever
possible. Similarly, it is not a rule of football that a player must score a goal on a penalty; while it is expected the
player will try, it is not required. While meeting the aims often requires a certain degree of skill and (in some cases)
luck, following the rules of a game merely requires knowledge of the rules and some careful attempt to follow
them; it rarely (if ever) requires luck or demanding skills.
Skill, strategy, and chance
A game's tools and rules will result in its requiring skill, strategy, luck, or a combination thereof and are classified
accordingly.
Games of skill include games of physical skill, such as wrestling, tug of war, hopscotch, target shooting, and
games of mental skill, such as checkers and chess. Games of strategy include checkers, chess, Go, arimaa,
and tic-tac-toe, and often require special equipment to play them. Games of chance include gambling games
(blackjack, Mahjong, roulette, etc.), as well as snakes and ladders and rock, paper, scissors; most require equip-
ment such as cards or dice. However, most games contain two or all three of these elements. For exam-
ple, American football and baseball involve both physical skill and strategy, while tiddlywinks, poker,
and Monopoly combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most trick-taking
games involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such
as Risk, Settlers of Catan, and Carcassonne.
Single-player games
"Single-player game" redirects here. For single-player video games, see Single-player video game.
Most games require multiple players. However, single-player games are unique in respect to the type of chal-
lenges a player faces. Unlike a game with multiple players competing with or against each other to reach the
game's goal, a one-player game is a battle solely against an element of the environment (an artificial opponent),
against one's own skills, against time, or against chance. Playing with a yo-yo or playing tennis against a wall is
not generally recognized as playing a game due to the lack of any formidable opposition. Many games described
as "single-player" may be termed actually puzzles or recreations.
Multiplayer games
"Multiplayer game" redirects here. For multiplayer video games, see Multiplayer video game.
The Card Players by Lucas van Leyden (1520) depicting a
multiplayer card game
A multiplayer game is a game of several players who may be independent opponents or teams. Games with many
independent players are difficult to analyze formally using game theory as the players may form and
switch coalitions.[20] The term "game" in this context may mean either a true game played for entertainment or a
competitive activity describable in principle by mathematical game theory.
Game theory
Main article: Game theory
iration.
'The flower of the malagueña.' This number belongs to the great survival sounds in Campeche, its genre
is dotted Malagueña. It is considered as[by whom?] one of the oldest. It is singled out by the cadence with solos that
led to unusual dance poses, with very airy and light movements. Its structure is markedly Spanish.
'Creole syrup.' His dance dates back to the end of the 18th century and is also a strong number, has di-
verse choreographies and some quite complicated, but the theme is in the reproduction that the dancers do
together with the Charanga, of the so-called bells of the Cathedral, its end is large and studied.
'Campechanita Habanera.' This dance is a classic Havana or Cuban chain. It goes back to the year
of 1861 and was danced in all the salons of the time; The dance opens with the salt shaker that characterizes
the campechanos and concludes with a zapateado to finish off.
'Syrup Gatuno.' Piece considered to be large classic, is a cat; its importance is that only in Campeche sur-
vives in its three versions, because it was condemned to disappear for not agreeing to the customs of its time.
'The Fandango.' They are large classic, based in Campeche, since the 18th century, and is still in some
regions. Because of its idea of disorder and hustle and bustle, it is interpreted in very lively and cheerful ways
without making a couple or defining with whom you dance, all dance and zap in confusion, marking and chal-
lenging with heel strokes who is closest indifferent to the opposite sex. It retains the Spanish style very
marked, it is written in three-beat measure and there is no news of its copla.
'Cuban Arabic.' This is a short but very energetic dance, it is written in six eighths and its genre is zap-
ateado. It is danced linked by the waist and with the free hand up, it is always done in the game of two cou-
ples or in even numbers that evolve, heel and valsean with very fast turns and running almost the entire
stage, it is repeated several times, it concludes with a strong blow and displace the public, asking for ap-
plause.
'Campechito retrechero.' It is the diminutive affectionate together with the traditional expression that
means the contagious joy and the carefree limitlessness of the Campeche spirit, given name to this typical
jarana. The dancers embellish themselves with their heels and infect the spectator, with the bullanguera chant
of an ancient town that has managed to project a personality across seas and continents.
'Baile del Almud.' Set of mestizo sounds that naturalized in Yucatán and Campeche, acquired the name
of jarana; The skillful heel and shot at 6x8 pace make it very lucid. When running on a bushel, its beauty be-
comes more significant, when the music is interrupted, the dancers continue to zap, taking turns in this fate
to Tropical Storm Julio in the eastern Pacific on September 5.[70]
Hurricane Paulette
[edit]
Main article: Hurricane Paulette
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration September 7 – September 22
Peak intensity 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min);
965 mbar (hPa)
Tropical Depression Seventeen developed on September 7 from a tropical wave, roughly 1,150 mi (1,850 km)
west of the Cabo Verde Islands. Moving west-northwestward, it quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Paulette.
Wind shear impeded the storm's development, but Paulette was able to strengthen into a hurricane early on Sep-
tember 13, about 415 mi (670 km) southeast of Bermuda. It turned northward and made landfall on Bermuda at
08:50 UTC on September 14 with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The storm reached its peak intensity later that
day, with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 965 mbar (28.5 inHg).
Paulette accelerated northeastward and weakened, becoming an extratropical cyclone on September 16 to
2022), Nicole (2022), Debby (2024), and Oscar (2024).
Category 2
[edit]
See also: List of Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes and List of Category 2 Pacific hurricanes
Category 2
Sustained winds Most recent landfall
43–49 m/s
83–95 kn
154–177 km/h
96–110 mph
Francine in 2024 at landfall
near Morgan City, Louisiana
Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage
Storms of Category 2 intensity often damage roofing material, sometimes exposing the roof, and inflict damage
upon poorly constructed doors and windows. Poorly constructed signs and piers can receive considerable damage
and many trees are uprooted or snapped. Mobile homes, whether anchored or not, are typically damaged and
sometimes destroyed, and many manufactured homes suffer structural damage. Small craft in unprotected an-
chorages may break their moorings. Extensive to near-total power outages and scattered loss of potable water are
likely, possibly lasting many days.[11]
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 2 intensity and made landfall at that intensity in-
clude: Alice (1954), Ella (1958), Ginny (1963), Fifi (1974), Diana (1990), Gert (1993), Rosa (1994), Erin (1995), Al
ma (1996), Marty (2003), Juan (2003), Alex (2010), Richard (2010), Tomas (2010), Carlotta (2012), Arthur (2014),
Sally (2020), Olaf (2021), Rick (2021), Agatha (2022), and Francine (2024).
Category 3
[edit]
See also: List of Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes and List of Category 3 Pacific hurricanes
Category 3
Sustained winds Most recent landfall
50–58 m/s
96–112 kn
178–208 km/h
111–129 mph
Rafael in 2024 just prior to its
landfall in Cuba
Devastating damage will occur
Tropical cyclones of Category 3 and higher are described as major hurricanes in the Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and
Central Pacific basins. These storms can cause some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings,
particularly those of wood frame or manufactured materials with minor curtain wall failures. Buildings that lack a
solid foundation, such as mobile homes, are usually destroyed, and gable-end roofs are peeled off.[11]
Manufactured homes usually sustain severe and irreparable damage. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller
structures, while larger structures are struck by floating debris. A large number of trees are uprooted or snapped,
isolating many areas. Terrain may be flooded well inland. Near-total to total power loss is likely for up to several
weeks. Home water access will likely be lost or contaminated.[11]
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 3 intensity and made landfall at that intensity in-
clude: Easy (1950), Carol (1954), Hilda (1955), Audrey (1957), Olivia (1967), Ella (1970), Caroline (1975), Eloise (
1975), Olivia (1975), Alicia (1983), Elena (1985), Roxanne (1995), Fran (1996), Isidore (2002), Jeanne (2004), Lan
e (2006), Karl (2010), Otto (2016), Zeta (2020), Grace (2021), John (2024), and Rafael (2024).
Category 4
[edit]
See also: List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes and List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
Category 4
Sustained winds Most recent landfall
58–70 m/s
113–136 kn
209–251 km/h
130–156 mph
Helene in 2024 just prior to
its Florida Big Bend landfall
Catastrophic damage will occur
Category 4 hurricanes tend to produce more extensive curtainwall failures, with some complete structural
failure on small residences. Heavy, irreparable damage and near-complete destruction of gas station canopies and
other wide span overhang type structures are common. Mobile and manufactured homes are often flattened. Most
trees, except for the hardiest, are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. These storms cause exten-
sive beach erosion. Terrain may be flooded far inland. Total and long-lived electrical and water losses are to be
expected, possibly for many weeks.[11]
The 1900 Galveston hurricane, the deadliest natural disaster to hit the United States, peaked at an intensity that
corresponds to a modern-day Category 4 storm. Other examples of storms that peaked at Category 4 intensity and
made landfall at that intensity in-
clude: Hazel (1954), Gracie (1959), Donna (1960), Carla (1961), Flora (1963), Betsy (1965), Celia (1970), Carmen
(1974), Madeline (1976), Frederic (1979), Joan (1988), Iniki (1992), Charley (2004), Dennis (2005), Ike (2008), Har
vey (2017), Laura (2020), Eta (2020), Iota (2020), Ida (2021), Lidia (2023), and Helene (2024).
Category 5
[edit]
See also: List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes and List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
Category 5
Sustained wind
Most recent landfall
s
≥ 70 m/s
≥ 137 kn
≥ 252 km/h
≥ 157 mph
Otis in 2023 nearing its landfall
in Acapulco, Mexico
Catastrophic damage will occur
Category 5 is the highest category of the Saffir–Simpson scale. These storms cause complete roof failure on many
residences and industrial buildings, and some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or
away. The collapse of many wide-span roofs and walls, especially those with no interior supports, is common.
Very heavy and irreparable damage to many wood-frame structures and total destruction to mobile/manufactured
homes is prevalent.[11]
Only a few types of structures are capable of surviving intact, and only if located at least 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8 km) in-
land. They include office, condominium and apartment buildings and hotels that are of solid concrete or steel
frame construction, multi-story concrete parking garages, and residences that are made of either reinforced brick
or concrete/cement block and have hipped roofs with slopes of no less than 35 degrees from horizontal and no
overhangs of any kind, and if the windows are either made of hurricane-resistant safety glass or covered with shut-
ters. Unless most of these requirements are met, the catastrophic destruction of a structure may occur. [11]
The storm's flooding causes major damage to the lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Many coastal
structures can be completely flattened or washed away by the storm surge. Virtually all trees are uprooted or
snapped and some may be debarked, isolating most affected communities. Massive evacuation of residential ar-
eas may be required if the hurricane threatens populated areas. Total and extremely long-lived power outages and
water losses are to be expected, possibly for up to several months.[11]
Historical examples of storms that made landfall at Category 5 status in-
clude: "Cuba" (1924), "Okeechobee" (1928), "Bahamas" (1932), "Cuba–Brownsville" (1933), "Labor
Day" (1935), Janet (1955), Inez (1966), Camille (1969), Edith (1971), Anita (1977), David (1979), Gilbert (1988), A
ndrew (1992), Dean (2007), Felix (2
