EARLY MAN (PAPER 2)

1. Give two physical characteristic of the proconsul.

 Appearance of his skull in a little closer to man and was ape like.
 Was chimpanzee in size.
 Had quadrupedal movement.
 Had a smooth forehead.
 Had long teeth like that of animals.
2. State two reasons why Africa is considered as the cradle of mankind.
 There are several archaeological sites in Africa.
 The open savannah provided man with good hunting grounds.
 The warm tropical climate was suitable for modern man.
 The all reasons rivers in Africa provided man with fresh water
3. State one theory that explains the origin of human beings.
 The evolution theory/scientific
 Mythical/traditional
 The creation theory/biblical
4. Outline two uses of fire by early man.
 Cooking
 Communication
 Warmth
 Hardening tools
 Light
 Security
 Bush clearance
 Hunting
5. Six ways development of upright posture by man improved his way of life.
 He was able to defend himself effectively.
 Ability to see danger from far.
 Ability to handle tools and weapons properly.
 Ability to hunt animal and gather fruits more effectively.
 He was able to expose lesser surface area of his body to the scorching sun.
 He could compete for food with other predators.
 He could move much faster for various activities.
6. Identify one site where Kenyapithecus remains were found in Kenya.
 Fort Ternan in Kericho.
 Samburu Hills
7. Give one reason why Homo Habilis was referred to as ‘Able man’.
 Had ability to grasp objects.
 Made tools.
8. State two uses of Oldowan tools during the old Stone Age period.
 Cutting meat and vegetables.
 Grinding roots and seeds.
 Hunting.
 Skinning animals.
 Digging roots.
 Defense.
9. Give two characteristics of Kenyapithecus.
 Had small canines.
 Walked on four.
 Weighed 18 – 36kgs
 Had bigger brain than the earlier fossils.
10. Outline three factors which influenced the evolution of man according to Charles Darwin.
 Natural selection.
 Mutations.
 Adaptation to changing environments.
 Isolation.
11. Name two species belonging to the Australopithecus.
 Australopithecus Anamasis
 Australopithecus Aforensis
 Australopithecus Africanus/Agracilis
 Australopithecus Robustus/Boisei
12. Identify the culture of early man during the Old Stone Age period.
 Man lived in small groups.
 Simple tools called Oldowan tools were made.
 Man ate raw meat, bird eggs and insects.
 Slept on tree tops to avoid attack by animals.
 Man had not developed language.
 Man had semi-permanent settlements.
 He had no clothes as the body was hairy.
 Hunting was done by using stones and digging pits.
13. Explain five ways through which early man adapted to the environment during Old Stone Age.
 Making of clothes to warm their bodies.
 Development of upright posture using hind limbs. This improved man’s ability to hunt and see
danger.
 Gradual use of front limbs (hands) for holding objects enabled man to make tools which made his
work easier.
 Increased brain capacity to above 1500c.c. enhanced man’s level of creativity.
 Domestication of plants and animals ensured prolonged supply of food reducing nomadic life for
sedentary life.
 Discovery of language enhanced exchange of ideas.
 Weapon making enhanced survival by reducing insecurity
14. Give three feature of Homo Sapiens
 It is a thinking man who was able to plan ahead
 He walked upright
 He had refined speeches
 He was more intelligent and curious
 He practiced agriculture and domestication of animals
 He led a settled life
 He founded religion animals and goods
15. One physical characteristic of Homo Habilis practical
 Ability to make tools
 Could grasp objects
 Brain capacity of 500 to 800cm
 About 5 feet in height
 Skull similar in shape to that of modern man.
16. List the main economic activities of Homo Erectus
 Making tools (Acheulian)
 Digging root tubers for food and eating wild fruits
 Hunting and gathering for food
17. Identify two places where Olduwan tools were found.
 Olduvai Gorge
 Koobi Fora
  Omo River Valley
 Kafu valley
 Shaba province
 Algeria
 Morocco
 Tunisia.
18. Two species of the early man whose remains were discovered in Kenya.
 Dryopithecus Africans (Proconsul)
 Kenya Pithecus/Ramapithecus
 Australopithecus/Zinyanthropus
 Homo-habalis
 Homo-Erectus
19. State any 2 methods of hunting used by early man
 Chasing the wild animals
 Trapping animals
 Chasing animals towards muddy/ swampy places
 Throwing stones to them/ to entangle them
 Digging holes to make them fall into
20. Give the species of the early man.
 Habilis
 Erectus
 Sapiens
21. Why is the period of the early man referred to as the Stone Age?
 It is because the early man made his tools and weapons mainly from stone.
22. Stages in the development of tools by the early man during the Stone Age period. (3mks)
 First phase pebble tools were made e.g. flakes, choppers and hatchets similar tools were found at
the Olduvai Gorge / Olduwan tools.
 2nd phase Acheulian tools were made e.g. hand axes and cleavers Middle Stone Age then
improved tools using lavallois.
 In the new stone age advanced tools called microlith were made e.g. allow head harpoons and
knives
23. Describe the way of life of early human beings during the new Stone Age
 Man made advanced tools with skill and precision /microlith e.g. crescent or lunate.
 Also made other tools like arrow heads, sickles, spears, bows, sling, arrows, harpoons, knives,
saws, and daggers.
 He could now make better shelter using tree branches and grass
 The walls and roofs were decorated with animal paintings.
 Confined to hunt and gather
 Also improved fishing techniques
 Also domesticated plants and animals (engaged in agriculture)
 Settled life due to agriculture – the social way of life led to the setting up of rules and laws which
later formed the basis of civil society (government)
 Further led to specialization in leadership, religious activities, also making of crafts.
 Religion also developed / buried the dead with the items
 May also specialized in crafts such as basketry, pottery and later smelting of bronze and iron
 Also weave nothing out of flax and other natural fibers
24. Give two sub-species of Homo-sapiens
 Rhodesian man
 Neandertal man
 Cro- Magnon man
25. Name the main method used by the Early man to make his tools during the middle store age
period.
 Lavalliois method
26. One main linguistic advantage Home Erectors had over the Home Habilis was?
 Home erectus was able to communicate by speech
27. Name ONE hominid who manufactured olduwan tools during the old age period.
 Australopithecus
 Home Habilis
28. Identify THREE physical characteristics of Dryopithecus
 Had long teeth hence able to eat meat and wild fruits
 It could use fore limbs as arms
 It walked on fours/ quadrapedal movement
 It resembled the ape
 Had a smooth fore head
29. Explain six ways in which Homo Erectus attempted to improve his way of life.
 Improved stone tools through levellois method.
 Invented fire which was used for cooking lighting warming and protection
 Made and lived in caves for more permanent settlement and security.
 Made clothes out of animals skins by scrapping them. Clean, using efficient stone tools.
 Created leisure activities like art work.
 Migrated to warmer regions to escape cold climate conditions.
 Developed language for effective communication
30. Identify one archaeologist who discovered the remains of Australopithecus around Lake
Turkana.
 Dr Mary Leakey or
 Dr Allan Walker
31. Give the other name for Homo habilis.
 Able Man
 Handy Man
 Practical Man
32. Explain six ways of life of man during the Old Stone age period.
 Used stone to make tools-chopper, fist hatchet.
 Stone tools used for cutting and digging.
 Tools were known as Oldowan tools or pebble tools.
 Later also used Acheullian tools for skinning cutting sharpening bone and wood.
 They lined in small groups.
 They practiced hunting and gathering.
 They ate raw meat-birds, lizards, rodents.
 Used simple hunting methods of chasing wild animals and throwing stone at them/also set traps.
 They had no planned or specific shelters.
 They used treetops and caves in order to shelter from the predators who threatened them.
 Were very hairy /walked naked.
33. Name the author of the theory of evolution
 Charles Darwin
34. Give three characteristics of tools made by man during the late stone age
 They were small in size
 They were hafted/fixed with handles
 They were composite /made of more than one material
 They were more efficient e.g. sharper
 They were specialized
 They were lighter
35. Give two physical features of Homo Erectus.
 They had a big brain capacity /higher thinking capacity
 They walked upright /had an upright posture/bipedal.
 They had the ability to grasp objects /Development of opposable thumb
 Had along skull
 Had protruding jaws
36. Identify two archeological sites found near Nakuru
 Kariandusi
 Gamble cave
 Hyrax hill
 Njoro River gate
37. Give two ways how early man evaded predators
 Lived in tree tops and caves
 Used fire to frighten wild animals
 Used dogs for protection
 Developed an upright posture which enabled him to see on impending danger
 Made tools that he used to kill or frighten predators
38. List five items that archaeologists use to reconstruct the activities of the pre-historic people.
 They could use the remains of
 Charcoal
 Weapons
 Tools
 Art work
 Garments
 Beads
 Seeds
 Coin
 Pottery
39. Give two cultural practices of Homo-Sapiens.
 Food preservation through fire, pots and baskets.
 Sedentary life- Construction of huts.
 Bodily decoration, rock painting.
 Religion beliefs e.g. worshiping God and burying the dead
40. Give one reason why early man lived on trees.
 For security
41. Name one Archeological site outside East Africa
 Omo valley in Ethiopia
 Hadar in Ethiopia.
 Fayun depression in Egypt
 Siwalikis hills in India
 Taung in Botswana.
 Zambia/North Rhodesia.
 Neander valley in West Germany.
 St. Acheule valley in France.