IMPACT OF CHARCOAL BURNING AND USE TO THE ENVIRONMENT

IN UYUI DISTRICT IN TABORA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................2

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................2

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.........................................................................................4

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY...............................................................................................5

1.3.1 Main objective.....................................................................................................................5

1.3.2 Specific objectives..............................................................................................................5

1.4 Research questions.....................................................................................................................5

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.........................................................................................................6

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OOF THE STUDY.......................................................................................6

1.7 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework....................................................................................7

1.7.1 Theoretical framework........................................................................................................7

1.7.2 Conceptual framework........................................................................................................8

1.8 Definitions of key terms............................................................................................................9

REFFERENCES............................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

charcoal burning and use has an impact in both environment and socio-economic worldwide.

In most many developing countries regarding rural and semi-urban areas, charcoal is used as

a primary source of energy for cooking and heating. The process of production involves

combustion of wood that direct lead to deforestation and forest destruction hence disturbance

of ecosystem. According to Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], deforestation rate has

become a problem, with an estimated 10 million hectares of forest lost annually between

2015 and 2020. This loss not only reduces biodiversity but also increasing climatic change by

releasing stored carbon into the atmosphere, [FAO, 2020].

In Africa, charcoal is a popular source of energy in many sub-Saharan regions (Zulu, L. C., et

al 2012).. The demand of charcoal is highly driven by urbanization and population growth,

leading to the increased pressure on forest resources (Zulu & Richardson, 2013).. The

African Development Bank estimates that charcoal production accounts for approximately

35% of deforestation across the continent (AfDB, 2019). The environmental consequences

including soil erosion, loss of wildlife habitat, and disruption of local water cycles. Along

with environmental degradation, the production and use of charcoal pose serious health risks,

as the burning process emits harmful pollutants that can affect respiratory health.

In Tanzania, the reliance on charcoal for energy is particularly high. (Mwema, F. et al. 2011).
This dependence is driven by factors such as urbanization, population growth, and the
affordability of charcoal compared to other energy sources (Mwampamba, 2007).. The Tanzania
Forest Services Agency reports that charcoal production is a major driver of deforestation, with
approximately 400,000 hectares of forest lost annually (TFSA, 2021). While the charcoal
industry provides vital livelihoods for many rural communities, it also presents significant
environmental challenges. The Tanzanian government has initiated various policies aimed at
regulating charcoal production and promoting sustainable forest management. However,
effective enforcement of these policies remains a considerable challenge. (Milledge et al., 2007).

Tabora Region, located in western Tanzania, is renowned for its extensive Miombo woodlands,
which are a primary source of charcoal. Within this region, Uyui District is particularly
vulnerable to the impacts of charcoal production (Mwampamba, 2007).. The local forests face
severe threats from unsustainable production practices. While charcoal provides essential income
for many community members, the environmental costs are substantial. Deforestation in Uyui
District has led to soil degradation, diminished agricultural productivity, and disrupted local
ecosystems.(Chidumayo & Gumbo, 2010).

Recent studies imphasises the urgent for the need of sustainable charcoal production and use of
alternative energy sources(Branch, A et al 2021) A study conducted by the World Wildlife Fund
(WWF) in 2022 emphasized the importance of community-based forest management and the
adoption of efficient charcoal kilns as vital strategies to mitigate environmental impacts
associated with charcoal production (WWF, 2022). Similarly, the Tanzania Natural Resource
Forum (TNRF) has been advocating for policy reforms aimed at promoting sustainable practices
in charcoal production and reducing deforestation (TNRF, 2023). Together, these initiatives
underscore the urgent need for a transition towards more sustainable energy practices in order to
protect forests and biodiversity

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The unsustainable production and use of charcoal in Uyui District, Tabora Region, Tanzania,
present a pressing environmental and socio-economic challenge. The high demand for charcoal
has led to rapid deforestation and result into habitat loss, soil erosion, and disrupted water cycles
(Mwampamba, 2007). This environmental degradation not only affects local ecosystems but also
contributes to global climate change by reducing carbon sequestration and releasing stored
carbon into the atmosphere (IPCC, 2018). Furthermore, while charcoal production provides a
crucial income source for rural households, the long-term economic stability of these
communities is threatened by the adverse effects of deforestation on agricultural productivity and
the health risks associated with charcoal use, such as respiratory diseases (WHO, 2016).

Despite efforts by the Tanzanian government to regulate charcoal production and promote
sustainable forest management, enforcement of these policies remains weak, allowing illegal and
unsustainable practices to continue (Milledge et al., 2007). The lack of affordable and accessible
alternative energy sources further exacerbates the reliance on charcoal (IEA, 2019). Addressing
these issues requires a comprehensive approach that integrates sustainable charcoal production
methods, effective policy implementation, community education, and the promotion of
renewable energy options to mitigate the environmental and socio-economic impacts of charcoal
use in Uyui District

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3.1 Main objective

The general objective of the study is to enhance and underlying on the impacts of charcoal
burning and use to the environment in Uyui district

1.3.2 Specific objectives

i. To determine the extent of charcoal burning and use in Uyui district
ii. To examine the effects of charcoal burning and use at Uyui district
iii. To find out the effective strategies on addressing the problem of charcoal burning and
use in Uyui district council

1.4 Research questions

i. What is the extent of charcoal burning and use in Uyui district?
ii. What are the effects of charcoal burning and use at Uyui district?
iii. What are the effective strategies on addressing the problem of charcoal burning and use
in uyui district council?
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study focuses on the impacts of charcoal burning and use in Uyui District,
Tabora Region. The investigation will deal with the environmental consequences, such as
deforestation and soil degradation, as well as the socio-economic and health impacts on local
communities.

Geographically, the research will cover Uyui District, allowing for an in-depth analysis of the
specific conditions in this region known for its Miombo woodlands and high charcoal production
activities. Theoretically, the study will be grounded in sustainable development, environmental
economics, and public health frameworks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
issues and develop practical recommendations for policy-makers and community leaders

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study contributes to knowledge across multiple domains: theoretically, it advances
understanding in sustainable development, environmental economics, and public health through
empirical evidence on the impacts of charcoal production, thereby informing natural resource
management and climate change mitigation. Practically, it equips policy makers with essential
insights to improve regulations on sustainable charcoal production and forest management,
highlighting gaps in existing policies and providing a foundation for effective interventions that
balance community needs with environmental conservation. Methodologically, the research
serves as a basis for future studies aimed at exploring sustainable practices and policy
interventions while raising awareness in the Uyui District community about the socio-economic
and environmental risks of charcoal production, thereby empowering residents to diversify their
livelihoods and advocate for greater environmental sustainability.

1.7 Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework of this study shows the relationship between independent variables
and the dependent variable, (Kothari, 2019) illustrating how various factors may influence
outcomes. In this context, independent variables are those elements that can be manipulated or
altered to observe changes in the dependent variable. For example, in the study of the
environmental impacts of charcoal burning, independent variables may include the rate of
deforestation, methods of charcoal production, and community awareness regarding sustainable
practices. The dependent variable, on the other hand, represents the outcome being measured,
which in this case could be the degree of environmental degradation or changes in local
biodiversity. Understanding these relationships is crucial for identifying effective strategies to
mitigate negative impacts and promote sustainable practices

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Environmental Impacts of
Charcoal Production
 Deforestation Rate
 Air Quality Index (AQI)
 Soil Erosion Levels Effectiveness and Community
Awareness

Existence of Regulatory
Frameworks
 Community Knowledge
Levels
 Enforcement of Environmental
Regulations
Socio-Economic Impacts
 Income Levels of
Charcoal Producers
Source .researcher data 2024
 Employment Rates in
the Charcoal Industry
 Access to Energy
Alternatives
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews the key terms and existing studies on the environmental impacts of

charcoal burning and use in Uyui District, Tabora. It highlights known effects on carbon cycling,

air quality, and climate change, while identifying research gaps. There is a need for more

localized studies to understand specific impacts and develop effective mitigation strategies for

sustainable charcoal use.

2.2 Definitions of key terms

Charcoal burning

Charcoal burning is the process of heating wood or other organic materials in a limited amount

of oxygen to create charcoal, a black, lightweight carbon residue. The process is also known as

pyrolysis

Environment
The environment encompasses the natural world around us, including living organisms,

ecosystems, and physical elements like air, water, soil, and climate. It plays a vital role in

providing essential resources such as food, clean water, and fresh air, while also offering

recreational spaces and natural beauty. Human activities, including industrial development,

pollution, and deforestation, can harm the environment, affecting ecological health and human

well-being. Therefore, understanding and protecting the environment is crucial for ensuring a

sustainable future for all living beings.

Environmental Impacts

Environmental impacts refer to the changes to the natural environment that occur due to human

activities, such as charcoal burning. These can include pollution, deforestation, soil degradation,

and changes in local ecosystems. (UNEP2011)

2.3 Empirical Literature review

2.3.1 The extent of charcoal burning and use

According to recent studies, the charcoal production process in the Global South, particularly in
Tanzania, is hindered by the low efficiency of earth kilns, resulting in increased charcoal waste.
However, research by Norbert J. Ngowi (2023) suggests that converting these wastes into energy
sources can support circular economy and environmental sustainability, improving tree
harvesting practices and reducing pollution. Similarly, a study by Roger Bär et al. (2020) in
Tanzania and Kenya emphasizes the importance of considering biomass cooking fuels in energy
policies to enhance sustainability, and argues that policies can significantly influence the
adoption of efficient cooking technologies and the future mix of cooking fuels. Both studies
highlight the potential for sustainable development and environmental health improvements
through the adoption of charcoal waste recycling strategies and advanced biomass technologies,
providing valuable frameworks for policymakers to support sustainable energy access, especially
in rural households.
2.3.2 To examine the effects of charcoal burning and use

A study by G. Z. Nyamoga et al. (2022) found that over 80% of Tanzania's urban and periurban
populations rely primarily on charcoal for cooking, a factor that significantly contributes to
deforestation, forest degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions due to sourcing from natural
forests like the Miombo woodlands. Their study, "Effects of Income and Price on Household’s
Charcoal Consumption in Three Cities of Tanzania," analyzed data from 360 households in
Dodoma, Morogoro, and Mtwara, revealing important elasticities regarding charcoal
consumption: while per capita income had an elasticity of 0.03, charcoal price and household
size affected consumption negatively with elasticities of -0.13 and -0.62, respectively. The study
noted that low-income households were particularly sensitive to changes in charcoal price and
household size, whereas in the high-income group, income and household size played significant
roles. These findings highlight the need for further research with larger sample sizes to confirm
these results. Similarly, a study by Dabwiso Sakala et al. (2023), titled "The effect of charcoal
production on carbon cycling in African biomes," indicates that charcoal production in sub-
Saharan Africa disrupts carbon stock dynamics and contributes to deforestation and carbon
emissions. Their research, which utilized the LPJ-GUESS model for six sub-Saharan biomes,
found that traditional charcoal production practices convert tropical rainforests and montane
forests from net carbon sinks to net carbon sources, with tropical rainforests experiencing more
than double the carbon losses compared to other biomes. The study emphasizes that even low
rates of wood harvesting can significantly impact carbon dynamics and woodland recovery,
suggesting that current charcoal production methods are unsustainable for high-biomass regions.

2.3.3 To find out the effective strategies on addressing the problem of charcoal burning
and use

A study by Alison S. Tomlin (2023) reviews the increasing use of biomass as an energy source in
light of commitments to the Paris Agreement and the demand for low-carbon alternatives, noting
that biomass is increasingly replacing coal in large-scale electricity generation and being utilized
in combined heat and power systems, as well as for domestic heating. However, the review
highlights that uncontrolled biomass combustion results in the emission of numerous pollutants,
including carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, black and organic carbon,
particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds, which significantly impact
air quality (AQ) and human health, contributing to approximately 40,000 premature deaths
annually in Europe. Consequently, addressing these air quality concerns is vital for the future use
of biomass as an energy source. The review summarizes the emissions' chemical and physical
characteristics and discusses their effects on air quality and health in both outdoor and indoor
environments across various countries, as well as providing insights on appliance scales and
potential mitigation strategies. In another related study, Zitu Zuo et al. (2024) conducted a
systematic review focusing on the use of machine learning techniques in evaluating emissions
from fossil fuel power plants, which are major contributors to global CO2 and nitrogen oxide
(NOx) emissions. Their findings indicate that machine learning models can enhance predictive
emission monitoring (PEM) systems by effectively processing large datasets, thus improving the
accuracy and efficiency of traditional monitoring systems. The review discusses various machine
learning models, including reinforcement learning and neural networks, recognizing the
importance of quality training data and model parameter selection, while also identifying
challenges such as model transferability and data availability. The authors offer
recommendations and potential future research directions to address these challenges,
emphasizing the need for deeper understanding and improved data quality for effective emissions
monitoring in fossil fuel power plants.

2.4 Research Gap

A study by Ke Jiang et al. (2023) highlight that biomass burning significantly impacts air quality
and climate change, noting that while biomass is abundant, its consumption results in substantial
pollution emissions, particularly from the residential sector. Their review points out
discrepancies in emission factors, emphasizing the need for improved quantification methods,
especially for uncommercial biomass and brown carbon emissions. Meanwhile, Malak Anshassi
and Timothy G. Townsend (2021) explore how assumptions in waste Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) models affect waste management decisions, revealing that certain defaults can skew
environmental outcomes. In response to these gaps, our study aims to standardize methodologies
for analyzing biomass emissions and evaluate LCA assumptions to enhance decision-making in
waste management and ensure accurate environmental impact assessments.
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter comprises research approaches, research design, delineation, sample size and
sampling techniques, methods of data collection, validity and reliability, types of data, data
analysis procedures as well as ethical considerations

3.2 Research Approaches

The research approach of this study will employ a mixed-methods approach to data collection,
analysis, and interpretation, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods. This approach is
particularly beneficial for investigating the "Impact of Charcoal Burning and Use on the
Environment in Uyui District, Tabora." The quantitative approach will help identify trends and
averages in environmental degradation and air quality impacts resulting from charcoal burning
and use, as well as test relationships between charcoal consumption and environmental
indicators. The use of graphs, numerical data, and averages will facilitate the understanding and
interpretation of these results. Conversely, the qualitative approach will provide insights into the
experiences, perceptions, and attitudes of local communities, charcoal producers, and users
regarding the environmental impacts of charcoal burning and use. Text, photographs, and audio
recordings will offer a rich and detailed understanding of these perspectives, helping to
contextualize the quantitative findings and interpret the results in terms of the meanings that
people bring to them

3.3 Research Design

A research design outlines the procedures for collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting
data in research studies (Creswell et al., 2007). This study will apply a descriptive research
design, which is suitable for describing the characteristics of a population or phenomenon by
allowing the collection of data to answer questions such as who, what, where, when, and how. In
this study, the researcher aims to describe the current situation regarding the impact of charcoal
burning and use on the environment in Uyui District, Tabora. The descriptive research design
will facilitate the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data through surveys,
observations, and interviews with local communities, charcoal producers, and users. This data
will provide a comprehensive picture of the current situation and help identify any patterns or
trends in the environmental impacts of charcoal burning and use. The reason for using a
descriptive research design in this study is to provide a comprehensive and accurate description
of the current environmental situation resulting from charcoal burning and use, and its impacts
on the local ecosystem and community health

3.4 Delineation

The study will be conducted in Uyui District, Tabora, because it is a region significantly
impacted by charcoal burning and use, making it a suitable location to investigate the
environmental consequences of these activities. This district was selected because it has
participants who can provide valuable information about the study's objectives. The case study
design was chosen because it allows for an in-depth investigation of the environmental impacts
of charcoal burning and use, providing a detailed understanding of how these activities affect the
local ecosystem and community health in a specific geographical setting

3.5 Study Population

In this study, the target population includes all individuals involved in charcoal burning and use
within Uyui District, Tabora. This population is the unit of observation and shares specific
characteristics, such as being directly or indirectly affected by charcoal production and
consumption. The study will select 150 individuals from this population to be the unit of
analysis, including charcoal producers, users, and local community members. This sample size
will allow for a comprehensive analysis of the varying characteristics of the population, also
known as the theoretical population.

Table 1: Population Distribution

Types of Respondents Sample Size Percentage

Charcoal Producers 50 33%

Charcoal Users 50 33%

Local Community Members 50 34%

Total 150 100%

3.6 The Sampling Procedure

Sampling strategies refer to the structured approaches utilized to systematically choose

participants or elements from a population for involvement in a research investigation (Burns et
al., 2019). The chosen method for this study is Simple Random Sampling, a technique ensuring
that each member of the population has an equal likelihood of being selected as a sample.
Renowned for its simplicity and directness, this method guarantees impartiality and reduces bias
by providing every individual in the population an equal opportunity for inclusion in the sample.
Through the application of simple random sampling, the researcher aims to obtain a
representative sample of 150 individuals involved in charcoal burning and use within Uyui
District, Tabora. This approach will accurately reflect the characteristics of the larger population,
thereby yielding reliable results for the study on the environmental impacts of charcoal burning
and use
3.7 Sample Size

Sample size indicates the quantity of individuals or units chosen from a broader population to
engage in a research investigation (Polit et al., 2020).In this study, the sample size will be
calculated using Yamane's formula, a commonly employed approach for determining sample size
in survey research. Yamane's formula is expressed as follows:

N
n= 2
1+ N e

Where;

n -The sample size

N- The population size is 150 people.

e - The acceptable sampling error

*95%confidance level and p = 0.1 are assumed

15 0
n=
1+15 0 ¿ ¿

n=6 0

Table 2: Sample Distribution

Types of Respondents Sample Size Percentage

Charcoal Producers 20 33%

Charcoal Users 20 33%

Local Community Members 20 34%

Total 60 100%

3.8 Research Instruments

Research instruments are tools used to gather information in a study. They can take different
forms depending on the research design (Enon, 2013). The data collection process will involve
utilizing both primary and secondary sources, including questionnaires, interviews, and
documentary reviews.

3.8.1 Questionnaire

In this study, primary data will be collected using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire
will contain Likert scale questions to evaluate the perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of
charcoal producers, users, and local community members regarding the environmental impacts
of charcoal burning and use. The Likert scale will provide a quantitative measure of respondents'
opinions, allowing for a systematic analysis of their views on variables such as environmental
degradation, air quality, and health impacts. The questionnaire will be administered to a sample
of 60 respondents, including 20 charcoal producers, 20 charcoal users, and 20 local community
members, selected through simple random sampling.

3.8.2 Interview

According to Strauss (2019), interviews are a qualitative data collection method that involves
face-to-face or remote conversations between the researcher and the participants. Interviews can
be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the degree of flexibility in the
questioning format. Researchers use interview guides or protocols to ensure consistency and
focus during the interview process.

In this study, semi-structured interviews will be used to gather qualitative data from participants
directly involved in charcoal burning and use. This method will provide detailed insights into
their experiences, perspectives, and opinions regarding the environmental impacts of these
activities. To ensure consistency and focus during the interview process, an interview guide or
protocol will be used.

3.8.3 Documentary Review

Secondary data will be gathered in this study through documentary review. This will involve
examining existing records, reports, and documents related to charcoal burning and use in Uyui
District, Tabora. Internal documents such as local policies, environmental impact reports, and
community health records will be reviewed, as well as external sources such as government
reports, environmental research studies, and advocacy group publications. The documentary
review will provide valuable background information and context for the study, complementing
the insights gathered from primary data collection. It will help to answer research questions
related to the current state of charcoal burning and use, the effectiveness of existing policies and
practices, and potential areas for improvement in mitigating environmental impacts

3.9 Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments

3.9.1 Validity

Validity is crucial in research as it ensures that the study accurately measures what it aims to
measure. In this study, several steps will be taken to ensure validity. First, appropriate research
instruments such as semi-structured interviews and documentary reviews will be carefully
selected to align with the research objectives and effectively capture the variables of interest. To
enhance internal validity, efforts will be made to minimize bias, ensure clarity and consistency in
interview questions, adhere to standardized data collection protocols, and control for extraneous
variables during analysis. Additionally, external validity will be considered to ensure that the
findings can be generalized to the broader population of interest, particularly those involved in
charcoal burning and use in Uyui District, Tabora. This will be achieved by selecting a
representative sample and considering the contextual factors that may influence the results.

3.9.2 Reliability

Reliability ensures the consistency and stability of the results obtained. In this study, the
researcher will use Cronbach's alpha coefficient to enhance reliability. Cronbach's alpha is a
statistical measure used to determine the internal consistency of a set of items within a scale or
questionnaire. It assesses how well the items within the scale are correlated with each other and
measure the same construct. By using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the researcher will evaluate
the reliability of the structured questionnaire used in this study to ensure that it produces
consistent and dependable results. A high Cronbach's alpha value (typically above 0.70) indicates
strong internal consistency, suggesting that the items within the scale are measuring the same
underlying construct consistently. Therefore, calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the
structured questionnaire will enhance the credibility and validity of the research findings in this
study.

3.10 Data Analysis Procedures and Presentation

In this study, data analysis will involve cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to extract
useful information regarding the environmental impacts of charcoal burning and use in Uyui
District, Tabora. A mixed-methods approach will be employed, combining both quantitative and
qualitative data analysis techniques. Quantitative data analysis will involve descriptive statistical
analysis, providing a comprehensive overview of the data and its relationships, using statistical
processes to produce quantifiable, objective, and reliable results that can be generalized to the
larger population. Qualitative data analysis will involve thematic analysis, identifying patterns
and themes within the data collected through semi-structured interviews and documentary
reviews. The purpose of this data analysis is to provide insights into the key factors influencing
the environmental impacts of charcoal burning and use, as well as to identify the contributions of
these activities to environmental degradation and health impacts. The findings will inform
recommendations for mitigating environmental impacts and developing effective measures to
enhance sustainable charcoal use in the district.
3.11 Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations are crucial in this study to ensure the protection of participants' rights,
confidentiality, and integrity throughout the research process. Informed consent will be obtained
from all participants involved in charcoal burning and use in Uyui District, Tabora, clearly
explaining the study's purpose, their voluntary participation, and their right to withdraw at any
time without consequences. Participants' anonymity and confidentiality will be strictly
maintained by using unique identifiers for responses and safeguarding sensitive information. The
study will follow ethical guidelines for data handling, storage, and dissemination, ensuring that
all data are used solely for research purposes and are securely stored to prevent unauthorized
access. Any potential conflicts of interest or biases will be transparently disclosed, and steps will
be taken to mitigate their influence on the research outcomes. Ultimately, the study will prioritize
the well-being and dignity of participants, uphold ethical standards, and contribute to the
advancement of knowledge in an ethically responsible manner
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