LOGIS

TICS
DICTI
ONAR
Y
A
A may be established, the three basic
categories are designated A, B and C.
Nationality symbol for Austria – to
be shown on the rear of vehicles from ABC CURVE
that country. stock control and planning, the
greatest attention is paid to this
AA category of A-products.
Automobile Association – motoring A items may also be of strategic
organization providing roadside importance to the
breakdown and other support business concerned.
services. B Items – an intermediate group,
representing around 5–10 per cent of
AA Roadwatch the annual demand, usage or
Service of AA providing road reports, production value but some 20–25 per
information on traffic delays, etc. cent of the total, which is paid less
management attention.
Abandoned vehicle C Items – products which, according
A motor vehicle that appears to the to an ABC classification, belong to
authorities to have been abandoned the 60-65 per cent of inventory that
and which may subsequently be represents only around 10-15 per cent
removed and disposed of under the the annual demand, usage or
provisions of the Road Traffic production value. Least attention is
Regulation Acts. paid to this category for the purpose
of stock control and planning and
ABC analysis procurement decisions for such items
A form of Pareto* analysis applied to may be automated.
a group of products for selective
inventory management controls. The Abnormal load
inventory value for each item is A load which cannot, without undue
obtained by multiplying the annual expense or risk of damage, be divided
demand by unit cost and the entire in two or more loads for the purpose
inventory is then ranked in of carriage by road and which by
descending order of cost. However, virtue of its size and weight cannot be
the classification parameter can be carried on a normal road vehicle
varied; for example, it is possible to under the provisions of the C&U
use the velocity of turnover rather regulations*. Such loads are normally
than annual demand value. carried on ‘Special Types’ vehicles
under the provisions of the Special
ABC classification Types General Order*.
The classification of inventory, after
ABC analysis, into three basic groups ABP
for the purpose of stock control and Associated British Ports. The UK’s
planning. Although further divisions leading port business providing port
facilities and services to shippers and Accompanied vehicle/trailer
cargo owners. Owns and operates 22 Driver accompanied vehicle/trailer,
ports around Great Britain including usually on cross-Channel ferry
the major container port of service.
Southampton handling a quarter of
the country’s sea-borne trade. Owns Accountant General of the
other businesses as well including Supreme Court
Slater’s Transport. With whom a deposit of securities
must be lodged (value £500,000)
Accessibility where, subject to the authority of the
The measure of how easy it is to Secretary of State for Transport, a
reach a destination, assessed across firm / organization wishes to carry its
all modes, with particular emphasis own liabilities rather than take out
on the use of sustainable transport. motor insurance.

Accident ACL (1)

In transport a road traffic accident The HSE Approved Carriage List
(RTA*) involving a motor vehicle for dangerous goods carriage.
when the driver must stop and fulfil
legal obligations regarding the ACL (2)
provision of certain information to Automatic chassis lubrication – a
other persons and reporting to the system whereby the moving parts of a
police. goods vehicle suspension system, etc
are automatically lubricated by oil
Accident book pumped from a central reservoir.
All firms must have one under
RIDDOR* in which specified Active inventory
information must be recorded (eg. An inventory from which items are
accidents/people employed / cleaning currently being drawn or will be
and painting records). drawn within a short space of time.

Accident evaluation Activity mode switch

The progress of a goods vehicle in Component on front of tachograph
terms of speed of travel and distance instrument by which the driver legally
covered prior to and at the moment of indicates his activities (ie driving,
impact in an accident can be other work, break and rest periods) to
accurately determined from its ensure they are correctly recorded on
tachograph chart by a scientific the tachograph chart.
process known as accident evaluation
– a service provided by specialist ACV
firms with the aid of an electronic Air cushion vehicle , a vehicle
binocular microscope. usually driven by a propeller, that can
travel over land or water with its
weight, including its payload, wholly A contract for the carriage of goods
or mostly supported on a by sea for shipment expressed in
continuously generated, slowly charter party or bill of lading.
moving cushion of low-pressure air.
(ie a hovercraft). AFRL
Automated First Registration and
Admission to the occupation Licensing System. Computer at
Abbreviation for EC Directive ‘On DVLA* Swansea dealing with
admission to the occupation of road vehicle registrations and providing
haulage operator in national and online facility for motor
international transport operations’ – manufacturers and dealers.
legal requirement for standard
operators’ licence applicants in the AFT-IFTIM
UK to be ‘professionally competent’. Association pour le développement de
la Formation professionnelle dans les
ADR (1) Transports and Institut de Formation
Derived from French title of the aux Techniques d’implantation et de
‘European Agreement on the Manutention. French road haulage
International Carriage of Dangerous and logistics professional training
Goods by Road’ which ensures that organization based at Monchy St Eloi,
dangerous goods carried in a road France.
vehicle on an international journey
have been suitably packed, are being AIR DRYER
carried safely and in all other respects Aggregate inventory management
conform to the agreement. The size of many inventories requires
that they be broken down into
Advice note groupings for the purpose of control.
A document that provides details of Aggregated inventory is the further
goods, their consignor and consignee. collection of these groupings into a
single entity to enable the
AETR establishment of operating policies,
The ‘European Agreement key performance indicators, targets
Concerning the Work of Crews of and reports. Aggregate Inventory
Vehicles Engaged in International Management enables such things as
Road Transport’ under which a set of the overall level of inventory desired
hours rules are applied when drivers to be established and then appropriate
travel to or through states which are controls implemented to ensure that
party to the agreement (other than EU individual operating decisions achieve
states where the EU rules apply). that goal, at optimum cost.

Affreightment Aggregation
A term used to mean combining of All-time requirement
goods (or consignments) perhaps into The total requirement for a particular
a container or trailer load. product to be expected in the future.
Normally used for products in the last
Aggregator phase of their life cycles, when
Firms that aggregate individual load production is (nearly) stopped.
demands and ‘buy’ freight train
services to carry them as whole All-time stock
trainloads. The stock resulting from the
assessment of an all-time requirement
AGV and delivery of an all-time order. If
Automated guided vehicle. A necessary, controls can be set for such
load/personnel carrying computer- stock to avoid consumption of items
controlled vehicle that follows an for reasons over and above those for
automatic guidance system which usage was predicted.
(invariably laid in the floor) without
manual steering or control – usually ALLMI
found in warehouses and large stores. Association of Lorry Loader
Manufacturers and Importers. Trade
AL association for such. Publishes code
Nationality symbol for Albania – to of practice on the application and
be shown on the rear of vehicles from operation of lorry loaders.
that country.
Allocated stock
Aligned documents A part that has been reserved, but not
Documents used in international trade yet withdrawn or issued from stock,
which are standardized as to size and and is thus not available for other
layout and capable of being produced purposes.
in a one-run unified set from a single
master document for ease of Allocation
understanding and speed and Term used in connection with
efficiency of completion. distribution planning (eg allocation of
orders/consignments to a vehicle or
All-time order route).
The last order for a particular product
in the last phase of its life cycle. This Ambient barrier
order is of such a size that the stock Term used in temperature controlled
provided will satisfy all expected transport operations to refer to the
future demand (see all-time temperature below that of normal air
requirement below) for the product at which point mechanical (or other)
concerned. Sometimes known as a means of cooling/chilling is necessary
life of type order. for satisfactory carriage of food, etc.
ASA passengers and their baggage when
Air service agreement. A reciprocal carried by air .
(bilateral) agreement between two
countries governing air traffic rights ATR
(eg the frequency and capacity of Approved tank requirements
services, fare and tariff agreements, The provisions for bottom loading
etc). and vapour recovery systems of
mobile containers carrying petrol.(i.e)
AS/RS for dangerous goods carriage. HSE
Automated storage and retrieval publication.
system. System used in automated
warehouses, usually computer Attendance at work
controlled handling systems – may be Term used to describe the activity of
carousels, cranes or AGVs*. goods vehicle driver (and shown on
his tachograph chart*) as being work
Assembly for his employer other than driving.
Term used in distribution in
connection with load assembly (ie
compiling a number of individual Attendant
consignments into a full Extra person required to be carried
vehicle/container load). when vehicles/loads exceed certain
dimensions. When three or more such
Asset-based vehicle/loads travel in convoy,
Term often used in logistics where a attendants are required on the first
firm is expanding its operations by and last vehicles only.
buying other established businesses
(ie buying the assets) as opposed to Audible warning instrument
forming strategic alliances*. An instrument required on a motor
vehicle, other than a bell, gong or
ATA carnet siren, and capable of giving audible
A Customs carnet (ie clearance and sufficient warning of the
document) used in international approach or position of the vehicle.
transport operations for the purposes Also includes reversing alarms*
of allowing goods to be temporarily which are devices intended to warn
imported into a country (eg for persons that a vehicle is reversing or
exhibition purposes) without payment is about to reverse.
of, or deposits against, import duties.
Obtainable from Chambers of Authorized vehicles
Commerce. The maximum number of vehicles (ie
over 3.5 tonnes gvw) which may be
Athens Convention operated under an ‘O’ licence. This is
An international convention the total number authorized by the
governing carrier ’s liability for Traffic Commissioner* and must not
be exceeded (see also ‘specified point in time and not out of service
vehicles’ and ‘margin’). for lack of spares.
Available stock
Autoguide The stock available to service
New technology which provides immediate demand.
drivers with recommended routes to
their destination via vehicle-mounted Available to promise (ATP)
display prompted by roadside beacons The uncommitted portion of a
which transmit advice data from a company’s inventory and planned
central computer pilot scheme production, maintained in the master
introduced in London in 1990. schedule to support customer order
promising. The ATP quantity is the
AVIONICS uncommitted inventory balance in the
Automatic tachograph first period and is normally calculated
A tachograph instrument which for each period in which an MPS
automatically records driving mode receipt is scheduled. In the first
on a chart when the vehicle is moving period, ATP includes on-hand
saves driver having to turn the inventory less customer orders that
activity mode switch* to ‘drive mode’ are due and overdue.
every time he starts to drive the
vehicle. Average deposit
Shipping term where a cash security
Auto-Oil Programme (AOL) is deposited by the consignee pending
An EU-inspired programme for an assessment of the general average
setting fuel quality and vehicle contribution.
emission standards with the specific
intention of reducing pollution from Avionics
road traffic by 2010, and generally Electronics used in aviation (flight
the environmental impact of instruments and navigation aids, etc).
transport.
AV L
Autoroute Plus Automatic vehicle location. System
Computer software program that monitors a vehicle’s position and
comprising a road network database state (eg loaded/empty).
with at least 33,000 place names and
67,000 miles of road identified. AV R
Approved Vehicle Requirements
Availability – ie for dangerous goods carriage.
The primary measure of system HSE* publication.
performance relating to the expected
percentage of the supported system Axle load indicator
that will be available at a random A built-in device for indicating the
weight of the load borne by a goods
vehicle axle – intended to help
prevent axle overloading.

Axle spread
Distance between the centre lines of
the outermost axles (ie the foremost
and rearmost axles) on a goods
vehicle (see also relevant axle
spacing).

Axle weight
Sum of the weights transmitted to the
road surface by all the wheels of a
vehicle axle.

Axle weight calculation

Theoretical exercise (used mainly in
CPC* examinations) to determine the
weight on an axle when other given
weights are known. Formula (P x
D)/W applies when P = vehicle
payload, D = the distance from the
load centreline to the axle and W =
the vehicle wheelbase.
B
B A financial statement indicating the
Nationality symbol for Belgium – to balance of a country’s visible trade
be shown on the rear to of vehicles exports and imports.
From that country.
Bar coding
Back haul (or load) Numerically-based system for storing
An alternative term for return loading, information about an item (price,
a back load or return load. A load location, minimum stock level, etc).
arranged to fill empty capacity on a Shown on item in form of a bar code
vehicle on return from an outward which can be electronically read when
loaded journey – often at an inferior passed across a scanner.
haulage rate, or at cost.
Barge
Back order Freight-carrying craft/vessel used on
A previously unfulfilled order that is inland waterways.
carried forward for fulfilment when
stocks of the item become available. Berne Gauge
European standard rail loading gauge
Backlog (not to be confused with track gauge).
Usually meaning a list of previous
orders to be fulfilled or tasks to be BG
completed when stocks are available Nationality symbol for Bulgaria – to
or the facilities/equipment/labour is in be shown on the rear of vehicles from
place to finish the job. that country.

Bail bond Bi-lateral agreement

Necessary when taking a vehicle to A treaty between two national states
Spain in case it is impounded and the (eg on road haulage movements).
driver held by police following a road
traffic accident or incident. The bond Bi-lateral permit
(normally valued at £1,500 and Road haulage permit* authorizing
obtainable from vehicle insurers and goods vehicle to enter or transit a
motoring organizations in UK) foreign state with which the country
secures release. of its registration has negotiated such
rights – obtainable from International
Bailment Road Freight Office*.
Legal term in freighting which refers
to the holding of goods until charges Bilateralism
are paid (see also lien – the right to Trading activities between two
hold goods). The holder of the goods countries.
is the ‘bailer’.
BI-MODAL
Balance of trade Bill (1)
Popular terminology for an invoice or retractable running gear and actually
request for payment (‘Can I have the ride on rail bogies for long-haul rail
bill please?’) journeys.

Bill of lading Block train

Legal document of title. In other A constantly-linked train of wagons
words, a receipt for goods shipped by usually running on a merry-go-round*
sea. It is signed by the representative system. Also a freightliner train that
of the shipping line (or his agent) that carries ISO containers* between sea
contracts to carry them, and states the ports and inland terminals.
terms on which the goods are carried.
Blue book
Freight industry (particularly
Bill of material shipping) term for Department of
A listing of components, parts and Trade and Industry publication, The
other items needed to manufacture a Carriage of Dangerous Goods in
product, showing the quantity of each Ships. Contains information about the
required to produce each end item. A classification, methods of packing and
bill of material is similar to a parts list freighting of dangerous goods
except that it usually shows how the (including road freighting where sea /
product is fabricated and assembled. ferry crossings are involved).
Also called a product structure record,
formula, recipe, or ingredients list. Bogie
A number of wheels or axles mounted
Bill of sight on a pivotal sub-frame (eg on a rail
Customs import form that is used locomotive or on aircraft landing
when an importer cannot complete gear, or a set of suspension-linked
the Customs requirements due to a wheels / axles for a road vehicle /
lack of information from the shipper. trailer.

Bi-modal Bolero
A vehicle that can use two forms of As in www.bolero.net. Web site
transport, eg road and rail. Bi-modal created by world’s leading banking
trailers are usually equipped with and logistics communities to transfer
both road wheels and facilities to world trade on to the Internet. The
mount on a rail bogie for long-haul system allows importers, exporters,
trunking by rail. banks, Customs and shippers to ‘talk’
to each other seamlessly and for
Bi-modal transport documents and data to be exchanged
online between all parties in the trade
The carriage of goods by two separate chain.
modes of transport, usually road and
rail. Certain special trailers have Bond Line
The point (ie line) in a bonded Bridge plate
warehouse* beyond which customs Metal plate laid across gap between
duties become payable. loading bay and vehicle to allow fork
lift trucks*/pallet trucks* to
Bonded warehouse load/unload.
Warehouse where goods are stored
under Customs control and released Brit-disc
only on payment of any duties due. Proposed British equivalent for the
Eurovignette*. A means of charging
Bonnet (truck) foreign road hauliers for the use of
Term for engine cover. A bonneted UK roads. Thought to be necessary
truck has the engine ahead of the because of the lower rates of VED*
driver (eg American style, called paid abroad.
normal control) as opposed to
common European design of being British domestic hours rules
under the driver (called forward The rules applicable to EU-exempt
control) and where the engine cover road transport operations in the UK as
(ie bonnet) is inside the cab. contained in the TA 1968 as amended.

Box Broken stowage

Common parlance for an ISO-type Space wasted in a ship’s hold due to
container. irregular-sized / shaped
consignments. Same applies when
Bracket tariff stowing ISO containers*.
In EU member states where tariffs
used to be applied to road haulage Broker (ie freight broker)
rates the bracket is the spread Intermediary between consignors of
between the upper and lower tariff freight and carriers (eg road hauliers).
limits. More commonly referred to in the UK
as clearing houses*.
Break bulk
Breaking down of bulk consignment BTAC
(eg from a trailer or container) into Breweries’ Transport Advisory
individual consignments for delivery. Committee. A committee comprising
brewery transport managers and fleet
Break-bulk cargo engineers who meet regularly (and
Freight shipped loose in the vessel’s hold symposia) to discuss key issues.
hold (ie not in a container).
BTC
Break-bulk ship British Transport Commission.
A vessel built to carry non- Created by the Transport Act 1947 to
containerized cargo such as loose own and operate the railways and
pallet-loads, crates, etc. canals and some docks, road haulage
(other than local journey operations),
bus and coach services and London
Transport. Proved to be
unmanageable and was wound up by
the Transport Act 1962, its assets
being transferred to the British
Railways Board (BRB), the London
Transport Board, the British Docks
Board and the British Waterways
Board. Road haulage and bus services
were transferred to a new Transport
Holding Company (THC*).

Bulk
Term used in connection with the
carriage of goods in bulk – ie without
individual packagings.

Bulk unitization
Means by which multiple packages or
items are consolidated into a single-
load device.

Bunkering
Shipping term for refuelling also
applied to the refuelling of road
vehicles.
C
C&U wage/pay disputes and assists in
Road Vehicles (Construction and collective bargaining.
Use) Regulations 1986, As amended.
UK Regulations which govern the Caisse mobile
construction and use of all road French name for swap body* built to
vehicles from invalid carriages and standard dimensions for intermodal
pedestrian-controlled mowers to freighting.
maximum weight articulated goods
vehicles. Calibration
The task of correlating the accuracy
CAA within which a piece of equipment
Civil Aviation Authority. DTLR’s* operates, ie to a pre-determined
Aviation Directorate controlling and standard. In transport, the calibration
licensing aviation in the UK. of tachograph installations (ie
following installation in vehicles and
Cable car repair and at six-yearly intervals) to
Passenger-carrying vehicle carried on ensure that the operation of the
a suspended cableway, usually up a instrument and the recordings made
mountain. Commonly seen in ski conform to legal requirements; the
resorts. One of the most famous is measurement of tank capacities for
that taking visitors to the top of Table road tanker vehicles; the
Mountain in South Africa. measurement of bulk-carrying vehicle
bodies.

CAN-bus
Cabotage Controlled area network databus. A
The act of picking up and delivering control system for electronics which,
goods in one country by a vehicle in heavy truck technology terms,
registered in another country. At one replaces conventional wiring systems
time totally illegal but now permitted and allows such as engine
within the EU. Also applies to performance data (fuel consumption,
European passenger road transport temperatures and operating hours, etc)
(with limitations) and to air transport. to be displayed, recorded and
downloaded – Volvo calls its system
Cabover ‘TEA’ (Truck electronic architecture);
Term for North American-style heavy Mercedes-Benz calls its system
truck with driver’s cab mounted over ‘Telligent’*.
the engine (as mainly in UK and
Europe). Canal
Manmade inland waterway. In the
CAC UK BW* manages and conserves
Central Arbitration Committee. 3,200 km of canals and inland
Arbitration body that deals with waterways, including a number of
major rivers used for freight haulage exceeding two tonnes (ie this includes
and leisure boating. both closed-van type vehicles and
open-back or pick-up type vehicles).
Cantilever
Term used for vehicle tail-lifts (see Car pooling
also Tail-lift) to describe the action The sharing of cars by a number of
whereby the load platform is lowered commuters, frequently organized by
on arms which swing under the rear an employer, a resident’s group, or
of the vehicle. Alternative to vertical the local authority.
method of operation.
Car pound
CAP A secure parking area to which police
Common Agricultural Policy. One of (or their contractors) remove illegally
the EU’s ‘common’ policies intended parked vehicles and those causing
to ensure harmonization throughout obstruction. The driver / owner has to
the Community (see also Common pay a fixed penalty and removal fees
Transport Policy). Certain CAP- before the vehicle can be taken away.
related goods are specially assessed Often manned by Traffic Wardens*
by Customs for export and import and is the only occasion when they
purposes. can demand to see a driver’s licence.

Capacity management Car sharing

A new term introduced in the late A facility authorized under the
1990s to describe the provision of Public Passenger Vehicles Act 1981*
additional hire vehicles (usually with whereby vehicles with eight or less
driver) on passenger seats may be used non-
commercially (ie when the fares paid
CARGO-SPRINTER (OR amount to less than the running cost
CARGOSPRINTER) of the vehicle, including
a short/medium-term basis to depreciation).
supplement core owned-fleet at times
of increased trading. BRS Ltd, the Cargo
Volvo-owned former NFC road Another word for freight, used
haulage company and now a major primarily in the shipping and air
truck rental operator, is a key player freight sectors.
in this market.
Cargo manifest
Car-derived van An inventory of cargo loaded and
A vehicle defined in legislation for shipped.
the purposes of speed limits; a goods
vehicle constructed or adapted as a Cargo pump
derivative of a passenger vehicle and Pump fitted to vehicles for blowing
having a maximum laden weight not liquid/power/granular materials from
the vehicle into a receiving consignee (ie the recipient of the
tank/hopper/silo, etc. goods).

Cargo-Sprinter (or Cargosprinter) Carriage paid

German freight train system operated Goods consigned with the carriages
by DB*-Cargo which uses small charges already paid or to be borne by
electro-diesel multiple rail units (ie the consignor (ie the sender).
Freight Multiple Units*). More
flexible than full-scale freight trains.
It carries standard containers on flat- Carriageway
bed wagons with loads up to 160 Part of highway (ie road) on which
tonnes (ie five large lorry-load vehicles travel. Not specifically
equivalents). defined in law.

Carnet Carrier
Legal document or permit as with A transport operator – an alternative
Carnet de passage described below, term for a road haulier or rail operator
or a ticket or voucher authorizing tends to be used in legal texts
travel on public transport. (carrier’s liability, etc).

Carnet de passage Carrier’s lien

Carnet de passage en douane pour Legal term for the carrier’s right to
l’admission temporaire. Document hold goods until carriage charges
permitting the temporary importation have been paid. Particular lien means
of a foreign vehicle (ie not the load it that a specific consignment of goods
carries) into a country without may be held until the charges relating
payment of import duties, deposit to that (and only that) consignment
against duty or guaranteed Customs have been paid – this is a standing
documents. Available from the AA*, right in law. General lien relates to
RAC* and RSAC*. the holding of any goods until charges
for previous consignments have been
Carousel paid – this is a right only if provided
A mechanized system where stock is for in the carrier’s conditions of
held in shelving or bins suspended carriage.
from chains driven by electric motors
which enable the stock to be brought Carrier’s right to sell goods
to the operator as required. May be Carriers do not normally have a right
vertical or horizontal and invariably to sell goods consigned via their
computer controlled. services except where there is an
‘agency of necessity’ in which case
Carriage forward three conditions have to be satisfied:
Goods consigned with the carriage the customer
charges paid or to be paid by the
Catenary CB truck
The structure of overhead wires / Counterbalanced fork-lift truck. Lift
power cables on an electric railway truck with forks (ie tines) ahead of the
from which the train draws its electric front axle, which needs a
power via the pantograph* mounted counterbalancing weight at the rear.
on its roof. Also applies in tram* and Advantage is their ability to get close
trolleybus* operation. to the warehouse racking or road
vehicle, but they require a wide
Caterpillar turning area as opposed to reach
Renowned American manufacturer of trucks, which withdraw their forks
heavy truck and plant diesel engines within the wheelbase.
and of heavy duty earth moving plant.
CCLT
Catwalk Cranfield Centre for Logistics and
Grid, usually found mounted behind Transportation. Specialist teaching
the driver ’s cab of articulated tractive and research facility at Cranfield
units to enable the driver to safely School of Management, Bedfordshire,
walk across to connect brake hoses England.
and electrical connections, etc. Often
comprising safety cover for long- CCTV
range fuel tanks mounted across Closed-circuit television. Used
vehicle chassis behind cab. extensively for security protection in
distribution warehouses and transport
Cause (ie the use of) premises.
An illegal act whereby one person
persuades another by instruction or
direction to breach the law (to CENTRAL RAILWAY
overload vehicle, use defective CDGCPL2
vehicle on road, exceed driving hours, The Carriage of Dangerous Goods
falsify tachograph charts, etc). (Classification, Packaging and
Labelling) and Use of Transportable
CB Pressure Receptacles Regulations
Citizen’s band radio. Mobile radio 1996
system used in vehicles to allow .
communication between vehicles and CDG Road
with base stations. Less efficient for The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by
business use than private mobile radio Road Regulations
and cellular telephone systems
because of undisciplined use by CB C&F
enthusiasts. A CB licence (obtainable Cost and freight. Freighting term
from Post Offices) is required to whereby the exporter arranges and
operate such radios. pays for freighting leaving the buyer
to arrange insurance cover for the
goods while in transit. Centre field
Central area of tachograph chart
CEC wherein driver must enter his name,
Co-ordinating European Council for vehicle number, date of use and other
the Development of Performance details. It is an offence to fail to
Tests for Transportation Fuels, (correctly) complete this part of the
Lubricants and Other Fluids. chart.

Cellular ship Certificate in Transport

Ship designed to carry ISO A qualification available from the
containers*(ie container ships*) and Institute of Logistics and Transport*
provided with cells below decks into that gives exemption from both the
which the containers are slotted, national and international
being kept in place with vertical guide examinations for professional
rails. competence in road freight transport.
Carried and their personal belongings
and chattels. Similarly, the railways
CEN have always had conditions of
Comité Europeen d’Normalization. carriage for their freight, parcels and
European inspection and standards passenger traffic – the terms usually
setting organization for tanks and being referred to on passenger tickets
transportable pressure receptacles (eg and other documentation and
cylinders used for transporting gases). invariably displayed on wall posters.
The conditions must be
CENT communicated (ie made available on
Controlled Engineering Tribology. request) to customers prior to the
An oil analysis service provided by negotiation of any business.
Century Oils, Hanley, Stoke-on-
Trent. Conduct of driver
Re PSV*/PCV* operations, legal
Central Railway requirements relating to drivers
Proposed new freight-only railway whereby they must conduct
running from Leicestershire to the themselves in an orderly and civil
Channel Tunnel. manner.

CENTRAL TICKET OFFICE Conference

Central ticket office Organization of ship owners offering
Usually at a police headquarters (or services on particular sea routes under
elsewhere) where fixed penalties* for agreed conditions. Shipping
traffic / motoring offences have to be Conferences are usually classic
paid. Address is to be found on the examples of the operation of a cartel*.
fixed penalty notice.
Configuration of axles Document used in transport/delivery
Term used in goods vehicle operations. Indicates to driver what to
operations to describe both the type, deliver and to whom, plus other
number and layout of axles on a relevant details to identify goods and
vehicle/trailer (eg 4 x 2 describes a any special delivery instructions.
four-wheeled two-axle vehicle of Usually in multipart sets to enable
which only two wheels are driven; 6 x copies to be left at collection and
4 describes a six-wheel, three-axle delivery points as advice notes and
vehicle with two driven axles – ie 4 for consignee to sign in confirmation
wheels driven; 3+2 describes a three- of receipt (ie this becomes carrier ’s
axle tractive unit with a tandem, ie 2- proof of delivery – POD*).
axle semi-trailer, while 2+3 describes
the opposite, a two axle tractive unit Consignment stock
with a tri-axle semi-trailer). The stock of goods held by an
external customer which is still the
Congestion charging property of the supplier but for which
A concept whereby road users are payment is only made when stock is
charged for the use of certain roads sold or used by the customer.
where traffic congestion is a problem
the objective being to price-out Consignor
frivolous or unimportant use and thus The sender of goods – ie the
concentrate use for essential purposes person/firm by whom they are
only. This is just one example of the consigned.
wider concept of road pricing*.
Charging is usually via tolling (ie Consolidation
with access via toll gates where The operation of combining small
vehicles stop and pay) or by units into a large unit (eg small
automated electronic charging consignments consolidated to fill a
systems. large trailer/container for onward
transport).
Consequential loss
The losses (ie financial) incurred as a Conspicuity tape
result of another event (eg the road Reflective tape ideally used around
haulier’s loss of business / profits the perimeter of vehicle bodies to
from his vehicle being off the road increase their visibility at night and in
due to an accident). It is possible to daytime. Available in red for fitting to
insure against such losses. the rear, amber for the sides and white
for the front.
Consignee
The recipient of goods .ie person/firm
to whom they are consigned. CRP
Continuous replenishment. A system
Consignment note of continuous stock flows
replenishing goods removed from Customer service requirement.
stock (ie for delivery or sold in the Demands of customers, usually for
case of supermarket shelves). ever-more efficient and cost-effective
delivery of goods, including the need
CRS to meet stringent JiT* schedules, or
Computer reservation system. allocated delivery time-slots.
Computerized airline booking system
providing real-time (ie live) CSRGT
information on flight times, seat Continuous Survey of Road Goods
availability and fares, etc. Accessed Transport. Statistical survey carried
normally by airlines and travel agents out by DTLR* of UK domestic
via computer terminals in their own haulage based on weekly sample of
premises. over 3.5 tonne LGVs.

CT
CRT Combined transport*. The use of a
Continuously regenerating trap. An combination of transport modes,
exhaust after-treatment device principally road and rail. Community
(product of Eminox) combining a transport. Passenger transport
particulate trap and a specially- operated by and for voluntary and
developed catalytic converter in the community groups, schools, colleges
same ‘can’ and designed to reduce and local authorities and for door-to-
PM* and NOx* emissions in vehicles, door transport for people who are
particularly those using ultra-low (ie unable to use other public transport. It
0.002 per cent or less) sulphur fuels. is estimated that over 100,000
minibuses serve over 10 million
CSC passengers on this basis annually.
International Convention on Safe
Containers (1972). Sets approval CTA
standards and requirements for the Community Transport Association.
safe handling and movement of National charitable body
freight containers. Such containers representative of the voluntary sector
must display valid CSC safety transport operators providing
approval plate issued in UK by the community transport. Concerned with
HSE*. training and the provision of
information and at the forefront of
CSDF promoting minibus safety.
Cold Storage and Distribution
Federation. Representing firms in this CTC
industry. Coach Tourism Council. Established
in 1989 to promote travel and tourism
CSR by coach. Its members are coach
operators and suppliers. Concerned
with ensuring the coach travelling Central Trailer Rentco. Major trailer
public gets good value and and semi-trailer hire company (claims
fair dealing. to be largest in Europe).

CTD CTRL
Combined transport document. Form Channel Tunnel Rail Link. The high
of consignment note used in speed (300 km/hr or 185 m/hr) rail
combined transport operations. link between central London and the
Channel Tunnel.
CTK
Capacity tonne/kilometre. A measure CTU
of performance used in shipping, etc. Cargo transport unit. Shipping term
for containers, tank containers, etc
CTL (1) shipped by sea.
Combined Transport Limited. Private
freight train operator providing CUBE OUT
through the Chunnel* intermodal* Cube out
services. Expression used to indicate that the
volumetric capacity of a vehicle
CTL (2) body/container is reached before its
Constructive total loss. Term used in weight limit.
shipping referring to the English law
doctrine of this name and occurring in Curtainside/curtainsider
CMR* on the inter-national carriage Vehicle/trailer having enclosed body
of goods by road. with fixed roof and ‘curtain’ (ie
flexible canvas/plastic-coated
CTO material) sides which can be drawn
Combined transport operator. One forward or to the rear to provide
who is engaged in combined transport access to the load space from either
operations involving the use of road, side (for fork-lift loading / off-
rail, sea and air systems under the loading, etc), also rapid means of
provisions of the TCM* Convention providing weather protection for
1969 and using TCM combined goods.
transport documents.
Customer response centre (CRC)
CTP Local centres where goods may be
Common Transport Policy. Europe- collected or from where goods are
wide policy for transport to achieve delivered to customers locally.
efficiency, economy and
environmental improvements. Customized truck
Goods vehicle specially painted
CTR (often with elaborate murals) and
fitted with chrome/stainless exhaust
stacks, bumpers and other trim, alloy Cleared without examination.
wheels, etc and high levels of cab Customs terminology used where a
interior trim. Owned /operated / consignment is cleared on the basis of
driven by truck enthusiasts and information given in the
mainly seen at rallies for such and documentation rather than by a
often entered in ‘custom’ physical examination of the goods.
competitions.
CWR
Customs and Excise (C&E or CE) Continuously welded rail. Used on
Her Majesty’s Customs and Excise. rail tracks to provide a smoother ride
Crown service which controls the for passengers and reduced
import and export of goods. maintenance requirements.
Controlling authority for Value
Added Tax (see also VAT). Also Cycle counting
monitors legal/illegal use of fuel in Cycle counting is the physical
diesel-engined road vehicles. counting of stock on a perpetual basis,
rather than counting stock
Customs clearance periodically. A cycle is the time
Process of clearing import/export required to count all items in the
cargo through Customs (ie by inventory at least once. The frequency
examination of the documentation of cycle counting can be varied to
and/or the goods themselves). focus management attention on the
more valuable or important items or
Customs’ Union to match work processes. Some of the
An agreement between the Customs systems used are: ABC system with
of member states of the full European the highest count frequency for items
Union (in this case), that there shall with the highest annual usage value.
be no duty barriers between them and Reorder system when stocks are
that they will all adopt a common counted at the time of order. Receiver
tariff against non-Union goods. system with counting when goods are
received. Zero balance system to
CV or cv count items when a backorder
Commercial vehicle. Vehicles used in situation is reached to confirm that no
connection with trade or business (eg stock is held. Transaction system
trucks and buses). where stocks are counted after a
specified number of transactions.
CVRS
Computerized vehicle routeing and CZ
scheduling – usually referring to Nationality symbol for Czech
computer software designed for this Republic – to be shown on the rear of
purpose. vehicles from that country.

CWE
D
D Driver Assessment and Monitoring
Nationality symbol for Germany – to Project. An ongoing, European-
be shown on the rear of vehicles from funded study project being conducted
that country. by the University of Huddersfield.

Danger labels/signs
DAF (1) Diamond-shaped labels carrying
Delivered at frontier. An Incoterm* officially-designated symbols and
usually used in providing transport markings to indicate the hazards of
quotations where the price is for dangerous goods. Fixed on packages
delivery at frontier rather than at final and vehicles as required by law.
destination (eg where there are
restrictions on entry to a country). Dangerous goods
Commonly used term – more correct
DAF (2) to refer to such materials/products as
Doorne’s Anhangwagen-Fabriek. dangerous substances (see below).
Literally translated: van Doorne’s
trailer works. Dutch manufacturer of Dangerous Goods Adviser
heavy trucks. Took over British truck Proposed by EU (EC 91/C185/05)
maker Leyland and now part of giant that carriers of dangerous goods by
American truck manufacturer Paccar road should appoint a suitably
(which also owns UK manufacturer qualified person as such (see also
Foden Trucks). RPO – Risk Prevention Officer).

Daily rest period Dangerous substances

Required by goods vehicle drivers Substances defined as dangerous for
under EU law on days when they the purposes of carriage by road as
drive relevant vehicles. Normally 11 defined in legislation, eg The Road
hours but may be reduced to nine Traffic (Carriage of Dangerous
hours three times in week provided Substances in Packages, etc)
reduced time is compensated* (ie Regulations 1985 – but not only this,
made up). and as specified in the HSE*
‘Approved List’.
DAM
Drivers Action Movement. Non- Darkness (ie hours of)
political pressure group acting on Defined in RVLR 1989 as being from
behalf of full-time LGV* drivers. half-an-hour after sunset to half-an-
Founded 1994 principally to hour after sunrise – when headlights
campaign for drivers’ rights and on vehicles must be switched on. Not
public safety. to be confused with ‘lighting-up time’
– not specifically defined but meaning
DAMP from sunset to sunrise, when
obligatory lights on vehicles must be Delivered duty paid. Incoterm* used
used. mainly in shipping to indicate that the
shipment will be delivered to a named
Data logger destination with all relevant duties
Instrument that logs data (eg vehicle- paid. See also DDU below.
mounted top record engine/
transmission operating data). DDU
Delivered duty unpaid. Incoterm*
used mainly in shipping to indicate
Day that the shipment will be delivered to
In context of EU drivers’ hours law, a a named destination without prior
rolling period of 24 hours during payment of relevant duties.
which a driver drives vehicles to .
which the regulations apply. De-coupling stock
Inventory accumulated between
Day cab dependent activities in the goods flow
Term used to describe goods vehicle to reduce the need for completely
cab with no sleeping/bunk facilities synchronized operations.
(but see also sleeper pod). Generally
this means a shorter cab allowing Dead freight
greater load platform length on the Space reserved on ship, but not taken
chassis. up.

DBFO ‘Dead’ (and ‘light’) working

Design, build, finance and operate. Situation where a bus or train, for
Department of Transport’s (DoT*) example, has to be worked (ie run)
private finance initiative for awarding back to its base or terminal either to
road building, design, maintenance operate the next service or for
and operating contracts. maintenance. Invariably these
operations are conducted without
DC carrying fare-paying passengers and
Distribution centre. Premises where are thus dead or light so far as
goods are stored and from which they revenue earning is concerned.
are distributed locally, regionally,
nationally or internationally. Deadweight
Term used in shipping to indicate the
DDO all-up weight of the cargo, equipment,
Despatch money payable on fuel, provisions, water and spare parts
discharging only. Shipping term. of a ship when loaded to the
maximum draught (ie when the
DDP Plimsoll line is on the water).
Deck Rebate on freight rates given to
The floor of a ship (a passenger ship shippers for regular bookings over a
may have a number of decks). The period.
top deck is usually open to the
elements. DEKRA
Broadly translated as German Motor
Dedicated distribution Vehicle Certification / Standards
A term denoting the operation of Association. Founded in Berlin in
exclusive distribution contracts for a 1924 for setting and certifying vehicle
single client – ie contract hire. The standards and testing, etc.
opposite of shared user* distribution.
Del credere
Dedicated warehousing Guarantee given by shipping agent or
System where a warehouse is devoted broker to a principal for the solvency
to holding stock only for one of person to whom goods are being
customer. sold.

Delay
Defect notice In context of drivers’ hours law,
Official notice (Form GV 219) given unforeseen delay to driver due to
by DoT* (ie Vehicle Inspectorate*) emergency situation that may cause
examiners when a vehicle is found to him to exceed statutory limits.
have defects which need attention but
not of such a serious nature as to Delivery order
warrant prohibition An order to deliver goods (ie a
document detailing instructions for
Defence delivery of goods to a consignee).
Means by which a charged offender
can put forward a preestablished Demand management
reason why something occurred to A distribution term relating to the
avoid conviction (eg with methods of managing customer
tachographs* that a defect in the demands (ie goods ordered with
system occurred while on the journey instructions as to where and when
in required for delivery, etc).
which the contravention of the law
was detected – ie by police, etc; or Demountable body
with vehicle overload, driver was on Goods vehicle load-carrying body
his way to the nearest available which can be detached from the
weighbridge). chassis (to stand independently for
loading/transfer, etc). Interchangeable
Deferred rebate (ie swap body*) bodies/body types to
give speed of vehicle turn-round and
greater flexibility in operation.
DEMU Means demand derived from some
Diesel electric multiple unit. Train function other thanitself. Thus
driven by diesel-electric power. transport is not in demand for its own
Usually comprising a small number characteristics, but for the facility it
of coaches for local service use. provides to move people or goods.
For example a manufacturing firm’s
Demurrage demand for transport exists only
Term meaning payment (due or because demand for its products
charged) when load is delayed/held- exists and as demand for these
up/not loaded/off-loaded, etc when increases so too does its demand for
agreed. Also applies if transport. In other words, the demand
vehicle/ship/rail wagon delayed when for transport derives from the demand
empty. Most frequently found in for the manufacturer ’s products.
shipping/rail transport.
Derogation
Denver boot Term used in EU legislation to mean
Slang term for wheel clamp used in exemption (eg from specific
metropolitan areas (mainly London) provisions of a regulation). In effect,
to catch and deter those who park taking away the need for a
vehicles illegally or cause country/transport operation to observe
obstruction. Driver has to pay fixed particular aspects of the law (eg the
penalty and release fee to secure UK has a derogation – temporarily –
release (usually after a long wait). from the EU 40-tonne maximum
vehicle weight requirement).
Depot
Base or centre of operations for DERV
transport/logistics business, for Diesel-engined road vehicle – diesel
example, and from which bus and fuel for such vehicles which is
coach operations are conducted. Also commonly referred to as derv.
a place where vehicles are based or
garaged when not in use (in ‘O’ DES
licensing* terms, an ‘operating Delivered ex-ship. Incoterm* used to
centre’*). describe conventional port-to-port
sale of goods.
DEQ
Delivered ex-quay duty paid. Price Design weight
for goods delivered to the customer The maximum weight (and axle
from the quay after unloading from weights) for which a vehicle is
ship and after payment of any duties designed by the manufacturer to
due. operate safety and efficiently.
Contrasts with DTLR* plated weight
Derived demand which may require the same vehicle
to operate at lower weight due to
statutory limits (eg where a 40-tonne June 2001 election and government
tractive unit has to comply with re-shuffle this department is now the
current UK limit of 38 tonnes). DTLR* (Department of Transport,
Local Government and the Regions).
Despatch (1)
Means to send a vehicle or DF
consignment on its way. Direction finder. Piece of navigation
equipment used on ships.
Despatch (2)
Money paid by ship owner to DFDG
charterer for earlier loading or Defence Freight Distribution Group.
discharging of cargo as scheduled in One of a number of sub-groups
charter party. operating within the DLO* and
responsible for carrying anything and
Detention everything for the combined services,
Shipping term to describe the charge from tap washers to ammunition.
for detaining a container or trailer at
customer ’s premises for longer than DGN
the period of time prescribed in the Dangerous goods note. Document
tariff. used in shipping.

Deterministic inventory control DGSA

models Dangerous Goods Safety Advisor. EU
An inventory control system where requirement that firms which
all the variables and parameters used transport, load and/or unload
are known, or can be calculated with dangerous goods should employ or
certainty. The rate of demand for appoint suitably qualified person as
items, and the associated inventory such, ie the holder of a vocational
costs, are assumed to be known with training certificate (VTC). .
assurance and the replenishment lead
time is assumed to be constant and DHL
independent of demand. Major worldwide airfreight and
courier specialist company, now
DETR owned by Deutsche Post.
Department of the Environment,
Transport and the Regions. Dial-a-ride
Government’s so-called ‘super’ Door-to-door bus services providing
Ministry (formed in 1997) with wide accessible transport for people who
ranging portfolio including all aspects cannot use, or find it difficult to use,
of transport by road, rail, sea and air, public transport.
relevant licensing and statutory
controls and infrastructures – DIC
formerly the DoT / DTp. Since the
Driver identity card. Smart card to be DIN
used in new-style digital tachographs Deutsche Industrie-Normung.
from 2003. Another acronym or German Standard for measurement of
abbreviation may be chosen due to vehicle engine power output.
the impolite connotations attached to
this one. DiPTAC
Disabled Persons’ Transport Advisory
Diff-lock Committee. Official body concerned
Differential locking system in heavy with the design and use of buses (and
vehicle drive line by which wheel-slip bus services) for elderly and disabled
(ie wheel spin) by one set of wheels, people.
or one axle, relative to another is
detected – automatic locking is Direct costs
effected until traction is regained. In transport, the costs that directly
relate to the operation of a vehicle as
Digging machine opposed to indirect costs that are
Defined as a vehicle designed, ancillary to the vehicle operation.
constructed and used for trench
digging or any kind of excavating or Direct injection diesel
shovelling work, which Compression ignition (ie diesel)
engine in which fuel is injected direct
DIGITAL INPUT into the combustion chamber – as
travels on public roads only to get to opposed to indirect injection where it
and from a place where it is to be is injected first into a pre-combustion
used for that purpose and at such time chamber.
carries no load other than for its own
propulsion or its own equipment – Direct store delivery
V(E)A 1971 System where goods are delivered
. from manufacturer direct to the
Digital tachograph retailer, ie not going via a warehouse
New generation tachograph using or distribution centre.
digital technology with driver smart
cards, etc, instead of paper-based Dirigible
chart recording. Lighter than air vessel (eg an airship)
which can be steered as opposed to a
Dim-dip lighting balloon which cannot.
Vehicle dipped-beam headlight
operating at reduced intensity DIRT
(between 10 and 20 per cent of Drug Influence Recognition Training.
normal intensity) for the purpose of Element within police training
use during the daytime (ie running package for detecting drivers under
lamps – seen as standard on the influence of drugs. DEC and FIT.
Scandinavian cars).
Disc brakes source enabling the translation of
On motor vehicles, brakes using inventory plans into material flows. In
hardened steel discs and pads to the case of multi-level distribution
provide the braking surface rather networks, this explosion process can
than the old type of asbestos / fibre continue down through the various
lining in a steel drum. They provide levels of regional warehouses, master
greater efficiency, cool operation, warehouse, factory warehouse, etc
lighter weight and ease of access for and become input to the master
maintenance purposes. production schedule.

DKV
Disqualification (of driving licence Provider of on - road services for
holder) heavy diesel vehicle operators
Driving licence holders can lose the holding the DKV Card (diesel,
right to drive for a given period when repairs, 24-hr emergency breakdown,
disqualified by the Courts following etc).
conviction (or indictment) for certain
road traffic (and other) offences (eg DLO (1)
drink/driving) or in other cases when Defence Logistics Organization. UK
the licence holder has incurred 12 Ministry of Defence off- shoot
penalty points on his or her licence (formed April 2000) which provides
within three years. joint (ie combined services) logistics
support to the Armed Forces in the
Distribution frontline on operations at home and
Regarding goods distribution, the overseas. Part of the Defence Storage
process of storage, handling, loading and Distribution Agency (DSDA)*.
and delivery (mainly by road) of
goods/products to retail outlets or the DLO (2)
final consumer. In practice many Despatch money payable loading
other individual functions may be only. Term used in shipping.
involved (order processing, order
picking, inventory control, etc). DME
Dimethylether. An alternative low-
Distribution requirement planning emission fuel for use in diesel
(DRP 1) engined vehicles which is energy-
The function of determining the need efficient and made from natural gas
to replenish inventory at branch (but can be made from renewable raw
warehouses over a forward time materials) – it becomes gas at room
period. A time-phased order point temperature.
approach is used where planned
orders at branch warehouse level are
exploded via MRP* logic to become DMU
gross requirements on the supplying
Diesel Multiple Unit. Linked train
comprising a number of passenger
coaches and powered by a diesel
engine. See also DEMU and EMU.
Concept now being adopted for trials
in the UK with small container-
carrying freight multiple-unit trains (
See Cargo-Sprinter). Similar system
operated in Germany by DB*.

D/O
Delivery order. Instructions for
delivery of goods/consignment.

Dock leveller
Equipment (hydraulically or manually
operated) used to equalize the
differing heights of a loading bay and
road vehicles to make loading by
fork lift truck*/pallet truck*
possible.
E
 Manufacturer of heavy vehicle axle
and transmission components.

E EBS
Nationality symbol for Electronic braking system. Designed
Spain – to be shown on the rear of and fitted to ensure tractor-trailer
vehicles from that country. brake compatibility. Independent
electronically controlled brake valves
are fitted to each wheel.
e-logistics
Logistics and supply-chain operations EC 98/76
being conducted via the Internet, EU Directive, ‘On admission to the
especially the matching of shippers Occupation of Road Haulage
and carriers of goods and the Operator in National and International
transmission of documentation. Operations’, under which the system
of professional competence* for
e-shopping transport managers was established.
Term for the business by which
individual consumers (ie shoppers) EC 3820/85
order goods over the Internet for EU regulations concerned with social
home delivery shopping. matters regarding the working
conditions of goods and passenger
e-tailing vehicle drivers (ie by controlling their
Retailing of general or specialized hours of driving and setting minimum
goods direct to the public via the rest periods, etc).
Internet, usually with a promise of
prompt or timed delivery. EC 3821/85
EU regulations concerned with the
‘E’ routes fitment of tachographs in certain
System of principal route marking to goods and passenger vehicles and
be extended across Europe under the their use by drivers to control and
AGR Convention 1975 whereby major monitor driving times, rest periods,
national routes (m-ways / autoroutes) etc.
are given additional E-route numbers,

EASA ECAS
European Aviation Safety Authority. Electronically controlled air
Proposed authority to harmonize suspension. Suspension system for
aviation control and licensing heavy trucks to provide smoother ride
standards in the EU. and less damage to goods carried and
road surfaces.
Eaton
ECBL
European Certification Board for Permit issued under the auspices of
Logistics. Certifying body for the European Conference of Ministers
logistics qualifications. The Institute of Transport (ECMT*) and valid for
of Logistics is the UK body providing road haulage operations between the
accreditation and certification to states, which are party to the
ECBL qualifications. Conference but with exceptions due
to shortages of supply. Such permits
ECE are available in limited numbers only;
Economic Commission for Europe. A applications to the IRFO*, Newcastle
United Nations body based in upon Tyne.
Geneva. It includes the Inland
Transport Committee which Ecomatic
established the Common Transport A product of Volkswagen (on its Golf
Policy. vans) which switches the vehicle
engine off when the accelerator is
ECGD lifted to improve fuel consumption
Export Credit Guarantees thus making urban driving more
Department. Branch of Department of economical and quieter.
Trade and Industry that guarantees
debts due by overseas purchasers to Economic stock
UK exporters. The sum of the physical stock and the
goods ordered but not yet received,
ECM minus the goods sold but not yet
Electronic control module – as used delivered for which a company carries
in dual fuel (diesel / natural gas) risk in respect of a drop in price and
engines to regulate the relative unmarketability.
proportions of each fuel.

Ecopoint stamps
ECMT Stamps worth one Ecopoint* each
European Conference of Ministers of issued by IRFO* to road hauliers for
Transport. An inter-governmental entry into Austria and based on the
organization established by protocol COP value* for the vehicle. Fewer
in 1953. It is actually a forum stamps are charged for entry of
comprising transport ministers from modern ‘green’ vehicles than for
all EU member states who cooperate older models. Ecopoint stamps are
on (mainly inland) policy concerned stuck on an Eco card (from IRFO),
with improving transport utilization one card being required for each leg
and ensuring the rational development of a transit journey through Austria.
of European transport systems of
national importance. Ecopoints
Points system for controlling transit
ECMT permit of heavy lorries through Austria,
replacing transit permits, and based Enhanced environmental vehicle. A
on NOx emission* of vehicle older Euro-standard ultra-clean vehicle (ie
vehicles needing more points than low emission and low noise vehicle).
environmentally-friendly (‘greener’)
newer vehicles. Effective stock
The sum of the physical stock of a
ECR particular product and the quantity of
Efficient customer/consumer that product ordered for a particular
response. Concept in logistics to period, but not yet received.
minimize inventory and logistics response (ECR)
costs and to optimize product An initiative whereby elements of the
availability. supply-chain work together to fulfil
consumer wishes better, faster and at
ECSI less cost.
Export cargo shipping instruction.
Shipping instructions from shipper to
carrier. EFTA
European Free Trade Area. A trading
EDC block of national states (ie Austria,
Electronic diesel control. Key Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
characteristic of so-called ‘new and Switzerland) that have agreed to
generation’ low-emission diesel have no barriers to trade between
engines designed to reduce fuel con- them.
sumption and exhaust emissions.

‘Eddie’ EGR
A heavy vehicle belonging to and Exhaust gas re-circulation. System
painted in the colours of major UK used to help reduce NOx emissions
road haulier Eddie Stobart seen by from vehicle exhausts.
lorry spotters (the Eddie-watcher
cult!) on journeys. EIA
European Intermodal Association.
EEBPP European-wide association of
Energy efficiency best practice intermodal transport operators, based
programme. Project of DTLR* to in Brussels.
promote energy conservation in
industry (eg improved fuel efficiency
in road transport). Studies carried out Eight-wheeler
by such as ETSU*. Term for rigid vehicle with four axles
(ie twin steering axles at front and
EEV tandem bogie comprising two axles at
rear – one or both driven). Largest
type of rigid vehicle currently
permitted on UK roads pmw (subject
to design and plating) 32,000 kg.
Ideally suited to tipper / tanker
applications where stability is
essential.

ELA
European Logistics Association.
Body representing national logistics
organizations throughout Europe.

Elasticity of supply and demand

Terms which indicate the extent to
which demand will respond to
changes in price and/or quality.
Demand from commuters is generally
inelastic (ie will not change much),
but travel demand for pleasure
purposes may be more elastic. There
is also cross-elasticity of demand (eg
as between car and train or bus, or
between modes for distribution
purposes). Elasticity of supply affects
the extent to which operators can
increase output in response to
increased demand, thus it is easier for
truck operators to do this than it is for
shipping lines.

Electric vehicles
Vehicles powered by electric storage
battery. Normally used for short
range/low speed operations (ie local
deliveries – milk rounds). Such
vehicles are exempt from VED.

Electronic data interchange (EDI)

The computer-to-computer exchange
of structured data for automatic
processing.
F
 Customs system for rapid clearance of
goods to or from EU destinations.

FCL
Full container load. Term for a full
F load in a shipping (ie ISO) or road-
Nationality symbol for France – to be type container.
shown on the rear of vehicles from
that country. FDR
Fuel duty rebate. Available to
FAA registered local bus services or, in
Free of all average. Term used in London, a service run under a London
shipping. local service licence or exempt from
the need to have such a licence. Made
Fail-safe braking under the Fuel Duty Grant (Eligible
System employed on heavy, air- Bus Services) Regulations 1985.
braked vehicles whereby in the event
of loss of air the brakes are Feeder
automatically applied by springs. In A term applying to a route or service
effect the air holds the brakes in the with low traffic levels which feeds
off position, hence air pressure has to into a trunk operation (eg a local
be built up when making a morning parcels collection service which feeds
start so the brakes can be released. into a long-haul night trunk service or
a railway branch line feeding
Fare passengers into the mainline station).
A payment, usually for a person to
travel by bus, train or aeroplane. Feeder vessel
A short sea vessel used to fetch goods
Farmer’s goods vehicle and containers to and from vessels
Goods vehicle registered in the name operating on a hub-and-spoke basis.
of a person engaged in agriculture and
used by him on public roads solely Fern Schnell Gute
for carrying goods in connection with German term, seen on heavy trucks,
the agricultural land he occupies. meaning literally, long distance, fast,
Special rates of VED* apply. good – a designation for the service
offered.
FAS
Free alongside ship. An Incoterm* Ferry ship/crossing
used to describe shipping charges on Generally means a roll-on/roll-off
a port-to-port basis only. ship used for carrying wheeled traffic
on short sea routes (as opposed to
Fast Lane deep-sea shipping).
FEU FIG
Forty feet equivalent unit. Refers to a Freight Interest Group. Sub-group of
40-foot long ISO container. More the Intelligent Transport Society (ITS
generally such containers are referred is interested in IT issues relating to
to in 20-foot equivalent units (TEUs) freight transport).

FFG FIN
Freight facilities grant. Government Nationality symbol for Finland – to
grants to offset the costs of be shown on the rear of vehicles from
developing rail freight services (eg that country.
for terminal development and rolling
stock). Financial standing
Term used in operator licensing to
FFI indicate whether a licence applicant /
For further instructions. Term holder has sufficient funds to be able
commonly used in shipping. to operate his vehicles both legally
and safely. This is an essential
FIBC requirement for licence holders under
Flexible intermediate bulk container. both UK and EC law.
A flexible bulk container (ie
packaging) used for dangerous goods Finished goods
carriage (if complying with relevant Inventory to which the final
legislation), which has a capacity not increments of value have been added
exceeding three cubic metres and is through manufacturing. (Source: ILT
designed for handling by mechanical Supply-Chain Inventory Management
equipment. SIG)

FIDM Finished goods stock

Foden Institute of Driveline Stock that is available for supply to an
Management. Training for heavy external consumer, including items
goods vehicle drivers, particularly on that have been supplied but not
the use of electronically-managed invoiced to an external consumer.
engines and transmissions, provided
by truck manufacturer Foden. FIO
Free in and out. Term used where
Fifth-wheel (5th-wheel) coupling cargo is loaded and discharged at no
Type of coupling used on articulated cost to the ship owner.
vehicles comprising fifth-wheel plate
on tractive unit (on which at least 20 First-in, first-out (FIFO)
per cent of weight of load on trailer Stock valuation – the method of
must rest) and kingpin on semi-trailer, valuing stocks which assumes that the
which mate up, and lock into place. oldest stock is consumed first and
thus issues are valued at the oldest member states (on vehicle road
price. Stock rotation – the method tax/fuel, etc).
whereby the goods which have been
longest in stock are delivered (sold)
and/or consumed first. FIT
Field impairment training. Element
First pick ratio within police training programme for
During order picking, the percentage detecting drug drivers.
of orders or lines for which 100 per
cent completion was achieved from Fit person
the primary location or picking face. Person who is considered by the
Licensing Authorities to be ‘fit’ to
First test hold a restricted ‘O’ licence*.
In connection with goods vehicle Applicants for standard ‘O’ licences
plating and annual testing, the first must be ‘of good repute’ for which
annual test for which a vehicle / basically similar requirements have to
trailer is submitted to goods vehicle be met. In deciding ‘fitness’ the LAs
testing station (ie in the anniversary take account of convictions recorded
month of original registration). against the individual relating to
goods vehicle operation (eg for
Fiscal charges overloading, unroadworthiness, driver
General term used to describe charges ’s hours offences). In the case of LGV
(ie taxes) raised by national driver licensing, applicants must also
governments on foreign vehicles be fit persons to hold entitlement to
entering their territory. Generally drive such vehicles.
these fall into three categories:
turnover taxes (ie for added value) Fixed penalty/notice (ticket)
such as VAT/IVA; fees for the issue For certain road traffic offences a
of transport licences/documents; taxes system of fixed penalties applies
or supplementary taxes such as on whereby the driver is given a notice
weight/number of axles/distance (ie ticket) giving him the option of
travelled in the country. Would also paying the fixed penalty (see below)
include fuel duties charged on excess or electing to have a Court hearing.
fuel taken into a country in vehicle The system operates on two levels:
tanks – normal (ie free) limit is 200 white tickets for non-endorseable
litres. offences (which may be left attached
to the vehicle if the driver is not
Fiscal harmonization present) and yellow ticket for
Part of the plan for the Single endorseable offences when the driver
European Market is to achieve must be present and surrender his
harmonization (ie to bring into line) driving licence (then or within seven
of duties and taxes charged by days at a police station).
Fixed penalty ticket office Traditional practice in road haulage
The place where fixed penalties are (and with airlines and ships) to name
paid within the statutory period of 28 vehicles, usually with place names or
days, or where application is made for female names. These are invariably
a Court hearing, following receipt of signwritten on the front of the driver’s
a fixed penalty notice for a traffic cab. Practice popular with leading UK
offence. The address of the relevant road haulier Eddie Stobart whose
office is given on the notice. heavy trucks all carry female names –
watched for and ticked off by its fan
Fixture club supporters and others.
Conclusion of shipbroker’s
negotiations to charter a ship. Flight path
The route or path followed by an
Flag carrier aircraft.
Term usually used to describe the
national airline of a country (eg Floating Vehicle Data
British Airways for the UK). A scheme whereby vehicle tracking
technology is used to provide
Flagging out information on traffic flows and build
Concept whereby UK road haulage real-time data on moving vehicles.
firms set up base in another EU
member state from which to operate Flow chart
their vehicles to avoid the UK’s A diagrammatic representation of a
exceptionally high rates of VED and sequence of planned events. Used in
duty on diesel fuel. In shipping, it is transport, for example, to plot when
the practice of registering under a vehicles are due for service, safety
‘flag of convenience’ (eg Panama or inspection and annual test. Pinned on
Liberia) largely to escape the high an office wall it acts as a constant
standards of safety, hygiene, etc reminder of due dates. Favoured by
imposed by the home country. the Traffic Commissioners for this
reason.
Flat car
Rail terminology for a flatbed or flat FLT
platform type of wagon. Fork-lift truck. Item of handling
equipment capable of lifting and
Flat rack carrying by means of forks (or tines)
A type of ISO container with a flat which project from the front.
platform and two ends but no sides, Principally used for lifting and
usually used for loading machinery loading goods on pallets*.
and plant, etc.
Fly tipping
Fleet names Illegal act of tipping
spoil/rubbish/waste (particularly
poisonous waste) on unauthorized and the ships fly the flag of the state
sites (even on the public highway) to in which they are registered rather
avoid costs/licence requirements for than that of the owner ’s home state.
disposal in a proper manner on an
authorized site. Focus groups
FMCG Groups of individuals, usually with
Fast moving consumer goods. Term specialist knowledge and/or
used in distribution/logistics to experience who meet to debate,
describe products sold to the public comment and lobby on specific issues
through retail outlets, which move (eg problems affecting a specific
very quickly through warehousing travel mode or matters of modal
systems thereby creating a need for choice) and how they can be solved.
special inventory control procedures Also (and perhaps more usually)
and particularly efficient distribution. groups of people recruited to give
their opinions for use by government
FMU or by political parties.
Freight multiple unit. Self-propelled Psychologically-trained rapporteurs
freight train typically formed of a are usually employed in this role.
small number of permanently-coupled
rail vehicles with a driver’s cab at Fodex
each end. Faster and more flexible Remote vehicle information retrieval
than conventional freight trains. system from Foden Trucks which
removes the need for periodic
FO downloading of diagnostic
Free overside. Term used in quoting information with a laptop computer
for shipping movements (ie price every time the truck returns home. An
includes discharging from ship). on-board data logger is ‘polled’ by
Foden’s mainframe computer in
FOB Sandwich via
Free on board. Freighting term
whereby the exporter’s liability for FOOTWAY/FOOTPATH
goods ceases once they are delivered the gsm* cellular telephone network
to the carrier. from wherever the truck is located
anywhere in the world.
FOC
Flag of convenience. Shipping FOR
practice where vessels are registered Free on rail. Term used in quoting for
in states such as Liberia and Panama the transport of goods (ie price
where taxes and duties are lower than includes free delivery onto rail
in the ship owner ’s home state and system).
where standards of safety and
hygiene, for example, are not so Fork-lift truck (FLT)
strict. Hence the convenience factor
Mechanical handling equipment with markers (ie over 2 metres) and for the
forks to lift and carry pallets. Used for police to be notified in advance (over
stacking, etc in warehouses and for 3.05 metres).
vehicle loading/unloading. Mainly
electrically powered (by rechargeable Forwarder’s bill of lading
battery) for warehouse operations but A bill of lading* issued by a freight
often gas or diesel powered for forwarder.
external operations. Forwarder ’s receipt
A document issued by a freight
Fork pockets forwarder which provides evidence of
On containers and swap bodies, receipt of the goods.
strengthened slots built in to the
underside of the frame into which the Forwarding agent
forks (tines) of a heavy duty FLT* (or A firm acting on behalf of others (ie
the grapple arms of an container as an agent) in arranging the forward
crane) can be slotted for lifting movement of cargo/freight. Usually in
purposes. international trade where complex
legal and documentary requirements
Forked tariff must be met of which the forwarding
The maximum and minimum prices agent has expert knowledge.
which may be charged under a tariff
system. For example, in European FOS
haulage, rates are controlled by a Fleet Organization System.
system of tariffs with a spread Computerized system of vehicle fleet
between maximum and minimum management. Product of Siemens
levels (currently 23 per cent of the VDO GmbH, Germany and marketed
maximum rate). Sometimes also in the UK by VDO Kienzle (formerly
called bracket tariffs. Lucas Kienzle Instruments Limited).

Fortress Europe Foster Report

A mythical situation (mainly created Key report on road haulage operators’
by the press) suggesting that members licensing by Professor Christopher
of the EU may progressively trade Foster, published in 1978.
more within the Community than
with outside nations thereby closing Four stroke
ranks on outside nations. Workings of an internal combustion
engine that operates on a four stroke
cycle, namely induction,
Forward projection compression, ignition, exhaust.
In transport terms, a load which
projects beyond the front of a vehicle Four-wheeler
and which, subject to its length, may
need an attendant and to carry
Rigid vehicle with two axles. Pmw in reflected in greater efficiency, greater
UK (subject to design and plating) is safety in road transport operations and
currently 16,260 kg. reduced pollution from exhaust
emissions and congestion. Such
Fourth-party logistics policies to be included in LTPs (Local
Concept whereby the fourth party Transport Plans).
logistics service provider acts as an
interface between the client and a Frameless trailer
number of its individual logistics Type of semi-trailer whereby
service providers. Andersen coupling equipment and running
Consulting LLP claims the term to be gear* are mounted direct to the
its trademark, thus Fourth-party underside of the van body rather than,
Logistics™, but the Hays Group also as conventionally, on a chassis frame.
uses the term ‘fourth party solutions’ This design reduces weight and
to describe their supply chain thereby increases payload potential.
business (also written 4PS).
Free circulation
Fourth stylus Goods originating within the
In tachograph* instruments, an European Union or goods brought
additional stylus for recording non- into the EU on which all duties and
statutory functions (thermometer charges have been paid and all other
readings on fridge vehicles, door formalities completed are classed for
openings, etc). Customs purposes as being in free
circulation.
FPN
Fixed penalty notice. A means of Free stock
enforcing less serious traffic offences Stock available for immediate
and reducing pressure on the Courts delivery (ie to meet immediate
by imposing a fixed penalty payable demand).
immediately by post. Recipients can
still elect for a Court hearing if they Freedoms of the air
wish to contest the charge. General term referring to the basic
concept on which bilateral and
FQP multilateral agreements on aviation
Freight quality partnership. between states are agreed; namely
Government initiative following allowing the civil aircraft of foreign
publication of its ‘Sustainable states to use each other’s airspace
Distribution Strategy’ document in either freely or with specified
March 1999 in encouraging Local restriction. Specified in the
Authorities to get together with all International Air Transport
interested parties, especially logistics Agreement made under the 1944
operators, to find ways of achieving Chicago.
sustainable distribution systems
Freeport saved and £1.50 per urban road mile
Area where goods are stored prior to saved.
the payment of customs duties and
taxes. Freight forwarder
Firm (ie agent) engaged in the
FREIGHTLINER business of arranging freight
Freight movements. Usually provides full
A consignment of goods, or the service of organization, admin-
amount (ie charge) payable for the istration, documentation, insurance,
carriage of goods. An alternative term etc to relieve the exporter/importer of
for goods transport (eg freight these tasks.
transport).
Freight interchange
Freight container safety regulations Depot/terminal where loads are
Regulations which control the assembled and loaded to or unloaded
standards of construction and from vehicles. Road vehicles may
conditions of use of freight (ie also be loaded to or unloaded from
shipping –ISO-type) containers. rail.

Freight exchange Freight management

Facility for matching loads and The function of efficiently managing
available vehicles (used to be called freight movements by the most
clearing houses*). Now much of the appropriate mode, or combination of
business is transacted electronically modes, and including tracking goods
with many specialist e-commerce through the movement cycle from
firms setting up for this purpose. Also initial collection to final delivery, the
referred to as the electronic market provision of transit data and proof of
place. delivery.

Freight facilities grant

Government scheme to encourage
switch of freight from road to rail. Freight ton (or tonne)
Provides funds to assist with capital Tonnage (imperial or metric) on
investment in private rail facilities which freight is charged.
including equipment and locomotives
provided for under Freighting
Railways Act . To justify a grant the The function/task of moving freight
claimant company must show by whatever mode (ie road, rail, sea,
significant savings in lorry inland waterway, air or intermodal).
movements assessed as to their value
by calculating the mileage saved on Freightliner
the basis of 20 pence per motorway Currently the
mile saved, £1.00 per rural road mile
UK’s second largest rail freight
operator, principally concerned with FSR
moving containerized traffic between Free of strikes and riots. Clause
ports and inland depots. typically found in marine insurance
policies.
FREQUENCY
Frequency FTA
Meaning frequency of (bus, train or Freight Transport Association. Trade
airplane) services. Fundamental to association for own-account goods
most service specifications since vehicle fleet operators and users of
users (ie passengers) are concerned transport services.
with how often services run within a
given period of time, eg hourly, daily, FTPA
weekly, etc. Freight Trades Protection
Association. Form of credit watchdog
FRES for members within the freighting
Federation of Recruitment and industry.
Employment Services. Many driver
employment agencies belong to this FTZ
association. It publishes a Code of Free trade zone. Sites within or near
Practice for Agency Drivers*. ports where goods are free of customs
examination and duty until they are
Front-end loader removed for onward dispatch.
Specialized vehicle with hydraulic
loading arms allowing it to pick up Fuel cell
skips/bins, etc from the front and An energy conversion device that
hoist them over the cab to the load electrochemically converts chemical
platform or to discharge into the energy into electrical energy.
body. Mainly used in refuse Revolutionary new form of vehicle
collection. propulsion using a combination of
hydrogen and oxygen from the air
Front position lights that produces energy silently and
Under legislation the lights to be without combustion. Electricity is
fitted to the front of vehicles and used produced with no emissions and no
between sunset and sunrise smog, the only by-product being
(commonly called sidelights). water. Ford Motor Company is
experimenting with fuel cell-powered
Frontal impact (as in EU vehicles.
regulations)
Statutory requirement (EU) regarding Fuel consumption testing
the strength of heavy vehicle cabs to New cars displayed for sale since
withstand specified force of frontal 1978 must show official fuel
impact. consumption figures produced by
official testing carried out in
government approved
laboratories/test tracks – Energy Act
1976 and Passenger Car Fuel
Consumption Order 1977
.
Fuel duty escalator
The Government’s annual road fuel
duty escalator, started in 1993 and
recently dropped, to tackle the
problem of pollution, under which
fuel prices were increased by a
percentage above the current rate of
inflation.

Fulfilment
Term used in logistics meaning to get
the ordered goods to the customer
quickly and at a convenient time (ie
as requested or promised). Measured
as a percentage based on accuracy (ie
the right goods and the order
complete) and on delivery within
agreed/promised time scale. Latest
use of the term is in e-fulfilment.

FWD
Front-wheel drive. Drive (ie
transmission) system employed on
most modern small and family-sized
cars. Engines are usually mounted
transversally with the gearbox built as
an integral unit.
G
 General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT): The General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
started as an international trade
Gain Sharing: A method of incentive organization in 1947, and has been
compensation where supply chain superseded by the World Trade
partners share collectively in savings Organization (WTO). GATT (the
from productivity improvements. The agreement) covers international trade
concept provides an incentive to both in goods.
the buying and supplier organizations
to focus on continually re-evaluating, General Commodities Carrier: A
re-energizing, and enhancing their common motor carrier that has
business relationship. All aspects of operating authority to transport
value delivery are scrutinized general commodities, or all
including specification design, order commodities not listed as special
processing, inbound transportation, commodities.
inventory management, obsolescence
programs ,material yield, forecasting General-Merchandise Warehouse:
and inventory planning, product A warehouse that is used to store
performance, and reverse logistics. goods that are readily handled, are
The focus is on driving out limited packaged, and do not require a
value cost while protecting profit controlled environment.
margins. Also see: Performance
Based Logistics. General Order (GO): A customs
term referring to a warehouse where
Gate Gathering Lines: Oil pipelines merchandise not entered within five
that bring oil from the oil well to working days after the carrier's arrival
storage areas. is stored at the risk and expense of the
importer.
Gemba Kanri: A Lean management
term which refers to the control and Global Commerce Initiative (GCI):
improvement of the value creating A business requirements group that
processes. brings manufacturers and retailers
together on a worldwide basis to
Genchi Genbutsu: A Japanese phrase simplify and enhance global
used in Lean management which commerce and improve consumer
means "Go and see for yourself" value in the overall retail supply
Rather than simply hear or read about chain. It is a global user group, and its
a problem and make a suggestion for charter is to drive the implementation
improvement, one should actually go of EAN.UCC standards and best
to its direct location and experience practices
the situation first hand. .
Global Data Synchronization exported—providing that demand is
Network (GDSN): The GDSN is an greater than the costs involved.
Internet-based, interconnected
network of interoperable data pools Global Trade Item Number
and a Global Registry, the GS1 (GTIN): A unique number that
Global Registry that enables comprises up to 14 digits and is used
companies around the world to to identify an item(product or service)
exchange standardized and for which there is a need to retrieve
synchronized supply chain data with pre-defined information that may be
their trading partners. priced, ordered or invoiced at any
point in the supply chain. The
Global Location Number (GLN): definition covers raw materials
Unique location number mandatory through end user products and
within the Global Data includes services, all of which have
Synchronization process to identify pre-defined characteristics. GTIN is
data owners/info providers, etc such the globally-unique EAN.UCC
as Distributors, brokers, System identification number, or key,
manufacturers. used for trade items (products and
services). It’s used for uniquely
Global Positioning System (GPS): identifying trade items (products and
A system which uses satellites to services) sold, delivered, warehoused,
precisely locate an object on earth. and billed throughout the retail and
Used by trucking companies to locate commercial distribution channels.
over the-road equipment. Unlike a UPC number, which only
provides information specific to a
group of products, the GTIN gives
Global Strategy: An organization's each product its own specific
strategic guide to globalization. A identifying number, providing greater
global strategy may be appropriate in tracking accuracy. See: EPC
industries where firms are faced with
strong pressures for cost reduction but Globalization: The process of
with weak pressures for local making something worldwide in
responsiveness. Therefore, the scope or application.
strategy allows these firms to sell a
standardized product worldwide. Going-concern value: The value that
However, fixed costs (capital a firm has as an entity, as opposed to
equipment) are substantial. the sum of the values of each of its
Nevertheless, these firms are able to parts taken separately; particularly
take advantage of scale economies important in determining what
and experience curve effects, because constitutes a reasonable railroad rate.
of the ability to mass-produce a
standard product which can be Gondola: A rail car with a flat
platform and sides three to five feet
high; used for top loading of items and markets, for locating a plant or
that are long and heavy. warehouse.

Good Distribution Practices:

Quality warranty system that provides Green Field: A method used to
guidelines for the proper distribution launch a new process or initiative
of medicinal products for human use. where no others of that type have
The guidelines cover such areas as previously existed.
requirements for purchase, receiving,
storage, and export of drugs intended Green Lane: A concept that would
for human consumption. Good give C-TPATmembers that
Distribution Practices are based on demonstrate the highest standard of
the Code of Federal Regulations 21 secure practices additional benefits
CFR, parts 210 and 211, and USP for exceeding the minimum
1079. requirements of the program. Green
Lane benefits would include
Goods: A term associated with more expedited movement of cargo,
than one definition: 1) Common term especially during an incident of
indicating movable property, national significance.
merchandise, or wares. 2) All
materials which are used to satisfy Gross National Product (GNP): A
demands. 3) Whole or part of the measure of a nation’s output; the total
cargo received from the shipper, value of all final goods and services
including any equipment supplied by produced during a period of time
the shipper. .
Gross Weight: The total weight of
Grandfather clause: A provision the vehicle and the payload of freight
that enabled motor carriers engaged or passengers.
in lawful trucking operations before
the passage of the Motor Carrier Act
of 1935 to secure common carrier
authority without proving public Guaranteed Loans: Loans made to
convenience and necessity; a similar railroads that are cosigned and
provision exists for other modes. guaranteed by the federal government
obal Trade Management.
Granger laws: State laws passed
before 1870 in Midwestern states to
control rail transportation.

Grid Technique: A quantitative

technique to determine the least-cost
center, given raw materials sources
H
Handling Costs: Heijunka:
The cost involved in moving, An element of the Toyota Production
transferring, preparing, and otherwise System that averages volume and
handling inventory. sequence of scheduled items to
provide level production and help
enable just in time (JIT)
Harmonized Code:
An international classification system Highway Trust Fund:
that assigns identification numbers to Federal highway use tax revenues are
specific products. The coding system paid into this fund, and the federal
ensures that all parties in int'l trade government’s share of highway
use a consistent classification for the construction is paid from the fund.
purposes of documentation, statistical
control, and duty assessment. Highway Use Taxes:
Taxes assessed by federal and state
Haulage: governments against users of the
The inland transport service which is highway (the fuel tax is an example).
offered by the carrier under the terms
and conditions of the tariff and of the Hi-low:
relative transportation document. Usually refers to a forklift truck on
which the operator must stand rather
Hawaiian carrier: than sit.
A for-hire air carrier that operates
within the state of Hawaii Honeycombing:
1. the practice of removing
Hazardous Material: merchandise in pallet load quantities
A substance or material, which the where the space is not exhausted in an
Department of Transportation has orderly fashion. This results in
determined to be capable of posing a inefficiencies due to the fact that the
risk to health, safety, and property received merchandise may not be
when stored or transported in efficiently stored in the space which
commerce. Also See: Material Safety is created by the honeycombing. 2.
Data Sheet The storing or withdrawal or supplies
in a manner that results in vacant
Hedge Inventory: space that is not usable for storage of
Excess inventories held to provide a other items. 3. Creation of unoccupied
buffer against risks associated with space resulting from withdrawal of
some contingent event. Events unit loads. This is one of the major
include price increases and hidden costs of warehousing.
availability reductions associated with
work stoppages, plant shutdowns, Honeycomb Loss:
disasters or acts of terrorism. When storing multiple SKUs in a
single region, full utilization of all of
the available space is not desirable
because it could result in some items
not being accessible. Honeycomb Hub:
loss, the price paid for accessibility, is 1) A large retailer or manufacturer
the unusable empty storage space in a having many trading partners. 2) A
lane or stack due to the storage of reference for a transportation network
only a single SKU in each lane or as in “hub and spoke” which is
stack since storing items from common in the airline and trucking
different SKUs would block access. industry. For example, a hub airport
serves as the focal point for the origin
Hopper Cars: and termination of long-distance
Rail cars that permit top loading and flights where flights from outlying
bottom unloading of bulk areas are fed into the hub airport for
commodities; some hopper cars have connecting flights. 3) A common
permanent tops with hatches to connection point for devices in a
provide protection against the network.4) A Web "hub" is one of the
elements. initial names for what is now known
as a "portal". It came from the
Hoshin Planning: Also “Hosin creative idea of producing a website,
Kanri” Hoshin Kanri is a step-by-step which would contain many different
strategic planning process that "portal spots" (small boxes that
assesses breakthrough strategic looked like ads, with links to different
objectives against daily management yet related content). This content,
tasks and activities. It provides a combined with Internet technology,
visual map at all levels of the made this idea a milestone in the
organization provides clear strategic development and appearance of
direction. a company develops up to websites, primarily due to the ability
four vision statements that indicate to display a lot of useful content and
where the company should be in the store one's preferred information on a
next five years. Company goals and secured server. The web
work plans are developed based on term"hub"was replaced with portal.
the vision statements. Periodic audits
are then conducted to monitor Hub Airport:
progress. An airport that serves as the focal
point for the origin and termination of
Hostler: long-distance flights; flights from
An individual employed to move outlying areas are fed into the hub
trucks and trailers within a terminal or airport for connecting flights.
warehouse yard area.
Human-Machine Interface:
Household Goods Warehouse: Any point where data is
A warehouse that is used to store communicated from a worker to a
household goods. computer or from a computer to a
worker. Data entry Programs, inquire
programs, reports, documents, LED
displays, and voice commands are all
examples of human-machine
interfaces.

Hundredweight (cwt):
A pricing unit used in transportation
(equal to 100 pounds).See: Human
Resources he use tax money’s

Hybrid Inventory System:

An inventory system combining
features multiple methodologies such
as push and pull, fixed and variable /
dynamic, etc. Also See: Fixed
Reorder Cycle Inventory Model,
Fixed Reorder Quantity Inventory
Model, Optional Replenishment
Model

Hyperinflation:
Inflation that is out of control to the
point that prices rise rapidly as
currency loses its value.

HyperText Transport Protocol

(HTTP):
The Internet protocol that allows
WorldWideWeb browsers to retrieve
information from server
I
Igloos: work and communicates
Pallets and containers used in air implementation signals.
transportation; the igloo shape is
designed to fit the internal wall Inbound Logistics:
contours of a narrow-body airplane. The movement of materials from
suppliers and vendors into production
Import: processes or storage facilities
Movement of products from one .
country into another. The import of Incentive Fee:
automobiles from Germany to the A premium fee which is based upon
U.S. is an example. the control of costs in a cost-plus-
incentive-fee contract.
Importation Point:
The location (port, airport or border Incentive Rate:
crossing) where goods will be cleared A rate designed to induce the shipper
for importation into a country.sed to to ship heavier volumes per shipment.
pay for the construction.
INCOTERMS:
Import/Export License: International terms of sale developed
Official authorization issued by a by the International Chamber of
government agency which allows for Commerce to define sellers' and
the transport of goods across their buyers' responsibilities.
national boundaries. Licenses may be
required for all, or only specific Independent Action:
classes of commodities. A carrier that is a member of a rate
bureau has the right to publish a rate
In Bond: that differs from the rate published by
Goods are held or transported In- the rate bureau.
Bond under customs control either
until import duties or other charges Independent Demand:
are paid, or to avoid paying the duties In a requirements planning system the
or charges until a later date. independent demand is that which is
not related to a parent product in a
In-store Implementation (ISI): product structure bill of materials or
Refers to the collective physical and planning bill. Independent demand is
informational actions performed at typically end customer demand which
retail to actualize merchandising, must be separately forecast.
marketing and media plans in the
store. ISI encompasses compliance, Independent Trading Exchange
measurement and communications (ITE):
activities, and is defined by a Plan- Often used synonymously with B2B,
Do-Measure process cycle that e-marketplace or Virtual Commerce
controls implementation plans and Network (VCN) . ITE is a more
precise term, connoting many-to- infinite amount of capacity is
many transactions, whereas the others available.
do not specify the transactions.
Inherent Advantage:
Indirect Cost: The cost and service benefits of one
A resource or activity cost such as mode compared with other modes.
operation costs and overhead that
cannot be directly traced to a final Initial Contact Personnel:
cost object since no direct or The first point of contact that a
repeatable cause-and-effect customer has with a company.
relationship exists. An indirect cost
uses an assignment or allocation to Inland Bill of Lading:
transfer cost. Also See: Direct Cost, The carriage contract used in
Support Costsction,maintenance, and transport from a shipping point
policing of highways overland to the exporter's
. international carrier location
Indirect/Distributor Channel: .
Your company sells and ships to the Inland Carrier:
distributor. The distributor sells and An enterprise that offers overland
ships to the end user. This may occur service to or from a point of import or
in multiple stages. Ultimately your export
products may pass through the
Indirect/Distributor Channel and Inland Port:
arrive at a retail outlet. Order An inland port is a site located away
information in this channel may be from traditional land, air and coastal
transmitted by electronic means. borders. It facilitates and processes
These means may include EDI, international trade through strategic
brokered systems, or linked electronic investments in multimodal
systems. transportation assets and by
promoting value-added services as
Indirect Retail Locations: goods move through the supply chain
A retail location that ultimately sells .
your product to consumers, but who Insourcing:
purchases your products from an The opposite of outsourcing, that is, a
intermediary, like a distributor or serve performed in-house.
wholesaler.
Inspection certificate:
Infinite Loading: A document certifying that
A method used in calculating work merchandise (such as perishable
center activity loading where there goods) was in good condition
are no constraints placed on the immediately prior to shipment.
capacity of the work centers. In other
words, the calculation assumes an Integrated Carrier:
A company that offers a blend of Water carriers that transport freight
transportation services such as land, between East and West Coast ports,
sea and air carriage, freight usually by way of the Panama Canal.
forwarding, and ground handling.
Intercorporate hauling:
Integrated Logistics: A private carrier hauling the goods of
A comprehensive, system-wide view a subsidiary and charging the
of the entire supply chain as a single subsidiary a fee: this is legal if the
process, from raw materials supply subsidiary is wholly owned (100%) or
through finished goods distribution. if the private carrier has common
All functions that make up the supply carrier authority.
chain are managed as a single entity,
rather than managing individual Interim Contract Support (ICS):
functions separately. generally the initial, level of effort
contract for support during System
Integrated Product Teams (IPT): Development and Demonstration;
To ensure a collaborative roduce and support to initial
environment is maintained among all operational test and evaluation, initial
stakeholders. To do that, the U.S. spares and maintenance training.
DoD acquisition, capability needs,
financial, and operational Interleaving:
stakeholders shall maintain The practice of assigning an
continuous and effective employee multiple tasks which are to
communications with each other be performed concurrently. This
through Integrated Product Teams technique is frequently used to define
(IPTs). the practice of assigning multiple
picking orders to a single picker who
Integrated Tow Barge: will pick them concurrently as he/she
A series of barges that are connected moves down the aisle.
together to operate as one unit.
Interline:
Inter-Service Support Agreement Two or more motor carriers working
(ISSA): together to haul the shipment to a
An agreement between two DOD destination. Carrier equipment may be
entities by which one or both agree to interchanged from one carrier to the
provide assistance to the other. Funds next, but usually the shipment is re-
transferred in connection with an handled without the equipment.
ISSA are normally transferred by a
“MIPR.” (Military Inter- Intermediately Positioned
Departmental Procurement Request) Warehouse:
A supplies depot located in a specific
Intercoastal carriers: region of a country in order to provide
a high level of customer service. It
distributes commodities only for that Internal Rate of Return (IRR):
area. Internal Rate of Return (IRR):A rate
of return used in capital budgeting to
Intermittent-Flow, Fixed-Path measure and compare the profitability
Equipment: of investments. The IRR is sometimes
Materials handling devices that called the effective interest rate.
include cranes, monorails, and stacker
cranes. Internal Water Carriers:
Water carriers that operate over
Intermodal Container Transfer internal, navigable rivers such as the
Facility: Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri.
A facility where cargo is transferred
from one mode of transportation to International Air Transport
another, usually from ship or truck to Association (IATA):
rail. An international air carrier rate
bureau for passenger and freight
Intermodal Marketing Company movements.
(IMC):
An intermediary that sells intermodal International Civil Aeronautics
services to shippers. Organization:
An international agency that is
Intermodal Transportation: responsible for air safety and for
Transporting freight by using two or standardizing air traffic control,
more transportation modes such as by airport design, and safety features
truck and rail or truck and oceangoing worldwide.
vessel. .
International Maritime Bureau
Intermodal Transport Unit (ITU): (IMB):
Container, swap body or semi- A special division of the International
trailer/goods road motor vehicle Chamber of Commerce.
suitable for intermodal transport.
International Maritime
Internal customer: Organization (IMO):
An individual or department which is A United Nations-affiliated
a part of the supplying company as organization representing all maritime
opposed to the companies’ external countries in matters affecting
customers Also See: Customer maritime transportation, including the
movement of dangerous goods. The
Internal Labor and Overhead: organization also is involved in
The portion of COGS that is typically deliberations on marine
reported as labor and overhead, less environmental pollution.
any costs already classified as
"outsourced."
International Security, Trust, and make it easier for member companies
Privacy Alliance (ISTPA): to succeed.
A global alliance of companies and
technology providers working Interstate Commerce:
together to clarify and resolve The transportation of persons or
evolving issues related to security, property between states; in the course
trust and privacy. of the movement, the shipment
cresses a state boundary line.
International Ship and Port Facility
Security Code (ISPS): Interstate Commerce Commission
Adopted by the IMO and based on (ICC):
the U.S. MTSA, came into force on An independent regulatory agency
July 1, 2004. It is a comprehensive, that implements federal economic
mandatory security regime for regulations controlling railroads,
international shipping and port motor.
facility operations agreed to by the
members of the IMO. Ships must be Interstate System:
certified by their flag states to ensure The National System of Interstate and
that mandated security measures have Defense Highways, 42,000 miles of
been implemented; port facilities four-lane, limited-access roads
must undergo security vulnerability connecting major population centers.
assessments that form the basis of
security plans approved by their Intra-Manufacturing Re-plan
government authorities. Cycle:
Average elapsed time, in calendar
International Standards days, between the time a regenerated
Organization (ISO): forecast is accepted by the end
An organization within the United product manufacturing/assembly
Nations to which all national and location, and the time that the revised
other standard setting bodies should plan is reflected in the Master
or do defer. Develops and monitors Production Schedule of all the
international standards, including affected internal
OSI, EDIFACT, and X.400. sub-assembly/component producing
plant(s). (An element of Total Supply
International Warehouse Logistics Chain Response Time).
Association:
IWLA is a trade association of Intrastate Commerce:
warehouse logistics providers that The transportation of persons or
helps members run high-quality, property between points within a
profitable businesses. IWLA focuses state. A shipment between two points
on the warehouse logistics business, within a state may be interstate if the
providing ideas and information that shipment had a prior or subsequent
move outside of the state and the
intent of the shipper was an interstate When the on-hand quantity in the
shipment at the time of shipment. specified locations is equivalent to the
perpetual balance.
In-transit Inventory:
Material moving between two or Inventory Buffers:
more locations, usually separated The products or supplies of an
geographically; for example, finished organization maintained on hand or in
goods being shipped from a plant to a transit to stabilize variations in
distribution center. In-transit supply, demand, production, or lead
inventory is an easily overlooked time.
component of total supply chain
availability Inventory Carrying Cost:
. One of the elements comprising a
Intrinsic Forecasting: company's total supply-chain
A method of forecasting which looks management costs.
at known available internal data
(sales, usage, etc) as opposed to the Inventory Days of Supply (for RM,
factors external to the business WIP, PFG, and FFG):
(demographics, weather, etc.). Total gross value of inventory for the
category (raw materials, work in
Inventory: process, partially finished goods, or
Components, raw materials, work in fully-finished goods) at standard cost
process, finished goods and supplies before reserves for excess and
required for the creation of goods and obsolescence, divided by the average
services; It can also refer to the daily usage. It includes only inventory
number of units and/or value of the that is on the books and currently
stock of goods held by a company. owned by the business entity. Future
liabilities such as consignments from
Inventory Accuracy: suppliers are not included.
This is when the on-hand quantity is
equivalent to the perpetual balance Inventory Deployment:
(plus or minus the designated count
tolerances). It can often be referred to A technique for strategically
as a percentage showing the variance positioning inventory to meet
between book inventory and actual customer service levels while
count. This is a major performance minimizing inventory and storage
metric for any organization which levels. Excess inventory is replaced
manages large inventories. Typical
using information derived through
minimum and best practice averages
would be95%and 99%. monitoring supply, demand, and
inventory at rest and in motion.
Inventory Balance Location
Accuracy:
Inventory Management:
The process of ensuring the Irregular Route Carrier:
availability of products through A motor carrier that is permitted to
inventory administration. provide service utilizing any route.

Inventory Planning Systems: ISO 9000:

The systems that help in strategically A series of quality assurance
balancing the inventory policy and standards compiled by the Geneva,
customer service levels throughout Switzerland-based International
the supply chain. These systems Standardization Organization. In the
calculate time-phased order quantities United States, ISO is represented by
and safety stock using selected the American National Standards
inventory strategies. Some inventory Institute based in Washington, D.C.
planning systems conduct a “ what if”
analysis and compare the current ISO 14000 Series Standards:
inventory policy with simulated A standard for environmental
inventory scenarios to improve the management systems to be
inventory return on investment (ROI). implemented in any business,
regardless of size, location or income.
Inventory Turns: The aim of the standard is to reduce
This ratio measures how many times the environmental footprint of a
a company's inventory has been sold business and to decrease the pollution
(turned over)during a period of time. and waste a business produces.
The cost of goods sold divided by the
average level of inventory on hand. Item:
Operationally, inventory turns are A uniquely identifiable piece of
measured as total throughput divided inventory. Also known as a part
by the average level of inventory for a number or SKU, an item can be raw
given period - how many times a year materials, fluids, component parts,
the average inventory for a firm subassemblies, finished assemblies,
changes over, or is sold. packaging, etc. Usually differentiated
by form, fit or function. Items which
Inventory Velocity: are painted different colors are
The speed with which inventory generally viewed as different items.
moves through a defined cycle (i.e.,
from receiving to shipping).

Invoice:
A detailed statement showing goods
sold and amounts for each. The
invoice is prepared by the seller and
acts as the document that the buyer
will use to make payment.
J
Jidoka: Joint Group on Depot Maintenance
The concept of adding an element of (JG-DM):
human judgment to automated The U.S. DoD flag level officers and
equipment. In doing this, the civilians from each service that are
equipment becomes capable of responsible for depot maintenance.
discriminating against unacceptable This group is responsible to review
quality, and the automated process the depot maintenance function to
becomes more reliable. This concept, achieve effective and affordable
also known as autonomation, was support for the nation’ weapon
pioneered by Sakichi Toyoda at the systems.
turn of the twentieth century when he
invented automatic looms that Joint Supplier Agreement (JSA):
stopped instantly when any thread Indicative of Stage 3 Sourcing
broke. Practices, the JSA includes terms and
This permitted one operator to conditions, objectives, process flows,
oversee many machines with no risk performance targets, flexibility,
of producing large amounts of balancing and incentives.
defective cloth. The term has since
been extended beyond its original
meaning to include any means of Just-in-Time (JIT):
stopping production to prevent scrap An inventory control system that
(for example the andon cord which controls material flow into assembly
allows assembly-plant workers to stop and manufacturing plants by
the line), even where this capability is coordinating demand and supply to
not built-in to the production machine the point where desired materials
itself. arrive just in time for use. An
inventory reduction strategy that
Joint cost: feeds production lines with products
A type of common cost where delivered "just in time”. Developed
products are produced in fixed by the auto industry, it refers to
proportions, and the cost incurred to shipping goods in smaller, more
produce on product necessarily entails frequent lots.
the production .
Just-in-Time II (JIT II):
Joint Depot Maintenance Activities Vendor-managed operations taking
Group (JDMAG): place within a customer's facility. JIT
A U.S. DoD group that provides II was popularized by the Bose
advice and support to the JG-DM. Corporation. The supplier
Maintains a web-site representatives, called "inplants,"
(www.jdmag.wpafb.af.mil/ ) that place orders to their own companies,
shows the Depot Maintenance Source relieving the customer's buyers from
of Repair decisions. this task. Many also become involved
at a deeper level, such as participating
in new product development projects
and manufacturing planning
(concurrent planning).outer that
involves two or more carriers to
transport the shipment there; the
backhaul is an example.
K
Kaizen: send or receive a component of either
the master key or exchange key used
Taken from the Japanese words “kai” to encrypt data encryption keys. This
(change) and “Zen” (good). The control technique involves dual
popular meaning is continual control, with split knowledge that
improvement of all areas of a requires two key custodians.
company and not just quality. A
Key Performance Indicator (KPI):
business philosophy of continuous
A measure which is of strategic
cost, quality problems, and delivery importance to a company or
time reductions through rapid, team- department. For example, a supply
based improvement activities. chain flexibility metric is Supplier
On-time Delivery Performance which
indicates the percentage of orders that
Kaizen Blitz: are fulfilled on or before the original
A rapid improvement. This is a requested date.
focused activity on a particular
process or activity. The basic concept Kitting:
is to identify and quickly remove Light assembly of components or
waste. parts into defined units ahead of
production issue or customer
Kanban: shipment. Kitting reduces the need to
Japanese word for "visible record", maintain an inventory of pre-built
that loosely translated means card, completed products, but increases the
billboard or sign. Popularized by time and labor consumed at shipment.
Toyota Corporation, it uses standard
containers or lot sizes to deliver Knock-Down (KD):
needed parts to the assembly line "just A flat, unformed cardboard box or
in time" for use. Empty containers are tray. Knock-downs, also known as
then returned to the source as a signal KDs, are constructed and glued in the
to resupply the associated parts in the recoup or packaging areas and used
specified quantity. for repacked product. Many KDs are
provided by the customer for their
Keiretsu: recouped products.
A set of companies with interlocking
business relationships and Knowledge Management Systems:
shareholdings. It is a type of business Generally an IT based system for
group with a common set of managing knowledge in organizations
objectives similar to a consortium. for supporting creation, capture,
storage and dissemination of
Key Custodians: information.
The persons, assigned by the security
administrators of trading partners that
L

Laden:
Loaded aboard a vessel.

Laser scanner
Lading
The cargo carried in a transportation device that uses a moving laser to
vehicle. read bar codes.

LASH
Land-bridge:
Movement of cargo by water from A specially constructed vessel
one country through the port of equipped with an overhead crane for
another country, thence, using rail or lifting specially designed barges and
truck, to an inland point in that stowing them into cellular slots in an
country or to a third country. athwartship position.

Land-grants:
Grants of land given to railroads to LASH barges
build tracks during their development
stage. Covered barges that carriers load on
board oceangoing ships for movement
to foreign destinations.
Landed Cost

The total cost of a good to a buyer, LASH Vessel

including the cost of transportation.
A ship measuring at least 820 feet
long with a deck crane able to load
Landing Certificate and unload barges through a stern
section that projects over the water.
Certificate issued by consular
officials of some importing countries
at the point or place of export when
the subject goods are exported under Last Updated
bond.
A date and time stamp that is
recorded when a field or record was
Landing Gear last modified by the user.

A support fixed on the front part of a

chassis (which is retractable); used to LAYCAN
support the front end of a chassis
when the tractor has been removed. Laydays/Cancelling (date) Range of
dates within the hire contract must
start.

Leg
LCL
A leg has an origin, destination, and
Abbreviation for "Less than Container carrier and is composed of all
Load." The quantity of freight which consecutive segments of a route
is less than that required for the booked through the same carrier. Also
application of a container load rate. called Bookable Leg.
Loose Freight.

Legacy system
Lead logistics provider / partner
(LLP) implies a business
computer/information system that is
A lead logistics provider co-ordinates old or outdated.
and integrates its own logistics
services with those of others with
complementary or supporting Less than Truck Load (LTL)
capabilities. See also 4PL.
The same as Less than Container
Load, but in reference to trucks
LEAD TIME instead of containers.

The total time that elapses between an

order's placement and its receipt. It Lessee
includes the time required for order
transmittal, order processing, order A person or firm to whom a lessor
preparation, and transit. grants a lease.

Lead-time demand Lessor

forecasted demand during the lead- A person or firm that grants a lease.
time period.

Letter of Indemnity
Lean manufacturing
In order to obtain the clean bill of
alternate term used to describe the lading, the shipper signs a letter of
philosophies and techniques indemnity to the carrier on the basis
associated with Just-in-time (JIT) of which may be obtained the clean
manufacturing. bill of lading, although the dock or
mate's receipt showed that the
shipment was damaged or in bad Refers to carriage of goods by lighter
condition. and the charge assessed therefrom.

License Plate Line functions

They are basically an ID number The decision-making areas companies

placed on a pallet, tote, carton or associate with daily operations.
other container, and are used to track Logistics line functions include traffic
the contents of that container as it management, inventory control, order
moves through the warehouse. processing, warehousing, and
packaging.
Lien

A legal claim upon goods for the Line-Haul

satisfaction of some debt or duty.
Transportation from one city to
another as differentiated from local
Lift truck switching service.

vehicles used to lift, move, stack,

rack, or otherwise manipulate loads. Liner

A vessel sailing between specified

Lightening ports on a regular basis.

A vessel discharges part of its cargo

at anchor into a lighter to reduce the Liner service
vessel's draft so it can then get
alongside a pier. International water carriers that ply
fixed routes on published schedules.

Lighter
Link
An open or covered barge towed by a
tugboat and used mainly in harbors The transportation method a company
and inland waterways to carry cargo uses to connect nodes (plants,
to/from alongside a vessel. warehouses) in a logistics system.

Lighterage Liquidated Damages

The penalty a seller must pay if the A measure of operating efficiency
construction project does not meet used by air carriers to determine a
contractual standards or deadlines. plane's utilized capacity percentage or
the number of passengers divided by
the total number of seats.
List

The amount in degrees that a vessel Load locks

tilts from the vertical.
adjustable support bars used inside
trailers to prevent movement of the
Liter load. a.k.a Load bars, Cargo bars.

1.06 liquid U.S. quarts or 33.9 fluid

ounces. Load Ratio

The ratio of loaded miles to empty

Live miles.

A situation in which the equipment

operator stays with the trailer or Load Tender (pick-up request)
boxcar while it is being loaded or
unloaded. An offer of cargo for transport by a
shipper. Load tender terminology is
primarily used in the motor industry.
Lloyds' Registry

An organization maintained for the Loading allowance

surveying and classing of ships so
that insurance underwriters and others A reduced rate that carriers offer to
may know the quality and condition shippers and/or consignees who load
of the vessels offered for insurance or and/or unload LTL or AQ shipments.
employment.

Loading Port
Load
The port where the cargo is loaded
In transportation, describes the onto the exporting vessel.
materials being transported.

Local Cargo
Load factor
 storage of raw materials, in-process
Cargo delivered to/from the carrier stocks, finished goods and related
where origin/destination of the cargo information from the point of origin
is in the local area. to the point of consumption for
customers.

Local rate
Logistics channel
A rate published between two points
served by one carrier. The network of intermediaries
engaged in transfer, storage, handling,
and communications functions that
Local service carriers contribute to the efficient flow of
goods.
A classification of air carriers that
operate between less-populated areas
and major population centers. .

Logistics Costs
Lockout / Tagout
The factors associated with the
the process of disabling (lockout) and acquisition, storage, movement, and
identifying (tagout) equipment and disposition of goods.
energy sources during maintenance or
service to prevent injury of personnel
from an unexpected startup or power Logistics data interchange (LDI)
up.
A computerized system that
electronically transmits logistics
Logbook information.

A daily record of the hours an

interstate driver spends driving, off Logistics outsourcing
duty, sleeping in the berth, or on duty
but not driving. See: outsourcing.

Logistics Logistics re-engineering

The process of planning, The study and re-design of logistics

implementing and controlling the processes to achieve significant
efficient and cost-effective flow and improvements in performance.
 MARKER BOARDS-Market/market
place The area (or area of demand) in
Logistics service provider (LSP) which a firm
trades or plans to trade.
An organisation that offers 3PL, 4PL
or lead logistics provider services. Market strategy- A plan for gaining
a share of a defined market (see
above).

Marshalling area Assembly point for

people/vehicle/goods to comprise
a vehicle load. See also Load
assembly.

M Mass Body of matter- In transport,

modern term for the weight of a
Vehicle.
M- Nationality symbol for Malta – to
be shown on the rear of vehicles Mass transit Subway (ie underground)
from that country. or surface heavy or light rail
system for moving large numbers of
MAA Motor Agents’ Association. people quickly over relatively short
Now known as Retail Motor Industry distances .
Federation.
Master cylinder On a motor vehicle,
. the central reservoir where hydraulic
MAGISTRATES’ POWERS fluid is held and distributed through a
valve when opened to operate.
Manifest Document listing all the
goods or individual consignments Materials handling- The practice of
making up a load on a ship or aircraft. planning and providing for the
handling/movement of materials.
Manpower Commercial staff agency
– supplies goods vehicle drivers Materials management- The
through its Overdrive* offshoot. planning, organization and control of
all
aspects of inventory embracing
Manufacturing resource planning procurement, warehousing, work-
(MRP2)- A method for the effective inprogress,
planning of all the resources of a shipping, and distribution of finished
manufacturing company. goods.
.
 designed to raise the operator with the
MRP- Material requirement planning. load. Order selectors and turret trucks
Logistics system to keep stockholding are the most common types of man-
to an economic minimum. up vehicles.

Malpractice Mar Ad

A carrier giving a customer illegal See Maritime Administration.

preference to attract cargo.
Marginal Cost
Management of All Logistics
The cost to produce one additional
The effective management of all costs unit of output. The change in total
associated with logistics functions variable cost resulting from a one-unit
and activities so as to minimize their change in output.
sum across the product supply chain.
Marine Cargo Insurance - Average

Manifest Average- A term in marine cargo

insurance signifying loss or damage
Document that lists in detail all the to merchandise.
bills of lading issued by a carrier or Marine Cargo Insurance - FPA
its agent or master for a specific
voyage.
FPA- Free of Particular Average. A
Manufacturing execution system provision in a marine cargo insurance
policy that no claim shall be paid for
software systems designed to damage to goods in the course of a
integrate with enterprise systems to voyage unless a loss is sustained that
enhance the shop-floor-control totals or exceeds a certain percentage
functionality that is usually of the value as specified in the policy.
inadequate in ERP systems. Microbridge
Manufacturing Resource Planning
(MRP II) A cargo movement in which the water
carrier provides a through service
The process of identifying, between an inland point and the port
performing a needs analysis, and of load/discharge.
committing the resources needed to Minimum Bill of Lading
produce a product.

Man-up A clause in a Bill of lading which

specifies the least charge that the
term used to describe lift trucks carrier will make for issuing a lading.
The charge may be a definite sum or
the current charge per ton for any An enterprise that offers service via
specified quantity. motor carriage.

Minimum charge

The lowest charge that can be

assessed to transport a shipment.
N
N.C.I.T.D
Minimum weight
National Committee on International
Trade Documentation.
The shipment weight the carrier's
tariff specifies as the minimum
weight required to use the TL or CL
N.M.F.C
rate; the rate discount volume.

Mixed Container Load National Motor Freight

Classification.
A containerload of different articles
in a single consignment.
N.M.F.C.(National Motor Freight
Mixed loads Classification)

The movement of both regulated and A tariff which contains descriptions

exempt commodities in the same and classifications of commodities
vehicle at the same time. and rules for domestic movement by
motor carriers in the U.S.
MLB

Abbreviation for "Mini Landbridge." N.P.C.F.B.

Modal split North Pacific Coast Freight Bureau.

The relative use that companies make

of transportation modes; the statistics Narrow aisle
include ton-miles, passenger-miles,
and revenue. describes lift trucks that operate in
aisles of 8' to 10'. Narrow-aisle trucks
are generally stand-up vehicles such
as reach trucks. Also see Vary
Motor Carrier Narrow Aisle (VNA) and read article
The Aisle Width Decision.
 Public ownership, financing, and
National carrier operation of a business entity.

A for-hire certificated air carrier that

has annual operating revenues of $75 Nautical Mile
million to $1 billion; the carrier
usually operates between major Distance of one minute of longitude
population centers and areas of lesser at the equator, approximately
population. 6,076.115. The metric equivalent is
1852.

National distribution centre (NDC)

See distribution centre (DC). The Customs tariff used by most

countries worldwide.

National Industrial Traffic League

Non Vessel Operating Common
An association representing shippers' Carrier (NVOCC)
and receivers' interests in matters of
transportation policy and regulation. A firm that offers the same services as
an ocean carrier, but which does not
own or operate a vessel.
National Motor Bus Operators
Organization Non-certificated carrier

An industry association representing A for-hire air carrier that is exempt

common and charter bus firms; now from economic regulation.
known as the American Bus
Association.
Non-Dumping Certificate

National Railroad Corporation Required by some countries for

protection against the dumping of
Also known as Amtrak, the certain types of merchandise or
corporation established by the Rail products.
Passenger Service Act of 1970 to
operate most of the United States' rail
passenger service. Non-Negotiable BOL

Provides for the delivery of goods to a

Nationalization named enterprise and to no one
else.Also known as a straight bill of OCP
lading.
See "Overland Common Points."

O ODS

Abbreviation for "Operating

Differential Subsidy." An amount of
O.E.C.D. money the U.S. government paid U.S.
shipping companies that qualify for
Organization of Economic this subsidy.
Cooperation and Development,
headquartered in Paris with Offer
membership consisting of the world's
developed nations. See Tender.
O.P.I.C. On Board

Overseas Private Investment A notation on a bill of lading that

Corporation. cargo has been loaded on board a
vessel.
Obsolete Inventory
On Deck
inventory that has had no sales or
usage activity for a specific period of A notation on a bill of lading that the
time. cargo has been stowed on the open
deck of the ship.
Ocean Bill of Lading (Ocean B/L)
On-line receiving
A contract for transportation between
a shipper and a carrier. A system in which computer
terminals are available at each
Ocean Bill of Lading receiving bay and operators enter
items into the system as they are
The bill of lading issued by the ocean unloaded.
carrier to its customer.
Open Account
Ocean Carrier
A trade arrangement in which goods
An enterprise that offers service via are shipped to a foreign buyer without
ocean (water) transport. guarantee of payment.
Ocean freight Open Insurance Policy

The transport of goods by sea.

 Optimum Cube
A marine insurance policy that
applies to all shipments made by an The highest level of cube utilization
exporter over a period of time rather that can be achieved when loading
than to one shipment only. cargo into a container.
Open Policy Optional replenishment

See Marine Cargo Insurance. the action of ordering or producing up

to the Max in a Min-Max system even
Open Top Container though inventory has not reached the
Min.
A container fitted with a solid
removable roof, or with a tarpaulin Order cost
roof so the container can be loaded or
unloaded from the top. also known as purchase cost or set up
cost, order cost is the sum of the fixed
Operating Differential Subsidy costs that are incurred each time an
(ODS) item is ordered.

A payment to an American-flag Order cycle

carrier by the U.S. government to
offset the difference in operating also called replenishment cycle, order
costs between U.S. and foreign cycle refers to the time between
vessels. orders of a specific item.
Operating Ratio
Order cycle time
A comparison of a carrier's operating
expense with its net sales. The time that elapses from placement
of order until receipt of order. This
includes time for order transmittal,
Optical-guided processing, preparation, and shipping.

guidance system that uses a special Order Fill

strip (taped or painted) on the floor to
guide an AGV. A measure of the number of orders
processed without stockouts, or the
Optimization need to back order, expressed as a
percentage of all orders processed in
The process of making something as the distribution center or warehouse.
good or as effective as possible with
given resources and constraints. Order picking
Assembling a customer's order from The place where a shipment begins its
items in storage. movement.

Order point Original Bill of Lading (OBL)

See Reorder point. A document which requires proper

signatures for consummating carriage
Order Processing of contract.Must be marked as
"original" by the issuing carrier.
Activities associated with filling
customer orders. OS&D

Order Abbreviation for "Over, Short or

Damaged" Usually discovered at
A type of request for goods or cargo unloading.
services.
OSD
Ordering cost
Over, Short, and Damaged.
The cost of placing an inventory order
with a supplier. Out Gate

Order-Notify (O/N) Transaction or interchange that occurs

at the time a container leaves a rail or
A bill of lading term to provide water terminal.
surrender of the original bill of lading
before freight is released; usually Outbound Consolidation (Break-
associated with a shipment covered Bulk)
under a letter of credit.
Consolidation of a number of small
ORFS shipments for various customers into
a larger load. Shipped to a location
Abbreviation for "Origin Rail Freight near the customers; then the small
Station." Same as CFS at origin shipments are distributed to the
except an ORFS is operated by the customers.
rail carrier participating in the
shipment. Outbound Logistics

Origin The process related to the movement

and storage of products from the end
Location where shipment begins its of the production line to the end user.
movement.
Out-of-pocket cost
Origin
 Owner-operator
The cost directly assignable to a
particular unit of traffic and which a A trucking operation in which the
company would not have incurred if it truck's owner is also the driver.
had not performed the movement.

Outside operation

term describing a step in the

manufacturing process that is
P
P&D
performed by an outside vendor.

Outsource Pickup and delivery.

To utilize a third-party provider to

provide services previously P&I
performed in-house.
Abbreviation for "Protection and
Overcharge Indemnity," an insurance term.

To charge more than the proper

amount according to the published Packaging
rates.
The materials used in packing. Can be
Overheight Cargo reusable.

Cargo more than eight feet high

which thus cannot fit into a standard Packing
container.
The process of placing a product or
Over-the-road products in protective packaging.

A motor carrier operation that reflects

long-distance, intercity moves; the Packing List
opposite of local operations.
Itemized list of commodities with
Owner Code (SCAC) marks/numbers but no cost values
indicated.
Standard Carrier Abbreviation Code
identifying an individual common
carrier. A three letter carrier code Paired Ports
followed by a suffix identifies the
carrier's equipment. A suffix of "U" is A U.S. Customs program wherein at
a container and "C" is a chassis. least two designated Customs ports
will enter cargo that arrives at either Paper-roll clamp
port without the necessity of an in-
bound document. designed specifically for the handling
of large paper rolls, the paper roll
clamp is a lift truck attachment that
Pallet clamps around the roll and also
allows for a full 360 degree rotation.
A flat wooden or plastic tray that can
be picked up by a fork-lift truck -
used for transporting and storing Parcel Receipt
goods.
An arrangement whereby a steamship
company, under rules and regulations
Pallet inverter established in the freight tariff of a
given trade, accepts small packages at
a type of stationary equipment used to rates below the minimum bill of
transfer product between different lading, and issues a parcel receipt
types of pallets such as transferring instead of a bill of lading.
from wood to plastic pallets, or from
pallets to slipsheets.
Partial Shipments
Pallet wrapping machine
Under letters of credit, one or more
A machine that wraps a pallet's shipments are allowed by the phrase
contents in stretch-wrap to ensure "partial shipments permitted."
safe shipment.

Particular Average
Paper Ramp
See Insurance, Particular Average.
A technical rail ramp, used for
equalization of points not actually
served. Particular Average

See Marine Cargo Insurance.

Paper Rate

A published rate that is never Peak demand

assessed because no freight moves
under it. The time period during which
customers demand the greatest
quantity.
Pegging Physical distribution

A technique in which a DRP system The movement and storage of

traces demand for a product by date, finished goods from manufacturing
quantity, and warehouse location. plants to warehouses to customers;
used synonymously with business
logistics.
Per Diem

A charge, based on a fixed daily rate.

Perils of the Sea Pick-and-pass

Those causes of loss for which the See Zone Picking

carrier is not legally liable. The
elemental risks of ocean transport.
Picking by aisle

Period order quantity A method by which pickers pick all

needed items in an aisle regardless of
an order method that uses a fixed the items' ultimate destination; the
period of time to calculate order items must be sorted later.
quantities.

Permit Picking by source

A grant of authority to operate as a A method in which pickers

contract carrier. successively pick all items going to a
particular destination regardless of the
aisle in which each item is located.

Pick-to-carton
Personal discrimination
for parcel shippers, pick-to-carton
Charging different rates to shippers logic uses item dimensions/weights to
with similar transportation select the shipping carton prior to the
characteristics, or, charging similar order picking process.
rates to shippers with differing
transportation characteristics.
Pick-to-clear
 Piggy Packer
method often used in warehouse
management systems that directs A mobile container-handling crane
picking to the locations with the used to load/unload containers
smallest quantities on hand. to/from railcars.

Piggyback

Pickup A transportation arrangement in

which truck trailers with their loads
The act of calling for freight by truck are moved by train to a
at the consignor's shipping platform. destination.Also known as Rail Pigs.

. Pin lock
Pick-Up Order
A hard piece of iron, formed to fit on
A document indicating the authority a trailer's pin, that locks in place with
to pick up cargo or equipment from a a key to prevent an unauthorized
specific location. person from moving the trailer.

Pier Place of Delivery

The structure perpendicular to the Place where cargo leaves the care and
shoreline to which a vessel is secured custody of carrier.
for the purpose of loading and
unloading cargo.
Place of Receipt

Pier-to-House Location where cargo enters the care

and custody of carrier.
A shipment loaded into a container at
the pier or terminal, thence to the
consignee's facility. Place utility

A value that logistics creates in a

Pier-to-Pier product by changing the product's
location. Transportation creates place
Containers loaded at port of loading utility.
and discharged at port of destination.
Planning bill

See Planning bill of material. . Port of Call

Port where a ship discharges or

PO receives traffic.

See Purchase Order.

Port of Entry
POD
Port where cargo is unloaded and
Abbreviation for Port of Discharge, or enters a country.
Port of Destination.

Port of Exit
Point of Sale Information
Place where cargo is loaded and
Price and quantity data from retail leaves a country.
locations as sales transactions occur.

Port
Pooling
A harbor where ships will anchor.
An agreement among carriers to share
the freight to be hauled or to share
profits. POS

Point of Shipment.

Port
Possession utility
Left side of A ship when facing
forward. Also opening in a ship's side The value created by marketing's
for handling freight. effort to increase the desire to possess
a good or benefit from a service.

Port authority
Postponement
A state or local government that
owns, operates, or otherwise provides a Manufacturing / Distribution
wharf, dock, and other terminal strategy where specific operations
investments at ports. associated with a product are delayed
until just prior to shipping.
Pratique Certificate Primary-business test

Lifts temporary quarantine of a A test the ICC uses to determine if a

vessel; granted pratique by Health trucking operation is bona fide private
Officer. transportation; the private trucking
operation must be incidental to and in
the futherance of the firm's primary
business.
Prepaid
Private carrier
A freight term which indicates that
charges are to be paid by the shipper. A carrier that provides transportation
service to the firm that owns or leases
the vehicles and does not charge a
Prepaid Freight fee. Private motor carriers may haul at
a fee for wholly owned subsidiaries.
Freight paid by the shipper to the
carrier when merchandise is tendered
for shipment that is not refundable if Private warehousing
the merchandise does not arrive at the
intended destination. The storage of goods in a warehouse
owned by the company that has title
to the goods.
Pre-retailing

The process of preparing merchandise Pro Forma

in the DC or retail store for transfer to
and display at the shelf or rail. A Latin term meaning "For the sake
of form."
Present Value
Pro Rata
Today's value of future cash flows,
discounted at an appropriate rate. A Latin term meaning "In
proportion."

Pre-shipping
Process Improvement
Activities completed before goods are
transported by sea. Designs or activities which improve
quality or reduce costs, often through
the elimination of waste or non-value-
added tasks. inputs.

Procurement
Profit ratio
The act of acquiring goods.
The percentage of profit to sales--that
is, profit divided by sales.
Product Description

The user's description of the product.

Project Rate
Product ID
Single tariff item, established to move
A method of identifying a product multiple commodities needed for a
without using a full description. specified project, usually
construction.
Product

Something that has been or is being Proof of Delivery

produced.
A document required from the Carrier
or driver FOR proper payment.
Production plan
Proportional rate
generally used to describe a long-term
plan of what will be produced at a A rate lower than the regular rate for
family level. shipments that have prior or
subsequent moves; used to overcome
combination rates' competitive
Production planning disadvantages.

The decision-making area that

determines when and where and in
what quantity a manufacturer is to
produce goods.
Psuedo bill of material

Productivity See Planning bill of material

A measure of resource utilization

efficiency defined as the sum of the Public Service Commission
outputs divided by the sum of the
A name usually given to a State body
having control or regulation of public
utilities.
Pull replenishment

Public warehouse The customer-driven flow of

materials and merchandise through
A business that provides short or the supply chain. See also demand
long-term storage to a variety of chain.
businesses, usually on a month-to-
month basis.
Pulp Temperature
Public warehouse receipt
Procedure where carrier tests the
The basic document a public temperature of the internal flesh of
warehouse manager issues as a refrigerated commodities to assure
receipt for the goods a company gives that the temperature at time of
to the warehouse manager. The shipment conforms to prescribed
receipt can be either negotiable or temperature ranges.
nonnegotiable.
Pup
Public warehousing
A short semi-trailer used jointly with
The storage of goods by a firm that a dolly and another semi-trailer to
offers storage service for a fee to the create a twin trailer.
public.
Purchase order
Publishing Agent
A document used to approve, track,
Person authorized by transportation and process purchased items. A
lines to publish tariffs or rates, rules, purchase order is used to
and regulations for their account. communicate a purchase to a supplier.

Purchase price discount

Pull ordering system
A pricing structure in which the seller
A system in which each warehouse offers a lower price if the buyer
controls its own shipping purchases a larger quantity.
requirements by placing individual
orders for inventory with the central
distribution center. Purchasing
The functions associated with buying technology similar to pick-to-light,
the goods and services the firm however, the light modules are used
requires.
do direct which tote, bin, or carton,
the item is to be picked into, rather
Pure raw material than directing which locations to pick
from.
A raw material that does not lose
weight in processing.

Push ordering system Q

QA
A situation in which a firm makes
inventory deployment decisions at the Quality assurance. A mark of
central distribution center and ships to distinction (eg ISO 9000*) indicating
its individual warehouses that a product or service meets
accordingly. established quality standards.
QC
Quality control. A management
Push sorter system to ensure that established
quality standards are met on a
a very simple fixed-position sorting continuous basis.
device used with conveyor systems. A QCA
push sorter may use a swinging arm Qualifications and Curriculum
or a simple piston-type pushing Authority. Body that establishes
device to push materials across the training qualifications.
conveyor. QFD
Quality function deployment. A
benchmarking system based on
Push-back rack customer requirements to perform to
established quality standards.
racking system that incorporates a QFF
carriage or other sliding device to Quick-frozen food regulations.
allow you to feed multiple pallets into Common industry terminology for
the same location "pushing back" the The Quick-Frozen Foodstuffs
previous pallet. Also see Racking Pics Regulations 1990
Page. (as amended) – also EU
Directive of similar title (ie the QFF
Directive).
Put-to-light QR
Quick Response*. Faster than JiT*, frowned upon in some quarters
QR aims to respond ultra-quickly (including USA, South Africa and
to customer demand by reducing the Canada
time element between order and where there have been mass protests)
delivery. because it does not provide the
Quadricycle protection of a closed industry –
In motor vehicle terms, defined as a basically any Tom, Dick or Harry can
vehicle having four start up with a lorry if he has a little
wheels and engine power not money and can pass a simple
exceeding 15 kilowatts and an examination.
unladen mass Quality management
(ie weight), including the weight of The concept of ensuring that services
batteries in the case of electrically- supplied
powered versions, not exceeding 550 meet pre-determined quality standards
kg in the case of goods carrying (ie as with BS 5750*/ISO 9000*/
models and 400 kg in any other case. EN 29000) and as confirmed by
Quality licensing assessment and approval by a
System of governmental control (ie qualified
licensing) of goods third-party assessor. This is a
vehicle operations based on ‘quality’ relatively new concept in transport
concept – namely, where primary but hauliers
concern is for safe and legal operation face increasing pressure from major
rather than any other criteria (see customers to gain approval. In the
quantity licensing below). In practice, competitive environs of EU
in the UK (and supposedly the rest (particularly) trading it is likely that
of the EU), it specifically means the quality
licence applicant/holder being a fit approved hauliers will benefit over
person to run goods vehicles (ie of those which are not so approved.
good repute*), financially capable of Quantity licensing
operating the vehicles legally and System of governmental control (ie
safely (ie of appropriate financial licensing) of
standing*) and having sufficient goods vehicle operations based on
knowledge of ‘quantity’ concept – namely, where
legal/business/operational primary concern is to restrict the
matters to comply with the law, etc volume of freight capacity on the
(ie being professionally competent). roads.
This form of licensing is sometimes Britain’s old A & B carriers’
looked upon as ‘deregulation’ and is licensing system was of this type until
194 replaced
by quality licensing (ie ‘O’
licensing*) under the provisions of
QUOTA the
Transport
Act 1968.
The road service licence system
introduced for bus and coach
services by the
R
Road Traffic Act 1930
and replaced by registration of local Radial (ply) tyre
bus services* under the Vehicle tyre legally defined as being
Transport Act 1985, one structured
was a classic example of with the ply cords extending to the
quantity licensing, giving the bead at (substantially) 90 degrees to
favoured operator or operators a the peripheral line of the tread and
monopoly with the ply cord ‘stabilized’ with a
of services along the stated route. ‘substantially inextensible
Quarantine stock circumferential belt’.
On-hand stock which has been Radio frequency identification
segregated and is not (RFID)
available to meet customer The attachment of transponders
requirements. (which may be read only or
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain read/write) to products, as an
Inventory Management SIG) alternative to
Quick response (QR*) linear bar codes, to enable product
Term used primarily in connection identification some distance from the
with stock scanner or when out of line of sight.
replenishment. Now largely replaced (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
by efficient consumer response* Management SIG)
(ECR). Rail freight
Quoin Freight traffic carried by rail, booked
A timber wedge used to prevent either by container,
drums from rolling. wagonload or trainload.
Quota Rail loading gauge
A system of control by numbers. In The profile of bridges and tunnels, etc
international road haulage, above rail
scarce permits are issued under a lines which determines the size of
quota (or restricted allocation) wagons that can pass through.
system. Generally,
gauges are known by name – eg A, B,
B+, C, W6, Berne, UIC and Channel
Tunnel.
196

Railhead
Rail depot*/terminal where (ie Le Shuttle*) users to travel on an
loading/unloading and tranship- account basis without having to stop
ment of loads/swap bodies* (eg to and make payment on arrival at the
and from road vehicle) takes place. Tunnel toll.
Key location in Rapid transit
intermodal*/combined transport* Passenger transport system (usually
operations. rail) designed to
provide quick journeys. Normally
Range-change segregated from other traffic.
Form of gearbox used on heavy goods
vehicle. Four/five Raw material
main gears are ranged down to Stock or items purchased from
provide double the number of ratios suppliers, to be input to a
(ie 8/ production process, and which will
10) – necessary when trying to match subsequently modified or transformed
narrow bands of engine speed to into finished goods.
wide range of road (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
speed/load/gradient capability. Management
See also SIG)
Splitter gearbox. 197

Rapid acquisition of manufactured

parts (RAMP) Reach truck
A make to order Fork-lift truck capable of reaching
process to reduce the purchasing lead forward to withdraw
time for long lead time manufactured pallets from racking or from high
parts whereby product data is held in stacks.
STEP (the international standard for
exchange of manufacturing product Rear position light
data) by the customer and exchanged, Vehicle red rear light. Two required
in electronic format, when an order is and must be
placed. switched on when vehicle on road
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain between sunset and sunrise.
Inventory Management SIG)
Rapid intervention vehicle Rear reflective marker
Fast vehicle used by fire brigades to System of fluorescent and reflective
get rear
quickly to a fire/emergency to start marking required on goods vehicles
fire fighting/rescue pending arrival of over 7,500 kg and trailers over 3,500
main (usually slower) vehicle units. kg gvw*. Type of marker (ie diagonal
Rapid Service Pass stripes or ‘Long Vehicle’) to be
Eurotunnel pass to allow regular used depends on length of
Channel Tunnel vehicle/trailer.
 adapted primarily for the purpose of
Rear steer lifting, towing and transporting a
Vehicle/plant where the steering axle disabled vehicle (max. two at any
is at the rear rather than time) and used for recovery and
the front. Also applies to certain long removal
articulated semi-trailers where the of such. Now in separate VED* class
rearmost axle is steerable (via and may not be used on trade plates.
connections from tractive unit) to
give greater Re-cut tyre
manoeuvrability and avoid excessive Vehicle tyre in which all or part of the
tyre wear through scrubbing when original (or a different)
tight turning. tread pattern has been cut or burnt
198 deeper. Such tyres may only be re-cut
in accordance with the manufacturer’s
re-cut tread pattern and used on
Rear underrun protection vehicles exceeding 2,540 kg unladen
Legal term for rear bumpers on heavy and with wheels at least 405 mm
vehicles/trailers. Required on vehicles diameter. They should not be used if
over 3,500 kg gvw and trailers over the ply or cord has been exposed in
1020 kg unladen weight. Intended to the re-cutting process.
reduce damage/injury to small 199
vehicles, cyclists and motor cyclists,
etc which may run into rear.
Reduced visibility
Rearward projection See
Load which projects to rear of Seriously reduced visibility – when
vehicle/trailer. vehicle dipped
See also headlights must be used.
Projecting loads.

Receiving date Redundant stock

Date from which cargo is accepted by Parts used in manufacture which have
the shipping been removed
company for shipment on a specified from a bill of material by technical
sailing. change or modification action.
Redundant parts may also be obsolete
Recorder if they are no longer used for any
Instrument that records data. other application in the inventory
concerned.
Recovery vehicle (Source: ILT Supply-Chain
Legally defined as vehicle Inventory Management SIG)
constructed or permanently
Reefer
Alternative term to describe a other obligatory lights* of vehicle are
refrigerated vehicle/plant/ship. on. On vehicle first registered since
1973 plates must be of reflex
Refrigerated vehicle reflecting material (except where
Goods vehicle/trailer designed to goods
carry goods vehicles have rear reflective
(mainly foodstuffs) at controlled markers*) black letters on white for
temperature*. front,
See also black letters on yellow for rear.
ATP (1).
Registration plate
Refusal to test Plate mounted on vehicle displaying
Regarding goods vehicle testing, the its registration
right of the testing mark/number* on a retro-reflecting
station to refuse to test a vehicle background.
submitted in contravention of the
stated Relevant axle spacing
requirements (eg late arrival, no Legal term used in connection with
documents, dirty, unsafe, insufficient determining
fuel/ the permissible weights for articulated
oil). Form VTG 12 is issued, stating vehicle combinations, namely
reason. distance between rearmost axle of
drawing vehicle and rearmost axle on
Registration document semi-trailer.
Form V 5 issued by DVLC* when
motor vehicle Remould
is registered – see below. Indicates Used
details of vehicle, registration number tyre casing remoulded (ie with new
and name of registered keeper (not tread, etc) to provide
necessarily the owner). When vehicle further operational life.
is sold, tear-off slip is used to notify See also
DVLC of new owner, etc. Re-tread.

Registration mark/number Removal note

Provided for all registered motor Note confirming that goods are clear
vehicles of customs.
– and registration document (see
above). Must be displayed on plate Rental (car/truck/trailer/fork-lift
(see truck)
below) mounted front and rear (with Business of renting out
exceptions – eg motorcycles) and on (usually on relatively short-term
rear of any trailer drawn. Rear plate basis) vehicles, etc. Such vehicles
must be indirectly illuminated when used
by firms needing extra capacity for time. The method of calculation, and
short periods or cover for their own the timing of the order, will vary
vehicles which are temporarily out of depending on the type of inventory
service. Over 3.5 tonne vehicles may control system in use. Quantity-based
only be hired by a firm/business systems are checked continually to
within the margin* on its ‘O’ determine if an order should be
licence*. placed;
time based systems only have a count
Re-order costs of stock at predetermined intervals
The total cost of placing a repeat and orders placed as required; a
order for an item either distribution system plans orders to
externally with a supplier or for meet
internal manufacture. The costs may distribution needs; and production-
include based systems only order stock to
elements to cover: order preparation, meet
administration, IT overheads, corresp- manufacturing requirements.
ondence, telephone, transportation, (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
goods inward processing, inspection Management SIG)
and for manufacture, batch set up
costs and other production overheads. Repair period (RP)
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory The total out of service time,
Management SIG) including transit time,
201 from when a repairable component
becomes unfit for use until the time it
is returned to stock and is available
RE-ORDER LEVEL (ROL) for further use.
Re-order level (ROL) (or re-order (Source: ILT Supply-
point – ROP) Chain Inventory Management SIG)
The calculated level
of stock within an inventory control Repairable item
system to which the quantity of a An inventory item that is not
specific item is allowed to fall before normally consumed in
replenishment order action is use but one which will be repaired
generated. and re-used as part of the normal
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory stock
Management SIG) policy for that item. Such items have
a repair lead-time as well as a
Re-order quantity (ROQ) (or procurement lead-time.
replenishment (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
order quantity) Management
The SIG)
calculated order quantity necessary to
replenish stocks at a given point in Replacement decision
Management decision as to when Res ipsa loquitur
vehicles, etc Legal term meaning that the facts
should be replaced by new ones based speak for themselves.
on combination of economic and
operational factors (eg rising Residual value
maintenance costs, falling residual The value of a vehicle when its useful
value*). life for the owner
Also, availability of new vehicles and has expired. A (theoretical) figure
market for second-hand has a bearing. used in depreciation calculations to
indicate the value likely to be
Replacement vehicle obtained (or necessary to obtain)
In connection with ‘O’ licensing*, when the
replacement of vehicle is eventually disposed of.
one vehicle by another and the need
to notify the TC* on Form GV 80 Responsibility for maintenance
within one month. Regarding ‘O’ licensing*, the fact
that
Replenishment system no matter who carries out
The function of replenishing stocks as maintenance work (or under what
they are contractual
used/consumed to ensure that a terms), it is the user (ie ‘O’ licence
process or supply does not run out. holder) who remains responsible in
law for the mechanical condition of
vehicles/trailers. The same applies
Representation when vehicles are hired (unless
In connection with goods vehicle (but complete with driver), borrowed or a
not passenger) driver
‘O’ licensing*, owners/occupiers of hitches your tractive unit to somebody
land in the vicinity* of vehicle else’s semi-trailer – the driver’s
202 employer (ie the user) remains
responsible.

RESTRICTED ‘O’ LICENCE Rest period

operating centres* have right of Requirement under regulation
representation against ‘O’ licence EC 3820/85
applicants on grounds that the use of for driver to take
such places will affect their a rest period between driving days
enjoyment and once each week when he has
of their land (ie environmentally driven.
only). They have no right of appeal Rest is period of time when driver is
(as free to dispose of his time as he
with objectors*) should the
application go against them.
wishes. Daily rest is normally 11 street lamps positioned not more than
hours but may be reduced to nine 200 yards (in Scotland 185 metres)
hours apart. Possible for some such roads to
three times in week (with the be designated as non-restricted and
reduction made up by end of next other roads without street lamps
following designated as restricted roads.
week) and weekly rest is normally 45
hours which may be reduced to 36 Retarder
when drivers is at base and 24 when Device on vehicle to help reduce its
away (reduced time must be made up speed by means other than
en bloc by end of third following conventional wheel brakes (eg as with
week). ‘Jake Brake’* which operates on
engine overrun to produce
Restraints and incentives compression effect). Engine also has
Restraints are negative measures, retardation
such as effect in low gear.
those which force car users to move
to the use of alternative, more Retread
environmentally-friendly transport Vehicle tyre which has had a new
modes (eg by prohibiting or tread moulded on to give the
restricting casing a further period of life.
car parking). Incentives are positive
measures to encourage people to Retro reflex reflector
make Vehicle reflector facing to the rear or
less use of their motor cars and move side which
towards greater use of sustainable reflects light back from whence it
transport (eg bus, tram and train came. Such reflectors are required by
services). law to indicate the presence and width
of a vehicle when seen from the
Restricted HGV driving licence rear. Most vehicles require two red
Heavy goods vehicle drivers’ licence reflectors at rear and long vehicles/
which restricted holder to driving trailers at least two amber reflectors
vehicles of 10 tonnes maximum gvw on each side (possibly more on
– account
this restriction disappears with the of length).
introduction of new EU unified
driving Return load database
licence* system. Computer file (ie database)
containing infor-
Restricted road mation on the availability of return
Road on which 30 mph speed limit loads. Accessible by licensed users of
applies (ie one with system.
Returnable transit packaging vehicle is reversing. Sometimes called
(RTP) bleeper – legally called audible
Packaging that can be returned warning instrument. May be fitted
and re-used. Also known as re-usable voluntarily to goods vehicles over 2
secondary packaging (RSP). tonnes (and certain others) but not to
204 cars/light vehicles. Sound must not
be confused with that of pedestrian
crossing signal.
Revenue weight
The gross plated or plated train Review interval
weight of a vehicle being The time between assessing order
the maximum weight that it may requirements in a
legally operate in Great Britain and fixed order interval system.
which (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
determines the amount of VED* Manage-
payable. ment SIG)

Reverse logistics Revocation

Distribution terminology for Action of TC* when he cancels an
collecting returns (eg ‘O’ licence* for discip-
surplus, damaged or recalled goods) linary reasons. This means vehicles
and bringing them back to the depot/ may no longer be operated until new
warehouse and integrating them back licence gained. Offender may also be
into the system (ie for scrap, repair disqualified from holding another
or replacement, etc). licence.
Rigid vehicle
Reverse trading Vehicle on which the drivers cab and
The practice of trading part-finished the load-carrying
goods/components body are mounted on a rigid chassis
for raw materials. (may have two, three or four axles).
In law defined (under the C&U
Reversing regulations) as a vehicle not
Causing a motor vehicle to travel constructed
backwards – illegal if or adapted to form part of an
distance reversed is greater than articulated vehicle.
necessary for safety or reasonable
convenience of the occupants or other Risk Prevention Officer
traffic (except road rollers). Proposed in UK that transporters of
dangerous
Reversing alarm goods should employ or appoint a
Fitted to vehicles to warn (especially suitably qualified person as RPO*.
pedestrians) that See
also
DGA – Dangerous Goods Advisor. countries with which UK has
negotiated agreement. Available in
Road many
Defined in law as any highway* or forms from IRFO* (under allocation
any other road to which the system). Illegal to travel without valid
public has access – including bridges permit, to transfer permit or use one
carrying the road. in another name, etc – heavy penalties
imposed on offenders. To be
Road charging abolished for inter-EU transport under
See provisions of SEM*.
Road pricing. See also
Bi-lateral and Multi-lateral permit.
Road construction vehicle
Defined for legal purposes as one Road network database
constructed Computer file (ie database) on which
or adapted for conveying built-in road the whole
construction machinery and not for road system (UK and Europe) is
carrying any other load except its own logged by grid reference and which
articles and material used for road can
construction – provide (on access) so-called ‘best’
V(E)A 1971 route between any two points
s4(2). depending
on criteria selected (ie shortest
Road friendly suspension distance, fastest travel, mainly
Suspension system for heavy vehicles motorways,
which avoiding certain
meets legal conditions for causing obstacles/bridges/town centres, etc).
minimum road damage – mainly
achieved through the use of air Road pricing
suspension*. Scheme whereby road users are
required to pay more
Road Haulage Forum directly for their use of the road,
A discussion body comprising the either on a general basis or for use of
road haulage specific stretches/areas. This is done
industry (RHA*, FTA*, etc) and by licensing or by electronic means
DLTR* Ministers, initially on fuel whereby use is specifically measured
and (via electronic signals and receivers
vehicle licence costs, but other which provide recording of a vehicle
relevant matters also covered. being on a particular road at a
particularly time, etc).
Road haulage permit
Road haulage permit needed to Road speed limiter
transit/enter
Device fitted to goods vehicles and
coaches to limit Road-rail systems
road speed. Currently plans to require Transport systems designed to permit
such by law on goods vehicles. a combination
208 of road and rail travel (usually by
mounting vehicle on special rail
wagons
Road traffic accident –
Accident involving motor vehicle on see
road in which Piggy-back and Kangourou).
damage to another vehicle or roadside
property occurs or other persons RoadRailer
are injured. In the event of such, Form of road-going semi-trailer,
driver must stop, give his name and emanating from North
address, that of the vehicle owner and America, which can be converted, by
the vehicle registration number and switching bogies, to run on rail for
report to police as soon as reasonably intermodal transport operations.
possible but in any case within 24
hours. Roadwatch
Computerized road network database
Road transport offence from AA*.
An offence taken into account when
determining Roll cage
the ‘good repute’* of an ‘O’ licence* Metal cage on trolley wheels used for
applicant or holder. Conviction for picking and assembling
one such offence (based on the orders and loading goods onto
Traffic Commissioner’s* assessment vehicles. Can be disassembled for
of its convenient
seriousness) is sufficient to rule storage.
against good repute and thus the right 209
to
hold a licence.
ROLL-ON/ROLL-OFF
Road train Roll-on/roll-off
Term (particularly in Europe) for Also written as RO/RO. Form of ferry
lorry and trailer (ie ship (mainly used
drawbar*) combination. on short-sea crossings) which
accommodates wheeled freight (and
Roadnet other)
Computerized road network database traffic.
(see above) available from
Synergy Distribution Systems Roll trailer
Limited.
A low, flatbed trailer used in dockside List showing turns of duty (or leave)
operations for moving for people at work (eg bus
containers onto and off roll-on/roll- drivers).
off* ferry ships. 210

Roller-bed floor
Floor accommodating many rollers Rota
(ie like large ball List showing names of people and
bearings) which can be raised times at which they must
hydraulically to allow easy manual undertake given duties (eg of bus
movement drivers’ working patterns).
of pallets, etc in any direction to See also
achieve maximum space utilization, Roster.
and
then lowered to leave flat, solid floor Rotable
on which pallets will not move. An repairable inventory item that can
Found be repeatedly restored to
mainly in aircraft freight holds and in a fully serviceable condition and re-
some goods vehicles. used over the normal life cycle of the
parent equipment to which it is
Rolling motorway related. Such items have a repair lead
Intermodal transport system where time
complete road as well as a procurement lead time
vehicles are carried on special drive- and normally have a serial number
on/drive-off low-height rail wagons that
(eg Eurotunnel’s freight shuttle is retained throughout the rotable life
through the Channel Tunnel). regardless of the extent of
replacement
Rolling road of its component parts.
Equipment used in vehicle workshops (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
and test stations, Management
etc to provide facility for testing SIG)
brakes. Also used in connection with
calibrating tachographs.
Rounding order quantity
Rolling stock That element of an order that has been
Term to describe rail wagons and added
carriages, etc. Also to the basic order quantity to meet a
occasionally used in respect of goods constraint imposed by the
vehicles, trailers, buses and coaches. manufacturer
or to optimize overall supply chain
Roster costs.
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain
Inventory Management SIG) See also
Urban Bus Challenge.
Routeing
The practice of planning routes for Rural Bus Services Grant
vehicles to achieve most Budget (from the government)
economic or efficient delivery intended to
(usually) to multiple delivery fund means of encouraging the use of
addresses. public transport.
Spelling ‘routeing’ preferred to 213
‘routing’.

Rural Transport Development

Run-flat tyre Fund
Vehicle tyre designed specially to be
capable of running Fund from DTLR* intended for
when flat or under-inflated but at developing innovative rural transport
restricted speed and for a limited services such as car-sharing, taxi-
distance buses and dial-a-bus services.
(commonly referred to as such or as Administered by the RDC;
get-you-home spare). Legally referred see
to as ‘temporary use spare tyre’. RDC (4).

Running costs

S
The (variable*) costs of running a
vehicle (eg fuel, tyre
costs and maintenance) as opposed to
the fixed costs* of ownership. Safe containers
Under the
Running gear Freight Containers (Safety
On a vehicle, the wheels, axles and Convention)
suspension units which Regulations 1984
may be built as a unit for direct , owners, lessees and others must
attachment to chassis or to chassis- ensure that containers
less (ie supplied or used comply with
monocoque) body, as with panel van* conditions of safety specified in the
or frameless* semi-trailer. Inter-
national Convention for Safe
Rural Bus Challenge Containers 1972.
Fund provided by Government for
which local Safe to cross
authorities and other agencies can bid Audible (as well as light) signal on
for improving public transport pelican crossing
provision in these areas.
indicating that it is safe to cross. times of procurement orders, to
Intended to aid poorly sighted people protect against stockouts during the
and replenishment cycle. In calculating
the blind, etc. safety stock, account is taken of such
factors as service level, expected
Safety glass fluctuations of demand and likely
Glass constructed or treated so that if variations in lead time.
fractured it does not (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
fly into fragments likely to cause Management
severe cuts. Legally required for SIG)
motor
vehicle windows (ie in case of goods Satellite tracking system
vehicles, windscreen and all windows System whereby vehicles can be
in front of and on either side of located by
driver’s seat). means of signals transmitted from the
vehicle to a base via a satellite.
Safety in docks Provides accurate, live, location
Legislation concerned with safety in details. Useful in tracing stolen
dock premises vehicles.
– See also global positioning system
The Docks Regulations 1988. (GPS).
Requires lorry drivers to wear high
visibility Scania Alert
clothing* and hard hats*. Also HSC* Safety device developed by Scania
approved code of practice for same Trucks to help drivers
Safety in Docks to keep awake while at the wheel. It
(available from TSO*). bleeps at varying intervals and pitch.
215
Scheduling
The planning and organizing of
Safety of loads on vehicles vehicle loads and journeys
DTLR* code of practice on this to achieve most economic/efficient
subject deliveries. Computer programs avail-
(copies available from TSO*). Shows able for same. In passenger transport
how to safely load and secure many operations, the planning of timetables
different types of goods, etc. and services, etc.

Safety stock Sealing

The stock held to protect against the Regarding tachograph installation, the
differences between sealing of connecting
forecast and actual consumption, and points in system to avoid (or indicate)
between expected and actual delivery illegal interference. Seals are of
lead (ie Customs type) squeezed onto removal of freight traffic from road to
wire and impressed with code number rail under the provisions of Section
registered with DTLR*. Unauthorized 8 of the
tampering is illegal. Railways Act 1974
See also
Freight Facilities Grant and Track
Seat factor Access Grant, also PACT.
A measure of the proportion of seats
(on a bus or an Selective inventory control
aeroplane) sold or occupied out of the The application of varying levels of
total number available. control
to the total inventory to enable
Seat mile managers to concentrate on
Productivity factor representing one significant
seat available for one mile. matters (see ABC analysis and ABC
classification).
Secondary brake (Source: ILT Supply-
Vehicle braking system provided by
secondary means Stock cover
of operation either independently of The current stock divided by the
service braking system* or by means average weekly demand
of split system*. Must provide 25 per (weekly demand can be based on
cent efficiency on post-1968 vehicle. either past history or forward
Secondary distribution forecast).
Distribution of goods from a (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
distribution centre Management SIG)
to the final customer.
See also Stock difference (or stock
Primary distribution. discrepancy)
The difference between the
Secretary of State (SoS) actual stock held and the calculated
Government minister with seat in stock or registered stock.
cabinet. (Source: ILT
Transport is currently a cabinet post Supply-Chain Inventory Management
but has not always been so. Within SIG)
DTLR* SoS has a number of 231
departmental Ministers (eg roads and
traffic/
aviation, etc) reporting to him. Stock in transit/clearing

All materials, components or finished

Section 8 grant
products
A government grant payable in
connection with the
in transit from one point in a supply Stock on order.
chain to another supply chain n
destination, expressed in quantitative The quantity represented by the total
or financial terms. of all out-standing orders for a
(Source: ILT particular item. The on order balance
Supply-Chain Inventory Management increases when a new order is
SIG) released
and decreases when an order is
Stock location system received or cancelled.
A system where all places within a (Source: ILT Supply-
warehouse Chain Inventory Management SIG)
are identified in some way to
facilitate storage and retrieval of Stock point
stock. A point in the supply chain meant to
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory keep goods available.
Management SIG) (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
Management SIG)
Stock management
The planning and control of the Stock policy
quantities, qualities The policy with regard to the level
and location of stocks. and location of stock to
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory be held and where and how this
Management should be done.
SIG) (Source: ILT Supply-Chain
Inventory Management SIG)
Stock norm
A ratio of stock to, for example, sales, Stock position
set as a standard and The situation of a particular product,
expressed as a percentage, or as a at a particular time,
factor or as a number of days, weeks with regard to the relationship
or between the expected demand and/or
months. The stock norm is 232
determined by taking into account
the:
Safety stock. STOCKOUT RISK
n requirement, the physical stock and
Production batch stock or shipment the outstanding procurement orders.
batch stock. (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
n Management SIG)
Normal seasonal stock.
n Stock profile
Normative pipeline stock. Determination of the composition of
n stock, its quantity
and flow.
A technique for analysing product Stockout
stock and throughput char- The situation when demand for a
acteristics. Using computer data-base stock item is received but
information or statistical summaries, there is insufficient stock to satisfy
the analysis considers lines, the demand.
stockholding and throughput rate. (Source: ILT Supply-Chain
Inventory Management SIG)
Stock site
A location at which stock is held. Stockout costs
The economic consequences of an
Stock turn (1) internal or external
The rate at which warehouse stocks stockout such as missed sales,
(ie inventory*) turns delayed deliveries, anticipated lower
over (ie number of times replaced in a sales
given period – usually one year). in the future because of loss of
Generally, it is preferable to have a goodwill, costs resulting from
high stock turn: this indicates fast production
moving business. stoppages and all kinds of associated
costs.
Stock turn (2) (Source: ILT Supply-Chain
The number of times that an Inventory Management SIG)
inventory turns over during
the year and normally obtained by Stockout percentage
dividing the average inventory value A measure of the effectiveness with
into the annual cost of sales. which a
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory company responds to actual demand.
Manage- The stockout percentage can be a
ment SIG) measurement of total stockouts to
total orders, or of line of items
Stock turnover (or stock turn) incurring
A widely used measure of inventory stockouts during a period of total line
performance expressed as the ratio of items ordered.
the cost of units sold to the average (Source: ILT Supply-
value of stock. Chain Inventory Management SIG)
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
Management SIG) Stockout risk
The accepted risk of having a
Stock types shortage of stock of an item
The products which are determined which is used in calculating the
for delivery from stock. required level of safety stock.
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory (Source:
Management SIG)
ILT Supply-Chain Inventory at each corner) from road vehicles to
Management SIG) rail, etc and capable of stacking such
233 two/three high.

Strategic alliance
Stocktaking Term used in logistics operations
when one company
A physical count of products actually
forms a relationship with another (ie
held in stock as a
an alliance) for the purposes of jointly
basis for verification of the stock
exploiting business opportunities –
records and accounts.
but not a merger or takeover.
(Source: ILT Supply-
Chain Inventory Management SIG)
Strategic planning
Planning the long-term objectives of a
Stopping a moving vehicle
business or a
In GB, only a police officer in
department within a company and the
uniform is
methods to be employed to achieve
legally authorized to stop a moving
those objectives.
vehicle (in NI* a DOE* enforcement
officer* in civilian clothes may also
Strategic stock
do so).
The stock of goods of essential
importance for the
Stored energy
continuation of the production
Regarding vehicle braking systems,
process and which is built up in order
parking brakes must
to
be capable of meeting efficiency
compensate for long hold-ups of
requirement without the assistance of
incoming goods (caused by strikes
stored energy (ie without air/vacuum
and
assistance). For these purposes,
political difficulties, etc in a particular
energy
country or region).
stored in a compressed spring is not
(Source: ILT
counted as being stored –
Supply-Chain Inventory Management
see
SIG)
Spring
brakes.
Streetcar
Straddle carrier
American term for a tram or
Form of crane on wheels designed
trolleybus system.
specially to lift and
transport shipping (ie ISO*)
Structure plan
containers (ie fitted with twist-lock
A statutory development plan
fittings*
prepared by, for example,
a County Council which sets out the Supercube
policy for local land use and transport Term for high volume semi-trailer
over a period ahead (eg 10 to15 (frequently mounted on
years). small wheels to give additional load
234 height) offering substantial cubic
capacity.
See also
Stuffing/stripping High cube, Maxi cube, etc.
The process of packing or unpacking
a trailer or Superprix
container. Name given to truck Grand Prix race.

Sub-contractor
A person/firm to whom the main Supply chain (1)
contractor (ie the The continuous link between the
principal) has contracted work (eg supply of raw
haulage work). In law, the principal materials through production to the
contractor remains liable to the finished product being delivered to
customer if goods in the care of a sub- the final consumer.
contractor are lost or damaged.
Supply-chain (2)
Subsonic The total sequence of business
Travel at less than the speed of sound. processes, within a
See also single or multiple enterprise
Supersonic. environment, that enable customer
demand
Super singles for a product or service to be
Large size truck tyres usually used satisfied.
singly in place of a (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
normal-sized twin wheel set. Management SIG)
Although designed principally for
rear axle Supply-chain management (SCM)
use, many operators have adopted (1)
their use on front (steering) axles Logistics* industry term for
where management of the supply chain*.
they are said to provide greater
directional stability and safety. Supply-chain
However, management
experts advise that such use adds up (SCM) (2)
to two per cent to the vehicle’s fuel Organization of the overall
consumption. business processes to enable the
235 profitable transformation of raw
materials
or products into finished goods and Semi-trailer with low platform (eg for
their timely distribution to meet carriage of
customer demand. heavy or tall machinery/plant, etc)
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory and swan shaped neck to higher level
Management SIG) for coupling to fifth-wheel* on
tractive unit.
Susie
Term for coiled (and colour coded) Swap body
flexible hoses used on articul- Interchangeable body between road
ated vehicles (and drawbar vehicle/trailer and rail
combinations) to connect air supply wagons. Built to standard lengths of
for brakes 7.15 m, 7.45 m, 7.82 m, 12 m or 13.6
(and electrics) between tractive unit m.
and semi-trailer. Can stand using built-in folding legs
but not capable of being stacked.
Sustainable transport Used in distribution and intermodal
Generic name given to low energy operations.
and mass See also
transit modes (eg walking, cycling Demountable,
and the use of the bus and light rail Swop bodies and
systems). Caisse mobiles.

Sustainable travel modes Swept circle

The name normally given to walking Legal requirement relating to use of
and longer articulated
cycling and the use of public vehicles (ie up to 16.5 metres), such
transport, or to modes which include vehicles must be capable of turning
low within inner and outer swept circles
energy vehicles (eg mopeds and other of 5.3 metres and 12.5 metres
small PTWs*). diameter
respectively.

SWOP BODIES Swingbed (swing-bed) wagon

calculating how fast the vehicle has Rail wagon designed for piggyback
been travelling between the cameras. operations. Has a hydraulically-
The camera sends a digital signal operated, hinged loading platform that
direct to a computer centre where the swings out to the side and slopes
vehicle owner’s details are checked down to allow semi-trailers to be
immediately and a fine issued to those loaded.
exceeding the limit. Once the semi-trailer is in position the
bed is swung back into position on
Swan-neck trailer the rail wagon and secured for transit.
Swivelling spotlights records driver ’s other work
Lamps (ie work lamps) fixed to top of activities/breaks/rest periods.
vehicle/ Required on
cab to give lights at scene of vehicles over 3.5 tonnes gvw under
breakdown/accident/roadworks, etc. regulation
Must EC 3821/85
not be capable of being swivelled (unless exempt).
while vehicle is in motion (with See also
exceptions) and may only be used for Digital tachograph.
purposes stated. Must not cause
dazzle to driver of any other vehicle. Tachograph chart/analysis
Special pre-printed circular disc with
wax
Synchromesh coated (ie pressure sensitive*) surface
Motor vehicle gearbox in which the on which recordings are made. Such
gear trains are can be analysed with accuracy to
synchronized to give easier, smooth determine basics of vehicle/driver
and silent gear changes. activity
(eg observance of EU hours’ law) and
by specialists in event of accident.

T
Employer required to make periodic
checks to ensure law is complied with
under regulation
44 tonnes EC 3820/85
Maximum permissible weight for .
goods vehicles in UK from Tack-trak
February 2001 (apart from those Device (mainly intended for drivers)
operating under Special Types* legis- by which accumulated
lation). Legislating for these vehicles amount of driving/breaks/other work
is said to take the equivalent of 1,000 can be calculated – to avoid breaking
trucks off the roads, reduce CO law.
emissions by 80,000–100,000
tonnes and
2 Tailboard
nitrous oxide (NOx) The drop-down rear platform of a
by 3,600–4,000 tonnes goods vehicle – to facilitate
annually. loading and unloading. May comprise
a hydraulic tail-lift – see below. If
Tachograph tailboard is used to support the weight
Instrument (fitted mainly in heavy of goods while travelling, it counts
vehicles) for indicating as part of the overall length of the
and recording (on special charts – see vehicle – such use may contravene
below) time/speed/distance. Also the
vehicle’s overall maximum length of the driver, any passenger carried, a
limit. full tank of fuel etc prior to loading.
Tail-lift Deduct this weight from pmw* to
Handling equipment attached determine allowable payload.
(mainly) to rear of delivery
vehicles to enable driver (single- Tariff
handed) to load/off-load Means a price list. Used in freighting
consignments to indicate such as Customs
(frequently in roll-cages/pallets). duties (see above) and minimum road
Raised and lowered vertically or by haulage rates (eg as applied in
cantilever, with hydraulic assistance. Germany). In other transport spheres
it means a list of fares for journeys.
Tallyman
Person on loading bay who checks off Tariff terms
goods as they are loaded/ The conditions and scale of charges
unloaded. shown in a tariff.

Tandem axle Tarifficatio

Second axle in a tandem bogie (ie n System for establishing tariffs –
linked by suspension see
units). Tariff.
See also TCM Convention
Trailing axle. Convention on combined transport
operations held
Tank inspecting authority in 1969 which agreed ground rules for
Authority approved (by DTLR* in such and, particularly, relative
UK) for liabilities of the parties and use of
testing tanker vehicles (and tank combined transport documents.
containers) used in international
carriage
of dangerous goods by road (ie under TEMPORARY EXEMPTION
ADR*). as in vehicle-to-base communication).
Typical examples of such technology
Ta r e include: electronic tolling systems;
The weight of a vehicle or loading smart card* ticketing; proximity stop
unit before the load is added. information; on-board vehicle
The tare weight of the vehicle and the information and navigation systems.
weight of the load together make up
the gross weight. Teleroute
Powerful information system linking
Tare weight users and suppliers of
Weight of vehicle in road going transport services for the exchange of
condition including weight load and vehicle availability details
(for finding return loads, etc). months) for the replacement of a
Operates throughout Europe with professionally competent person*
central (generally when such has died or
computer in Lille, France. In UK become legally incapacitated*).
contact Owner Operators Ltd or
Routel Temporary exemption
(Maclean Hunter). Regarding goods vehicle plating and
testing,
Telma retarder period (not exceeding three months)
Make of heavy vehicle retarder*. of exemption from need to hold valid
Gives additional test certificate when for special
retardation for safety reasons and to reasons test cannot be carried out (due
help preserve brake linings. to
243
Temperature controlled
Form of transport/distribution using
refrigerated Terminal (1)
vehicles for the carriage of Depot/location where journeys begin
chilled/frozen foods. and end and/or a
change of mode (eg from road to rail
Temperature recorder or vice versa) takes place.
Instrument that records temperature
(eg in a Terminal (2)
refrigerated vehicle body). As in a
computer terminal comprising the
Temporary cover note relevant hardware
Issued by insurance companies to and software that facilitates electronic
provide messaging and data interchange,
immediate evidence of cover pending etc.
the issue of full certificate of
insurance. Provides cover for limited Terotechnology
period (eg 30 days) but acceptable Term covering the concept of
to police and for VED application, whole/total life costing*
etc. If sent by post cover is not (of vehicles or plant, etc). In theory,
effective rather than counting the price of a
until insured has document in his new vehicle, the idea is to calculate
possession. the costs over its whole life including
purchase price – a quality/durable
Temporary derogation vehicle should work out cheaper in
Regarding ‘O’ licensing*, period the
when TC* may long run.
allow a standard licence to continue
(one year plus possible further six TEU (usually written teu)
Twenty-foot equivalent unit. Term
used in Trolleybus
containerization and shipping as a Passenger road vehicle (ie a bus) that
measure of capacity or throughput takes its electric power
related from overhead cables. Quiet and more
to a standard 20ft ISO* container (eg flexible in movement than a tram,
a 40ft container = two teus). but constrained by having to share
road space with other vehicles.
Popular
TREMCARD in many UK cities until early 1970s.
Transport emergency card. Card
(usually laminated) from Trombone trailer
CEFIC* which carries details of Semi-trailer designed to be capable of
dangerous substance, the emergency extension (as
action with trombone) for carrying
to be taken in event of spillage, etc exceptionally long loads
and intended to be carried by drivers/ (pipes/girders/steel
on vehicles carrying such. Meets legal strip, etc).
requirement for information to be
provided to driver in writing. Truck (1)
Common term for a heavy lorry.
Triangular rear reflectors
Only to be fitted on rear of trailers – Truck
prohibited by law on other vehicles. (2)
Leading monthly magazine for the
Tri-axle/bogie truck industry and enthusiasts.
Bogie* comprising a number of
linked axles (usually on Truck mixer
trailer). In this case three such axles Heavy vehicle with cement mixer unit
linked by suspension. (ie drum) mounted
on chassis. Capable of continuing
Tri-deck (triple-deck) transporter mixing process while travelling.
Vehicle transporter with three decks
– often seen as car transporter or for Truck rental
carrying sheep. See
256 Rental.

Trucking
Trip/s
Common parlance for road haulage
A one-person one-way journey. A
operations.
measure used in public transport
planning (eg in calculating trip
Trucknology
generation).
Truck industry buzzword originally Engine component designed to force
attributed to heavy more air into engine
vehicle manufacturer MAN* and by re-circulation to produce greater
taken up by Reed Business transport power.
magazines as the title for a
supplement issued with these Turbo-compounding
journals. Latest technology in engine design
(eg from
Truckstop Scania). System for increasing power
Stopping places (usually on main output by converting heated exhaust
routes) especially for goods (ie waste) gases into energy. Uses
vehicle drivers with all facilities for second turbine mounted
vehicle and driver (fuel, spares, food, ‘downstream’
refreshments, accommodation and from standard turbocharger*. Second
showers, etc). turbine transmits power from exhaust
gases via gear train direct to flywheel.
Trunk
A regular route or service with a Turbofan
constant or relatively high level Type of jet engine used in aircraft
of traffic flow. The main artery of the where the jet engine drives
network (eg a motorway or main a large propulsive fan and provides jet
rail line). To trunk means to send reaction at the rear.
traffic along the main leg of a
journey, Turbojet
being supplied by a feeder* service at Type of jet engine used in aircraft
each end. comprising a gas turbine
which provides forward thrust from
Trunker the exhaust gas.
A trunk vehicle (ie a vehicle used for Turboprop
long-haul journeys) or a Type of jet engine used in aircraft
trunk vehicle driver. comprising a gas turbine
from which the power drives a shaft
Trunking carrying a propeller (ie prop).
The long haul leg of a journey
between base and the delivery Turn around time (TAT)
point. The leg of the journey between The total time taken to repair a
the local collection and delivery at component at
either end of the journey. the repair location, including waiting
257 time but excluding transit time.
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
Management SIG)
Turbocharger
Turning circle (1)
Articulated goods vehicles of 16.5 Component part of fifth-wheel*
metres length must coupling mounted on tractive
be capable of turning within unit* which carries the weight of the
minimum and maximum swept inner imposed semi-trailer and (greased)
and outer provides table on which trailer pivots
concentric circles of 5.3 metres radius (horizontally and vertically).
and 12.5 metres radius respectively. 259

Turning circle (2)

Buses first used since 1 April 1988 Turret truck
must be capable A type of fork lift truck on which the
of turning on either lock so that no mast has a rotating
part of the vehicle projects outside a head for pallet forks allowing
pair of concentric circles with radii of stacking either side of the aisle. In
12 metres for the outer circle and narrow
5.3 metres for the inner circle. The aisle applications, such trucks can
outer rear corners of vehicles (ie the operate up to 12-metre heights.
side opposite the direction in which it
is turning) must not swing out more TV in vehicles
than 0.8 metres in the case of rigid Only permitted if driver cannot see
buses and more than 1.2 metres in the screen (directly or
case of articulated buses. indirectly) unless provided to give
him road information or about his
Turnpike vehicle
Road on which tolls are charged (and (when reversing, etc).
collected at toll gates*).
Historically such roads, administered Twin-splitter gearbox
by Turnpike Trusts, were created Form of gearbox on heavy goods
piecemeal in Britain from the late vehicle. Vari-
17th century and disappeared with the ation on splitter* g/box to give very
coming of the railways. smooth, clutch-less gear changes
across
Turns count range of many gear ratios and
Regarding tachograph calibration*, a intermediate ratios to provide
count of the drive optimum truck
wheels turning is made on a roller test performance (ie of speed/fuel
rig (ie rolling road) to determine consumption, etc).
the characteristic coefficient of the See also
vehicle (indicated by the symbol ‘w’ Range-change.
on the calibration plaque).
Twin-steer
Turntable Heavy vehicle with twin steering
axles at front (ie as with
rigid eight-wheeler and ‘Chinese six’ driver (number 2 mode switch).
– no longer a popular vehicle Charts have to be changed over when
configuration). crew
change position.
260
Twist lock (or twistlock)
Locking device fitted to vehicles/rail
wagons, Two-speed axle
etc to secure shipping containers*. Rear axle of goods vehicle containing
Locking pin in device is manually two crown-wheel
turned pinions for changing between high
to locate in corner fittings on and low ratios. Operated from cab by
container to prevent movement in vacuum or electrically. No longer
transit. popular with advent of multi-ratio
gearboxes.
Two-dimensional bar code (2D bar
code) Two-yearly inspection
Codes in which information Regarding tachograph* calibration,
is placed in two dimensions and read etc, statutory
from side to side, and up and down, inspection required at approved centre
by special scanning equipment and at two-yearly intervals. Plaque*
which can be read even if partially added to show when carried out.
damaged. Illegal to miss this inspection.
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
Management SIG) Type approval
EU*-wide scheme whereby
Two-line braking vehicles/components, etc are
Braking system on articulated submitted to national authority (ie
vehicles (mainly DTLR* – VCA* – in UK) for
European) operated with two air lines approval
only to semi-trailer UK system after which they can be sold as ‘Type
normally has three lines*. Approved’, otherwise may not be
sold. Vehicles without type approval
Two-man instrument cannot be registered in UK.
Regarding tachographs*, instruments
which have Type approval certificate
facility for accommodating two charts Type approved vehicles (see above)
and providing two simultaneous are issued
recordings (for driver, time, speed with Certificate of Conformity*
and distance; for second man time which is needed for first registration.
only).
Relevant modes selected by driver Tyre groove
(number 1 mode switch) and second
Groove in vehicle tyre forming tread ization representing national
pattern. Must be at public/passenger transport
least 1 mm deep (1.6 mm for some associations.
vehicles from 1 January 1992) –
see UKWA
Tread depth. Base of the original United Kingdom Warehousing
groove over area of tread to which Association. Trade association for
depth warehousemen.
limit applies must remain visible.
Grooves can be re-cut* on tyres for ULBC
certain Ultra large bulk carrier. Ship for
vehicles. carrying bulk materials.
261 See also
ULCC.

U
ULCC
Ultra large crude carrier. A large ship
for carrying bulk products,
UIC usually crude oil or ore.
Union International des Chemins de See also
Fer. International organization ULBC.
representing rail operators. Equivalent
to IRU* for road operations. ULD
Unit load device. A unit for loading
UICR cargo (a container, pallet,
Union International des Chauffeurs stillage, airfreight igloo, etc).
Routiers. International organ-
ization representing lorry drivers ULSD
Ultra low sulphur diesel. Type of
UIR diesel fuel (also known as City
Union of International Road-Rail Diesel), which is claimed to reduce
Operators. Organization concerned sulphur emissions by 90 per cent and
with encouragement of the use of dramatically reduce the emission of
road-rail* systems. particulates (a harmful concoction of
fine dust and black smoke). The EU
UIRR proposes that the sulphur content of
International Road-Rail Union. diesel fuel should be reduced to 1 per
Organization concerned with road- cent from 1 January 2003.
rail* transport. ULSGO
Ultra low sulphur gas oil.
UITP Environmentally-friendly form of
International Union of Public rebated heavy oil (ie basically diesel
Transport. Brussels-based organ- fuel on which a lower rate of duty
has been paid) used in fork-lift trucks, (ie ordinary/LGV*/PCV*) in a single
etc. Illegal if used in on-road vehicles. document using EU system of
See also categorization (eg Class I HGV
licence becomes C+E entitlement).
ULW
Unladen weight. The weight of a Unit
vehicle inclusive of its body and The standard size or quantity of a
parts normally used but exclusive of stock item.
the weight of water, fuel, loose tools (Source: ILT Supply-
and equipment and batteries (but only Chain Inventory Management SIG)
where these power the vehicle). Use
of the term ulw is gradually Unit cost (1)
diminishing in UK legislation as In cost calculations, the cost of
metric producing or moving a
measure is progressively introduced. single unit as opposed to a whole
batch or consignment.
Unaccompanied
Vehicle/trailer or semi-trailer shipped Unit cost (2)
by ferry/rail The cost to an organization of
without the driver. Collected at other acquiring one unit, including
end of transit by a local driver. In a any freight costs, if obtained from an
passenger transport context it would external source or the total unit
mean the carriage of unaccompanied production cost, including direct
minors (ie children) by airlines for labour, direct material and factory
example. overheads, if manufactured in-house.
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
Unfit driver Management SIG)
Vehicle driver who is not fit to drive 264
due to the effects of
drink/drugs. Also, re LGV* driver
entitlement, driver who by his Unit load
conduct
Load of goods unitized for
has shown himself not fit to hold an
transportation (in container, semi-
entitlement to drive heavy vehicles –
trailer, on pallets, shrink-wrapped,
decided by TC* who may penalize
etc) – not loose.
the entitlement.
Unit of measure
Unified driving licence
The standard unit of an item used in
New form of driving licence in UK
the stock account
introduced
and to construct order quantities.
in conformity with EU directives.
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
Shows all of a drivers entitlements
Management SIG)
 Clearway.
Unitization
The system of forming unit loads by Urban test cycle
whatever method. Regarding official tests to determine
fuel consumption
Unlit road for new cars – one of three standard
Road on which street lights are placed tests conducted to simulate urban
at intervals greater driving and not exceeding 50 kph
than 200 yards (in Scotland 185 (other tests are constant speed at 90
metres). Vehicle headlamps must be kph
used and optional constant speed at 120
on such roads between sunset and kph). Law requires such figures to be
sunrise. displayed on all new cars offered for
sale (since 1978).
UPC
Uniform product code. URTU
United Road Transport Union. Trade
UPS union for transport drivers.
United Parcels Service. American, Has statutory right of objection to ‘O’
reputed to be world’s largest, licence* applications.
express parcels carrier. Its
characteristic brown coloured, User body
standard design An organization (eg a consultative
vehicles are recognized worldwide. committee) representing
the interests of a particular group of
Urban Bus Challenge customers who use transport services
Fund provided by government for (eg rail users). Some are statutory,
which local having been set up through
authorities and other agencies can bid legislation,
for improving public transport while others are voluntary.
provision in these areas.
See also User of vehicle
Rural Bus Challenge. The person who drives a vehicle or
who employs a person
Urban clearway to drive it on his behalf (ie both driver
Section of highway marked as such and employer of the driver). Key
by appropriate signs term in transport law – most
(illustrated in Highway Code*) and legislation is aimed at the ‘user’. For
where vehicles must not park on example,
carriageway during times shown on ‘O’ licences* must be held by the user
sign (except for as long as necessary and most C&U regulations offences
to pick up or set down passenger). are committed by the user.
See also
French term for Intermodal Trans- finished goods or customers, and field
port Unit (ITU). finished
Goods to customers. Value of
Utilization Transfers is based on the value of
Concept of achieving maximum use inventory withdrawn from a certain
of warehouse space category and is often approached
(vehicles, vehicle load capacity, from a costing
labour, capital, etc). Measure of Perspective, using cost accounts. For
efficiency example, Raw Materials Value of
of use, which tells (among other Transfers is the value of transfers out
things) whether there is over-capacity of the raw material cost accounts (you
available, excess labour or whether May have cost centers associated with
capital expenditure has not been inventory locations, but all "raw
effectively used. ingredients" usually share common
cost accounts or can be rolled up into
one
UTP Financial view). The same goes for
Urban transport planning. Urban WIP. Take the manufacturing cost
planning concept mainly adopted centers and look at the total value of
in the USA. withdrawals from those cost centers.
While Average Gross Inventory
represents the value of the inventory

v
in the cost center at any given time,
the Value of Transfers is the total
value of
Inventory leaving the cost center
during the year. The value of transfers
Value-of -Service Pricing: Pricing
according to the value of the product for Finished Goods is, in theory,
being transported; third-degree price equivalent to COGS.
discrimination; demand-oriented
Value Proposition: What the supply
Pricing; charging what the traffic will
chain member of offers to other
bear.
members. To be truly effective, the
value proposition has to be two-sided;
Value of Transfer The total dollar
a
value (for the calendar year)
Benefit to both buyers and sellers.
associated with movement of
inventory from one “bucket” into
Vehicle Telemetric Systems: A
another, such as
system comprised of vehicle interface
Raw material to work-in-process,
units (VIUs), wireless gateways, and
work-in-process to finished goods,
a central host that monitors and tracks
and plant finished goods to field
a
driver and his vehicle performance in retail inventory turns and reduce stock
an effort to provide a higher level of outs.
security. It may or may not involve
consignment of inventory (supplier
Velocity: Rate of product movement ownership of the inventory located at
through a warehouse the customer location).

Vendor: The manufacturer or Vessel: A floating structure designed

distributor of an item or product line. for transport.
Also See: Supplier
Voice Activated or Voice Directed:
Vendor Code: A unique identifier— Systems which guide users such as
usually a number and sometimes the warehouse personnel invoice
company's data universal numbering commands
system (DUNS) number—assigned
By a customer for the vendor it buys
from. For example, a grocery store V2
chain buys Oreos from Nabisco. The Take-off speed for an aircraft.
grocery store chain, for accounting Obviously varies with the size and
Purposes, identifies Nabisco as type of aircraft.
Vendor #76091. One company can
have multiple vendor codes. For Vacuum brakes
example, Welch's Foods sells many Brakes on (heavy) vehicles operated
different by vacuum system
Products: frozen grape juice – as opposed to air. Not found on
concentrate, chilled grape juice, modern vehicles.
bottled grape juice, and grape jelly.
Because each of these items is a
different type of Value chain
Product (frozen food, chilled food, Another logistics concept which
beverages, dry food) it may have a represents the conversion
different buyer at the grocery store of primary materials into the object
chain requiring a different vendor desired by the consumer (ie the part
code for of the logistics operation that actually
Each product line.. adds value by making or converting
something undesirable into a
Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI): desirable object).
The practice of retailers allowing
their suppliers to take responsibility Van (2)
for determining supply order size and Goods vehicle with enclosed body,
Timing, usually based on receipt of usually falling within small
retail POS and inventory data from and medium weight categories.
the retailer. The goal is to increase
Variable costs Vehicle Certification Agency.
Accounting term denoting costs of Vehicle and Component Approvals
operation which vary Division department within Vehicle
according to performance. In Inspectorate* which deals with Type
transport, the costs of running a Approval*..
vehicle (hence
running costs) that vary with use (ie VCRAT
fuel, tyre wear, maintenance). Vehicle Crime Reduction Action
Team. A Home Office initiative
VASCAR (started in August 1998) to ensure the
Visual average speed computer and Government’s target of reducing all
recorder. Machine fitted vehicle crime by 30 per cent by 2003.
to police vehicles and used to trap
speeding drivers (ie by recording the VDRS
average speed over a measured Vehicle defect rectification scheme.
distance). Operated by police when
vehicle (car/light van only) found on
road with defects that it is in the
VAT owner’s best interest to have repaired.
Value added tax. Tax added on to Defects form is issued and repairs
price of goods/services (eg must be carried out and certified on
transport) which seller/supplier has to back of form by MOT test garage.
recover from his customer and pass Form then returned to police within
on to Customs & Excise (the dreaded 14 days. It is an offence to fail to do
VAT-man) – free tax collection this.
service
provided involuntarily by industry to VDU
government. Visual display unit. Computer screen
on which the operator sees
VBG the data/work displayed.
Swedish manufacturer of vehicle
towing equipment (drawbars*, VED
etc). Vehicle excise duty. Payable for all
motor vehicles kept on roads
VBRA (unless exemption certificate* applied
Vehicle Builders and Repairers for) in accordance with duty rates
Association. Trade association based on vehicle type/number of
for the vehicle body repair and axles, etc. Disc is issued to confirm
commercial vehicle body building payment, which must be displayed in
industry. windscreen. Failure to pay duty (or
267 at wrong rate) can result in fines and
need to pay back duty.
See also
VCA (2)
GVED. protection standards and for
certification of vehicles under the
type approval
Veeder-Root
Scottish-based Vehicle Enquiry Unit
manufacturer of tachograph A section within the DVLA* at
instruments Swansea which
(among other things). Now taken over deals with enquiries about vehicle
by management and operating as registration numbers, etc.
TVI Europe Ltd.
Vehicle Inspectorate
Vehicle Executive agency of DTLR* which
A means of transporting goods or deals with
passengers, including lorries, vehicle testing and both roadside and
buses and coaches, railway rolling on-premises inspection of goods and
stock, ships and inland waterway craft passenger vehicles.
and aircraft. .
Ve MIS
Vehicle acquisition On-board vehicle management data
Term to describe the process of recording equipment. Product
determining the best of Leafield AVM.
(eg most economical) method of
obtaining the use of vehicles (outright Vendor hub
purchase/hire purchase/lease/contract Third party operation of a warehouse,
hire/rental, etc). This procedure takes funded by suppliers,
into account availability of capital, containing vendor-owned stock for
relevant tax positions and operational delivery to a customer (see lineside
considerations. warehouse).
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
Vehicle bans Management SIG)
Periods of time (usually at weekends)
when goods vehicles Vendor managed inventory (VMI)
(over specified weights) are banned (1)
from using roads (ie passing through). System whereby a supplier is
responsible for maintaining pre-
Vehicle Certification Agency determined inventory levels.
Executive agency of the DTLR* re-
sponsible for carrying out tests on Vendor managed inventory (VMI)
new vehicles, vehicle systems and (2)
components to ensure they meet An element of inventory stocked
international safety and by one organization but where the
environmental forecast demand, and required stock
levels to meet that demand, are to vehicles and recorded on
calculated by the manufacturer or computerized DVLA* owner file.
distributor Duplicated
of the stock items concerned. on the PNC* to give the police 24-
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory hour access to relevant details of all
Management SIG) vehicles registered on the DVLA
computer.
VFR Virage project
Visiting friends and relatives. Term Experimental vehicle of manufacturer
used in passenger transport Renault Trucks.
analyses of the purposes for which
journeys are made.
Vision requirement
VG Medical requirements for drivers:
Vortex generator. A device used to they must be able
change the airflow characteristics to read a number plate in good
of various surfaces (eg the frontal daylight at distance of 75 yards (with
appearance of large vehicles to glasses
improve or contact lenses if worn). More
fuel consumption).\ stringent standards are applied to
LGV*/
VI PCV* drivers.
Vehicle Inspectorate. Agency of the
DTLR* dealing with vehicle VGT
standards and enforcement. Variable-geometry turbocharger. In
layman’s terms, a system to
make smaller turbocharged diesel
engines perform like huge naturally-
Vignette aspirated diesels (ie to give them
In road transport context, a ticket or more ‘grunt’ at low engine
voucher confirming that revolutions).
charges for road use have been paid – VLBC
currently Eurovignettes are in use in Very large bulk carrier. Tanker ship
Germany, Denmark and the Benelux built purposely to carry bulk
countries of the Netherlands, Belgium oil.
and Luxembourg.
VMI
VIN Vendor managed inventory. Logistics
Vehicle identification number: 17- buzzword for a system by
digit international number given which inventory costs are (hopefully)
reduced.
VMS Variable power drive train.
Variable message signs. Electronic
signs seen mainly on motorways
to convey up-to-date information to VRN
drivers (eg on traffic conditions Vehicle registration number. Shown
ahead). on plate (ie number plate)
affixed to front and rear of registered
VOC (1) vehicles (with exceptions, eg
Vehicle Observer Corps. Voluntary motorcycles which only require rear
group of hauliers, etc formed number plates).
under auspices of RHA* to combat
lorry thefts. VRO
Vehicle Registration Office.

Vocational driving entitlement VSIB

Means driving licence needed for a Vehicle Security Installation Board.
person’s work. Under new EU driving National accreditation body
licence scheme, drivers who qualify for vehicle security
to drive large goods/passenger installers/installations. Publishes a
carrying vehicles (LGV*/PCVs*) will Code of Practice
be for the installation of anti-theft
given a ‘vocational driving devices in vehicles.
entitlement’ on their new ‘unified’*
licence.
VTOL
Vocational licence Vertical take-off and landing. Aircraft
Correct name for separate LGV/PSV capable of taking-off and
drivers licences ascending vertically and also
which are now being phased out with descending and landing vertically.
the introduction of new EC scheme Mainly
for unified licences. confined to military applications as
with the Harrier, the so-called ‘jump’
jet.
Voith
Manufacturer of vehicle retarders (ie
braking systems), etc.

VOR

W
Vehicle off road. Term usually
applied when spare parts are urgently
required for vehicle out of service.

VPD
 Time and the items are later sorted
Wall-to-Wall Inventory: An and consolidated into individual
inventory control technique where all orders/shipments. Wave picking is the
inventory locations within the quickest method for picking multi
warehouse are counted at one time as item
opposed to Orders however the sorting and
Doing a cycle count of smaller consolidation process can be tricky.
groups. Picking waves are often designed to
isolate shipments to specific carriers,
Warehouse: Storage place for routes,
products. Principal warehouse Etc. See: also batch picking, zone
activities include receipt of product, picking A more general definition of
storage, shipment, and order picking. wave picking would simply be a
method where a group of orders is
Warehousing: The storing released
(holding)of goods. to the warehouse for picking and the
next group (wave) is not released
Warehouse Management System until the first wave has processed
(WMS): The systems used in through the pick area. Also See: Batch
effectively managing warehouse Picking, Zone Picking
business processes and direct
warehouse activities, Waybill: Document containing
Including receiving, put away, description of goods that are part of
picking, shipping, and inventory cycle common carrier freight shipment.
counts. Also includes support of Show origin, destination,
radio-frequency communications, consignee/consignor,
allowing And amount charged. Copies travel
Real-time data transfer between the with goods and are retained by
system and warehouse personnel. originating/delivering agents. Used by
They also maximize space and carrier for internal record and control,
minimize material handling by Especially during transit. Not a
automating transportation contract.
Put away processes.

Waterway Use Tax: A per-gallon tax Weight Break: The shipment volume
assessed barge carriers for use of the at which tell charges equal the TL
waterways. charges at the minimum weight.

Wave Picking: A variation on zone Weight Confirmation: The practice

picking where rather than orders of confirming or validating receipts or
moving from one zone to the next for shipments based on the weight.
picking, all zones are picked at the
same
Weight-Losing Raw Material: A highway and railway. Can also
raw material that loses weight in include a canal or river. Ways may be
processing natural
(ie river or sea), natural but artificially
WMS: See: Warehouse Management improved (ie a river with navigation
System improvements) or artificial (ie roads
and railways).
Wagon and drag
Old haulage industry term for lorry Waybill
and trailer (ie Non-negotiable document which is
drawbar combination*). evidence of a contract for
the transport of cargo.
Wagonload
Rail freight service for individual
wagon loads or to meet Way point
less than full trainload* requirements. A point or stopping place on a road,
path or track. Often where
Waiting period a journey is, or may be broken, or
Period required for offenders to wait from which route distances are
before penalty measured.
points can be removed from their
driving licence/counterpart. Webasto
Manufacturer of vehicle cab heaters
(among other things).
Warning triangle
Reflective red triangle to be placed on Week
roadside to Under EU drivers’ hours law, fixed
warn approaching drivers of a vehicle period from 00.00 hours
stopped on the road ahead. Legal Monday until 24.00 hours on
requirement to carry and use such in following Sunday during which the
many EU states (eg France, Germany; driver
Spain requires two). may drive for six shifts after which he
must have a weekly rest-period.
Warsaw Convention Weekly rest
International convention (signed in Rest period to be taken by goods
1929) govern- vehicle driver under EU
ing the carriage of cargo and law once each week and following six
passengers by air. daily driving shifts. Must amount
to 45 hours normally but may be
Way reduced to 36 hours when driver at
The road or track on which vehicles base
travel – hence roadway or
and 24 hours elsewhere. Reduced you wish to praise or berate the
time must be made up en bloc by end driver.
of
the following week. Wharfage
A fee charged to a ship
Weigh out owner/operator for the use of a wharf
Where the weight capacity of a for mooring and loading/unloading
vehicle/container is reached cargo.
before the volumetric capacity is
filled. Wheel clamp
Device used by authorities (ie police)
Weight limit for immobilizing
Restriction on use of certain road illegally and obstructively parked
sections/bridges by vehicles. Driver has to make contact
vehicles exceeding specified and pay fixed penalty fee plus release
maximum gvw as shown on road sign charge to recover vehicle. Also used
(black (controversially in many cases) by
vehicle, showing weight limit, on private contractors.
white background within red circle).
Wheelbase
Weight not to be exceeded in GB Distance between centre line of front
Weight shown on DTLR plate* for and rear axles of
vehicle which indicates the maximum vehicle. In case of three axles (ie one
weight for vehicle/trailer and its front /two rear), distance between
axles permitted on the road in Great the front axle and a point 110 mm
Britain – this may be less than behind centre line between two rear
manufacturer’s design weight but axles.
takes priority.
Wheels and sheds
Weight tolerance Term used by logisticians (usually
No tolerances are allowed in derogatively) to
observing permitted describe fundamental aspects of the
maximum vehicle weights but when supply chain, namely lorries and
subjected to dynamic weighing*, axle warehouses.
and gvw are determined to within +/–
150 kg per axle (for vehicle 150 kg White goods
x number of axles). Distribution term for domestic
appliances/equipment.
Well Driven
A campaign to monitor safe and White van (man)
considerate lorry driving. White painted, mainly small, delivery
Stickers on the backs of some lorries vans invariably
give a telephone number to ring if showing no owner/operator livery (ie
unmarked). Notorious for being
275 production stages or subject to a
waiting time.
(Source: ILT Supply-Chain
Inventory Management SIG)
Wide tyre
Work-in-progress stock
Vehicle (ie lorry/trailer) tyre which The stock of products and/or
has area of contact with materials and
the road of at least 300 mm wide components which are still in the
measured at right angle to length of production department and are not, or
vehicle. are no longer, included in the stock in
the store.
Wide-angle mirror (Source: ILT Supply-Chain
Mirror on goods vehicles designed to Inventory Management SIG)
give the driver
wide angle vision along the side of Working stock
his vehicle, usually combined with The stock of materials, components
close-proximity mirror* to show side and subassemblies
of the vehicle near to ground at front. (excluding safety stock) held in
Required on vehicles over 12 tonnes advance of demand so that ordering
gvw first used since 1 October 1988. can
be done on a lot size rather than on an
Wipe the slate clean as-needed basis. In other words, the
Term used in connection with the normal stocks formed by products
driving licence arriving in large regular orders to
penalty points scheme whereby once meet
12 points have been accumulated smaller, more frequent customer
within a three-year period a demand. Also known as cycle stock
mandatory disqualification has been or
imposed; lot size stock.
the driver’s ‘slate’ in this respect will
be wiped clean for a fresh start. Works truck/trailer
Also, at one time a term used to Legally defined as truck/trailer
describe the driver’s need to take designed to be used
breaks in private premises and used on road
during or after a driving spell driving, only for delivering goods between or
but this interpretation has since been to or from premises or vehicles in the
rescinded. immediate neighbourhood. Special
rate of VED* applies.
Work in progress
The total amount of work in process, Write-off
between When a vehicle is damaged beyond
repair in an accident and
constitutes an insurance claim on this one where police must take the
basis. driver’s licence. Appropriate number
See also of
Total loss. points are added to licence and it is
returned when fixed penalty fee is
WWDSHEX paid (or following conclusion of
A charter shipping term meaning Court hearing if this is elected).
‘Weather working days
Sundays and holidays excepted’.
Young LGV Driver Training
Scheme
Scheme established by RTIETB*

X
(run by NJTC*) for training young
HGV (now LGV) drivers with pro-
gression through the various classes
of licence (ie Class III/II/I) to produce
Xenon a qualified driver at age 21 years.
As in high intensity discharge xenon
headlamps. Your Lorry Abroad
Free booklet available from IRFO*
Newcastle upon
Tyne, which explains requirements

Y
for taking a goods vehicle abroad.
Full
title:
A Guide to Taking Your Lorry Abroad
.
YU
Yard Management System (YMS): Nationality symbol for
A system which is designed to Yugoslavia – to be shown on the rear
facilitate and organize the coming, of
going and staging of trucks and trucks vehicles from that country.
with
Trailers in the parking "yard" that
serves a warehouse, distribution or

Z
manufacturing facility.

Yellow ticket
Re fixed penalty* notice scheme,
ticket (issued only by
police) which denotes a driving-
licence endorsable offence and Zero Inventory: A Just-In-Time
therefore Inventory Control term where
emphasis is placed on reducing
inventory to minimal levels to reduce
costs and Zone Skipping: For shipments via
Promote organizational effectiveness. the US Postal Service, depositing
mail at a facility one or more zones
Zone Jumping: Zone Skipping closer to the destination. This option
would
Zone of rate flexibility: Railroads Benefit customers operating in close
are permitted to raise rates by a proximity to a zone border or
percentage increase in the railroad shipping sufficient volumes to offset
cost index determined by the ICC; additional transportation costs. Can
rates may also be
Be raised by 6%per year through Used with UPS/FedEx but these
1984 and 4%thereafter. companies tend to work with carried
to do a truckload shipment into a zone
Zone of Rate Freedom: Motor and use UPS to do the last mile
carriers are permitted to raise or lower delivery,
rates by 10%in one year without ICC Reduced lead time and cost.
interference; if the rate change is
within Zero defects
The zone of freedom, the rate is Term used in connection with quality
presumed to be reasonable. management*. Aim
is to produce goods/services with no
Zone of Reasonableness: A zone or defects rather than try to remedy
limit within which air carriers are defects later.
permitted to change rates without
regulatory scrutiny; if the rate change Zero inventories
is Part of the principles of just-in-time
Within the zone, the new rate is which relates to
presumed to be reasonable. the elimination of waste by having
only required materials when needed.
Zone Picking: A method of picking (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory
orders where a warehouse is divided Management SIG)
into several pick zones with order
ZEV
pickers assigned to a specific zone
Zero Emissions Vehicle. Vehicle
and
powered by hydrogen fuel cell
Only picking the items in that zone,
(HFC) which emits virtually no
orders are moved from one zone to
harmful emissions into the
the next (usually on conveyor
environment –
systems) as they are picked (also
in effect a clean air vehicle.
known as
"Pick-and-pass"). See: also batch ZF
picking, wave picking. Also See: Manufacturer of vehicle
Batch Picking, Wave Picking gearboxes/transmission systems, etc.