1

CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
This chapter examines the comprehensive literature review that was carried out
for this investigation. It discusses the development of patch antennas and the requirements
for wireless application configurations such as Meander line slots, DGS, fractals, and
MTM. Multiband antennas can be implemented using MPA antennas, but their size is high
and makes them unsuitable for miniaturization. The preferred antennas for miniaturization
and for multiband applications are fractal antennas. The information in this chapter can be
useful for advancing future work after observing the various developments in the past.
Wireless communication is growing rapidly day by day. It is necessary to
miniaturize antennas in order to meet the challenge of wireless communications. The MPA
has become a convenient tool for WLAN, mobile services, satellite, and other wireless
applications. These antennas are inexpensive and easily constructed. The development of
communication systems has led to an increased need for compact antennas that are
enhanced in characteristics because of the outstanding development in the field.Therefore,
the study of miniaturized antennas is the primary emphasis of the research work detailed in
this thesis.Investigations are conducted both on the patch and the ground plane by applying
defective structures and modifying the ground plane.
2.2 Review on microstrip antennas
Wireless communication technology has grown rapidly over the past few decades.
These are employed in a broad variety of applications, including radio and mobile
communication, military, the defence, the aircraft, and navy, among others. This
application needs qualities like low profile, compatibility for dual polarisation, cheap
production cost, etc., and printed planar technology can provide these features. When
making antennas, the designers struggle to incorporate all the features. The development of
printed planar technology is discussed, along with microstrip feed-based antenna for
multiband applications.
The microstrip antenna concept was invented by Dechamps [8] in 1953. It was
practicalized and patented by Munson [9] in 1970, and this led to the rapid growth of
planar technology in antenna manufacturing. The microstrip antennas proposed by Howell
[10] (1982) have different shapes and the shapes are circular and rectangular. Antennas can
be analyzed by different methods, such asspectral domain methods [11] (1982),
transmission line models [12] (2003), cavity models [13] (1989), and so forth. D.H.
Schaubert et al., [14] (2002) presents surface wave excitation of surface waves and array-
based designs.An analytical solution is provided by finite element methods for calculating
the field exterior to microstripantennas. A number of patch based geometrics have been
 2

analyzed and studied by various scientists and researchers. Microstrip antennas are mainly
disadvantageous because their bandwidth is quite narrow. The shapes of patches can be
modified, different feeding structures can be used [15-18] (2001,2003 and 2013), and
stacked strip radiators can be used [19] (2006).

2.3 Review on Defected Ground Structure Antennas

S. Sarkar et.al [20] (2011), presented the operating frequency of a microstrip
antenna was decreased significantly by adding a slot to the ground plane, which allowed
miniaturization of about 90%. It is also possible to reduce the operating frequency by
extending a slot's length. R. Bansalet et.al [21] (2012), introduced a miniaturized antenna,
which is comparable to the configuration with the full ground plane in size and dimensions
for dual-band applications (1.5GHz & 4.2GHz). In this configuration, the rectangular loop
is intertwined with an S11 of -30dB at dual frequencies.
A. Roy et.al [22] (2014) proposed a miniaturized antenna with symmetrical strips
on the non-radiating surface of the substrate that minimized the size by 82% for the multi-
band frequencies. A slot was cut on the patch and the ground plane was considered three
times larger than the patch to achieve this result. J. M. O'Brien et.al [23] (2015) presented a
method with z-directed meandering along with a patch element for "UWB miniaturized
spiral antenna". The antenna retains the same characteristic as a normal spiral antenna
based on mathematical simulations and measurements.
G. Rajaraman et.al [24] (2015), proposed a miniaturized dual-band antenna by
using two pairs of CSRRs for improving gain. The proposed antenna attained at 2.39, and
2.05GHz and gain of 5.67 and 1.8 dBi respectively for WiMAX and RFID applications .P.
Kumar Deb et.al [25] (2015), introduced a microstrip antenna based on DGS operates at a
2.4 GHz ISM band. The DGS was optimized to provide a stop band at 2.4GHz. DGS on
the ground plane raises a fringing field that generates and improves parasitic capacitance
which enhances the bandwidth.
D. Prabhakar et.al [26] (2016), compare the conventional patch antenna with
dimensions of different ground plane to improve, Directivity, Gain and, efficiency features.
The proposed antenna operates for WLAN application at 2.4 GHz and the ripple in the
primary pattern decreases when the ground plane's size is increased. W. Zaman et.al [27]
(2018), modelled a tri-band miniaturized antenna for 5.2 GHz and 3.3/3.5 GHz
applications . To achieve the resonance of three bands, the suggested model includes a
reversed G shape element, a meandering module, and a DGS ground plane. A prototype
was created and constructed using the suggested one.
 3

K. M. Parvez et.al [28] (2018), presented meander slit configuration (MSC)

loading technique with a miniaturized slot antenna, minimised operating frequency from
2.07 GHz to 1.21 GHz by 41.54% compared to the convensional antenna. In comparison to
the convensional antenna, The impedance bandwidth of the antenna also increased by
70% . S. S. Mulla et.al [29] (2018) implemented a distributed inductive stub that was
20.28% smaller. Another identical antenna used with MTM was 30.55% smaller. In this
work, the Chu condition (Ka ≤ 1) for the suggested antenna is calculated, noted, and
investigated.
Z. Li et.al [30] (2018), designed a CPW-fed miniaturized slot antenna with slits on
both sides to achieve a 33.3% reduction in size, Operating at 2.45 GHz with a 240 MHz
bandwidth. M. Aminu-Baba et al. [31] (2018) presented a multiband miniaturised based on
several CSRRs positioned on the ground plane for WiMAX and WLAN applications. It
utilises three bands and can function within the bandwidths of WLAN and WiMAX GHz
application.
S. M. Haque et.al [32] (2019), recorded a 51.67% reduction in operating
frequency and a 74.72% improvement in -10 dB bandwidth with a miniaturized antenna
surrounded by slits and strips. As a result of the existing work, there is an undisturbed
pattern related to the basic antenna model and the low cross-pol level S. K.M. Haque et al.
[33] (2020) described a compact antenna based on split rings and strips working at 1.52
and 3.03 GHz, respectively, for WLAN and amateur radio applications. As a result,
minimizations of 61.39% and 26.13% in both bands were achieved.
A. Bhattacharyya et al. [34] (2020) unveiled a microstrip antenna that is
downsized and operates at 5.8 GHz in TM03 mode. A significant slot is used on the patch
to reduce the pattern's side-lobes. Three meandering lines are positioned inside the slot in
order to miniaturise the design while maintaining current continuity. In order to achieve
improved miniaturisation and operate across several bands, an antenna can be constructed
based on DGS on the ground plane.
2.5 Review on Fractal antennas
S. Suganthi et.al [52] (2012), created a miniaturized fractal antenna resonates
initially at 1.03 GHz and switches to 0.636 GHz with a 65% size reduction .Fractals are
repetitively generated arrangements that possess a self-similar form, which means that their
parts have a similar shape but are scaled differently from their wholes. A change in
operating frequency is associated with an increased electrical length of the antenna.
O. M. Khan et.al [53] (2013), Introduced a three-band Koch fractal minimized
antenna for S, C, and X bands. Miniaturization for the antenna was attained by the first
iteration of fractalization with interior sides etched with Koch fractal arrangement. Size
 4

minimization of up to 43.26%, 75.18% in terms of its complete size, and copper cladding
attained. A. Kaur et.al [54] (2017), investigated a multiband antenna miniaturized
containing C slots and the second side is consisting of a limited ground plane that operates
at four bands for wireless applications. The proposed antenna useful for WiMAX and
WLAN applications.
H. Oraizi et,. al [55] (2011), introduced antenna with miniaturization for
applications in the wide band. In this structure, defective ground structure is presented a
combination of the Serpinski carpet fractal, Giurepo Peao at the bottom and top .Song et,.al
[56] (2003), created Perturbed Sierpinski for multiband fractal antenna applications with
improved feed technique.

2.7 Design Methodology

A flow chart is shown in Figure 2.1 which gives procedure for modeling the proposed
antennas. The essential antenna requirements should be specified first for the considered
application. A UWB and miniaturized antennas based on standard equations were
simulated using the HFSS tool.

Figure
2.1

Methodology process flow for the antenna design

After simulation, if the antenna attains the optimized parameters, then the antenna is
fabricated by the PCB equipment, else the optimization process will be carried on. After
the completion of antenna fabrication, antenna parameters are measured by the VNA to
evaluate the reflection coefficient, VSWR, input impedance, and anechoic chamber setup
is required for the measurement of radiation patterns, peak gain, and radiation efficiency.
Finally, the simulated and measured results were verified and validated.

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