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Class 10 - Social Science

Sample Paper - 07 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises Six Sections – A, B, C, D, E and F. There are 37 questions in the Question paper. All
questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – From questions 1 to 20 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Questions no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 2 marks each. The answer to each
question should not exceed 40 words.
4. Section C contains Q. 25 to Q.29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 60 words
5. Section D – Questions no. 30 to 33 are long answer type questions, carrying 5 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 120 words.
6. Section-E - Questions no from 34 to 36 are case-based questions with three sub-questions and are of 4 marks each. The
answer to each question should not exceed 100 words.
7. Section F – Question no. 37 is map-based, carrying 5 marks with two parts, 37a from History (2 marks) and 37b from
Geography (3 marks).
8. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in a few questions. Only one
of the choices in such questions has to be attempted.
9. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section A
1. The two great writers of Bengal and Madras, who contributed to nationalism in the late nineteenth century through
folklore were:
a) Rabindranath Tagore and Natesa Sastri
b) Abanindranath Tagore and Ravi Verma
c) Jamini Roy and Ravi Verma
d) Abanindranath Tagore and Rabindra Nath Tagore
2. In which of the following States Tungabhadra Dam is located?
a) Andhra Pradesh
b) Kerala
c) Tamil Nadu
d) Karnataka
3. Based on the given data and find out which state can be regarded as the most developed of the three.
STATE PER CAPITA INCOME for 2018-19 (in ₹)

Haryana 2,36,147

Kerala 2,04,105
Bihar 40,982
a) Bihar

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b) Kerala
c) Haryana
d) Haryana and Kerala both
4. In 2018, India was the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China. Which of the following
process is involved in the production of Horticulture Crops?
i. Cultivation and harvesting of grapes.
ii. Growing and marketing flowers and ornamental plants.
iii. Breeding, rearing and transplantation of fish under controlled conditions.
iv. Cultivating silkworms and extracting silk from them.
a) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
b) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
c) Statement i and ii are correct.
d) Statement ii is correct.
5. By what name local government at urban area called?
A. Municipality
B. Municipal corporation
C. Panchayat Samiti
a) Both B and C are true
b) Only A is true
c) Both A and B are true
d) Only B is true
6. Consider the following statements on Power Sharing and choose the correct option:
I. It deepens democracy.
II. It helps to reduce conflicts among social groups.
III. It is a way to ensure political stability.
IV. It brings socio-economic struggles.
a) I, II and IV
b) II, III and IV
c) I, III and IV
d) I, II and III
7. Assertion (A): There is overwhelming opposition to democracy all over the world.
Reason (R): Democracy is an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
8. Read the information given below and select the correct option
A shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes in the market and buy wheat. The shoe manufacturer will first exchange shoes
that he had produced for money, and then exchange the money for wheat. Which drawback of Barter system is indicated
here?
a) Lack of Common Measure of Value
b)

Lack of Standard of Deferred Payment

c)

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Lack of Store of Value

d)

Lack of Double Coincidence of Wants

9. Which among the following has not to border with Belgium?

a) France
b) Germany
c) Netherlands
d) Dutch
10. Study the picture and answer the question that follows:

Which option represent the above-given picture?

a) Le Radeau de La Méduse
b) The Massacre at Chios
c) Claude Monet
d) Camille Pissarro
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11. MNCs have been looking for locations around the world that would be cheap for their production. Evaluate the cost-
effective methods adopted by the MNCs by identifying the appropriate statements among the following options:
i. Opting for a cheap manufacturing location.
ii. Setting up a production unit in the proximity of markets.
iii. Hiring highly skilled engineers at cheap rates from developing countries.
iv. Buy up local companies and expand production.
a) All the statements are appropriate.
b) Only statement iv is appropriate.
c) Statements i, ii and iii are appropriate.
d) Statements i and ii are appropriate.

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12. A government that takes decisions by following norms and procedure is ________.
a) an accountable government
b) a stable government
c) a responsible government
d) a transparent govemment
13. Arrange the following statements in sequential order:
i. i. Simon Commission arrived in India
ii. ii. Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement
iii. iii. Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands
iv. iv. Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full
independence for India.
a) iv, iii, ii, i
b) ii, i, iii, iv
c) iii, iv, i, ii
d) ii, i, iv, iii
14. Read the information given below and select the correct option
Farmers buy many goods such as tractors, pump sets, electricity, pesticides and fertilizers. Now suppose, if the price of
fertilizers or pump sets goes up, the cost of cultivation of the farmers will rise and their profits will be reduced. What
kind of situation is being indicated here?
a) This is an example of the secondary or industrial sector being dependent on the primary.
b) This is an example of the primary sector being dependent on the tertiary sector
c) This is an example of the secondary sector being dependent on the tertiary sector.
d) This is an example of the primary sector i.e., agriculture being dependent on the secondary sector.
15. Consider the statements given below and choose the correct answer
Statement I: The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a sixteenth-century text, came out from
Calcutta in 1810.
Statement II: From 1822, two Persian newspapers were published, Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar.
a) Statement (i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct
b) Both (i) & (ii) are correct
c) Statement (i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect
d) Both (i) & (ii) are incorrect
16. Two friends Ram and Lakhan engaged in a lively conversation about different types of soils. Ram, eager to challenge
Lakhan, started giving clues to help identify arid soil. Which of the following clues provided by Ram would be most
useful in identifying the arid soil?
Clues:
i. They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
ii. These soils are mostly deep to very deep and acidic (pH<6.0).
iii. In some areas, the salt content is very high, and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
iv. This is the most widely spread and important soil.
a) Clue i and iii
b) Clue iii and iv
c) Clue iv
d) Clue ii
17. Which of the following statements will be considered as a glitch about the self-declaration affidavit of the candidate
contesting the elections?
Statement i: This system has made a lot of information available to the public.

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Statement ii: It has reduced the influence of the rich and criminals.
Statement iii: There is no system to check if the information given by the candidates is true.
Statement iv: The affidavit submitted by the candidates is validated before being accepted.
a) Statement i and ii are right.
b) Statement iii is right.
c) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
d) Only statement iv is right.
18. Calculation of Child Sex Ratio is done based on:
a) average of both boys and girls
b) number of girls per number of boys
c) number of boy children per 1000 girls
d) number of girl children per thousand boys
19. Read the following statements regarding the role of the Opposition party.
i. Opposition parties voice different views
ii. Opposition parties criticise government for its failures or wrong policies.
iii. Opposition parties mobilise opposition to the government.

Which of the following is the accurate role of the Opposition party? Choose the correct option.
a) only iii
b) ii and iii
c) i, ii and iii
d) only i
20. Banker Megha diligently managed the local bank. With prudent planning, she allocated a small portion of the deposits as
cash reserves for withdrawals. Meanwhile, Entrepreneur Ram approached the bank seeking a loan for his business
venture. Megha, acting as a mediator, granted him the funds, charging a higher interest rate than what she offered to
depositors. How do banks primarily generate income?
a) Interest paid to depositors
b) Interest charged from borrowers
c) Cash reserves held by banks
d) Deposits made by the public
Section B
21. Study the picture and name this structure located in the Belgian capital.

22. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.

OR

Describe the steps taken by French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
23. Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

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24. Mention the dual objectives of the federal system.
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Section C
25. 'It is difficult to imagine a world without printed matter'. Justify the statement with suitable arguments.
26. Why does the north-eastern part of the peninsular plateau region have the maximum concentration of iron and steel
industries?

OR

Read the data in the graph given below and answer the questions that follow:

i. What was the status of India and China in steel production in the 1950s? What is the status of China today?
ii. Why is iron and steel called a heavy industry?
27. Study the table and answer the question given below.
Share of Sectors in Employment in %

Year Tertiary Secondary Primary

1977-78 18 11 71
2017-18 31 25 44

The primary sector continues to be the largest employing sector even after 70 years of independence. This proves that it
is still a relevant sector as most people are dependent on it. Substantiate your answer.
28. State an example to prove that in India equal power is not granted to its constituent units.
29. Why do you think NREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to work’? Imagine that you are the village head. In that capacity
suggest some activities that you think should be taken up under this act that would also increase the income of people.
Discuss.

Section D

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30. Explain the different forms of occurrence of minerals.

OR

"Formation of coal is a long drawn process spread over various periods." Elaborate the statement with examples in
the Indian context.
31. Explain the process of unification of Italy.

OR

How did nationalism aligned with imperialism become the cause of the First World War? Explain.
32. What is meant by national parties? State the criteria for recognizing a party as National and State party.

OR

Highlight any five functions of political parties to strengthen democracy.

33. What is debt trap? Why is it more rampant in rural areas? Give reasons.

OR

Define Credit. Give examples of formal and informal sources of credit in India. State the advantages of formal sources of
credit.
Section E
34. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled
schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections
were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that
entering the council was one way of gaining some power–something that usually only Brahmans had access to. The
effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops
picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value
dropping from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crores. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or
finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only
Indian ones, the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
i. What role did the Justice Party play in boycotting council elections? (1)
ii. How were the effects of non-cooperation on the economic front dramatic? (1)
iii. Explain the effect of the Boycott movement on the foreign textile trade. (2)
35. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Sardar Sarovar Dam is one of the largest water resource projects of India covering four states - Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Sardar Sarovar project would meet the requirement of water in drought-prone and
desert areas of Gujarat (9,490 villages and 173 towns) and Rajasthan (124 villages).
Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement is a Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) that mobilised
tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam. It originally focused
on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the dam water. Recently it has re-focused the
aim to enable poor citizens, especially the oustees (displaced people) to get full rehabilitation facilities from the
government. People felt that their suffering would not be in vain… accepted the trauma of displacement believing in the
promise of irrigated fields and plentiful harvests. So, often the survivors of Rihand told us that they accepted their
sufferings as sacrifice for the sake of their nation. But now, after thirty bitter years of being adrift, their livelihood having
even being more precarious, they keep asking: “Are we the only ones chosen to make sacrifices for the nation?”
i. When the Save Narmada Movement first began, what was its primary goal? (1)

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ii. Sardar Sarovar dam is built across which river? (1)
iii. Why did the survivors of Rihand accept their sufferings? (2)
36. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The idea of development or progress has always been with us. We have aspirations or desires about what we would like
to do and how we would like to live. Development or progress is likely to mean different to different persons. A girl
expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may
not like this. Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and
disrupt the lives of people who are displaced – such as tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams
or tanks to irrigate their land.
i. Explain the negative effect of having more dams on the locals. (1)
ii. What could be the developmental goal for a girl from a rich urban family? (1)
iii. Based on the given source, draw two conclusions. (2)
Section F
37. a. Two places (A) and (B) have been marked on the given political outline Map of India. Identify them with the help of
given information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The Place where Indian National Congress Session was held in 1927.
B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi broke Salt law.
b. On the same outline Map of India locate and label any three of the following with suitable symbols.
i. Indira Gandhi International Airport.
ii. Kakrapara - Atomic Power Station.
iii. Hyderabad - Software Technology Park
iv. Kandla Sea Port

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Class 10 - Social Science

Sample Paper - 07 (2024-25)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) Rabindranath Tagore and Natesa Sastri
Explanation: In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes, and myths and led the
movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The
Folklore of Southern India. He believed that folklore was national literature; it was ‘ the most trustworthy manifestation
of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.
2. (d) Karnataka
Explanation: Karnataka
3. (c) Haryana
Explanation: Haryana
4. (c) Statement i and ii are correct.
Explanation: Horticulture involves floriculture, olericulture, pomology, viticulture, etc. (Viticulture deals with the
cultivation and harvesting of grapes. Floriculture deals with growing and marketing flowers and ornamental plants.
Olericulture deals with the scientific study of vegetable crops.)
While Pisciculture is a process of growing fish and selling it or using its products for domestic or commercial use.
5. (c) Both A and B are true
Explanation: Urban Local government implies the governance of an urban area by the people through their elected
representatives. It is called a Municipality or Municipal Corporation.
6. (d) I, II and III
Explanation: I, II and III
7. (d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: There is an overwhelming support to democracy all over the world because it is accountable, responsive
and legitimate government.
8. (d)

Lack of Double Coincidence of Wants

Explanation: Barter system can work only when both buyer and seller are ready to exchange each other’s goods. A shoe
manufacturer wants to sell shoes in the market and buy wheat. The shoe manufacturer
will first exchange shoes that he had produced for money, and then exchange the money for wheat. Imagine how difficult
it would be if the shoe manufacturer had to directly exchange shoes for wheat without using money. He would have to
look for a wheat growing farmer, who not only wants to sell wheat but also wants to buy the shoes in exchange.

9. (d) Dutch
Explanation: Belgium shares borders with France (556 km), Germany (133 km), Luxembourg (130 km) and the
Netherlands (478 km).
10. (b) The Massacre at Chios
Explanation: The above picture represents the Massacre at Chios.
The French painter Delacroix was one of the most important French Romantic painters. This huge painting (4.19m x
3.54m) depicts an incident in which 20,000 Greeks were said to have been killed by Turks on the island of Chios. By
dramatising the incident, focusing on the suffering of women and children, and using vivid colours, Delacroix sought to
appeal to the emotions of the spectators, and create sympathy for the Greeks.

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11. (c) Statements i, ii and iii are appropriate.
Explanation: Generally, MNCs buy up local companies as investments and then expand production.
12. (d) a transparent govemment
Explanation: Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures. So, a citizen who wants
to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find this out. She has the right and the means to
examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency.
13. (d) ii, i, iv, iii
Explanation: ii. In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement
i. Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928
iv. In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna
Swaraj’ or full independence for India
iii. On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands
14. (d) This is an example of the primary sector i.e., agriculture being dependent on the secondary sector.
Explanation: Economic activities, though, are grouped into three different categories, are highly interdependent. This is
an example of the primary sector i.e., agriculture being dependent on the secondary sector, i. e., industry.
15. (b) Both (i) & (ii) are correct
Explanation: Both (i) & (ii) are correct
16. (a) Clue i and iii
Explanation: Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. In
some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
17. (b) Statement iii is right.
Explanation: It is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property
and criminal cases pending against him. The new system has made a lot of information available to the public. But there
is no system to check if the information given by the candidates is true.
18. (d) number of girl children per thousand boys
Explanation: Such sex-selective abortion led to a decline in the child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand
boys) in the country to merely 914.
19. (c) i, ii and iii
Explanation: Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing
different views and criticising the government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise
opposition to the government.
20. (b) Interest charged from borrowers
Explanation: Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people. In this way, banks mediate
between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (the borrowers). Banks
charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference between what is charged from
borrowers and what is paid to depositors is their main source of income.
Section B
21. The structure in the given image is the European Parliament in Brussels, Belgium. The European Union has its
headquarters in Brussels.
22. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European government were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives
believed that:
i. Established traditional institution of state and society like monarchy, church, social hierarchy, property and family
should be preserved.

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ii. Most conservatives believed that they should not return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
iii. They believed that modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like monarchy. It could make the
state power more effective and strong.

OR

The steps are taken to create a sense of collective identity amongst French people by the French revolutionaries
included:
i. The ideas of fatherland (la patrie) and citizen (le citoyen) were spread to bring the notion of a united community
having equal rights and protected by a constitution.
ii. A new flag was chosen of tricolour to represent the nation and the royal standard was removed.
iii. New hymns, oaths and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.
iv. The Estates General became the National Assembly and its members were elected by a body of active citizens.
v. Uniform system of weights, measures were adopted and the abolition of internal customs.
vi. Promoting French as a common language of the nation.
23. Various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of the farmers are:
i. Provision for crop insurance. It is purchased by agricultural producers, and subsidized by the federal government, to
protect against either the loss of their crops due to drought, flood, cyclone, fire and diseases.
ii. Establishment of Grameen Banks, Cooperative Societies for providing loan facilities to farmers at lower interest
rates.
iii. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on television and radio.
24. The federal system has dual objectives. These two aspects are very crucial for the institutions and practice of federalism.
i. To safeguard and promote the unity of the country and at the same time accommodate regional diversity, government
at different levels should agree to some rules of power sharing.
Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in respect of legislation,
taxation and administration. Thus federal system respects regional diversity and in this way protects the unity of the
country. Changes to be made in the fundamental provisions of the constitution require the consent of both the levels
of the government.
ii. An ideal federal system has mutual trust and agreement to live together. Governments at different levels should trust
that each would abide by its part of the agreement. The existence and authority of each tier of government are
constitutionally guaranteed.
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Section C
25. Yes, it is really very difficult to imagine a world without printed matter because of the following reasons:
i. Everywhere in our surroundings, we find evidence of print, i.e. in books, journals, newspapers, prints of famous
paintings, etc.
ii. We see printed materials in everyday things like theatre programmes, official circulars, calendars, diaries,
advertisements, cinema posters, government notifications etc.
iii. It is a true medium of mass communication like newspaper, journals and books, etc. We read printed literature, see
printed images, follow the news through different newspapers and track public debates that appear in print.
iv. Printed matter helps in preservation and dissemination of history, scientific knowledge and culture, etc.
26. Due to the following reasons there has been concentration of iron and steel industries north eastern part of the peninsular
plateau region:
i. The area is rich in raw material.
ii. Transport facilities are available.

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iii. Port facilities are available close to this are.
iv. Labour from Bihar and UP states is also available.

OR

i. In the 1950s China and India produced almost the same quantity of steel. Today, China is the largest producer of
steel.
ii. Iron and steel is called a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky
entailing heavy transportation costs.
27. As the most important economic sector in the economy, the primary sector is critical in contributing to the overall
economic growth of a society. In some instances, economies that are more developed can devote more excellent
resources to primary production. The following points delineate the importance of the primary sector:
Primary Sector provides the basic needs of the economy, i.e., food and mineral ores. It produces some of the raw
materials (like jute, cotton, coal extracted from mines) for the industrial sector.
The agricultural sector provides food for the entire economy. Besides growing crops, the agricultural sector also
includes forestry and fishing which provide food and raw materials for other industries.
The mining sector provides mineral resources indispensable for the industrial sector of the economy.
The agricultural population in the primary sector provides a very large market of consumers for the secondary
sector (for buying finished products like clothes, goods of daily need, fertilizers, etc.
28. Very often different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers. All the states of the Indian union do not
have equal powers. Some states enjoy a special status. This might have been done to protect the regional autonomy of
the concerned unit/state.
a. All states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers. Some states like Jammu and Kashmir and Arunachal
Pradesh have been given special status so as to maintain their autonomy.
b. Jammu and Kashmir have their own Constitution. Many provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to
this state without the permission of the State Assembly. For the enforcement of the provisions of the Indian
Constitution approval of the State Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir is required.
c. Indians who are not permanent residents of this State cannot buy land or house here. Similar special provisions exist
in some other States of India as well.
29. NREGA 2005 guarantees at least 100 days work for one member of each family. By doing so, this programme fulfils one
of the fundamental rights as per the Constitution. Hence, this programme is aptly called ‘Right to work’.
Being a village head, there are many activities that would increase the income of people under this act. Many activities
under MGNREGA can be taken up including.
i. Water conservation and water harvesting.
ii. Drought proofing by digging tube wells.
iii. Constructing irrigation canals.
iv. Making provision of irrigation facility on the lands of disadvantaged sections, SCs, STs and others.
v. Renovation of traditional water bodies (e.g. tanks).
vi. Land development for agriculture, horticulture etc.
vii. Constructing check dams for flood control and protection.
viii. Construction of roads for improving rural connectivity to provide all-weather access to the villages.

These activities would provide a double benefit. They will provide much needed employment to the people and would
help in the development of village as well.
Section D
30. The difference forms of occurrence of minerals are:

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i. In igneous and metamorphic rocks: In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in cracks, crevices, faults
and joints. The smaller occurrence is called veins and the larger are called lodes. Major metallic minerals like tin,
copper, zinc and lead, etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.
ii. In sedimentary rocks: In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds and layers. They have been formed as
a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore have
been concentrated as a result of long periods.
iii. Through decomposition of surface rocks: Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks,
and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is
formed in this way.
iv. Alluvial deposits: Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills.
These deposits are called placer deposits.
v. In ocean water and ocean beds: The ocean water contains vast quantities of minerals. Common salt, magnesium and
bromine are largely derived from ocean water. The ocean beds too are rich in manganese nodules.

OR

Coal is a naturally occurring black material which is a mixture of carbon and compounds of carbon-containing hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur. Its formation is called fossilation. It is formed due to the compression of plant material
(containing carbon, the major component of coal) over millions of years. Indian coal was mainly formed during two
geological ages the Gondwana and the Tertiary ages. The Gondwana coal deposits (called ‘metallurgical coal), which are
more than 200 million years old, are located in the Damodar valley (West Bengal - Jharkhand), where Jharia,
Raniganj, and Bokaro are important coal-fields. It is also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys. The
tertiary age deposits, only about 55 million years old, are mostly found in North-Eastern India in Meghalaya, Assam,
Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland. Thus, the formation of coal is a long drawn process spread over various periods.
31. The Process of Unification of Italy is as follows:
i. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only Sardinia-Piedmont was
ruled by an Italian princely house. Mazzini decided to unite Italy in 1830, He had organised a secret society called
'Young Italy' to achieve his aim.
ii. Mazzini, a great revolutionary leader of Italy, inspired the youth with the ideas of establishing a single unified Italy.
He set up secret societies like Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne with like-minded young men
from Poland, France, Italy, and German states.
iii. After initial failures in 1831 and 1848, King Victor Emmanuel II took up the task of unifying the Italian states
through wars.
iv. Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859 through a tactful diplomatic alliance with
France by Count Cavour.
v. Armed volunteers marched into South Italy and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860 under the leadership of
Garibaldi, and were successful in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
vi. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel-II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

OR

Towards the last quarter of the nineteenth century, nationalism could not retain its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment
of the first half of the century but became a narrow belief with inadequate ends. Nationalist groups became increasingly
intolerant, which leads to war. Major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations to further their own
imperialist aims. Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914. The anti-imperial movements
that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and
were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism. As the different Slavic
nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The

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Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. During this period,
there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. These
rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem unfolded. Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-
Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the
area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
32. Democracies that follow a federal system over the world tend to have two kinds of political parties- Parties that are
present in only one of the federal units and parties that are present in several or all units of the federation. Those parties,
which are countrywide parties, are called national parties.
National and State Parties:
i. A party that secures at least six percent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a state and
wins at least two seats is recognized as a state party.
ii. A party that secures at least six percent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states
and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognized as a national party.

OR

1. To contest elections: In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political
parties. Parties select their candidates in different ways. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting
elections,
2. Forming policies and programmes: Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose
from them. Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for society.
3. Making laws: When parties come to power, they make laws for the country. Formally, laws are debated and passed
in the legislature. Members of the ruling party follow the directions of party leaders, irrespective of their personal
opinions.
4. Parties form and run governments: Parties recruit leaders, train them, and then make them ministers to run the
government in the way they want.
5. Role of opposition: Parties that lose in elections, play the role of opposition to the parties in power by criticizing the
government for its failures or wrong policies.
6. Shaping public opinion: They raise and highlight issues. Many of the pressure groups are the extension of political
parties among different sections of society. Parties, sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems
faced by people.
7. Access to government machinery and welfare schemes:
For an ordinary citizen, it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel
close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people's needs and demands.
33. Debt Trap: Debt trap is a condition where the credit pushes the borrower into a situation from which the recovery is very
hard, it is called debt trap. Here the borrower fails to repay the borrowed money to the lender and he has to sell his small
portion of land to repay the loan. It is rampant in rural areas because of the following reasons:
i. Rural areas small farmers give preference to the informal sources to take loan. The interest rates of these sources are
very high.
ii. Farmers take loan for crop production, equipment, fertilizers, If crop fails due to any reason they become unable to
pay back the loan.
iii. There is usually absence of any kind of support to the farmers in case of crop failure.
iv. The main source of their income is production of crops. If it fails then they don’t have any other source of income by
which they can repay their debts.

OR

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Credit:
Credit is an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrowers with money, goods and services in return for the
promise of future payment.
The main sources of credit in India.
i. Formal sources of rural credit in India are:
(i) Cooperative Societies.
(ii) Commercial Banks.
ii. Informal sources of rural credit in India are:
(i) Relatives and friends.
(ii) Local moneylenders.
The advantages of formal sources of credit are as follows:
i. These are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India.
ii. The rates of interest for loans are comparatively less.
iii. It provides loans at fixed rates and terms.
iv. It gives loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small-scale industries to
small borrowers etc.
v. Cost of borrowing is less and hence promote borrowing and more economic growth.
vi. There is no exploitation as in the case with the informal sectors.
Section E
34. i. Justice party (the party of non-Brahmans), wanted to contest elections to the council as it was one of the ways to gain
some power that usually only Brahmans had access to.
ii. Merchants refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
iii. As the boycott movement spread, the people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, the
production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
35. i. Environmental issues related to the submerged trees under the dam water.
ii. Sardar Sarovar dam is built across Narmada river.
iii. The survivors of Rihand accepted their sufferings as a sacrifice for the sake of their nation, believing in the promise
of irrigated fields and plentiful harvests.
36. i. Having more dams may submerge the area around it and may disrupt the lives of the local people such as tribals.
ii. The developmental goals or aspirations for a girl from a rich urban family could be that she gets as much freedom as
her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.
iii. Two things that can be concluded from the given source are:
i. Different persons can have different developmental goals.
ii. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.
Section F
37. a. A. Madras B. Dandi

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b.

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