Unit-4

Computer Programming Fundamentals

Computer Network
o Computer Network is a group of computers
connected with each other through wires, optical
fibres or optical links so that various devices can
interact with each other through a network.
o The aim of the computer network is the sharing of
resources among various devices.
o In the case of computer network technology, there
are several types of networks that vary from
simple to complex level.

Uses Of Computer Network

1.Resource sharing: Resource sharing is the sharing of
resources such as programs, printers, and data among
the users on the network without the requirement of
the physical location of the resource and user.
2.Server-Client model: Computer networking is used in
the server-client model. A server is a central computer
used to store the information and maintained by the
system administrator. Clients are the machines used to
access the information stored in the server remotely.
3.Communication medium: Computer network
behaves as a communication medium among the
users. For example, a company contains more than one
computer has an email system which the employees
use for daily communication.
4.E-commerce: Computer network is also important in
businesses. We can do business over internet. For
example, amazon is doing their business over internet.

Computer Network Architecture

Computer Network Architecture is defined as the
physical and logical design of the software, hardware,
protocols, and media of the transmission of data.
Simply we can say that how computers are organized
and how tasks are allocated to the computer.
The two types of network architectures are used:

o Peer-To-Peer network
o Client/Server network
Peer-To-Peer network
o Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all the

computers are linked together with equal privilege

and responsibilities for processing the data.
o Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small
environments, usually up to 10 computers.
o Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.

o Special permissions are assigned to each computer

for sharing resources.

Advantages Of Peer-To-Peer Network:

o Its less costly as it doesnt contain dedicated server.

o If one computer stops working, other computers

will not stop working.

o Its easy to set up and maintain as each computer

manages itself.

Disadvantages Of Peer-To-Peer Network:

o It cannot back up data as data is different in

different locations.
o It has a security issue as device is managed itself.
Client/Server Network
o Client/Server network is a network model
designed for end users called clients, to access the
resources such as songs, video, etc. from a central
computer known as Server.
o The central controller is known as server while all

other computers in the network are called clients.

o A server performs all the major operations such as

security and network management.

o A server is responsible for managing all the

resources such as files, directories, printer, etc.

o All clients communicate with each other through a

server. For example, if client1 wants to send some

data to client 2, then it first sends request to the
server for permission. Server sends response to
client1 to initiate its communication with client 2.

Advantages Of Client/Server network:

o A Client/Server network contains the centralized

system. Therefore we can back up the data easily.

 o A Client/Server network has a dedicated server
that improves overall performance of system.
o Security is better in Client/Server network as a
single server administers the shared resources.
o It also increases the speed of sharing resources.

Disadvantages Of Client/Server network:

o Client/Server network is expensive as it requires

the server with large memory.

o It requires a dedicated network administrator to

manage all the resources.

Computer Network Types

A computer network is a group of computers linked to
each other that enable computer to communicate with
another computer and share their resources, data, and
applications. A computer network can be categorized
by their size. A computer network is mainly of four
types:
 o LAN(Local Area Network)
o PAN(Personal Area Network)
o MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
o WAN(Wide Area Network)

1.LAN(Local Area Network)

o Local Area Network is a group of computers

connected to each other in a small area such as

building, office.
o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal

computers through a communication medium

such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive

hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and

ethernet cables.
o The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate

in Local Area Network.

o Local Area Network provides higher security.
2.PAN(Personal Area Network)
o Personal Area Network is a network arranged

within an individual person, typically within a

range of 10 meters.
o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the

computer devices of personal use is known as

Personal Area Network.
o Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.

o Personal computer devices that are used to

develop the personal area network are the laptop,

mobile phones, media player and play stations.

Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal

Area Network is developed by using wireless
technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth.
Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area
Network is created by using the USB.
3.MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
o A metropolitan area network is a network that

covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting

different LAN to form a larger network.
o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the

citizens and private industries.

o In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other

through a telephone exchange line.

o The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-

232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.

o It has higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:

o It is used in communication between banks in city.

o It can be used in an Airline Reservation.

o It can be used in a college within a city.

o It can be used for communication in the military.

4.WAN(Wide Area Network)
o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends

over a large geographical area such as states or

countries.
o Wide Area Network is quite bigger network

o WAN is not limited to a single location, but it spans

over large geographical area through a telephone

line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
o Internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.

o A WAN is widely used in the field of Business,

government, and education.

Examples Of Wide Area Network:
o Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used

across a region or country.

o Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide

the internet services to the customers in hundreds

of cities by connecting their home with fiber.

Advantages Of Wide Area Network:

o Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides

a large geographical area. Suppose if branch of our

office is in different city then we can connect with
them through WAN.
 o Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is
centralized.
o Get updated files: Software companies work on
live server. So, programmers get updated files.
o Exchange messages: In WAN network, messages
are transmitted fast. The web application like
Whatsapp allows to communicate with friends.
o Sharing of software and resources: In WAN
network, we can share the software and other
resources like a hard drive, RAM.
o Global business: We can do business globally.

Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:

o Security issue: A WAN network has less security as

compared to LAN,MAN as all technologies are

combined together that creates security problem.
o Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is

transferred on internet which can be changed or

hacked so firewall needs to be used.
o High Setup cost: Installation cost of WAN network

is high as it involves purchasing of routers,

switches.
o Troubleshooting problems: It covers a large area

so fixing the problem is difficult.

Network Topology
Topology defines the structure of the network of how
all the components are interconnected to each other.
Types of Network Topology
Topology is geometric representation of all nodes in a
network. There are six types of network topology
1. Bus Topology
2. Ring Topology
3. Tree Topology
4. Star Topology
5. Mesh Topology
6. Hybrid Topology

1) Bus Topology

o The bus topology is designed in such a way that all

the stations are connected through a single cable
known as a backbone cable.
 o Each node is either connected to backbone cable
through drop cable or directly connected to
backbone cable.
o When a node wants to send a message over the
network, it puts a message over network. All the
stations available in the network will receive the
message whether it has been addressed or not.
o The configuration of bus topology is simpler as
compared to other topologies.
o Backbone cable is considered as a "single
lane" through which message is broadcast to all
stations.

Advantages of Bus topology:

o Low-cost cable: In bus topology, nodes are directly

connected to cable without passing through a hub.

Therefore, the initial cost of installation is low.
o Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair

cables are mainly used in bus-based networks.

o Familiar technology: Bus topology is a familiar
technology as installation and troubleshooting
techniques are well known, and hardware
components are easily available.
 o Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have
any effect on other nodes.

Disadvantages of Bus topology:

o Extensive cabling: A bus topology is quite simpler,

but still it requires a lot of cabling.

o Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized

test equipment to determine the cable faults.

o Signal interference: If two nodes send the
messages simultaneously, then the signals of both
the nodes collide with each other.
o Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to

the network would slow down the network.

o Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal leads

to communication issues. Repeaters are used to

regenerate the signal.

2) Ring Topology
 o Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with
connected ends.
o The node that receives message from the previous
computer will retransmit to the next node.
o The data flows in one direction.
o The data flows in a single loop continuously known
as an endless loop.
o It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is
connected to other node and having no
termination point.
o The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise
direction.

Advantages of Ring topology:

o Network Management: Faulty devices can be
removed from network without bringing network
down.
o Cost: Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily

available. Therefore installation cost is very low.

o Reliable: It is a more reliable network because the

communication system is not dependent on the

single host computer.
Disadvantages of Ring topology:
o Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized

test equipment to determine the cable faults. If

any fault occurs in the cable, then it would disrupt
the communication for all the nodes.
o Failure: The breakdown in one station leads to the

failure of the overall network.

o Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to

the network would slow down the network.

o Delay: Communication delay is directly
proportional to the number of nodes. Adding new
devices increases the communication delay.

3) Star Topology
 o Star topology is an arrangement of the network in
which every node is connected to the central hub,
switch or a central computer.
o Central computer is called server, and peripheral
devices attached to server are known as clients.
o Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect
the computers.
o Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection
devices in a physical star topology.
o Star topology is the most popular topology in
network implementation.

Advantages of Star topology

o Efficient troubleshooting: In star topology, all
stations are connected to centralized network.
Therefore network administrator has to go to the
single station to troubleshoot the problem.
o Network control: Network control features can be

easily implemented in star topology.

o Limited failure: As each station is connected to the

central hub with its own cable, therefore failure in

one cable will not affect the entire network.
o Familiar technology: Star topology is a familiar

technology as its tools are cost-effective.

 o Easily expandable: It is easily expandable as new
stations can be added to the open ports on hub.
o Cost effective: Star topology networks are cost-
effective as it uses inexpensive coaxial cable.
o High data speeds: It supports a bandwidth of
approx 100Mbps. Ethernet 100BaseT is one of the
most popular Star topology networks.

Disadvantages of Star topology

o A Central point of failure: If the central hub or

switch goes down, then all the connected nodes

will not be able to communicate with each other.
o Cable: Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult

when a significant amount of routing is required.

4) Tree topology

o Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus

topology and star topology.
 o A tree topology is type of structure in which all the
computers are connected in hierarchical fashion.
o The top-most node in tree topology is known as a
root node and all other nodes child of root node.
o There is only one path exists between two nodes
for data transmission. Thus, it forms a parent-child
hierarchy.

Advantages of Tree topology

o Support for broadband transmission: Tree
topology is mainly used to provide broadband
transmission, i.e., signals are sent over long
distances without being attenuated.
o Easily expandable: We can add new device to the

existing network. Therefore it is easily expandable.

o Easily manageable: In this, whole network is
divided into segments known as star networks
which can be easily managed and maintained.
o Error detection: Error detection and error
correction are very easy in a tree topology.
o Limited failure: The breakdown in one station

does not affect the entire network.

o Point-to-point wiring: It has point-to-point wiring

for individual segments.

Disadvantages of Tree topology
o Difficult troubleshooting: If any fault occurs in the

node, then it becomes difficult to find problem.

o High cost: Devices required for broadband
transmission are very costly.
o Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on main bus

cable and failure in main bus cable will damage the

overall network.
o Reconfiguration difficult: If new devices are
added, then it becomes difficult to reconfigure.

5) Mesh topology

o Mesh technology is arrangement of the network in

which computers are interconnected with each
other through various redundant connections.
o There are multiple paths from one computer to
another computer.
o It does not contai switch, hub or any central
computer.
 oThe Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
o Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN
implementations.
o Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless
networks.
Mesh topology is divided into two categories:

o Full Mesh Topology: In a full mesh topology, each

computer is connected to all computers available
in the network.
o Partial Mesh Topology: In a partial mesh topology,
not all but certain computers are connected to
those computers with which they communicate
frequently.

Advantages of Mesh topology:

Reliable: The mesh topology networks are very reliable
as if any link breakdown will not affect the
communication between connected computers.
Fast Communication: Communication is very fast
between the nodes.
Easier Reconfiguration: Adding new devices would not
disrupt the communication between other devices.

Disadvantages of Mesh topology

o Cost: A mesh topology contains a large number of

connected devices such as a router and more

transmission media than other topologies.
o Management: Mesh topology networks are very

large and very difficult to maintain and manage.

o Efficiency: In this topology, redundant connections

are high that reduces efficiency of the network.

6) Hybrid Topology

o The combination of various different topologies is

known as Hybrid topology.
o A Hybrid topology is a connection between
different links and nodes to transfer the data.
 o When two or more different topologies are
combined together is termed as Hybrid topology.
For example, if there exist a ring topology in one
branch of ICICI bank and bus topology in another
branch of ICICI bank, connecting these two
topologies will result in Hybrid topology.

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

o Reliable: If fault occurs in any part of the network

will not affect functioning of the rest of network.

o Scalable: Size of the network can be easily
expanded by adding new devices without affecting
the functionality of the existing network.
o Flexible: This topology is very flexible as it can be

designed according to requirements of the

organization.
o Effective: Hybrid topology is very effective as it

can be designed such that strength of network is

maximized and weakness of network is minimized.

Disadvantages of Hybrid topology

o Complex design: The major drawback of the
Hybrid topology is design of Hybrid network. It is
 very difficult to design the architecture of the
Hybrid network.
o Costly Hub: The Hubs used in the Hybrid topology
are very expensive as these hubs are different
from usual Hubs used in other topologies.
o Costly infrastructure: The infrastructure cost is
very high as a hybrid network requires a lot of
cabling, network devices, etc.

Transmission modes
o The way in which data is transmitted from one

device to another device is known as transmission

mode.
o The transmission mode is also known as the

communication mode.
o Each communication channel has a direction
associated with it, and transmission media provide
the direction. Therefore, the transmission mode is
also known as a directional mode.
The Transmission mode is divided into three
categories:
1.Simplex mode

o In Simplex mode, the communication is

unidirectional, i.e. the data flow in one direction.
o A device can only send the data but cannot receive
it or it can receive data but cannot send the data.
o This transmission mode is not very popular as
mainly communications require two-way exchange
of data. The simplex mode is used in the business
field as in sales that do not require any
corresponding reply.
o The radio station is a simplex channel as it
transmits the signal to the listeners but never
allows them to transmit back.
o Keyboard and Monitor are examples of simplex
mode.

Advantage of Simplex mode:

o In simplex mode, the station can utilize the entire

bandwidth of the communication channel, so that

more data can be transmitted at a time.
Disadvantage of Simplex mode:
o Communication is unidirectional, so it has no inter-

communication between devices.

2.Half-Duplex mode

o In Half-duplex channel, direction can be reversed,

i.e. station can transmit and also receive the data.
o Messages flow in both the directions, but not at
the same time.
o The entire bandwidth of the communication
channel is utilized in one direction at a time.
o In half-duplex mode, it is possible to perform
error detection, and if any error occurs, then the
receiver requests sender to retransmit the data.
o A Walkie-talkie is an example of the Half-duplex
mode. In Walkie-talkie, one party speaks, and
another party listens. After a pause, other speaks
and first party listens.
Advantage of Half-duplex mode:
o In half-duplex mode, both devices can send and

receive data and can utilize entire bandwidth of

communication channel during data transmission.
Disadvantage of Half-Duplex mode:
o In half-duplex mode, when one device is sending

the data, then another has to wait, this causes the

delay in sending the data at the right time.

3.Full-duplex mode

o In Full duplex mode, communication is bi-

directional, i.e data flow in both the directions.
o Both stations can send receive message
simultaneously.
o Full-duplex mode has two channels. One channel
has traffic moving in one direction, and another
channel has traffic moving in opposite direction.
o The Full-duplex mode is the fastest mode of
communication between devices.
o The most common example of full-duplex mode is
a telephone network. When two people are
 communicating, both can talk and listen at the
same time.
Advantage of Full-duplex mode:
o Both the stations can send and receive the data at

the same time.

Disadvantage of Full-duplex mode:
o If there is no dedicated path exists between the

devices, then the capacity of the communication

channel is divided into two parts.

Basis for Simplex mode Half-duplex mode Full-duplex mode

comparison

Direction of In simplex mode, the In half-duplex mode, In full-duplex mode, the

communication communication is the communication is communication is bidirectional.
unidirectional. bidirectional, but one
at a time.

Send/Receive A device can only send Both the devices can Both the devices can send and
the data but cannot send and receive the receive the data
receive it or it can only data, but one at a simultaneously.
receive the data but time.
cannot send it.

Performance The performance of half- The performance of The Full-duplex mode has
duplex mode is better full-duplex mode is better performance among
than the simplex mode. better than the half- simplex and half-duplex mode
duplex mode. as it doubles the utilization of
the capacity of the
communication channel.

Example Examples of Simplex Example of half- Example of the Full-duplex

mode are radio, duplex is Walkie- mode is a telephone network.
keyboard, and monitor. Talkies.
Transmission media
o Transmission media is a communication channel

that carries information from sender to receiver.

Data is transmitted through electromagnetic
signals.
o The main functionality of the transmission media is

to carry information in form of bits

through LAN(Local Area Network).
o It is a physical path between transmitter and

receiver in data communication.

o The electrical signals can be sent through copper

wire, fibre optics, atmosphere, water, vacuum.

o Transmission media is of two types - wired media

and wireless media.

o Different transmission media have different
properties such as bandwidth, delay, cost and ease
of installation and maintenance.

Classification Of Transmission Media:

Guided Media
It is defined as the physical medium through which the
signals are transmitted. Its also called Bounded media.

Types Of Guided media

1.Twisted pair
Twisted pair is a physical media made up of a pair of
cables twisted with each other. A twisted pair cable is
cheap as compared to other transmission media.
Installation of the twisted pair cable is easy, and it is a
lightweight cable.
A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires
arranged in a regular spiral pattern.

Types of Twisted pair

a)Unshielded Twisted Pair
An unshielded twisted pair is widely used in
telecommunication. The categories of the unshielded
twisted pair cable:
o Category 1: Category 1 is used for telephone lines

that have low-speed data.

Advantages Of Unshielded Twisted Pair:
o It is cheap.

o Installation of the unshielded twisted pair is easy.

o It can be used for high-speed LAN.

Disadvantage:
o This cable can only be used for shorter distances

because of attenuation.

b)Shielded Twisted Pair

A shielded twisted pair is a cable that contains the
mesh surrounding the wire that allows the higher
transmission rate.
Advantages Of Shielded Twisted Pair:
o An installation of STP is easy.

o It has higher capacity as compared to unshielded

twisted pair cable.

o It has a higher attenuation.

o It provides the higher data transmission rate.

Disadvantages
o It is more expensive as compared to UTP and

coaxial cable.
o It has a higher attenuation rate.
2.Coaxial Cable
o Coaxial cable is very commonly used transmission

media, for eg TV wire is usually a coaxial cable.

o The name of the cable is coaxial as it contains two

conductors parallel to each other.

o The inner conductor of coaxial cable is made up of

copper and outer conductor is made up of copper

mesh. The middle core is made up of non-
conductive cover that separates inner conductor
from the outer conductor.
o The middle core is responsible for data
transferring whereas copper mesh prevents from
the EMI(Electromagnetic interference).

Coaxial cable is of two types:

1. Baseband transmission: The process of
transmitting a single signal at high speed.
2. Broadband transmission: The process of
transmitting multiple signals simultaneously.
Advantages Of Coaxial cable:
o The data can be transmitted at high speed.
 o It has better shielding as compared to twisted pair
cable.
o It provides higher bandwidth.

Disadvantages Of Coaxial cable:

o It is more expensive as compared to twisted pair

cable.
o If any fault occurs in the cable causes the failure in

the entire network.

3.Fibre Optic
o Fibre optic cable is a cable that uses electrical

signals for communication.

o Fibre optic is a cable that holds the optical fibres

coated in plastic that are used to send the data by

pulses of light.
o The plastic coating protects optical fibres from

heat, cold, electromagnetic interference.

o Fibre optics provide faster data transmission than

copper wires.
Diagrammatic representation of fibre optic cable:
Basic elements of Fibre optic cable:
o Core: The optical fibre consists of a narrow strand

of glass or plastic known as a core. A core is a light

transmission area of the fibre. The more the area
of the core, the more light will be transmitted into
the fibre.
o Cladding: The concentric layer of glass is known as

cladding. The main functionality of the cladding is

to provide the lower refractive index at the core
interface as to cause the reflection within core so
that light waves are transmitted through the fibre.
o Jacket: The protective coating consisting of plastic

is known as a jacket. The main purpose of a jacket

is to preserve fibre strength and fibre protection.

Advantages of fibre optic cable over copper:

o Greater Bandwidth: The fibre optic carries more

data as compared to copper cable.

o Faster speed: Fibre optic cable carries the data in

the form of light. This allows the fibre optic cable

to carry the signals at a higher speed.
o Longer distances: The fibre optic cable carries

data at a longer distance

 o Better reliability: The fibre optic cable is more
reliable as it is immune to any temperature
changes.
o Thinner and lighter: Fibre optic cable is thinner
and lighter in weight so it can bear more pull
pressure than copper cable.

UnGuided Transmission
o Unguided transmission transmits electromagnetic

waves without using any physical medium.

Therefore it is also called wireless transmission.
o In unguided media, air is the media through which

the electromagnetic energy can flow easily.

Classification of Unguided transmission

1.Radio waves
o Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that

are transmitted in all the directions of free space.

o Radio waves are omnidirectional, i.e., the signals

are propagated in all the directions.

o The range in frequencies of radio waves is from

3Khz to 1 khz.
o In the case of radio waves, the sending and

receiving antenna are not aligned, i.e., the wave

 sent by the sending antenna can be received by
any receiving antenna.
o An example of the radio wave is FM radio.

Applications Of Radio waves:

o A Radio wave is useful for multicasting when there

is one sender and many receivers.

o An FM radio, television, cordless phones are

examples of a radio wave.

Advantages Of Radio transmission:
o Radio transmission is mainly used for wide area

networks and mobile cellular phones.

o Radio waves cover a large area, and they can

penetrate the walls.

o Radio transmission provides a higher transmission

rate.

2.Microwaves
o Microwave transmission is a technology that
transmits the focused beam of a radio signal from
one ground-based microwave transmission
antenna to another.
o Microwaves are the electromagnetic waves having

frequency in the range from 1GHz to 1000 GHz.

 o Microwaves are unidirectional as the sending and
receiving antenna is to be aligned, i.e., the waves
sent by sending antenna are narrowly focussed.
o In this , antennas are mounted on towers to send a
beam to another antenna which is km away.
o It works on line of sight transmission, i.e antennas
mounted on towers are direct sight of each other.

Advantages Of Microwave:
o Microwave transmission is cheaper than using

cables.
o It is free from land acquisition as it does not

require any land for the installation of cables.

o Microwave transmission provides an easy
communication in terrains as the installation of
cable in terrain is quite a difficult task.
o Communication over oceans can be achieved by

using microwave transmission.

Disadvantages of Microwave transmission:
o Eavesdropping: An eavesdropping creates
insecure communication. Any malicious user can
catch the signal in the air by using its own antenna.
o Out of phase signal: A signal can be moved out of

phase by using microwave transmission.

 o Susceptible to weather condition: This means that
any environmental change such as rain, wind can
distort the signal.

3.Infrared
o An infrared transmission is a wireless technology

used for communication over short ranges.

o The frequency of the infrared in the range from

300 GHz to 400 THz.

o It is used for short-range communication such as

data transfer between two cell phones, TV remote

operation, data transfer between a computer and
cell phone resides in the same closed area.
Characteristics Of Infrared:
o It supports high bandwidth, and hence the data

rate will be very high.

o Infrared waves cannot penetrate the walls.
Therefore, the infrared communication in one
room cannot be interrupted by the nearby rooms.
o An infrared communication provides better
security with minimum interference.
o Infrared communication is unreliable outside the

building because the sun rays will interfere with

the infrared waves.
Internet
 Internet is a global network that connects billions
of computers across the world with each other
and to the World Wide Web.
 It uses standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to
connect billions of computer users worldwide.
 It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers
and other wireless and networking technologies.
 Internet is the fastest mean of sending or
exchanging information and data between
computers across the world.
 Internet is called a network as it creates a network
by connecting computers and servers across the
world using routers, switches and telephone lines,
and other communication devices and channels.
 It can be considered a global network of physical
cables such as copper telephone wires, fiber optic
cables, tv cables, etc.
 Furthermore, even wireless connections like 3G,
4G, or Wi-Fi make use of these cables to access the
Internet.
Applications of Internet
1. Communication
2. Web Browsing
3. Online Shopping
4. Real-Time Update
5. Social Media
6. Job Search
7. Education
8. Travel
9. Stock Market Update
10. Video Conferencing

1. Communication
Communication refers to exchanging ideas and
thoughts between people to create understanding. In
organizations, both formal and informal
communications take place. Formal communications
refer to official communications in orders, notes,
circulars, agenda etc. Informal communications are
usually in form of rumors, whispers, etc.
2. Web Browsing
Web Browsing is one of the applications of the
internet. A web browser is a program that helps the
user to interact with all the data in the WWW (World
Wide Web). There are many web browsers present in
today's world. Some of them are Google Chrome Safari
3. Online Shopping
The shops provide all the necessary details of a product
on their website, so the user can choose as per their
needs.
4. Real-Time Update
The internet makes things easier. One can quickly get
an update on things happening in real-time in any part
of world. For example sports, politics, business.
5. Social Media
Social media is a place where user can communicate
with anyone, like friends, family, classmates, etc. User
can promote their businesses on social media as well.
6. Job Search
The candidate can search for their dream job, apply
and get it very easily. Even companies nowadays post
their need on the internet and hire candidates as per
their skills based on the job role like LinkedIn.
7. Education
The Internet has a vital role in the education field. It
became an effective tool in both teaching and learning.
Teachers can upload their notes or learning videos on
the websites with the help of the internet.
8. Travel
Users can easily search for their favourite tourist places
worldwide and plan their trips. One can book holiday
trips, cabs, hotels, flight tickets, clubs, etc., with the
help of the Internet. Some websites that provide these
facilities are goibibo.com , makemytrip.com
9. Stock Market Update
The stock market is where individuals buy and sell
publicly traded company shares. Stock market updates
include vital data and statistics, like the current prices
of major stocks, individual stock prices, trading
volumes, market capitalization, and price movements.
10. Video Conferencing
It allows users in different locations to hold face-to-
face meetings. Video conferencing is a widely accepted
mode of communication among businesses, houses,
and other organizations.

Hardware Requirements of the Internet

Any one of the following must be present in order to
connect to the Internet.
 The Internet is connected over a telephone
connection using a Modem. A modem is the main
piece of gear you require. The modem you require
depends on the type of Internet access you select.
 The most crucial piece of hardware needed to
connect to the Internet is the NIC - Network
Interface Card (wired/wireless) facility. For
instance, the laptop might be tethered or
wirelessly connected to the internet.
 Utilising a cellular network, a dongle is used to
connect to the Internet.
 A Wi-Fi router or hotspot is used when using a
wireless network to access the Internet. A router is
a piece of hardware that enables you to create a
home network or many computers and other
devices connected to a single Internet connection.
You may build a home wireless network,
sometimes known as a Wi-Fi network, because
many routers are wireless.
 Cellular network-capable electronic device.
 Internet connectivity through wired and wireless
networks, cable TV, ISDN and dial-up connections.
Software Requirement
 The operating system should support the TCP/IP

(Transfer Control Protocol) and HTTP (HyperText

Transfer Protocol Secure) protocols, as well as
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), FTP (File
Transfer Protocol), and HTTP (HyperText Transfer
Protocol).
 Access to web apps like Outlook, Gmail, Whatsapp,

Facebook, Twitter, and others through browsers

and other Internet clients.

Other Requirements for Internet Connection Setup

You require a computer, a connecting device, and an
ISP in order to access the internet (ISP). An ISP is a firm
that connects people, companies, and organisations to
the internet. Additionally, it could offer services like
storage space for your personal data.
You can physically connect to your network connection
device using a cable or a wireless method. This wireless
method will often use the Wi-Fi protocol. The Wi-Fi
standard is compatible with the majority of wireless
devices.

Intranet
 An intranet is a private network to access
information.
 An intranet belongs to an organization which is
only accessible by organization's employee
 Main aim of intranet is to share the information
and resources among the organization employees.
 An intranet provides the facility to work in groups
and for teleconferences.
 A modern intranet is cloud-based, user-friendly,
and easily accessible by all employees, including
remote workers.

Applications of an Intranet
1. Improves internal communication
A modern intranet aims to encourage communication
across your organization
 Teams can have open discussions
  Individuals can share knowledge
 Leadership can stay in touch

 Departments can provide updates

And the best part is that communication flows both

ways. Anyone in the company can share information
and articles. everyone can provide feedback.
2. Connects company across locations and time zones
It’s a place where conversations occur, company news
is shared, and events are planned. Each employee and
location can see what’s happening throughout the
company, regardless of where they’re based.
3. Helps employees find information
Intranets can become source of information for a
company or business, where their employees can find
every updates.
4. Boosts recognition and reward
Recognition is an essential part of the employee
experience, and it serves to improve employees'
satisfaction and engagement levels. Intranets could
make this easier if it has a live feed or an integration
with a peer-to-peer recognition tool like Bonusly.
5. Simplifies employee onboarding
New hires can use it to find their feet with easy-to-
access documents, up-to-date organization charts, rich
bios on their peers, and a news hub that provides
information and insights into the company's culture.
6. Provides organizational clarity
Company intranets with clear and dynamic
organization charts provide clarity on set-up of your
company. This clarity help employees understand the
roles and responsibilities of individuals throughout
your business.
7.Bring your people together
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navigating the modern workplace.
8. Encourages knowledge sharing
Intranets aim to allow organic knowledge sharing to
grow as the person-to-person connections increase
and deepen across your company. In this way, the
company’s knowledge can grow rapidly even with
remote worker and more people share their learnings.
8. Reinforces your brand and values
 Publicly recognizing employees for living out your

unique company values

 Sharing web articles so people can celebrate

milestones
 Asking employees to share examples of the values

they see in daily work life

9. Reduces emails and meetings
Intranets with a good, integrated instant chat feature
make discussions easy. It improves communication, it
could make it easier to keep everyone informed as well
as garner feedback.
10. Brings your workplace culture to life
Intranets are supposed to bring your people together,
enriching your company culture in the process.
11. Improves employee engagement
The goal of engaging employees is to make them
happier, enjoy improved productivity, and be less likely
to leave. An intranet could improve engagement in a
number of ways.

Intranet advantages:
o Communication: It provides a cheap and easy

communication. An employee of organization can

communicate with other employee through email.
o Time-saving: Information on the intranet is shared

in real time, so it is time-saving.

o Collaboration: Collaboration is one of the most

important advantage of intranet. The information

is distributed among employees of organization
and can only be accessed by the authorized user.
 o Platform independency: It is a neutral architecture
as the computer can be connected to another
device with different architecture.
o Cost effective: People can see data and
documents by using the browser and distributes
the duplicate copies over the intranet. This leads
to a reduction in the cost.

S.NO Internet Intranet

Internet is used to connect different

1. networks of computers Intranet is owned by private firms.
simultaneously.

On the internet, there are multiple

2. On an intranet, there are limited users.
users.

3. Internet is unsafe. Intranet is safe.

On the internet, there is more In the intranet, there is less number of

4.
number of visitors. visitors.

5. Internet is a public network. Intranet is a private network.

The Internet provides unlimited

6. Intranet provides limited information.
information.

It is used for communication, An intranet is primarily used for internal

sharing of information, e-commerce, communication, collaboration, and
7.
education, entertainment, and other information sharing within an
purposes. organization.

Examples of intranet-based services

Examples of Internet-based services
include internal communications,
8. include email, social media, search
knowledge management systems, and
engines, and online shopping sites.
collaboration tools