UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 1

PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE ‘SELF’ ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

PHILOSOPHY > begins his theory of self-knowledge from
> comes from the Greek word philos which the claim that all our self-knowledge is
means love, Sophia that means wisdom. dependent on our experiences of the world
- love of wisdom around us
- study of general and fundamental problems > he pictures the mind as a sort of
that are connected to existence, beliefs, undetermined mental putty that takes shape
knowledge, mind, reason, and language - when it is activated when knowing something.
mother of all sciences > argues that our awareness of ourselves is
- without philosophy, life would be triggered and shaped by our experiences of
meaningless objects in our environment
DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF > rejects the view that the mind is
‘THE SELF’ always on > believes that man is
SOCRATES: “Know Thyself” composed of two forms: 1 MATTER
> one of the most egalitarian of philosopher > (HYLE) - common stuff that makes up
believes that anyone could do philosophy and everything in the universe
we all had an obligation to use philosophy to 2 FORM (MORPHE) – essence of a substance
examine our own lives or a thing
> Socratic – role of a questioner ata. ^ > soul animates the body which what makes
Socrates questions because he knows us a human RENE DESCARTES: “I Think
nothing, has nothing to learn, but can help therefore, I am” > believes that the mind is
followers to discover the truths the seat of our consciousness TWO DISTINCT
SELF IS COMPOSED OF TWO THINGS: 1 ENTITIES OF SELF:
PHYSICAL REALM – consist of anything 1 COGNITO - mind 2 EXTENZA – body
we sense, changing, and deteriorating > in his view, body is nothing else but a
- body – imperfect and perfect aspect machine that is attached to the mind
2 IDEAL REALM – concept of beauty, DAVID HUME
truth, and goodness, that’s unchanging > believes that all knowledge comes from the
& eternal senses and experiences (empiricism)
- soul – perfect and permanent > defines self as a bundle or collection off
aspect different perceptions ang impressions
! every man is composed of body & soul ! - impressions – basic object of our
worst thing that can happen to anyone is to experiences or sensation. it is the core
live, but die inside. of our thoughts
PLATO: “The Ideal Self, The Perfect Self”
- ideas – copies of impressions
> asserts that societies have a tripartite IMMANUEL KANT: “Respect for Self”
class structure: > believes that “all men are persons
1. appetite gifted with the same basic rights and
2. spirit should treat others as equal”
3. reason > morality – respect for persons
> justice in the human person can only be > asserts that consciousness is the central
attained if the three parts of the soul are feature of the self. it is divided into:
working harmoniously with one another and 1 INTERNAL SELF -composed of
supported the idea that man is a dual nature psychological states and informed decisions
of body and soul. THE HOLY BIBLE 2 EXTERNAL SELF – made up of
> Genesis 1:23-28 ourselves and the physical world where the
ST. AUGUSTINE representation of objects
> emphasizes that loving God means loving (nuraw?)
one’s fellowmen; and loving one’s fellowmen… ^pasok dito yung equality – same amount &
nakakatamad, basta related ‘to sa golden rule equity – based on needs
enemerut > he approaches the issue of human JOHN LOCKE: “Personal Identity”
nature from the perspective of existential > personal identity is founded on the
philosophy > approaches the theme of consciousness (memory), and not on the
humanity with particular tools that include substance of either the soul or body
experience, reason, and language
> agrees that man is a bifurcated nature
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 2

ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE ‘SELF’ are related, either by blood or marriage, living
ANTHROPOLOGY – study of humans, human in the same home
behavior, and societies in the past and present CHILDLESS FAMILY - sometimes the
CULTURE – how we act, think, and behave “forgotten family”. consists of two partners
based on the shared values of our societies. living and working together. STEP FAMILY –
it’s the customary beliefs, social forms, and blended family which involves two separate
material traits… families merging into one unit
3 MAIN ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
1 SYMBOLS – anything that carries a specific
meaning 2 VALUES – cultural standards that GENDER AND THE SELF
people use to decide what’s good or bad, BIOLOGICAL SEX - assigned at birth,
what’s right or wrong. it serves as the ideas depending on the appearance of the
and guidelines that we live by 3 NORMS – genitals GENDER IDENTITY – gender
rules and expectations that guide behavior that a person
within a society “identifies” with or feel themselves to be
THE SELF IN DIFFERENT CULTURAL GENDER – term used to denote the public
CONTEXT lived role as a boy or girl, man or woman,
COLLECTIVIST (selfless) – prioritization of the but in contrast to certain social
group over the self or individuals constructionist theories, biological factors
INDIVIDUALIST (selfish) – emphasis or as seen as contributing, in social and
prioritization of the individual over the entire
psychological factors to gender
group
development GENDER ASSIGNMENT –
2 FACES OF SELF ACCORING TO
refers to the initial assignment as male or
MARCEL MAUSS MOI – person’s sense of
who he is, his body, his basic identity, his female. occurs usually at birth and,
biological givenness thereby, yields the “notal gender” GENDER
PERSONNE – social concepts of what it means REASSIGNMENT – denotes an official
to be who he is legal change of gender
SOCIETY – group of individuals involved in GENDER IDENTITY – category of social
persistent social interaction, on a large social identity and refers to an individual’s
group sharing the same geographical or social identification as male, female, or
territory,… occasionally, some categories other male
- FAMILY – smallest unit of society and female
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE SELF GENDER DYSPHORIA – refers to an
IN WESTERN THOUGHT individual’s affective/cognitive discontent
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION is a shared with the assigned gender but is more
assumption or perception of the people in a specifically defined when used
society 1 INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF – always as a diagnostic category. it refers to the
conceived as the autonomous bounded distress that may accompany the
entity. from one to be autonomous, one must incongruence between one’s experienced
be able to show independence 2 SELF or expressed gender and one’s assigned
SUFFICIENCY – self must be able to supply gender
one’s needs without external assistance TRANSGENDER – refers to the broad
3 SELF BEING RATIONAL – there’s no time to spectrum of individuals who transiently or
be weak and emotional. self mustn’t waste the persistently identify with a gender different
resources on meditation and other from their natal gender TRANSSEXUAL –
metaphysical cognitions but be constantly
denotes an individual who seeks or had
rational and reasonable. everything must be
undergone, a social transition from male
explained by logic and reason
to female and vice versa
FAMILY STRUCTURES
TRANSVETISM – where a person
NUCLEAR FAMILY – traditional type of family
structure. consists of two parents and one occasionally wears clothes typically
child associated with the opposite gender for a
SINGLE PARENT FAMILY – consists of one variety of reasons GENDER QUEER – an
parent raising one or more children on his/her umbrella term used to
own describe gender identities other than man
EXTENDED FAMILY – consists of two or more and woman
adults who DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 3

NON-CONFORMITY TO GENDER ROLES ‘digitalized’

- strong desire to be another gender than 2 global migration produces multicultural
the assigned one and by the extent and identities
pervasiveness of gender variant activities 3 post-modern selves are “pluralized selves”
and interests. SELF CONSTRUCTION OF THE SELF
TRANSVETIC DISORDER – occurs in > self is not discovered, it’s made of
heterosexual or bisexual adolescents and socialization process
adult males (rarely in females) for whom > ikaw ang gumagawa ng kung sino ka
dressing-code behavior generates sexual > ‘self’ is acquired thru language
excitements REWRITING THE SELF AS AN ARTISTIC
CREATION
BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER -
> unity of the self is not pre-given but
focuses on the alternation or removal of a
accomplished thru conscious effort (Nietzsche)
specific body part because it is perceived
> individuals must fashion care for and
as abnormally formed, not because it cultivate themselves
represents a repudiated assigned gender. SELF CREATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR
SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE ‘SELF’ THE
CULTURAL RECOGNITION
SELF AS A PRODUCT OF MODERN
> challenge of self-identity amidst the
SOCIETY AMONG OTHERS recognition of racial and ethnic identities
CLIFFORD GEERTZ (1973) believes that the > self creation is grounded on collective
struggle for one’s individuality is only solidaritieis
possible in modern society where regional- MEAD’S THEORY OF ‘SELF’
theological traditions are gradually replaced GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (1863-1931) –
by rational and scientific calculations, and American sociologist best known as the
the intimate personal affiliations are founder of american pragmatism, a pioneer of
replaced by exceedingly impersonal symbolic interaction theory, and as one of the
associations brought about by urbanized founders of social psychology
way of life > maintains that the conception of a person
MODERNIZATION or DESTRUCTION OF who holds himself/herself in his/her mind
TRADITIONAL emerges from social interaction with others
WAY OF LIFE delocalizes the self. this poses > self is constructed and reconstructed in the
certain problems such: process of social experience and activity
1 new found freedom threatens the very TWO COMPONENTS OF SELF ACCORDING
authenticity of the ‘self’ TO MEAD:
2 ALIENATION – human beings 1: “ME”
haunted by the very images they’ve created > expectations and attitudes of others
3 objectification of the body organized into
4 dehumanization of self social self >
! and for the solution: for an individual to self as
discover the true/authentic part of them is a ‘object’
need to abolish > organized set of attitudes of others
repressive social 2 “I”
constraints SELF AS > reponse to the “me” or the person’s
NECESSARY FICTION individuality
for Nietzsche, self is the sum of an > self as ‘subject’
individual’s actions, thoughts, and feelings. it > response to an individual to the attitude of
is nothing more than a metaphor, a others
representation of something abstract, MEAD’S STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF
symbolic. SELF PREPARATORY STAGE – children
POSTMODERN VIEW OF THE SELF mimic those around them
> complicated with electronic mediated-virtual PLAY STAGE – children play, pretend, and do
interaction of cyber self, such as change in not adhere to the rules in organized games
appearance > according to N. Green, self is GAME STAGE – begin to understand and
digitalized in cyberspace, a virtual version of adhere the rules of games.t they begin to play
who we are more formalized games because they begin to
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE understand people’s
MANIFESTATIONS: perspectives
1 info tech dislocates the self , thus the self is
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 4

LOOKING GLASS SELF b FIXATION – arrest on the development on

> part of how we see ourselves comes from our which the person doesn’t progress normally
perceptions of how others see us (Charles from stage to stage but remains overly
Horton involved in one particular stage FREUD’S
Cooley) STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL
SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY: our sense of DEVELOPMENT
self is influenced by comparisons with others stage Age Erogenou actuvities Personality
SOCIAL COMPARISON – we learn about our range s zone characteristics
abilities and skills, about the appropriateness oral Birth - Pangsense Suck, bite, Excessive
and validity of our behaviors with others 2 lick smoking…
SELF-LABELING – when we adopt others’
anal 2-3 Anal/ Toilet Stubborn/perf
labels explicitly into our self-concept buttocks training ectionist
INTERNALIZE PREJUDICE – individuals turn
phallic 3-6 Penis and Sex Attraction for a
prejudice directed toward them by others onto
clitoris attraction man and
themselves PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE to opposite woman w
SELF sex: father/mother
SIGMUND FREUD’S CONCEPT (three parts odeipus characs:
of mind): CONSCIOUS – thoughts of which &Elektra Castration
you are currently aware compex anxiety and
PRECONSCIOUS – all thoughts you could penis envy
bring into consciousness, thoughts that can
be easily recalled without special techniques
UNCONSCIOUS – material that we have no latency 6 - Playing socializatio Resolution of
immediate consciousness to, and sometimes puberty game/so n the Oedipus
we can’t bring into cializing and elektra
consciousness FREUD’S CONCEPT OF complex
ANXIETY sex and aggression share the genital adultho Genital Heterosexu
center of Freudian Dynamic Theory with the od regions al
concept of anxiety >> Freud defines anxiety relationship
as a felt, affective, unpleasant state ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL
accompanied by a physical sensation that DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
warns the person against impending danger
Stage age Features
DEFENSE MECHANISM – thoughts to
safeguard the mind against feelings and 1 trust vs Birth – 1 Whether a child
thought that is difficult for the mistrust come to trust or
(infancy) mistrust
conscious mind to cope with
themselves…
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
Freud used the german word TRIEB – drive or 2 autonomy vs 2–3 Society creates
shame and on children a
stimulus within the person. it operates as a doubt new conflict
constant motivational force, including sex (early
drive (libido) and aggression drive childhood)
A. SEX (Eros) – aim of the drive is 3 initiative vs 3–5 Gain a greater
pleasure a NARCISSISM – primarily self- guilt freedom in
centered infant, libido’s invested only on (play age) exploring
their ego 4 industry vs 6 – 12 Determination
b LOVE – people invest their libido in an inferiority of the child to
object or person other than themselves c (school master what
SADISM (pananakit sa iba) – sexual pleasure age) they are doing
by inflicting pain or humiliation on another 5 identity 12 – 18 Seek
person d MASOCHISM (pananakit sa sarili) - cohesion vs role independence
sexual pleasure from suffering pain and confusion from parents
humiliation inflicted by themselves or others (adolescence &
B. AGGRESSION (Thanatos) – puberty)
destructive drive. aim is to return the 6 intimacy vs 19 – 30 Reach out &
organism to an organic state. a isolation make contact
EROGENOUS ZONE – part or area of one’s with other
body that will satisfy the activity’
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 5

7 generativity 31 – 60 Sense of FOUR MAIN TYPES OF GROWTH AND

vs stagnation productivity DEVELOPMENT
(adulthood) and creativity 1 PHYSICAL –body growth (height & weight
8 integrity vs 60 - death Facing reality, changes)
despair (old recognizing, 2 MENTAL – intellectual development
age) and accepting (problem-solving) 3 EMOTIONAL – refers to
other feelings (dealing with emotions)
WILLIAM JAMES’ 4 SOCIAL – interaction and relationship with
CONCEPT TWO ASPECTS other
OF THE SELF: people
1 “I SELF” – reflects what people see or MATURATION
perceive themselves doing in the physical >> completion of growth and development
world within the organism
>> for James, “I” part of self was the thinking >> unfolding of an individual’s inherent traits
self, which couldn’t be further divided or
>> linked this part of the self to the person’s potentials
soul, or what’s now thought of as the mind TYPES OF MATURATION
2 “ME SELF” – individual’s reflection about PHYSICAL MATURATION – refers to physical
themselves changes that occur as we age
THREE COMPONENTS OF “ME SELF” COGNITIVE MATURATION - the way we
MATERIAL SELF – tangible object or change our thinking patterns throughout the
possessions we collect for ourselves/things life span and our principles in life
that belong to a person - body is the core FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
of the material self SOCIAL SELF – how we PHYSICAL SELF HEREDITY (nature) –
interact and portray ourselves; it’s who we transmissions of traits or characteristics from
are in a given situation parents to offspring. it’s through the genes,
SPIRITUAL SELF – internal dispositions, it is heredity potentials like mental, physical, …
who we are ENVIRONMENT (nurture) – forces or
at our core experiences that a person undergoes from very
CARL ROGER’S CONCEPT stages of life. it refers to all
SELF CONCEPT – individual’s perceptions of the environmental variables that impact who
his/her abilities,… someone’s beliefs of who we are
he/she is STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
- REAL SELF – self as a result of Stage/a Physical Mental Emotional Social Needs
experiences ge dev. dev. dev. dev.
- IDEAL SELF – self the person would like Infancy Most Make Love
(birth – dramati their and
to be c and
1) needs securit
rapid known by y
change crying
s
THE PHYSICAL SELF: HEREDITY AND
happen
ENVIRONMENT GROWTH VS. during
DEVELOPMENT 1st year
GROWTH Early Verbal More Basic
> process of physical maturation, increasing childho growth frustrate necessi
the size of od (1 – progress/s when they ties
body and various organs 6) hort life cant
span,… perform as
> it is the quantitative changes of the self
desired
DEVELOPMENT
Middle preadol Centers Fear of Same
> process of functional and physiological childho escence on the surroundin with
maturation od school g
infancy
and
> progressive increase in skills and capacity to (610) early
function > changes in psychological, childhoo
emotional, and social d
changes Late Most Increase Stormy More Basic
> qualitative changes of self childho dramati in and time w needs
od c knowledg in conflict friends
(1016) e and than
skills family
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 6

Early Enterin Cant Roller Expand thoughts, and behaviors SEXUAL

adolesc g consider coaster, their ORIENTATION – enduring pattern of
ence puberty the low self social
esteem,
emotional, romantic, and/or sexual
longterm interact
conseque mood ions to
attractions. refers to sexual
nces swings,… group identity
Mid Reach Ability to Weird Finding THE CIRCLES OF SEXUALITY
adol. their think & emotional peer SENSUALITY – awareness and feeling about
adult solve time groups your own body and other people’s body
height problems and SEXUAL INTIMACY – ability to be emotionally
friends
close to another human being and to accept
Late More Better Develop Circles closeness in return SEXUAL IDENTITY –
adol. interest undestan more begin
ed in ding confidence to person who understands who he/she is
fitness.. expand sexually, how each person sees
Mid Hair Understan Period of His himself/herself REPRODUCTION AND
adultho begins d life and contentme parent SEXUAL HEALTH – capacity to reproduce and
od to learned to nt or crisis become the behaviors and attitudes that make sexual
gray… cope ill,…
has to
relationships healthy and enjoyable
fulfill SEXUALIZATION – people behave sexually to
duties influence, manipulate, or control other people
Late Is on Alzheimer’s THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE,
adultho decline. disease ATTRACTION, AND ATTACHMENT
od affecte can lead …
LOVE VS LUST
d lahat emerut
ng body > driven by the sex hormones testosterones
systems and estrogen
> stage of lust - you feel physically attracted
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT and drawn to the object of your attention
- Jean Piaget ATTRACTION – being obsess about your lover
SCHEME – concept or idea how the world and crave his/her presence. you feel the urge
works. it describes a pattern of thought or to extra energy and excitement as you
behavior that organizes knowledge… fantasize about the things you’ll do together
ASSIMILATION – individual’s adaptation (being delulu it is)
process where we take in new infos and ATTACHMENT – bond helping the couple to
experiences and incorporates them into our take their relationship to advanced levels. it
existing ideas instigates the feeling of bearing children and
ACCOMODATION – changing something in a falling in love. involves wanting to make a
schema to fit a new experience. happens when more lasting commitment to your loved one
schema(knowledge) doesn’t work and needs to JOHN LEE’S LOVE STYLES
be changed PIAGET’S COGNITIVE 1 EROS – strong sexual and emotional
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY 1 SENSORI- component that quickly faded
MOTOR STAGE – develop through 2 AGAPE – selfless love that doesn’t
experiences and movement of our 5 senses 2 expect love in return
PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE – have lots of 3 STORGE – love-related friendship,
fantasies and believed objects. we become perceive love as a slow process and don’t
curious and ask many questions. we want to suddenly fall in love 4 LUDUS – love is just a
know everything 3 CONCRETE game/entertainment. they don’t value
OPERATIONAL STAGE – discover the logic relationships
and develop concrete cognitive operations 4 5 MANIA – obsessive and possessive love due
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE – think to intense feelings
rationally about abstract concepts and SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR – involves more
hypothetical events.we can philosophize than one person and is expressed thru
heterosexual and homosexual behavior
THE SEXUAL SELF SOLITARY BEHAVIOR – involves only one
>> part of yourself where you learn and indiv utilizing masturbation
understand your SEXUAL INTERCOURSE – one of the most
sexual development common behaviors among humans. behavior
HUMAN SEXUALITY that may producw sexual pleasure that often
culminates in orgasm MISCONCEPTIONS OF
SEXUALITY- more than sexual
feelings/intercourse. includes feelings, HAVING SEX
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 7

>all teens are having sex

> having sex makes you mature and adult
> a girl can’t get pregnant if she’s
menstruating
> oral sex is not sex
FACTORS THAT ENCOURAGE HAVING A
PREMARITAL SEX
> lack of parental supervision
> sexually active friends
> unsupportive family relationships
> poor spiritual exercises
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD)
CHLAMYDIA - caused by a bacteria called
chlamydia trachomatis
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) – most
common
sexually transmitted infection. harmless and
goes away by itself, pero minsa, it can lead to
cancer HERPEX SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) -
infection that causes herpes. herpes can
appear in various parts of the body, most
commonly on genitals or mouth HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND
AIDS > attacks the immune system leaving its
host much more vulnerable to infections and
diseases
> lifelong condition and no cure
> it’s possible to manage HIV and live with
the virus for many years with the help of
antiretroviral therapy > without treatment,
a person with HIV is likely to develop a
serious condition called ACQUIRED IMMUNE
DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS).

! having sex isn’t always a healthy choice

! abstinence is an option