1.

Impact of information system on organization hierarchies and more decentralized

decision-making. This can enhance agility
Improved Decision-Making:
and responsiveness.
• Impact: Information systems provide real-
• Example: A small retail store adopts a
time data and analytical tools that enable
Point of Sale (POS) system to replace
managers to make informed decisions
manual cash registers.
quickly. This leads to better strategic
planning and problem-solving. Data-Driven Culture:
• Example: A retail company using data • Impact: With the widespread use of
analytics to forecast demand and adjust information systems, organizations
inventory levels accordingly. increasingly rely on data to guide all levels
of decision-making, fostering a culture of
Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity:
data-driven insights.
• Impact: Automating routine tasks and
• Example: Retailers using big data
streamlining processes through
analytics to understand customer behavior
information systems can lead to significant
and personalize their shopping experience.
efficiency gains. This reduces costs and
increases productivity. Risk Management and Compliance:
• Example: Automated payroll systems • Impact: Information systems help
reduce manual processing time, allowing organizations manage risks by ensuring
HR teams to focus on more strategic tasks. compliance with regulations, monitoring
for potential security breaches, and
Better Communication and Collaboration:
maintaining audit trails.
• Impact: Information systems enable
• Example: Financial institutions using
seamless communication and collaboration
information systems to detect fraudulent
across different departments and
activities and comply with regulatory
geographical locations, fostering a more
requirements.
integrated organizational culture.
Innovation and New Business Models:
• Example: Collaboration platforms like
Slack or Microsoft Teams help employees • Impact: Information systems enable
work together effectively, regardless of organizations to innovate and explore new
their physical location. business models, often disrupting
traditional industries.
Competitive Advantage:
• Example: The rise of e-commerce
• Impact: Organizations that leverage
platforms has transformed retail by
information systems effectively can gain a
enabling businesses to operate online,
competitive edge by optimizing
reaching a global audience.
operations, enhancing customer
experiences, and innovating faster than 2.Impact of information system on society
competitors.
Improved Access to Information:
• Example: Companies using customer
• Impact: Information systems make vast
relationship management (CRM) systems
amounts of data easily accessible to people
to personalize marketing efforts and
worldwide. This has democratized access
improve customer satisfaction.
to knowledge, enabling individuals to
Organizational Transformation: educate themselves, stay informed, and
participate in global discussions.
• Impact: Information systems can drive
significant changes in the organizational
structure, often leading to flatter
• Example: Online platforms like Google or personal data can lead to misuse or
Wikipedia provide instant access to breaches, threatening individual privacy.
information on nearly any topic.
• Example: Data breaches in large
Enhanced Communication: companies can expose sensitive
information like credit card numbers and
• Impact: Information systems facilitate
personal identities, leading to financial and
communication across vast distances,
personal harm.
making it easier for people to connect and
collaborate globally. This has transformed Social Change and Movements:
how we interact, work, and maintain
• Impact: Information systems have
relationships.
empowered social movements by
• Example: Social media platforms like providing tools for organization,
Facebook, WhatsApp, and Twitter allow communication, and raising awareness on
people to communicate instantly with a global scale. This has amplified voices
friends, family, and colleagues, regardless and accelerated social change.
of location.
• Example: Movements like #MeToo and
Economic Growth and Job Creation: Black Lives Matter have gained traction
through social media, mobilizing people
• Impact: The rise of information systems
and influencing public opinion.
has led to the creation of new industries
and job opportunities, particularly in Digital Divide:
technology, e-commerce, and digital
• Impact: While information systems have
services. It has also enabled more efficient
brought many advancements, they have
business operations, contributing to
also highlighted and, in some cases,
economic growth.
widened the gap between those with access
• Example: The growth of the tech industry to technology and those without, known as
has created jobs in software development, the digital divide. This divide can
cybersecurity, data analysis, and IT exacerbate social inequalities.
support.
• Example: In rural or economically
Changes in Education: disadvantaged areas, limited access to
high-speed internet and digital devices can
• Impact: Information systems have
restrict opportunities for education and
transformed education by enabling e-
employment.
learning, online courses, and access to a
wealth of educational resources. This has Impact on Work and Employment:
made education more accessible and
• Impact: Information systems have
flexible, accommodating different learning
changed how and where we work,
styles and schedules.
enabling remote work, freelancing, and the
• Example: Online learning platforms like gig economy. However, they have also led
Coursera and Khan Academy offer courses to the automation of certain jobs,
from top universities and institutions to potentially displacing workers.
students worldwide.
• Example: Remote work became more
Privacy and Security Concerns: common during the COVID-19 pandemic,
with many companies adopting
• Impact: While information systems offer
information systems to manage work-
many benefits, they also raise concerns
from-home employees.
about privacy and security. The
widespread collection and storage of
3.Design MIS for education system ▪ Scheduling tool for
assigning classes and
• Purpose: To manage and streamline the
duties.
administrative tasks of an educational
institution, improve decision-making, and 3. Course and Curriculum Management:
enhance communication among
o Functions:
stakeholders (students, teachers,
administrators, and parents). ▪ Course creation and
management.
• Users: Administrators, teachers, students,
parents, and staff. ▪ Curriculum planning and
updates.
2. Core Modules
▪ Assignment and exam
1. Student Information Management:
scheduling.
o Functions:
▪ Grading systems.
▪ Student registration and
o Features:
enrollment.
▪ Dashboard for curriculum
▪ Personal information
planners to track course
management (name,
development.
address, contact details).
▪ Integration with online
▪ Academic records (grades,
learning platforms.
attendance, progress
reports). 4. Attendance Management:
▪ Disciplinary records. o Functions:
▪ Health records. ▪ Recording daily attendance
for students and staff.
o Features:
▪ Generating attendance
▪ Searchable student
reports.
database.
▪ Alert system for excessive
▪ Report generation for
absences.
individual students or
groups. o Features:
2. Faculty and Staff Management: ▪ Integration with RFID or
biometric systems for
o Functions:
automated attendance.
▪ Staff records (personal
▪ Parental notifications for
details, qualifications,
student absences.
employment history).
5. Timetable and Scheduling:
▪ Class assignments and
schedules. o Functions:
▪ Performance evaluations. ▪ Creation of class schedules
and timetables.
▪ Payroll management.
▪ Room allocation and
o Features:
resource management.
▪ Automated payroll
▪ Exam scheduling.
processing.
 o Features: ▪ Financial reports (fees,
expenses).
▪ Automated conflict
resolution in scheduling. ▪ Customizable dashboards
for administrators.
▪ Notifications for schedule
changes. o Features:
6. Communication and Collaboration: ▪ Data visualization tools
(charts, graphs).
o Functions:
▪ Export options for reports
▪ Internal messaging system
(PDF, Excel).
for teachers, students, and
parents. 9. Parental Access Portal:
▪ Announcements and o Functions:
notifications.
▪ View student’s academic
▪ Feedback and survey tools. records, attendance, and
progress reports.
o Features:
▪ Communication with
▪ Mobile app integration for
teachers and administration.
real-time updates.
▪ Fee payment and financial
▪ Discussion forums for
records.
student and teacher
interactions. o Features:
7. Library Management: ▪ Secure login for parents.
o Functions: ▪ Mobile app access.
▪ Cataloging and managing 10. Financial Management:
library resources.
o Functions:
▪ Book lending and return
▪ Tuition and fee
tracking.
management.
▪ Search and reservation
▪ Budgeting and expense
system.
tracking.
o Features:
▪ Financial aid and
▪ Integration with student and scholarships.
staff accounts for
o Features:
borrowing history.
▪ Online fee payment
▪ Automated overdue
gateway.
notifications.
▪ Integration with accounting
8. Reporting and Analytics:
systems.
o Functions:
3. System Architecture
▪ Generating academic
• Database: Centralized relational database
performance reports.
to store all data (MySQL, PostgreSQL).
▪ Attendance reports and
• User Interface: Web-based and mobile-
trends.
friendly interface for ease of access.
 • Security: Role-based access control, data optimizes inventory and reduces costs,
encryption, and secure login mechanisms. allowing them to maintain low prices and
dominate the retail market.
• Integration: APIs for integration with
other systems (e.g., online learning 2. Differentiation
platforms, external databases).
• Impact: Information systems enable
• Backup and Recovery: Regular companies to offer unique products or
automated backups and a disaster recovery services that stand out from competitors.
plan. This could be through personalized
customer experiences, innovative products,
4. Implementation Considerations
or enhanced service offerings.
• Scalability: Design the system to
• Example: Amazon’s recommendation
accommodate future growth, such as the
engine uses data analytics to offer
addition of new campuses or increased
personalized product suggestions,
student enrollment.
enhancing the shopping experience and
• Customization: Allow for customization increasing customer loyalty.
of certain modules to fit the specific needs
3. Innovation
of different educational institutions.
• Impact: Information systems facilitate
• Training: Provide training sessions for
innovation by providing tools and data for
staff and teachers to effectively use the
the development of new products, services,
system.
or business models. Companies that
• Support: Offer ongoing technical support innovate faster and more effectively can
and maintenance to ensure the system runs capture market share and create new
smoothly. market opportunities.

5. Benefits • Example: Apple’s integration of hardware,

software, and services through its
• Streamlined administrative processes. ecosystem (iOS, App Store, iCloud) has
• Improved data accuracy and reporting. led to continuous innovation, setting them
apart from competitors and maintaining
• Enhanced communication among their market leadership.
stakeholders.
4. Operational Efficiency
• Better resource management and planning.
• Impact: Information systems improve the
• Informed decision-making based on real- efficiency of business processes, allowing
time data. companies to operate faster and with
4. Discuss competitive advantage achieved in greater accuracy. This efficiency can lead
information system to faster time-to-market, better quality
control, and more responsive customer
1. Cost Leadership service.
• Impact: Information systems can help an • Example: Toyota’s use of Just-In-Time
organization reduce operational costs (JIT) manufacturing and information
through automation, optimization, and systems has significantly reduced waste
better resource management. By lowering and inventory costs, leading to higher
costs, a company can offer products or efficiency and profitability in the
services at a lower price than competitors, automotive industry.
attracting more customers.
5. Customer Intimacy
• Example: Walmart uses a sophisticated
supply chain management system that
 • Impact: Information systems enable where trends and consumer preferences
companies to build closer relationships change rapidly.
with their customers by collecting and
• Example: Zara uses real-time data from
analyzing data to understand their needs
stores to adjust inventory and production
and preferences better. This can result in
quickly, allowing it to bring new fashion
higher customer satisfaction and loyalty.
trends to market faster than traditional
• Example: CRM (Customer Relationship retailers.
Management) systems used by companies
9. Enhanced Collaboration and Innovation
like Salesforce allow businesses to track
customer interactions, personalize • Impact: Information systems foster
communication, and provide tailored collaboration among employees, partners,
services, leading to stronger customer and customers. This collaboration can lead
relationships. to more creative problem-solving, quicker
product development, and more effective
6. Market Reach and Globalization
innovation.
• Impact: Information systems enable
• Example: Microsoft Teams and other
companies to expand their market reach by
collaboration platforms enable
providing platforms for e-commerce,
organizations to work together seamlessly
digital marketing, and global supply
across departments and geographies,
chains. This allows businesses to tap into
accelerating innovation and improving
international markets and serve a broader
project outcomes.
customer base.
10. Improved Compliance and Risk
• Example: Alibaba leverages its e-
Management
commerce platform to connect millions of
buyers and sellers globally, allowing it to • Impact: Information systems help
dominate the online retail market in China organizations manage regulatory
and expand internationally. compliance and mitigate risks by
providing tools for monitoring, reporting,
7. Data-Driven Decision Making
and auditing. This reduces the risk of legal
• Impact: Information systems provide issues and enhances the organization’s
access to vast amounts of data, enabling reputation.
companies to make informed decisions
• Example: Financial institutions use
based on real-time insights. This can
advanced information systems to monitor
improve strategic planning, reduce risks,
transactions in real-time, detect fraudulent
and identify new opportunities faster than
activities, and ensure compliance with
competitors.
international regulations.
• Example: Google uses big data analytics
5.MIS and components
to continuously refine its search algorithms
and ad targeting, ensuring that it remains • Management Information System (MIS) is
the dominant player in the online a computer-based system that processes
advertising market. data into information to support
management, operations, and decision-
8. Speed and Agility
making in an organization. An MIS
• Impact: Information systems enable provides managers with tools to organize,
companies to respond quickly to market evaluate, and manage departments
changes, customer demands, or efficiently.
technological advancements. This agility
• Hardware: The term hardware refers to
can be a critical advantage in industries
machinery. This category includes the
computer itself, which is often referred to
 as the central processing unit (CPU), and
all of its support equipment’s. Among the
support equipment’s are input and output
devices, storage devices and
communications devices.
• Software: The term software refers to
computer programs and the manuals (if
any) that support them. Computer
programs are machine-readable
instructions that direct the circuitry within
the hardware parts of
the Computer Based Information
System (CBIS) to function in ways that
produce useful information from data.
• Data: Data are facts that are used by
program to produce useful information.
Like programs, data are generally stored in
machine-readable form from disk until
the computer needs them.
• Procedures: Procedures are the policies
that govern the operation of
a computer system. “Procedures are to
people what software is to hardware” is a
common analogy that is used to illustrate
the role of procedures in a CBIS.
• People: Every Computer
Based Information System (CBIS) needs
people if it is to be useful. Often the most
over-looked element of the CBIS is the
people: probably the components that most
influence the success or failure of
information system.