Chapter 1

Dates and Events:

○ 1453: Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks.

○ 1454: Pope Nicholas V gave Prince Henry of Portugal the right to navigate the sea to the distant
shores of the Orient.
○ 1487: Portuguese navigator Bartholomew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
○ 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas divided the non-Christian world between Portugal and Spain.
○ 1497: Portuguese ships set out for India.
○ 1498: Vasco Da Gama arrived in Calicut, India.
○ 1500: Pedro Alvarez Cabral arrived in Calicut and established a factory.
○ 1505: Francisco De Almeida appointed as the governor of Portuguese interests in India.
○ 1510: Albuquerque captured Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur.
○ 1529: Nino da Cunha appointed as the governor of Portuguese interests in India.
○ 1534: Bahadur Shah of Gujarat ceded Bassein to the Portuguese.
○ 1570: Treaties signed between Goa and the Deccan sultans.
○ 1580-81: Union of the two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal.
○ 1612: English ship Dragon successfully fought a Portuguese fleet.
○ 1632: Mughal siege of Hooghly began, leading to its capture three months later.
○ 1739: Marathas captured Salsette and Bassein from the Portuguese.
○ 1961: Government of India recaptured Goa, Daman, and Diu from the Portuguese.
● Persons and Their Activities:
○ Prince Henry of Portugal ('Navigator') - Obsessed with finding an ocean route to India.
○ Vasco Da Gama - Led the expedition that arrived in Calicut in 1498.
○ Bartholomew Dias - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.
○ Pedro Alvarez Cabral - Arrived in Calicut in 1500 and established a factory.
○ Francisco De Almeida - Appointed governor in 1505, implemented the Blue Water Policy.
○ Alfonso de Albuquerque - Succeeded Almeida, established Portuguese power in the East.
○ Nino da Cunha - Governor who shifted the headquarters to Goa in 1530.
○ William Hawkins - English captain who reached Surat in 1608.
○ Captain Best - English captain who, in 1612, successfully fought a Portuguese fleet.
● Places with Associated Details:
○ Calicut - Arrival of Vasco Da Gama in 1498, major trade center.
○ Goa - Portuguese capital, captured by Albuquerque in 1510.
○ Hooghly - Portuguese settlement, captured by Mughals in 1632.
○ Surat - English sought permission from Jahangir to do business in India in 1608.
● Organizations with Associated Details:
○ Portuguese State - Estado Português da India was a significant element in Indian history.
○ Jesuits - Played a role in the religious policy of the Portuguese in India.
● Quantitative Details:

1
 ○ 1,300 miles west of the Cape Verde Islands - Imaginary line dividing the non-Christian world
between Portugal and Spain.
○ 400 - Mansabdar position offered to William Hawkins by Jahangir.
○ Rs 30,000 - Salary offered to William Hawkins as a Mansabdar.
○ 1,300 miles: Distance west of the Cape Verde Islands dividing Portuguese and Spanish territories
under the Treaty of Tordesillas.
○ 11 months: Time taken for the Portuguese expedition to India in 1497-1498.
○ Rs 30,000: Salary offered to Captain William Hawkins by Jahangir.
○ 1,000 men: Loss suffered by the Mughals during the siege of Hooghly in 1632.
● Dates and Events:
○ 1596: Cornelis de Houtman, the first Dutchman, reaches Sumatra and Bantam.
○ 1602: The States-General of the Netherlands amalgamates trading companies into the East India
Company of the Netherlands.
○ 1605: The Dutch found their first factory in Masulipatnam.
○ 1609: The Dutch open a factory in Pulicat.
○ 1616: The Dutch establish a factory in Surat.
○ 1623: Massacre of ten Englishmen and nine Japanese by the Dutch at Amboyna.
○ 1667: Compromise between the Dutch and the British, with the Dutch withdrawing claims on
Indonesia, and the British withdrawing from India.
○ 1759: Defeat of the Dutch by the English in the Battle of Hooghly.
○ 1580: Francis Drake's voyage around the world.
○ 1588: English victory over the Spanish Armada.
○ 1599: Formation of the 'Merchant Adventurers' by English merchants.
○ December 31, 1600: Queen Elizabeth I issues a charter to the English East India Company.
○ 1609: Captain Hawkins arrives in the court of Jahangir.
○ 1611: English trading starts at Masulipatnam.
○ 1612: Captain Thomas Best defeats the Portuguese off Surat.
○ 1632: The English receive the 'Golden Farman' from the Sultan of Golconda.
○ 1662: Bombay is gifted to King Charles II by the King of Portugal.
○ 1682: William Hedges appeals to Shaista Khan for the establishment of a fortified settlement at
Hooghly.
○ February 1690: Treaty signed with the Mughals, returning to Sutanuti.
○ February 10, 1691: English factory established at Sutanuti.
○ 1701–1702: Sir William Norris serves as an ambassador to the court of Aurangzeb for the new
English company.
○ 1708: Amalgamation of two English companies into the United Company of Merchants of England
Trading to the East Indies.
● Persons and their Activities:
○ Cornelis de Houtman: First Dutchman to reach Sumatra and Bantam in 1596.
○ William Hawkins: English captain who arrived at Jahangir's court in 1609.
○ Captain Thomas Best: Defeated the Portuguese off Surat in 1612.
○ Sir Thomas Roe: Accredited ambassador of James I to the court of Jahangir in 1615.
○ Job Charnock: Negotiated with the Mughals and signed a treaty in 1690.
○ John Surman: Led an English mission to the court of Farrukhsiyar in 1715.
2
● Places and Associated Details:
○ Dutch Establishments: Masulipatnam, Nagapatam, Pulicat, Surat, Bimlipatam, Karaikal, Chinsura,
Baranagar, Kasimbazar, Balasore, Patna, Cochin, etc.
○ English Establishments: Masulipatnam, Surat, Agra, Ahmedabad, Broach, Hooghly, Kasimbazar,
Patna, Rajmahal, Hariharpur, Balasore, Hooghly, Calcutta (Fort William), etc.
● Organizations and Associated Details:
○ Dutch East India Company: Formed in 1602, empowered for trade, war, treaties, territory
possession, and fortress erection.
○ East India Company of the Netherlands: Amalgamation of trading companies by the States-General
in 1602.
○ English East India Company: Formed in 1600, charter issued by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600, and later
merged with a rival company in 1708.
● Quantitative Details:
○ 15 years: Initial monopoly granted to the English East India Company in 1600.
○ Rs 3,000: Annual payment to trade in Bengal by the English in 1651.
○ Rs 10,000: Annual payment by the English in Surat to be exempted from all duties.
○ Rs 1,200: Payment made by the English to buy the zamindari of Sutanuti, Gobindapur, and Kalikata in
1698.
○ 500 pagodas: Annual payment by the English to trade in Golconda in 1632.
● Dates and Events:
○ 1664: Foundation of Compagnie des Indes Orientales (French East India Company).
○ 1667: Francois Caron heads an expedition to India, sets up a factory in Surat.
○ 1669: Mercara, a Persian, with Caron, founds another French factory in Masulipatnam.
○ 1673: French obtain permission from Shaista Khan to establish a township at Chandernagore.
○ 1674: Pondicherry founded by Sher Khan Lodi, and Francois Martin becomes the French governor.
○ 1693: Dutch capture Pondicherry during the War between the Dutch and the French.
○ 1697: Treaty of Ryswick restores Pondicherry to the French.
○ Early 18th century: French abandon factories at Surat, Masulipatnam, and Bantam.
○ 1706: Francois Martin dies.
○ 1720: French company reorganizes as the 'Perpetual Company of the Indies.'
○ 1740: First Carnatic War begins.
○ 1746: French seize Madras during the First Carnatic War.
○ 1748: Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle ends the First Carnatic War.
○ 1749-54: Second Carnatic War.
○ 1751: Robert Clive attacks and captures Arcot during the Second Carnatic War.
○ 1754: Recall of Dupleix, Godeheu becomes the new French governor.
○ 1756-63: Seven Years’ War in Europe; Third Carnatic War in India.
○ 1760: Battle of Wandiwash, English victory over French forces.
○ 1761: Lally surrenders Pondicherry.
○ 1763: Treaty of Peace of Paris restores French factories in India.
● Persons and Activities:
○ Colbert: Laid the foundation of the French East India Company in 1664.
○ Louis XIV: Grants a 50-year monopoly to the French East India Company.
○ Francois Caron: Heads an expedition to India in 1667, sets up a factory in Surat.
3
 ○ Mercara: Persian who founded a French factory in Masulipatnam in 1669.
○ Sher Khan Lodi: Grants a site for the settlement of Pondicherry in 1673.
○ Francois Martin: Becomes the French governor of Pondicherry in 1674.
○ Admiral La Bourdonnais: French governor of Mauritius, helps in capturing Madras in 1746.
○ Robert Clive: Attacks and captures Arcot in 1751 during the Second Carnatic War.
○ Joseph Francis Dupleix: Governor-General of Pondicherry, plays a key role in the Carnatic Wars.
○ Godeheu: Succeeds Dupleix as the French governor in India.
○ Count de Lally: French commander in the Third Carnatic War, defeated at Wandiwash in 1760.
● Places with Associated Details:
○ Surat: French set up a factory in 1667.
○ Masulipatnam: French factory founded in 1669.
○ Chandernagore: Township established by the French in 1673.
○ Pondicherry: Founded in 1674, becomes a stronghold of the French.
○ Madras: Seized by the French in 1746 during the First Carnatic War.
○ Arcot: Captured by Robert Clive in 1751 during the Second Carnatic War.
○ Wandiwash: Decisive battle in 1760 during the Third Carnatic War.
● Organizations with Associated Details:
○ Compagnie des Indes Orientales (French East India Company): Founded in 1664 by Colbert.
○ 'Perpetual Company of the Indies': Reorganized French company in 1720.
○ English East India Company: Involved in the Anglo-French Struggle for Supremacy.
● Quantitative Details:
○ 50-year monopoly granted to the French East India Company by Louis XIV.
○ Pondicherry defended by Lally for eight months during the Third Carnatic War.

War/Treaty Year Background Key Events Result/Significance

4
 French desire for

East India trade;

Colbert, minister of
founded during
Louis XIV, laid the Initial effort to revive
Louis XIV's reign;
foundation; Madagascar failed;
Compagnie des granted a 50-year
1664 establishment of factories established in
Indes Orientales monopoly on French
factories in Surat India; Chandernagore
trade in Indian and
(1667) and founded in 1673.
Pacific Oceans;
Masulipatnam (1669).
concession for

Madagascar.

French governor

Sher Khan Lodi

granted a site for French factories in French position affected

settlement in other coastal by Dutch war (1693) and

Establishment of
1674 Pondicherry (1673); regions; Pondicherry War of Spanish Succession
Pondicherry
Francois Martin developed as French (early 18th century);

replaced Caron; stronghold. factories abandoned.

expansion of French

trading centers.

5
 French company

reorganized as Revival of French

'Perpetual Company strength; enhanced

French India backed by
of the Indies'; by governors Lenoir
islands; Anglo-French
Reorganization of governance by and Dumas; Carnatic
1720 rivalry in Carnatic Wars;
French Company Lenoir and Dumas Wars initiated
ultimate British rule after
(1720–1742); backed Anglo-French
Third Carnatic War.
by Mauritius and struggle for

Reunion in southern supremacy.

Indian Ocean.

Battle of St. Thome

Anglo-French War
(1746); Treaty Treaty restored
in Europe; French
returned Madras to territories but marked the
captured Madras
1746–174 English; significance beginning of Anglo-French
First Carnatic War (1746); Treaty of
8 of naval force; rivalry; Battle of St.
Aix-La Chapelle
Battle of Wandiwash Thome revealed
(1748) ended the
in Third Carnatic importance of naval force.
war.
War.

Rivalry in India; Battle of Ambur

Dupleix sought to (1749); Cession of French support in local

increase French territories to disputes; Battle of Ambur;

Second Carnatic 1749–175
influence; Muzaffar French; diversionary Dupleix recalled; Treaty
War 4
Jang and Chanda attack on Arcot by with English; decline of

Sahib supported by Robert Clive; recall French influence in India.

French. of Dupleix (1754).

6
 English capture of
Seven Years’ War in
forts; Battle of
Europe; English Decisive war; English
Wandiwash decisive;
offensive after supremacy established;
Treaty of Peace of
Third Carnatic 1758–176 French victories; Treaty restored factories
Paris (1763)
War 3 Battle of but marked the decline of
restored factories
Wandiwash (1760); French political influence
to French but
French power in India.
political influence
reduced.
disappeared.

Chapter 2

● 1. Decline of the Mughals:

○ Reign of Aurangzeb (1658–1707) marked the beginning of the decline.

○ Aurangzeb's policies weakened the state's stability.

○ Wars of succession and weak rulers contributed to the decline.

○ Muhammad Shah's reign (1719–48) saw no revival; instead, independent states emerged.

● 2. External Challenges:

○ Invasions from the northwest, notably by Nadir Shah in 1738–39.

○ Nadir Shah captured Delhi in 1739, looted and devastated the city.

○ Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded multiple times between 1748 and 1767.

● 3. The Battle of Panipat:

○ Panipat witnessed significant battles in 1526, 1556, and 1761.

○ The Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 between Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali.

● 4. Weak Rulers after Aurangzeb:

○ Bahadur Shah I, Jahandar Shah, Farrukhsiyar, Rafi-ud-Darajat, Rafi-ud-Daula, Muhammad Shah,

etc.

○ Political instability, assassinations, and short reigns characterized this period.

● 5. Rise of Regional States:

○ Hyderabad: Founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk after defeating Mubariz Khan in 1724.

○ Awadh: Founded by Saadat Khan, later succeeded by Safdar Jang.

7
 ○ Bengal: Murshid Kuli Khan founded an independent state, succeeded by Alivardi Khan.

○ Rajputs, Mysore, Kerala, Jats, Sikhs, Marathas also established or reasserted their regional

powers.

● 6. Marathas:

○ Marathas under Peshwas uprooted Mughal authority from Malwa and Gujarat.

○ They claimed the right to inherit the Mughal dominion but faced challenges.

○ Defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.

● 7. Rohilakhand and Farukhabad:

○ Rohilakhand: Kingdom set up by Ali Muhammad Khan in the Himalayan foothills.

○ Mohammad Khan Bangash established an independent kingdom around Farrukhabad.

● 8. British Involvement:

○ The text hints at the growing influence of the British East India Company.

● Dates and Events:

○ 1658-1707: Reign of Aurangzeb.

○ 1738-39: Nadir Shah's invasion of India.

○ 1747: Ahmad Shah Abdali elected as the successor of Nadir Shah.

○ 1751-52: Mughals cede Punjab to Ahmad Shah Abdali.

○ 1757: Battle of Plassey.

○ 1761: Third Battle of Panipat.

○ 1765: Treaty of Allahabad.

○ 1857: Revolt of 1857.

● Persons and Their Activities:

○ Aurangzeb (1658-1707): Reign marked the beginning of the decline of the Mughal Empire.

○ Nadir Shah: Invaded India in 1738-39, captured Delhi, and looted the city.

○ Ahmad Shah Abdali: Elected successor of Nadir Shah, invaded India several times between 1748

and 1767.

○ Muhammad Shah (1719–48): Incompetent ruler during whose reign independent states of

Hyderabad, Bengal, Awadh, and Punjab were established.

○ Baji Rao I (1737): Maratha Peshwa who invaded Delhi in 1737.

○ Nizam-ul-Mulk (1724, 1737): Became wazir in 1724 and founded the independent state of

Hyderabad in 1737.

8
 ○ Raghunath Rao (1758): Maratha chief who expelled Najib-ud-Daula from Delhi in 1758.

○ Jon Wilson: Author quoted in the text.

● Places with Associated Details:

○ Panipat: Witnessed several historic battles, including the First Battle of Panipat (1526), Second

Battle of Panipat (1556), and Third Battle of Panipat (1761).

○ Delhi: Capital city captured and looted by Nadir Shah in 1739.

○ Karnal: Site of the Battle of Karnal on February 13, 1739.

○ Hyderabad, Bengal, Awadh, Punjab: Independent states established during Muhammad Shah's reign.

● Organizations with Associated Details:

○ Marathas: Made a bid to inherit the imperial mantle and challenged the Mughal authority.

○ East India Company: Conquered territory in India for the first time after the aftershocks of Nadir

Shah's invasion.

● Quantitative Details:

○ 1739: Seventy crore rupees collected from the official treasury and safes of rich nobles by Nadir

Shah during the looting of Delhi.

Bengal

War/Treaty Date Details

The British gradually gained power over Bengal, transferring control

British Conquest of from the Nawabs to the British East India Company. This period
1757-1765
Bengal involved conflicts between the English commercial interests and the

Bengal government.

Alivardi Khan became the Subahdar of Bengal after defeating the

Alivardi Khan and
1741 Nawab Sarfaraz Khan. The English took advantage of Maratha
the English
incursions and fortified their settlement in Fort William.

9
 The English, led by Robert Clive, formed a secret alliance with Mir

Jafar and other conspirators against Siraj-ud-Daulah. The battle was

The Battle of June 23,
pre-determined due to this alliance, resulting in the defeat of
Plassey 1757
Siraj-ud-Daulah. Mir Jafar became the new Nawab, and the English

gained control over Bengal's resources.

Mir Kasim, unhappy with English interference, entered into a treaty.

Mir Kasim and the
1760 The key points included ceding districts to the Company, trade
Treaty of 1760
privileges, and financial support for the Company's war efforts.

Mir Kasim, along with the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor,

faced the English forces led by Major Hector Munro. The English won
The Battle of October 22,
a decisive victory, establishing themselves as a major power in
Buxar 1764
northern India. Mir Jafar agreed to hand over districts to the

English after the battle.

Two treaties were signed with the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal

Emperor, Shah Alam II. The treaties involved territorial exchanges,

The Treaty of financial indemnity, and the grant of diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and
August 1765
Allahabad Orissa to the East India Company. The Nawab became a friend of the

Company, and Awadh became a buffer state. Shah Alam II became a

'rubber stamp' for the Company's political gains.

After the Battle of Buxar, Robert Clive introduced a dual system of

government where both diwani (revenue collection) and nizamat

Dual Government in
1765-1772 (police and judicial functions) were controlled by the East India
Bengal
Company. This led to an administrative breakdown and was eventually

abolished by Warren Hastings in 1772.

● Dates and Events:

○ 1630s: British established factories in Balasore, Hooghly, Kasimbazar, Patna, and Dacca.
○ 1690s: Foundation of Calcutta by the English East India Company.
○ 1700: Murshid Quli Khan became the Dewan of Bengal.
○ 1727: Death of Murshid Quli Khan.

10
 ○ 1739: Sarfaraz Khan ruled Bengal for a year.
○ 1756: Alivardi Khan ruled Bengal until 1756 and stopped paying tributes to the Mughal emperor.
○ 1757-1765: Transfer of power from Nawabs of Bengal to the British.
○ 1741: Alivardi Khan became the Subahdar of Bengal by killing Sarfaraz Khan.
○ 1756: Siraj-ud-Daulah succeeded Alivardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal.
○ 1757: Battle of Plassey.
○ 1760: Treaty between Mir Kasim and the English East India Company.
○ 1763: Tensions and wars between the English and Mir Kasim.
○ 1764: Battle of Buxar.
○ 1765: Treaty of Allahabad.
○ 1772: Warren Hastings abolished the dual system in Bengal.
● Persons and Activities:

○ Murshid Quli Khan: Became Dewan of Bengal in 1700.

○ Shujauddin: Succeeded Murshid Quli Khan in 1727.
○ Sarfaraz Khan: Ruled Bengal for a brief period (1739–40).
○ Alivardi Khan: Ruled Bengal from 1741 to 1756.
○ Siraj-ud-Daulah: Succeeded Alivardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal in 1756.
○ Mir Jafar: Conspired with the English against Siraj-ud-Daulah; became Nawab after the Battle of
Plassey.
○ Robert Clive: Led the English forces during the Battle of Plassey; important in the establishment of
British power in India.
○ Mir Kasim: Successor to Mir Jafar, engaged in conflicts with the English; signed a treaty in 1760.
○ Mir Jafar's son, Miran: Ordered the capture and murder of Siraj-ud-Daulah after the Battle of
Plassey.
○ Warren Hastings: Abolished the dual system in Bengal in 1772.
● Places and Details:

○ Bengal: Encompassed present-day Bangladesh, Bihar, and Odisha.

○ Calcutta: Founded by the English in the 1690s; became a significant commercial settlement.
○ Balasore, Hooghly, Kasimbazar, Patna, Dacca: Cities where British factories were established.
○ Fort William: English settlement fortified by Robert Clive during Alivardi Khan's rule.
○ Munger: Capital shifted by Mir Kasim from Murshidabad to maintain distance from Calcutta.
○ Allahabad: Mentioned in the Treaty of Allahabad.
● Organizations and Details:

○ English East India Company: Established factories in Bengal; pivotal in trade and conflicts.
○ Marathas: Mentioned as external invaders affecting other parts of India but not Bengal.
○ French: Main rivals of the English, ousted after the Battle of Plassey.
○ Dutch: Defeated by the English at Bedara in November 1759.
● Quantitative Details:

○ £3,000 (£350 per annum): Sum paid by the English East India Company to the Mughal emperor for
trading in Bengal.
○ £50,000 per annum: Worth of Company's exports from Bengal.
○ 146: Number of English persons believed to have been imprisoned in the 'Black Hole Tragedy.'

11
 ○ 15,000 (1706) to 100,000 (1750): Population increase in Calcutta.
○ Rs 1,500 per annum: Pension fixed for Mir Jafar after his resignation.
○ Rs 50 lakh: War indemnity paid by Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula to the Company in the Treaty of
Allahabad.
○ Rs 26 lakh: Annual payment to the Company for diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa as per the
Treaty of Allahabad.
○ Rs 53 lakh: Amount paid by Shah Alam II to the Company for nizamat functions in the Treaty of
Allahabad.
○ 1765–1772: Duration of the dual system of government in Bengal.

Mysore

Here is a table summarizing the wars and treaties mentioned in the provided text:

War/Treaty Year Parties Involved Outcome/Details

Emergence of Wodeyars in the Establishment of a Hindu kingdom under the

1612
Wodeyar Kingdom region of Mysore Wodeyars in Mysore.

Haidar Ali,
Haidar Ali becomes the de facto ruler of Mysore,
Rise of Haidar Ali 1761 Marathas, Nizam,
using diplomatic and military skills.
and English

Haidar Ali vs. Treaty of Madras (1769): English agrees to

First Anglo-Mysore
1767-69 English, Marathas, support Haidar Ali in case of external aggression,
War (1767-69)
Nizam mutual restitution of conquests.

Second Haidar Ali vs.

Treaty of Mangalore (1784): Mutual restitution
Anglo-Mysore War 1780–84 English, Marathas,
of territories; end of the war.
(1780–84) Nizam

12
 Treaty of Seringapatam (1792): Victors take over
Tipu Sultan vs.
Third half of Mysorean territory; payment of war
1790-92 English, Marathas,
Anglo-Mysore War indemnity by Tipu Sultan; hostages taken by the
Nizam
English.

Fall of Seringapatam (1799): Tipu Sultan

Tipu Sultan vs. defeated; half of the territory given to the

Fourth
1798-99 English, Marathas, Marathas; establishment of the subsidiary
Anglo-Mysore War
Nizam alliance in Mysore with a new ruler from the

Hindu royal family (Krishnaraja III).

William Bentinck, Changes in the control of Mysore, including

Lord Ripon, territories offered to Marathas, districts given

Mysore After Tipu 1831, 1881
Marathas, Nizam, to the Nizam, English taking possession of various

English re

Parties

War/Treaty Year Background Involved Terms/Outcome

Exchange of prisoners and

Territorial disputes
Treaty of Madras mutual restitution of
between Haidar Ali, Haidar Ali and
(First Anglo-Mysore 1769 conquests; English promised
Nawab of Arcot, and the English
War) to assist Haidar Ali if
the English.
attacked.

Treaty of Mangalore Haidar Ali accused the

Haidar Ali and Mutual restitution of
(Second 1784 English of breach of
the English territories; end of hostilities.
Anglo-Mysore War) faith; inconclusive war.

13
 Tipu lost nearly half of
Tipu Sultan,
Treaty of Mysorean territory;
Dispute between Tipu Marathas,
Seringapatam (Third 1792 Marathas, Nizam, and English
Sultan and Travancore. Nizam, and the
Anglo-Mysore War) gained specific regions; war
English
indemnity paid by Tipu.

Concerns about Tipu's Fall of Seringapatam; Tipu

Tipu Sultan,
growing friendship defeated; Mysorean territory
Fourth Marathas,
1799 with the French; divided among the victors;
Anglo-Mysore War Nizam, and the
Wellesley's imperialist imposition of Subsidiary
English
ambitions. Alliance on Mysore.

● Dates and Events:

○ 1565: Battle of Talikota.
○ 1612: Emergence of the Wodeyar Hindu kingdom in Mysore.
○ 1734-1766: Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar II rules Mysore.
○ Late 18th century: Mysore becomes a formidable power under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan.
○ 1761: Haidar Ali becomes the de facto ruler of Mysore.
○ 1761-1763: Haidar Ali captures Dod Ballapur, Sera, Bednur, and Hoskote.
○ 1764, 1766, 1771: Marathas defeat Haidar Ali, and he pays them large sums of money.
○ 1767-1769: First Anglo-Mysore War.
○ 1780-1784: Second Anglo-Mysore War.
○ April 4, 1769: Treaty of Madras signed between Haidar Ali and the English.
○ 1782: Haidar Ali dies.
○ March 1784: Treaty of Mangalore.
○ April 1790: Tipu declares war against Travancore.
○ 1791: Cornwallis leads the English army; Treaty of Seringapatam.
○ 1792: Treaty of Seringapatam implemented; nearly half of Mysorean territory taken over by
victors.
○ 1798: Lord Wellesley becomes Governor-General.
○ April 17, 1799 - May 4, 1799: Fourth Anglo-Mysore War; fall of Seringapatam.
● Persons and Activities:
○ Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar II: Ruled Mysore (1734-1766).
○ Haidar Ali: Became de facto ruler of Mysore in 1761, introduced military reforms, and allied with
the French.
○ Tipu Sultan: Son of Haidar Ali, fought in the Third and Fourth Anglo-Mysore Wars, died in 1799.
○ Lord Cornwallis: English General during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
○ Lord Wellesley: Governor-General, concerned about Tipu's growing friendship with the French.

14
 ○ General Meadows, Colonel Baillie, General Harris, General Stuart: English military commanders
involved in Anglo-Mysore Wars.
● Places and Details:
○ Mysore: Emerged as a formidable power under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan.
○ Dindigul (now in Tamil Nadu): Location of the arms factory set up by Haidar Ali.
○ Madras: Political and commercial interests of the English were threatened by Mysore's proximity.
○ Talikota: Site of the Battle of Talikota.
○ Seringapatam: Capital of Mysore, location of key battles and treaties.
● Organizations and Details:
○ The Wodeyar Dynasty: Hindu kingdom in Mysore.
○ The English East India Company: English interests threatened by Mysore's power.
○ French: Allies of Haidar Ali, involved in military assistance and alliances.
● Quantitative Details:
○ Three crore rupees: War damage taken from Tipu under the Treaty of Seringapatam.

Maratha

War/Treaty Period Background/Context Course of War/Outcome

Marathas rise in power as the Mughal

Empire declines. They control large parts

Rise of the Mid-18th
of the country. Third Battle of Panipat in -
Marathas century
1761 weakens them temporarily, but they

regroup and regain power within a decade.

After the death of Peshwa Madhavrao I,

succession disputes lead to conflicts.

First English victory; Treaty of
Treaty of Surat (1775) with the English
Anglo-Maratha 1775–1782 Wadgaon (1779) overturned
and Treaty of Purandhar (1776) with the
War by Treaty of Salbai (1782).
Calcutta Council. English victory in the

end.

15
 Bajirao II becomes Peshwa after

Madhavrao Narayan's suicide. Treaty of

Second English victory; Marathas
Bassein (1802) signed with the English.
Anglo-Maratha 1803–1805 reduced to vassalage; Treaty
English defeat Marathas; Treaty of
War of Bassein (1802) signed.
Bassein imposes subsidiary alliance on the

Marathas.

Peshwa attacked British

British imperialistic aims, Pindari issue, Residency, various battles,

Third
and dissatisfaction with the Treaty of and treaties (e.g., Poona,
Anglo-Maratha 1817–1819
Bassein lead to the war. Marathas lose Gwalior, Mandasor). Maratha
War
power and unity. confederacy dissolved in

1818.

Treaty Year Parties Involved Terms/Details

Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and

Treaty of Raghunathrao Bassein to the English along with a portion of the

1775
Surat (Maratha) and English revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts. English

to provide troops.

A new treaty intended to annul the Treaty of Surat.

Treaty of Raghunathrao Calcutta Council sends Colonel Upton to Pune to make

1776
Purandhar (Maratha) and English a new treaty with the regency renouncing Raghunath

and promising him a pension.

After a series of battles, Marathas surround the

Treaty of English army, forcing them to surrender and sign the

1779 Marathas and English
Wadgaon Treaty of Wadgaon. The Bombay government has to

relinquish territories acquired since 1775.

16
 The treaty guarantees peace between the Marathas

Treaty of and the English for twenty years. It outlines various

1782 Marathas and English
Salbai provisions regarding territories, support, trade

privileges, and mutual guarantees.

Peshwa agrees to receive English troops, cede

territories, surrender Surat, give up claims on the

Treaty of Peshwa Bajirao II and
1802 Nizam’s dominions, accept arbitration, not employ
Bassein English
Europeans at war with the English, and subject

relations to English control.

June Signed during the Third Anglo-Maratha War.

Treaty of Poona Peshwa and English
1817 Specific terms not provided.

Treaty of Signed during the Third Anglo-Maratha War.

Nov 1817 Scindia and English
Gwalior Specific terms not provided.

Treaty of Signed during the Third Anglo-Maratha War.

Jan 1818 Holkar and English
Mandasor Specific terms not provided.

● Dates and Events:

○ Middle of the 18th century: Marathas rise in power.
○ 1761: Third Battle of Panipat, where Marathas were defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali.
○ 1772: Death of the young Peshwa, Madhavrao I.
○ 1775–1782: First Anglo-Maratha War.
○ 1775: Treaty of Surat.
○ 1776: Treaty of Purandhar.
○ 1777: Nana Phadnavis violated his treaty with the Calcutta Council.
○ 1779: Treaty of Wadgaon after the defeat of the English.
○ 1782: Treaty of Salbai, ending the first phase of the struggle.
○ 1803–1805: Second Anglo-Maratha War.
○ 1802: Treaty of Bassein.
○ 1817–1819: Third Anglo-Maratha War.
○ June 1817: Treaty of Poona.
○ November 1817: Treaty of Gwalior.
○ January 1818: Treaty of Mandasor.
○ June 1818: Surrender of the Peshwa, dissolution of the Maratha confederacy.
● Persons and Their Activities:

17
 ○ Bajirao I (1720–1740): Started a confederacy of prominent Maratha chiefs.
○ Ahmad Shah Abdali: Defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761).
○ Madhavrao I: Young Peshwa who died in 1772.
○ Nana Phadnavis: Led efforts to name the infant Sawai Madhavrao as the new Peshwa.
○ Raghunathrao: Signed the Treaty of Surat in 1775 and sought English help.
○ Colonel Upton: Sent by British Calcutta Council to Pune to annul the Treaty of Surat.
○ Mahadji Scindia: Commanded the Maratha army during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
○ Warren Hastings: Governor General in Bengal during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
○ Bajirao II: Worthless son of Raghunathrao, became the Peshwa during the Second Anglo-Maratha
War.
○ Arthur Wellesley: Led the English forces against the Marathas during the Second Anglo-Maratha
War.
● Places and Associated Details:
○ Panipat: Site of the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.
○ Poona: Court of the Peshwa.
○ Surat, Bharuch: Territories ceded to the English under the Treaty of Surat.
○ Talegaon: Site of the Maratha trap for the English army during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
○ Khopali: English supply base attacked by the Marathas during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
○ Wadgaon: Site of the English surrender during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
○ Salsette, Bassein: Territories ceded to the English under the Treaty of Salbai.
○ Gwalior: Site of the Treaty of Gwalior during the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
○ Bithur: Location where Peshwa Bajirao became a British retainer.
○ Nagpur, Hadapsar, Sitabuldi, Mahidpur, Poona: Sites of battles during the Third Anglo-Maratha
War.
● Organizations and Associated Details:
○ Maratha Confederacy: Consisted of prominent families like Gaekwad, Bhonsle, Holkars, Sindhias, and
Peshwa.
○ English Bombay Government: Condemned the Treaty of Surat and sent Colonel Upton to Pune.
○ British Calcutta Council: Condemned the Treaty of Surat and sent Colonel Upton to Pune.
○ East India Company: Signed treaties with Marathas, including the Treaty of Bassein.
○ Pindaris: Mercenaries attached to Maratha armies.
● Quantitative Details:
○ 1775: Treaty of Surat – Raghunathrao ceded territories of Salsette and Bassein to the English.
○ 1779: Treaty of Wadgaon – Forced the Bombay government to relinquish all territories acquired by
the English since 1775.
○ 1782: Treaty of Salbai – Guaranteed peace between the English and Marathas for twenty years.
○ 1802: Treaty of Bassein – Peshwa agreed to receive native infantry, cede territories, surrender
Surat, and accept Company's arbitration.
○ 1806: Defeat of Holkar – Treaty of Rajpurghat.

Conquest of Sindh

18
 War/Treaty Date Details

English Trade Authorized by a farman of the Mughal Emperor, providing the English
1630
Facilities in Sindh with privileges in the ports of Sindh.

English factory built at Thatta under a parwana given by Kallora

prince Ghulam Shah. Ghulam Shah ratified the treaty in 1761,

Treaty with Kallora
1758 excluding other Europeans from trading in Sindh. The treaty lasted
Chiefs
until 1775 when Sarfraz Khan forced the English to close their

factory.

Talpuras, led by Mir Fath (Fatah) Ali Khan, established complete hold

Rise of Talpuras over Sindh. The Durrani monarch confirmed Mir Fath Khan's claims.
1783
Amirs After Mir Fath's death in 1800, the Char Yar divided the kingdom

among themselves, becoming Amirs or Lords of Sindh.

Alliance of Tilsit with Russia and Napoleon Bonaparte. Amirs agreed

Treaty of 'Eternal to the treaty with the English, professing eternal friendship,
June 1807
Friendship' excluding the French from Sindh, and resolving border disputes.

Renewed in 1820.

Colonel Pottinger sent to sign a treaty with the Amirs. Provisions

included free passage for English traders, no settlement of English

Treaty of 1832 1832
merchants, tariff rate alterations, collaboration with Raja of

Jodhpur, and confirmation of old treaties.

Treaty with Ranjit Singh capturing a frontier town in Sindh. Amirs

Treaty with Ranjit agreed to a treaty in 1838, making Sindh a British protectorate,
1838
Singh (1838) allowing English intervention in disputes with Sikhs, and establishing

a British resident with troops in Sindh.

19
 Persuaded Ranjit Singh to sign a tripartite treaty agreeing to British

mediation in his disputes with the Amirs. Emperor Shah Shuja gave
Tripartite Treaty
June 1838 up sovereign rights on Sindh, and the exact tribute amount was to be
of 1838
determined by the English. Aimed at securing a line of operation

against Afghanistan through Sindh.

Amirs compelled to accept a treaty, stationing a British subsidiary

force at Shikarpur and Bukkar, paying Rs 3 lakh annually for the

Subsidiary Alliance February
Company's troops. Amirs debarred from negotiations with foreign
(1839) 1839
states without Company knowledge and providing a storeroom for

military supplies.

First Anglo-Afghan War fought on Sindh soil. Amirs, charged with

disaffection, negotiated a new treaty with Outram. Sindh

Capitulation of
1843 capitulated, Amirs made captives and banished. Sindh merged into
Sindh
the British Empire in 1843. Charles Napier appointed the first

governor.

● Dates and Events:

○ 1630: English trade facilities in Sindh authorized by a farman of the Mughal Emperor.
○ 1758: English factory built at Thatta, Sindh, under a parwana given by Kallora prince Ghulam Shah.
○ 1761: Ghulam Shah ratified the treaty with the English and excluded other Europeans from trading
in Sindh.
○ 1775: Sarfraz Khan, an unfriendly ruler, forced the English to close their factory in Sindh.
○ 1783: Talpuras, led by Mir Fath (Fatah) Ali Khan, established control over Sindh.
○ 1800: Death of Mir Fath Khan; Char Yar (Mir's brothers) divided the kingdom among themselves,
becoming Amirs of Sindh.
○ 1799: Lord Wellesley's efforts to revive commercial relations with Sindh to counteract the alliance
of the French, Tipu Sultan, and Shah Zaman.
○ October 1800: British agent ordered to leave Sindh by Amir Fath Ali Khan.
○ June 1807: Treaty of 'Eternal Friendship' between the English and the Amirs of Sindh.
○ 1820: Renewal of the Treaty of 'Eternal Friendship' with additional clauses.
○ 1832: Colonel Pottinger sent to Sindh to sign a treaty with the Amirs.
○ 1838: Treaty signed, making Sindh a British protectorate.
○ June 1838: Tripartite Treaty between the British, Ranjit Singh, and Emperor Shah Shuja.
○ February 1839: Sindh accepts a British subsidiary force and pays Rs 3 lakh annually under a new
treaty.
○ 1843: Sindh merged into the British Empire under Governor General Ellenborough.
20
 ● Persons and Activities:
○ Ghulam Shah: Kallora prince who gave a parwana for the English factory in Sindh.
○ Mir Fath (Fatah) Ali Khan: Leader of the Talpuras, established control over Sindh in 1783.
○ Char Yar: Mir's brothers who divided the kingdom after Mir Fath's death, becoming Amirs of
Sindh.
○ Lord Wellesley: Initiated efforts to revive commercial relations with Sindh in 1799.
○ Nicholas Smith: Sent to Sindh to negotiate a defensive arrangement with the Amirs in 1807.
○ Lord Minto: Sent Metcalfe, Elphinstone, and Malcolm to forge alliances in various regions, including
Sindh.
○ William Bentinck: Sent Colonel Pottinger to sign a treaty with the Amirs in 1832.
○ Lord Auckland: Governor General in 1836, aimed to consolidate the British position in Sindh.
○ Charles Napier: Appointed the first governor of Sindh after its conquest in 1843.
● Places:
○ Thatta: Location of the English factory in 1758.
○ Amarkot: Conquered by the Amirs from the Raja of Jodhpur.
○ Karachi: Conquered by the Amirs from the chief of Luz.
○ Shaikarpur and Bukkar: Conquered by the Amirs from the Afghans.
○ Lahore: Visited by Metcalfe for forging alliances.
○ Kabul: Visited by Elphinstone for forging alliances.
○ Teheran: Visited by Malcolm for forging alliances.
○ Shikarpur and Bukkar: Locations where a British subsidiary force was stationed as per the 1839
treaty.
● Organizations:
○ English: Engaged in trade facilities in Sindh authorized by the Mughal Emperor.
○ Talpuras: Baluch tribe that descended from the hills and settled in the plains of Sindh.
○ British East India Company: Involved in various treaties with Sindh, including the Treaty of 'Eternal
Friendship.'
○ Maratha Confederacy: Defeated in 1818, leading to the resolution of border disputes in the 1820
treaty.
● Quantitative Details:
○ Rs 3 lakh: Annual payment by the Amirs to maintain the Company's troops under the 1839 treaty..

Conquest of Punjab

Wars and Treaties

War/Treaty Date Details

Consolidation of Punjab Banda Bahadur's revolt against the Mughals; defeated by

1715
under Sikhs Farrukhsiyar in 1715.

21
 Bhai Mani Singh resolves the rift among Sikh followers into Bandai

Consolidation of Sikh (Liberal) and Tat Khalsa (Orthodox). In 1784, Kapur Singh
1721
Polity Faizullapuria organizes the Sikhs under Dal Khalsa. Misl system

established with many misls ruling Punjab (1763–1773).

Ranjit Singh born; 12 important misls exist. Ranjit Singh becomes

Sukarchakiya Misl and
1780 governor of Lahore in 1799. He acquires Jammu and Amritsar in
Ranjit Singh
1805.

Signed between Ranjit Singh and the English Company, defining the

boundary line for Sikh dominions and the Company’s. Ranjit Singh
Treaty of Amritsar April 1809
directs his energies towards the west, capturing Multan (1818),

Kashmir (1819), and Peshawar (1834).

Ranjit Singh signs a treaty with the English, but refuses passage for
Tripartite Treaty of
June 1838 the British army through his territories to attack Dost Mohammad,
1838
the Afghan Amir.

Ranjit Singh dies in June 1839. Political instability follows with court

factions. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) breaks out due to complex

Capitulation of Punjab 1843
causes. Treaty of Lahore (March 8, 1846) results in annexation of

Jalandhar Doab, establishment of a British resident, and more.

Causes include humiliation of Sikhs after the first war, oppressive

Second Anglo-Sikh treatment of Rani Jindan, and Multan revolt. Battles at Ramnagar,
1848–49
War Chillhanwala, and Gujarat. Result: surrender of Sikh army, annexation

of Punjab, and establishment of British governance.

Persons and Their Activities

Person Activity

22
 Led Sikh revolt against Mughals during Bahadur Shah's rule (1715). Defeated by
Banda Bahadur
Farrukhsiyar and put to death in 1716.

Resolved rift among Sikh followers in 1721 into Bandai (Liberal) and Tat Khalsa
Bhai Mani Singh
(Orthodox).

Kapur Singh
Organized Sikhs under Dal Khalsa in 1784.
Faizullapuria

Born in 1780, became governor of Lahore in 1799. Acquired Jammu and Amritsar in
Ranjit Singh
1805. Captured Multan (1818), Kashmir (1819), and Peshawar (1834).

Charles Metcalfe Sent to Lahore by Lord Minto in 1807 for negotiations with Ranjit Singh.

Regent for Daleep Singh after Ranjit Singh's death. Sent to Benares as a
Rani Jindan
pensioner after the first Anglo-Sikh War.

Lord Dalhousie Governor General, annexed Punjab after the second Anglo-Sikh War.

Sher Singh Succeeded Ranjit Singh but was murdered in 1843.

Governor of Multan, rebelled against the English, leading to the second Anglo-Sikh
Mulraj
War.

Lord Gough Commander-in-chief of the Company during the second Anglo-Sikh War.

Henry Lawrence English Resident at Lahore after the first Anglo-Sikh War.

John Lawrence Became the first Chief Commissioner of Punjab after the second Anglo-Sikh War.

Places and Associated Details

Place Details

Annexed to the Company’s dominions after the first Anglo-Sikh War (Treaty of
Jalandhar Doab
Lahore, 1846).

23
 Political capital under Ranjit Singh. Annexed by the British after the second
Lahore
Anglo-Sikh War.

Amritsar Religious capital under Ranjit Singh. Came under Ranjit Singh's rule in 1805.

Jammu Acquired by Ranjit Singh in 1805. Sold to Gulab Singh after the first Anglo-Sikh War.

Multan Captured by Ranjit Singh in 1818. Revolt in Multan led to the second Anglo-Sikh War.

Kashmir Acquired by Ranjit Singh in 1819. Sold to Gulab Singh after the first Anglo-Sikh War.

Peshawar Captured by Ranjit Singh in 1834.

Organizations and Associated Details

Organization Details

Organized by Kapur Singh Faizullapuria in 1784 to unite followers of Sikhism

Dal Khalsa politically, culturally, and economically. Comprised Budha Dal (army of veterans) and

Taruna Dal (army of the young).

Military brotherhoods with a democratic set-up. Many misls ruled Punjab from
Misl
Saharanpur to Attock, from the north mountains to Multan, during 1763–1773.

Three-member board comprising Henry Lawrence and John Lawrence, and Charles

Board of Governance Mansel after the second Anglo-Sikh War, governed Punjab. Later nullified, and

Punjab was placed under a chief commissioner.

Quantitative Details

● War indemnity of more than 1 crore rupees in the Treaty of Lahore (March 8, 1846).
● Rs 75 lakh paid by Gulab Singh to the Company for the acquisition of Kashmir.

24