i oo prs] eee PRAGIIVE DUUR ATE Vibhushan I Cu / ten Neti ama - I Year / Class XI COME IS Teen OCU AS MUI ORM CTCL ECOSOC PLoS e EDIRC Gi Cll Real Gic ca, PUI mcm ii ac ec al) oP eatin crcem TNC Cae Onto Thou God who knowest every sacred duty: TRUST SEL MUSES TE NM RSE NITCa IV Ca Tee Tce nmr Remon a TsBasics of English (Grammar Revision of previous Grammar Topics 1. | Narration - Direct and Indirect 2. | Precis Writing 3. Advertisement 4. Visualization 5 Reading 6. _ | Article and SpeechDirect & Indirect Speech Direct speech — reporting the message of the speaker in the exact words as spoken by him. Direct speech example: Maya said ‘I am busy now” Indirect speech: reporting the message of the speaker in our own words Indirect speech example: Maya said that she was busy then. Rules for converting Direct into Indirect speech To change a sentence of direct speech into indirect speech there are various factors that are considered, such as reporting verbs, modals, time, place, pronouns, tenses, etc, We will discuss each of these factors one by one. Rule 1 — Direct To Indirect Speech Conversion — Reporting Verb 1. When the reporting verb of direct speech is in past tense then all the present tenses are changed to the corresponding past tense in indirect speech. Direct to indirect speech example: Direct: She said, ‘I am happy’. Indirect: She said (that) she was happy. 1. In indirect speech, tenses do not change if the words used within the quotes (*”) talk of a habitual action or universal truth Direct to indirect speech example: Direct: He said, ‘We cannot live without air’. Indirect: He said that we cannot live without air. 1. The tenses of direct speech do not change if the reporting verb is in the future tense or present tense. Direct to indirect speech example: Direct: She says/will say, ‘I am going’ ST sic anrreeLLL Indirect: She says/will say she is going. Rule 2 — Direct Speech to Indirect Speech conversion — Present Tense + Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect. Direct to indirect speech example: Direct: “I have been to Boston”, she told me. Indirect: She told me that she had been to Boston. + Present Continuous Changes to Past Continuous Direct to indirect speech example: Direct: “I am playing the guitar”, she explained. Indirect: She explained that she was playing the guitar. + Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect Direct to indirect speech example: Direct: He said, “She has finished her homework”. Indirect: He said that she had finished her homework. + Simple Present Changes to Simple Past Direct to indirect speech example: Direct: “I am unwell”, she said. Indirect: She said that she was unwell. Rule 3 — Direct Speech to Indirect Speech conversion — Past Tense & Future Tense + Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect Direct to indirect speech example: Direct: She said, “Isha arrived on Sunday.” Indirect: She said that Isha had arrived on Sunday. + Past Continuous Changes to Past Perfect Continuous Direct to indirect speech example Direct: “We were playing basketball”, they told me.LLL Indirect: They told me that they had been playing basketball. + Future Changes to Present Conditional Direct to indirect speech example Direct: She said, “I will be in India tomorrow.” Indirect: She said that she would be in India the next day. Rule 4 — Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion — Interrogative Sentences + No conjunction is used, if a sentence in direct speech begins with a question (what/where/when) as the “question-word” itself acts as a joining clause, Direct to indirect speech example Direct: “Where do you live?” asked the boy. Indirect: The boy enquired where I lived. + Ifa direct speech sentence begins with an auxiliary verb/helping verb, the joining clause should be if or whether. Direct to indirect speech example Direct: She said, ‘Will you come for the party"? Indirect: She asked whether we would come for the party. + Reporting verbs such as ‘said/ said to” changes to enquired, asked, or demanded. Direct to indirect speech example Direct: He said to me, ‘What are you wearing’? Indirect: He asked me what I was wearing. Rule 5 — Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion — Changes in Modals While changing direct speech to indirect speech, the modals used in the sentences change like: 1. Can becomes could 2. May becomes might (MAHARSHI SANDIPAN! RASHTRIYA VEDA VIDYA PRATISHTHAN, UIAIN (MP Pr a a Pnte 3. Must becomes had to /would have to Check the examples: + Direct : She said, ‘She ean dance’. + Indirect: She said that she could dance. + Direct: She said, ‘I may buy a dress’. + Indirect: She said that she might buy a dress. + Direct: Rama said, ‘I must complete the assignment’ + Indirect: Rama said that he had to complete the assignment. There are modals that do not change — Could, Would, Should, Might, Ought to + Direct: She said, ‘I should clean the house’ + Indirect: She said that she should clean the house. Rule 6 — Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion — Pronoun 1. The first person in direct speech changes as per the subject of the speech. Direct speech to indirect speech examples- Direct: He said, “I am in class Twelfth.” Indirect: He says that he was in class Twelfth. 1. The second person of direct speech changes as per the object of reporting speech. Direct speech to indirect speech examples — Direct: She says to them, “You have done your work.” Indirect: She tells them that they have done their work. 1. The third person of direct speech doesn’t change. Direct speech to indirect speech examples — Direct: He says, “She dances well.” Indirect: He says that she dances well.LLL Rule 7 — Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion — Request, Command, Wish, Exclamation + Indirect Speech is supported by some verbs like requested, ordered, suggested and advised. Forbid-forbade is used for negative sentences. Therefore, the imperative mood in the direct speech changes into the Infinitive in indirect speech. Direct: She said to her ‘Please complete it’. Indirect: She requested her to complete it. Direct: Hari said to Ram, ‘Sit down’. Indirect: Hari ordered Ram to sit down. 1. In Exelamatory sentences that express grief, sorrow, happiness, applaud, Interjections are removed and the sentence is changed to an assertive sentence. Direct: She said, ‘Alas! I am undone’. Indirect: She exclaimed sadly that she was broke. Rule 8 — Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion — Punctuations 1. In direct speech, the words actually spoken should be in (**) quotes and always begin with a capital letter. Example: She said, “I am the best.” 1. Full stop, comma, exclamation or question mark, are placed inside the closing inverted commas. Example: They asked, “Can we sing with you?” 1, If direct speech comes after the information about who i: speaking, a comma is used to introduce the speech, placed before the first inverted comma. Direct speech example: He shouted, “Shut up!” ST sic anrreeRule 9 — Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion — Change of Time 1, In direct speeches, the words that express nearness in time or place are changed to words that express distance in indirect speech. Such as: + Now becomes then + Here becomes there + Ago becomes before + Thus becomes so + Today becomes that day + Tomorrow becomes the next day + This becomes that + Yesterday becomes the day before + These become those + Hither becomes thither + Come becomes go + Hence becomes thence + Next week or month becomes following week/month Rules of converting Indirect Speech into Direct Speech The following rules should be followed while converting an indirect speech to direct speech: 1. Use the reporting verb such as (say, said to) in its correct tense. 2. Put a comma before the statement and the first letter of the statement should be in capital letter. 3. Insert question mark, quotation marks, exclamation mark and full stop, based on the mood of the sentence. 4. Remove the conjunctions like (that, to, if or whether) wherever necessary. 5. Where the reporting verb is in past tense in indirect, change it to present tense in the direct speech. 6. Change the past perfect tense either into present perfect tense or past tense, as necessary. Os anrreePrecis Writing Precis writing is summarising a comprehension in limited words, covering all the important aspects and details of the passage given. Rules of Precis Writing To avoid making any errors in writing a precis, follow a set of rules as mentioned below: 1. Read the comprehension carefully 2. Note down the important points 3. 4 5. Make a rough draft of the precis . Make use of simple and precise language, as much as possible . Draft the final precis once all the points have been included Dos for Precis Writing Begin with the basic idea of the passage to make the precis convenient to read. Give a clear idea pertaining to what the reader is about to read. While reading the passage, make a note of all the important points and include them in the precis. Follow the main idea of the passage with the facts/points of improvement! methods,, etc. as mentioned in the comprehension. Include all the important keywords and terms which are used in the passage, Keep a track of the tenses you use, Data related to historical events of the past must be described in the past tense only. There must be a relation between the data you are writing in the precis. It should have some common links. Don'ts for Precis Writing The length of the precis must be shorter than the length of the passage. Do not overcomplicate the precis and use easy vocabulary. Do not make assumptions or add information in the precis as per your own imagination.