IBALOY The bindiyan ceremony, according to another

"Ibaloy" is derived from "I" , a prefix indicating an origin myth, began with the people of Buguias,
ethnic group or people and "baloy" or house, who responded to the call for help made by the
meaning "people who live in the houses.” people of Kabal because of two large snakes
Background: that were devouring the people. Before setting
● Spanish Era – Spanish occupation began in out, the people of Buguias first asked the
1618 when King Philip III sent orders to the manbonong to perform the sagawsaw, a
Philippines to search for the golds of the ceremony that takes away the soul of the enemy
Igorots to make it sleep soundly. The warriors of
● American Era – U.S. Supreme Court gave Buguias killed the snakes and cut off the snakes’
the Ibaloy a deadline by which to register heads. On their way back to Buguias, the
their lands victorious warriors stopped several times to
● Topography – Mountainous and rocky dance around the snakes’ heads. This was the
● Social Structure – (1) Wealthy class: first bindiyan, which Buguias has celebrated
Baknang, (2) Middle class: Traders and since then.
wage earners, (3) Lower class: Abitug
● Decision making – The Tongtong consists ISNEG
of Baknang and wise men (Impanama). The term Isneg was derived from a combination
Decisions are based on custom law with of "IS" meaning "recede" and "Uney" meaning
village approval. "Interior." They lived in the northwestern end of
● Wealth northern Luzon, in the upper half of Cordillera
○ Akon: Ceremonial wealth, such as Province known as Kalinga-Apayao.
heirlooms and property Background:
○ Peshit: Prestige feast where surplus ● Ancestors – Believed to be Proto-
food is shared with the poor Austronasians from South China, who
● Cosmology migrated and settled in northern Luzon
○ Tabun: Sky world, similar to the earth ● Cultural Influences – Interaction with
world groups practicing jar burial and Chinese
○ Earthworld: Supported by four pillars traders
○ Aduongan: Underworld inhabited by ● Land Ownership – Land is owned through
people with tails first use (pioneer principle), actual
● Deities – Kabuniyan, Kabigat, Kalasing, possession, and inheritance
Amdag, Ampasit, Timungau and Pasang ● Land Categories:
● Musical instruments are played for either ○ Banuwag: Swidden farms
of two purposes: religious occasions or as ○ Sarra/Angnganupan: Forest and hunting
entertainment grounds
How Kabuniyan of theSky-World Obtained ○ Usat/Angnigayan: Water and aquatic
Rice from Maseken of the Underworld resources
Kabuniyan threw a spear at a deer that jumped ○ Nagbabalayan: Owner or his family and
into black waters, but he hit the roof of clan have resided in the past
Maseken’s house instead. When he pulled up ● Childbirth – Women traditionally give birth
the spear, there was a stalk of rice attached to it. kneeling, using mushrooms as talismans.
A low voice from the house under the water The umbilical cord is buried in a coconut
accused him of having stolen Maseken’s palay. shell under the house
After hearing Kabuniyan’s explanation for the ● Marriage Customs – Courtship occurs in
transgression, Maseken instructed him to plant the girl's home with parental presence.
the palay in the field and to invoke his name Engagement and bride price (tadug) are
every harvest time. discussed afterward. Newlyweds may live
The Bindayan Ceremony with either set of parents
● Spiritual Beliefs – Belief in over 300 spirits ● Culture – Tinguian society had alimban,
(anitos), with no gods or hierarchical deities. women who were kept isolated from the rest
Spirits can be good or bad of the community until they were married
Someone is weeding all the time without a ● Religious Beliefs – In Tinguian cosmogony,
reason – A person rowing a boat supernatural beings, collectively called anito.
A small rooster going to America and coming The Supreme Being is Bagatulayan,
back the same day – Telephone/Airplane Kaboniyan, Idayaya is the deity of the daya
The Judge & The Fly (east) and Sasailo are spirits that dwell in
A man brought his cow to graze on kappay the natural surroundings
grass, but the next morning, he found the cow The Great Tingguian Flood Myth
dead with a squashed fly on its body. He The Tinggians have a story of the Great Deluge
reported this to a judge, who ruled that flies that begins with Aponi-tolau, a god-hero, who
could be killed anytime, anywhere. Later, while abducts Humitau, a sea-maiden guard of
passing the judge’s house, the man saw a fly on Tau-mari-u, the sea lord. Angered, Tau-mari-u
the judge's forehead. Angry about his cow, he hit unleashes a flood to punish the land. Warned by
the fly with a piece of wood, injuring the judge. his mother, Aponi-tolau takes his household to a
Despite the injury, the man wasn’t punished mountain peak, where they survive the flood.
because of the judge's own rule allowing the Humitau, now unable to live in the sea, pleads
killing of flies. with Tau-mari-u, who eventually withdraws the
waters but vows to sink ships in vengeance.
TINGGUIAN Aponi-tolau and Humitau later descend and
The Tingguians “the people of the mountains” become the ancestors of humanity.
originally referred to all mountain dwelling
people. Nowadays, it particularly refers to a HUDHUD
cultural minority group living in the mountains of The Ifugao Hudhud, a traditional chant, plays a
Abra and named Itneg. vital role in the daily lives of the Ifugao people. It
Background: is an integral part of their daily routines, harvest
● Origin – They refer to themselves as Itneg, celebrations, and ancestral knowledge.
though the Spanish called them Tingguian (Ifugaos) Background:
when they came to the Philippines because ● Origin – The prefix "I" means people of and
they are mountain dwellers “Pugaw” means the cosmic earth. It may
● Geography – The tall mountain ranges of also have been derived from the word
the Cordillera Central in the east and the “ipugo” which means from the hill
Ilocos in the west surrounds Abra ● Geography – Ifugao is also the name of a
● History – The first inhabitants of Abra were province, one among six of the Cordillera
the ancestors of the Bontoc and Ifugao Administrative Region (CAR). It consists of
○ In 1598, a Spanish garrison was 11 municipalities—Banaue, Hungduan,
established in Bangued Kiangan, Lagawe, Lamut, Mayoyao
○ In 1763, Gabriela Silang, wife of Diego (Mayaoyao), Alfonso Lista (Potia),
Silang, led the Ilocos revolt but then she Aguinaldo, Hingyon, Tinoc, and
was captured and hanged by the Asipulo—with Lagawe as the provincial
Spaniards capital. The province is known for its rice
○ Conrado Balueg, a revolutionary priest, terraces that are found in nine upland
fought for the rights of the Cordillera municipalities
tribes and negotiates to the PH ● History – In 1741, Spanish used converts
government like Juan Lumawig of Bagabag to convince
● Livelihood – Rice, corn, sweet potato, and the Ifugao to settle in the Spanish towns
tubers ○ In late 1899, General Emilio Aguinaldo,
called “Miliyu” by the Ifugao, penetrated
 the Cordilleras, with the Americans in
pursuit OGGOOD
○ During World War II, schools were The collection of myths or narratives that detail
operated by Japanese teachers and the stories and adventures of Lumawig, who is
Nihonggo was taught the Bontoc god and culture hero.
○ In 1966, Ifugao became a province (Bontoc) Background:
through Republic Act No. 4695 ● Name Origin – "Bontoc" comes from "bun"
● Livelihood – Agriculture (heap) and "tuk" (top), meaning "mountain."
● Culture – Social classes exist in Ifugao ● Origin – Bontoc means "mountain" and
society, and these are based on wealth, refers to the people of the Mountain
indicated by the possession of heirloom Province in the Philippines
objects ● History – The Mountain Province originally
○ Hagabi: Ifugaos prestige bench; a status included Ifugao, Bontoc, Apayao, and
symbol of family Kalinga. In 1966, it was divided into four
○ Kadangyan (aristocracy), natumok and provinces
nawotwot (lower class) ● Geography – Located in the Cordillera
○ The rich are composed of three groups: Mountain range, its capital is Bontoc town
Kadangyan, Ballihung or immuy-ya-uy ● Language – Bontoc is the common
and himagabi language, but each village has its own
● Religious Beliefs – The Ifugao universe is dialect
divided into five worlds or regions: the ● Revolution – Participated in the 1898
skyworld called kabunian; the earth world Philippine revolution against Spain. Later,
called puga or pugaw; the underworld called about 300 Bontocs joined the Battle of Tirad
dalum; the downstream region called lagod; Pass during the American invasion
and the upstream region called dayya or ● Economy – Rice is the main agricultural
daiya. Beneath the underworld is a product, along with sweet potatoes, coffee,
substream called dagah-na and various fruits and vegetables
○ Deities: Matungulan, Dimapon, ● Culture – Bontocs are known for their laws
Manahaot, Bagob, Bulul, Montalong, on warfare and skilled fighting, which
Bibiyo, and Mabaki deterred Spanish colonization efforts until
● Village Life – Ifugao villages consist of 12 to the mid-19th century
30 houses, usually near the terraces that ● Social Structure – Bontoc society is divided
they cultivate and near water sources and into three classes: the Kadangyan
clumps of trees (traditional rich), the Wad-ay ngachana
Hudhud ni Aliguyon (middle class), and the Pusil/iwa (poor)
In the village of Hannanga, Aliguyon, the son of ● Beliefs and Rituals – The Bontocs follow a
the village leader, showed exceptional blend of animistic and monotheistic beliefs,
intelligence and combat skills from a young age. with Lumawig as their primary god
He soon confronted his father’s rival, ● Village Life – Bontoc villages feature
Pangaiwan, but instead faced Pangaiwan's distinct structures: the ato (dormitory for
equally skilled son, Pumbakhayon. For three unmarried males), ulog/olog (female
years, Aliguyon and Pumbakhayon fought dormitory), and afong (family residence)
relentlessly, exchanging spear throws without a ● Traditional Clothing – Historically, minimal
clear victor. Eventually, they gained mutual clothing with tattoos as status symbols;
respect and ended the conflict by forging a modern influence has led to more typical
peace treaty between their villages. Aliguyon Filipino dress
married Pumbakhayon's sister, Bugan, while ● Oral Literature – Includes riddles, proverbs,
Pumbakhayon wed Aliguyon’s sister, Aginaya, songs, and myths, primarily communicated
solidifying the peace. through ritual ceremonies
● Population – Estimated at 148,000 in 1988, ULLALIM
with a mix of Filipino, Ainu, and Mongol Epic ballads narrating heroic exploits and
ancestry headhunting raids. Sung by bards (man-ullalim)
Lumawig: Bontoc’s God & Culture Hero during communal occasions and for training
Lumawig, the Bontoc god, descended from Mt. future singers.
Kalawitan. He is central to the tribe's myths, Background:
which explain the origins of many Bontoc ● Origins – Migrated from southeastern and
traditions. Lumawig is the greatest of all spirits eastern Asia. Developed farming techniques
and now lives in the sky, though for a time his from root crops to irrigated terrace farming
home was in the Igorot village of Bontoc. ● Spanish Era – They remained isolated and
untouched by Christianity and Western
SUDSUD European domination
A form of traditional storytelling among the ● American Period – Americans pacified the
Kankanaey people. Kalinga by respecting their tribal life,
(Kankanay) Background: focusing on education, health, and
● Population & Location – The Kankanays vocational training. Kalingas supported
are the third largest cultural group in the Americans against the Japanese.
Mountain Province, split into northern ● Social Structure – (1) Upper class:
(Lepanto Igorots) and southern groups, with Kadangyan, (2) Middle class: Baknang, (3)
distinct physical features like brown skin and Lowest class: Kapus
prominent cheekbones ● Family Structure – Nuclear family,
● History & Resistance – They resisted sometimes including a grandparent. Rich
Spanish colonization and later participated families may have servants (ppoyong).
in conflicts during the Spanish-American Arranged marriages are rare today
War ● Traditional Practice – Children are often
● Agriculture & Crafts – The Kankanays betrothed by their parents shortly after birth
practice slash-and-burn agriculture, rice ● Cosmic Regions – Luta (earth), Ngato
terracing, and horticulture. They are also (skyworld), Dola (underworld), Daya
skilled in crafts like blacksmithing, basketry, (upstream region), Lagud (downstream
and rattan weaving region)
● Social Structure – There is no formal ● Deities
political leadership. Influence comes from ○ Kabunyan: Supreme being
social class, oral tradition, and wisdom ○ Pinading: Protect forests, animals,
● Religious Beliefs – The Kankanay rivers, and mountains
recognize both male and female deities, with ○ Alan: Evil spirits that attack at night
Kabunian as the supreme god ○ Anani: Protect them from Alan
● Village Life – Kankanay villages are The Magical Birth of Banna
typically located near streams or rivers, with Banna tells his mother that the man with him is
houses built on leveled slopes his father. She accepts the betel nut from
Origin of Thunder & Lightning Dulliyaw and they rejoice.
Lumawig transformed the child's head into The Heroic Exploits of Banna
thunder, while the other half remained on earth. Dinayaw who is Banna's sister is married to
Later, he returned, completed the child, and this Dungdungan and peace is restored.
second being became lightning. Marriage Between Enemies & Banna
Origin of Human Race Banna, a hero, falls in love with Onnawa, the
According to the myth, the gods came to earth daughter of his father’s enemy.
when there were no people and decided to
create a man and a woman.