Introduction to
Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties as well as how matter
changes. It is a fundamental science that explains the world around us,
from the air we breathe to the food we eat.
by Zain abdullah
Atomic Structure
1 The Nucleus 2 Electrons
The nucleus of an atom Electrons orbit the nucleus
contains protons and in energy levels or shells.
neutrons. Protons have a The arrangement of
positive charge, neutrons electrons determines an
have no charge, and atom's chemical properties.
electrons have a negative
charge.
3 Atomic Number 4 Atomic Mass
The atomic number of an The atomic mass of an
element is the number of element is the average
protons in the nucleus of an mass of its atoms, taking
atom of that element. into account the masses of
its protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Metallic Bonding
Ionic bonds form between oppositely Covalent bonds form when atoms Metallic bonds occur between metal
charged ions. For example, the ionic share electrons. For example, water atoms. Electrons are delocalized and
bond between sodium (Na+) and (H2O) is formed by covalent bonds can move freely through the metal,
chlorine (Cl-) creates table salt (NaCl). between two hydrogen atoms and one giving it high conductivity and
oxygen atom. malleability.
Chemical Reactions
Reactants
1
The substances that are present at the beginning of
a chemical reaction.
Products
2
The substances that are formed as a result of a
chemical reaction.
Chemical Equation
3
A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction,
showing the reactants, products, and their
Reaction Rates
stoichiometric coefficients. 4
The speed at which a chemical reaction takes
place. Reaction rates are influenced by factors such
Equilibrium
5 as temperature, concentration, and surface area.
A state where the rates of the forward and reverse
reactions are equal, resulting in no net change in
the concentrations of reactants and products.
States of Matter
Solid Liquid
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles are A liquid has a definite volume but not a definite shape. Its
tightly packed and vibrate in fixed positions. particles are close together but can move around.
Gas Plasma
A gas has no definite shape or volume. Its particles are far Plasma is a state of matter where atoms are ionized,
apart and move freely. meaning they have lost or gained electrons. Plasma is
often called the fourth state of matter.
Acids and Bases
Property Acid Base
Taste Sour Bitter
pH Less than 7 Greater than 7
Reaction with Reacts to form No reaction
metals hydrogen gas
Reaction with Turns litmus paper Turns litmus paper
indicators red blue
Organic Chemistry
Carbon
1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. Carbon is unique because it can form four
bonds with other atoms.
Functional Groups
2 Different groups of atoms, called functional groups, give organic molecules their characteristic properties.
Isomers
3 Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures. Isomers often have different physical and
chemical properties.
Organic Reactions
4 Organic reactions involve the breaking and forming of bonds between carbon atoms and other atoms.
Biomolecules
5 The building blocks of life. These include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Applications of Chemistry
Medicine Food Science Environmental Materials Science
Chemistry plays a vital role in Chemistry is essential for
Chemistry Chemistry plays a key role in
the development and understanding how food is Chemistry helps us the development of new
production of medicines and processed, preserved, and understand and address materials with unique
drugs. digested. environmental issues such as properties.
pollution and climate
change.
