Walter Gropius

Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (18 May 1883 – 5

July 1969) was a German-born American architect and Walter Gropius
founder of the Bauhaus School,[1] who is widely
regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modernist
architecture. He was a founder of Bauhaus in Weimar
and taught there for several years, becoming known as
a leading proponent of the International Style.[2][3]
Gropius emigrated from Germany to England in 1934
and from England to the United States in 1937, where
he spent much of the rest of his life teaching at the
Harvard Graduate School of Design. In the United
States he worked on several projects with Marcel
Breuer and with the firm The Architects Collaborative,
of which he was a founding partner. In 1959, he won
the AIA Gold Medal, one of the most prestigious
awards in architecture.
Portrait by Louis Held, c. 1919
Born Walter Adolph Georg Gropius
Early life and family
18 May 1883
Born in Berlin, Walter Gropius was the third child of Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia,
Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste Pauline German Empire
Scharnweber (1855–1933), daughter of the Prussian Died 5 July 1969 (aged 86)
politician Georg Scharnweber (1816–1894). Walter's Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
great-uncle Martin Gropius (1824–1880) was the Occupation Architect
architect of the Kunstgewerbemuseum in Berlin and a Spouses Alma Mahler
follower of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, with whom ​
​(m. 1915; div. 1920)​
Walter's great-grandfather Carl Gropius, who fought
Ise Gropius ​(m. 1923)​
under Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at
the Battle of Waterloo, had shared a flat as a Children 2, including Manon
bachelor.[4] Awards AIA Gold Medal (1959)
Albert Medal (1961)
In 1915, Gropius married Alma Mahler (1879–1964),
widow of Gustav Mahler. Walter and Alma's daughter, Goethe Prize (1961)
named Manon after Walter's mother, was born in 1916. Practice Peter Behrens (1908–1910)
When Manon died of polio at age 18, in 1935,
The Architects' Collaborative
composer Alban Berg wrote his Violin Concerto in
(1945–1969)
memory of her (it is inscribed "to the memory of an
angel"). Gropius and Mahler divorced in 1920 (She Buildings Fagus Factory
had by that time established a relationship with Franz Werkbund Exhibition (1914)
Werfel, whom she later married).
Gropius married Ilse Frank, known as Ise, on 16 Bauhaus
October 1923; they remained together until his death in Gropius House
1969.[5] The couple adopted Beate Frank known as Ati, University of Baghdad
the orphaned daughter of Ise's sister Hertha.[6][7] Ise
J.F. Kennedy Federal Building
Gropius died on 9 June 1983 in Lexington,
Massachusetts.[8] Pan Am Building

Signature
Walter's sister Manon Burchard (1880–1975) is the
great-grandmother of the German film and theater
actresses Marie Burchard and Bettina Burchard, and of
the curator and art historian Wolf Burchard.[9]

Career

Early career (1908–1914)

In 1908, after studying architecture in Munich and Berlin for four
semesters, Gropius joined the office of the architect and industrial
designer Peter Behrens, one of the first members of the utilitarian Gropius in 1918, with his wife
school.[8] His fellow employees at this time included Ludwig Mies Alma Mahler and their daughter,
van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Dietrich Marcks. Manon

Gropius left the firm of Behrens in 1910 and established a practice in

Berlin with fellow employee Adolf Meyer. Together they share credit
for one of the pioneering modernist buildings created during this
period: the Faguswerk in Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany, a shoe last
factory. Although Gropius and Meyer only designed the facade, the
glass curtain walls of this building demonstrated both the modernist
principle that form reflects function and Gropius's concern with
providing healthful conditions for the working class.

The factory is now regarded as one of the crucial founding monuments

of European modernism. Gropius was commissioned in 1913 to design
a car for the Prussian Railroad Locomotive Works in Königsberg. This
locomotive was unique and the first of its kind in Germany and
Gropius in his sergeant's
perhaps in Europe.[10]
uniform during World War I

Other works of this early period include the office and factory building
for the Werkbund Exhibition (1914) in Cologne.

Gropius published an article about "The Development of Industrial Buildings" in 1913, which included
about a dozen photographs of factories and grain elevators in North America. A very influential text, this
article had a strong influence on other European modernists, including Le Corbusier and Erich
Mendelsohn, both of whom reprinted Gropius's grain elevator pictures between 1920 and 1930.[11]
Gropius's career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I in
1914. He was drafted in August 1914 and served as a sergeant
major at the Western front during the war years (getting wounded
and almost killed)[12] and then as a lieutenant in the signal
corps.[13] Gropius was awarded the Iron Cross twice[14] ("when it
still meant something," he confided to his friend Chester Nagel)
after fighting for four years.[15] Gropius then, like his father and
his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an architect.
Gropius's Monument to the March
Dead (1921) was dedicated to the
Bauhaus period (1919–1932) memory of nine workers who died in
Weimar resisting the Kapp Putsch.
Gropius's career advanced in the postwar period. Henry van de
Velde, the master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and
Crafts in Weimar was asked to step down in 1915 due to his
Belgian nationality. His recommendation for Gropius to succeed
him led eventually to Gropius's appointment as master of the
school in 1919. It was this academy which Gropius transformed
into the world-famous Bauhaus (a.k.a. Gropius School of Arts),
attracting a faculty that included Paul Klee, Johannes Itten, Josef
Albers, Herbert Bayer, László Moholy-Nagy, Otto Bartning and
Wassily Kandinsky.

In principle, the Bauhaus represented an opportunity to extend

beauty and quality to every home through well designed
industrially produced objects. The Bauhaus program was
Gropius with Harry Seidler in
experimental and the emphasis was theoretical.[16] One example
Sydney, Australia, in 1954
product of the Bauhaus was the armchair F 51, designed for the
Bauhaus's directors room in 1920 – nowadays a re-edition in the
market, manufactured by the German company TECTA/Lauenfoerde.

In 1919, Gropius was involved in the Glass Chain utopian expressionist correspondence under the
pseudonym "Mass." Usually more notable for his functionalist approach, the Monument to the March
Dead, designed in 1919 and executed in 1920, indicates that expressionism was an influence on him at
that time. In 1920, the Bauhaus was given its first major commission that would utilize almost all of the
workshops in the school.[17] This commission was for a house for Adolf Sommerfeld made from wood.
The architectural designs for the house came from Gropius and Adolf Meyer. The Sommerfeld House was
completed in 1921.

In 1923, Gropius designed his famous door handles, now considered an icon of 20th-century design and
often listed as one of the most influential designs to emerge from Bauhaus. Facing political and financial
difficulties in Weimar, Gropius and the Bauhaus moved to Dessau in 1925 following an offer from the
city. Gropius designed the new Bauhaus Dessau school building in 1925–26 on commission from the city
of Dessau. He collaborated with Carl Fieger, Ernst Neufert and others within his private architectural
practice.[18] Gropius also designed the Master Houses (Meisterhäuser) (1925–1926) in Dessau, along
with the Törten Housing Estate (Siedlung Dessau-Törten) which was built from 1926 to 1928. In 1927 he
designed the Dessau City Employment office (Arbeitsamt), but left the Bauhaus and Dessau before
construction began. The City Employment office was completed in 1929. He also designed large-scale
housing projects in Berlin, Karlsruhe that were major contributions to the New Objectivity movement,
including a contribution to the Siemensstadt project in Berlin.

Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928 and moved to Berlin. Hannes

Meyer took over the role of Bauhaus director.[19] His work was
also part of the architecture event in the art competition at the
1932 Summer Olympics.[20]

England (1934–1937)
The rise of Hitler in the 1930s would soon drive Gropius out of
Germany. Before that, however, he did accept an invitation in
early 1933 to compete for the design of the new Reichsbank
building and submitted a detailed plan.[21] He also designed Modern reconstruction of Gropius's
furniture, cars, high-rise housing developments Siedlung and an house in Dessau which was
unrealized Palace of the Soviets in Moscow. destroyed during World War II.

Gropius was able to leave Nazi Germany in 1934 with the help of
Maxwell Fry on the pretext of making a temporary visit to Italy for a film propaganda festival; he then
fled to the United Kingdom to avoid the fascist powers of Europe. Although not Jewish, his association
with "degenerate" modern art despised by the Nazis meant he was obliged to emigrate when commissions
dried up.[22] He lived and worked in the artists' community associated with Herbert Read in Hampstead,
London, as part of the Isokon group.

United States (from 1937)

Gropius arrived in the United States in February 1937, while their twelve-year-old daughter, Ati, finished
the school year in England.[23] The house the Gropiuses built for themselves in 1938 in Lincoln,
Massachusetts (now known as Gropius House) was influential in bringing International Modernism to the
US, but Gropius disliked the term: "I made it a point to absorb into my own conception those features of
the New England architectural tradition that I found still alive and adequate."[24] In designing his house,
Gropius used the approach developed at the Bauhaus. The Gropiuses believed their house could embody
architectural qualities similar to those practiced today, such as simplicity, economy, and aesthetic
beauty.[23]

Helen Storrow, a banker's wife and philanthropist, became Gropius's benefactor when she invested a
portion of her land and wealth for the architect's home. She was so satisfied with the result that she gave
more land and financial support to four other professors, two of whom Gropius designed homes for. With
the Bauhaus philosophy in mind, every aspect of the homes and their surrounding landscapes was
planned for maximum efficiency and simplicity. Gropius's house received a huge response and was
declared a National Landmark in 2000.[25]

Gropius and his Bauhaus protégé Marcel Breuer both moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to teach at the
Harvard Graduate School of Design (1937–1952)[26] and collaborate on projects including The Alan I W
Frank House in Pittsburgh and the company-town Aluminum City Terrace project in New Kensington,
Pennsylvania, before their professional split. In 1938 he was appointed Chair of the Department of
Architecture, a post he held until his retirement in 1952.[27] Gropius also sat on the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) Visiting Committee at the end of his career. The well-known architect
designed the Richards and Child residence halls on the Harvard campus that were built in the 1950s.[28]
In 1944, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

Gropius was one of several refugee German architects who provided information to confirm the typical
construction of German houses to the RE8 research department set up by the British Air Ministry. This
was used to improve the effectiveness of air raids on German cities by the Bomber Command of the
Royal Air Force in World War II. The research was to discover the most efficient way of setting fire to
houses with incendiary bombs during bombing raids. The findings were used in planning raids such as
the bombing of Hamburg in July 1943.[29]

The Architects Collaborative

In 1945, Gropius was asked by the young founding members of The Architects Collaborative (TAC) to
join as their senior partner.[30] TAC represented a manifestation of his lifelong belief in the significance
of teamwork, which he had already successfully introduced at the Bauhaus. Based in Cambridge, the
original TAC partners included Norman C. Fletcher, Jean B. Fletcher, John C. Harkness, Sarah P.
Harkness, Robert S. MacMillan, Louis A. MacMillen, and Benjamin C. Thompson. Among TAC's earliest
works were two residential housing developments in Lexington, Massachusetts: Six Moon Hill and Five
Fields. Each incorporated contemporary design ideas, reasonable cost, and practical thinking about how
to support community life. Another early TAC work is the Graduate Center of Harvard University in
Cambridge (1949/50).[31] TAC would become one of the most well-known and respected architectural
firms in the world before it closed its doors amidst financial problems in 1995.

In 1967, Gropius was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a
full Academician in 1968.

Death
Gropius died on 5 July 1969, in Boston, Massachusetts, aged 86. He had been diagnosed with
inflammation of the glands, and was admitted to hospital on 7 June. After an operation was performed
successfully on 15 June, there was hope of a full recovery. Gropius described himself as a "tough old
bird", and continued to make progress for about a week. However, his lungs became congested and could
not supply proper amounts of oxygen to the blood and brain. He lost consciousness, and died in his
sleep.[32]

Legacy
Today, Gropius is remembered not only by his various buildings but also by the district of Gropiusstadt in
Berlin. In the early 1990s, a series of books entitled The Walter Gropius Archive was published covering
his entire architectural career. The CD audiobook Bauhaus Reviewed 1919–33 includes a lengthy English
Language interview with Gropius.
Upon his death his widow, Ise Gropius, arranged to have his collection of papers divided into early and
late papers. Both parts were photographed with funds provided by the Thyssen Foundation. The late
papers, relating to Gropius's career after 1937, and the photos of the early ones, then went to the
Houghton Library at Harvard University; the early papers and photos of the late papers went to the
Bauhaus Archiv, then in Darmstadt, since reestablished in Berlin.[33] Mrs. Gropius also deeded the
Gropius House in Lincoln to Historic New England in 1980, now a house museum. The Gropius House
was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 and is now available to the public for
tours.[25]

Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv in the White City recognizes the greatest concentration of Bauhaus buildings in
the world.

In 1959, he received the AIA Gold Medal. On 17 May 2008, Google Doodle commemorated Walter
Gropius' 125th birthday.[34]

In 1996, the Bauhaus Building and the Master Houses were added to list of UNESCO World Heritage
Sites.[35]

Selected buildings
1906 granary in Jankowo, Western Pomerania, Poland[36]
1910–1911 the Fagus Factory, Alfeld an der Leine, Germany
1914 Office and Factory Buildings at the Werkbund Exhibition, 1914, Cologne, Germany
1921 Sommerfeld House, Berlin, Germany designed for Adolf Sommerfeld
1922 competition entry for the Chicago Tribune Tower competition
1925–1932 Bauhaus School and Meisterhäuser (houses for senior staff), Dessau, Germany
1926–1928 Törten housing estate in Dessau.[37]
1927–1929 Dessau Employment Office (Arbeitsamt).
1936 Village College, Impington, Cambridgeshire, England
1936 66 Old Church Street, Chelsea, London, England
1937 The Gropius House, Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA
1939 Waldenmark, Wrightstown Township, Pennsylvania (with Marcel Breuer)
1939–1940 The Alan I W Frank House, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (with Marcel Breuer)
1942–1944 Aluminum City Terrace housing project, New Kensington, Pennsylvania, USA
1945–1959 Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA – Master planned 37-acre
(150,000 m2) site and led the design for at least 8 of the approx. 28 buildings.[38][39]
1949–1950 Harvard Graduate Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (The Architects'
Collaborative)[40]
1957–1960 University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
1963–1966 John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
1948 Peter Thacher Junior High School,
1957–1959 Dr. and Mrs. Carl Murchison House, Provincetown, Massachusetts, USA (The
Architects' Collaborative)
1958–1963 Pan Am Building (now the Metlife Building), New York, with Pietro Belluschi and
project architects Emery Roth & Sons
 1957 Interbau Apartment blocks, Hansaviertel (Walter-Gropius-Haus) Berlin, Germany, with
The Architects' Collaborative and Wils Ebert
1960 Temple Oheb Shalom (Baltimore, Maryland)
1960 the Gropiusstadt building complex, Berlin, Germany
1961 The award-winning Wayland High School, Wayland, Massachusetts, USA (demolished
2012)
1959–1961 Embassy of the United States, Athens, Greece (The Architects' Collaborative
and consulting architect Pericles A. Sakellarios)
1968 Glass Cathedral, Thomas Glassworks, Amberg
1967–1969 Tower East, Shaker Heights, Ohio, was Gropius's last major project.
1968–1970 Huntington Museum of Art, Huntington, West Virginia, USA. Original building
expanded with Gropius addition with little alteration to the original structure. Only American
art museum to be brought to completion using a Gropius design.
1973–1980 Porto Carras, at Chalkidiki, Greece, was built posthumously from Gropius
designs, it is one of the largest holiday resorts in Europe.
NB: The building in Niederkirchnerstraße, Berlin known as the Gropius-Bau is named for Gropius's
great-uncle, Martin Gropius, and is not associated with the Bauhaus.
Gallery

Bauhaus Dessau Gropius House The Alan I W Frank Aluminum City

building, built 1925– (1938) in Lincoln, House Terrace (1944)
1926 Massachusetts

Front view of the Part of the Törten Dessau Employment The Gropius House
modern Housing Estate Office (Arbeitsamt) (1938) in Lincoln
reconstruction of (Siedlung Dessau- designed by Gropius Massachusetts
Gropius's house in Törten) designed by in 1927 and built
Dessau (1925-– Gropius (1926–1928) between 1928 and
1926). It was 1929
destroyed during
World War II. This
reconstruction (2014)
was not built as an
exact replica of the
original house.

See also
The Back Bay Center, 1953 Boston proposed development

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Bibliography
Isaacs, Reginald (1991). Walter Gropius: An illustrated Biography of the Creator of the
Bauhaus (https://archive.org/details/gropiusillustrat0000isaa) (First English-language ed.).
Berlin: Bulfinch Press. ISBN 978-0-8212-1753-5.

Further reading
The New Architecture and the Bauhaus, Walter Gropius, 1935.
The Scope of Total Architecture, Walter Gropius, 1956.
From Bauhaus to Our House, Tom Wolfe, 1981.
The Walter Gropius Archive, Routledge (publisher), 1990–1991.

External links
Designer portrait on rosenthalusa.com (http://www.rosenthalusa.com/1288d872/GROPIUS_
Walter.htm)
More information on Gropius's early years at the Bauhaus can be found in his
correspondence with Lily Hildebrandt, with whom he had an affair between 1919 and 1922:
Hans and Lily Hildebrandt papers, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles. CA.
Bauhaus Reviewed 1919–33 audiobook liner notes at LTM (http://www.ltmrecordings.com/b
auhausreviewednotes.html)
Newspaper clippings about Walter Gropius (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/00657
5) in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

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