Women's Long Jump Final

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PydCQX4S5Gc

●​ Date: August 3, 2021

●​ Time: TBD
●​ Location: Olympic Stadium, Tokyo, Japan

The Women's Long Jump Final at the Tokyo Olympics featured some of the world's top athletes
competing for the prestigious title.

Notable Participants:
●​ Malaika Mihambo (Germany) - Reigning World Champion and one of the favorites for the
gold medal.
●​ Brittney Reese (United States) - Olympic gold medalist and multiple-time World
Champion, known for her consistency and experience.
●​ Ivana Španović (Serbia) - Olympic and World Championship medalist, a strong
contender for the podium.
●​ Ese Brume (Nigeria) - African Champion with impressive performances leading up to the
Olympics.
●​ Tara Davis (United States) - Rising star in long jump with impressive jumps in recent
competitions.

Records:
●​ Olympic Record: Jackie Joyner-Kersee (United States) - 7.40 meters (1996, Atlanta)
●​ World Record: Galina Chistyakova (Soviet Union) - 7.52 meters (1988, Leningrad)

Additional Information:
●​ The Women's Long Jump Final is expected to be a highly competitive event, with
athletes pushing their limits to secure a spot on the podium.
●​ Techniques such as the hitch-kick, hang, and the more modern sprint-hop-step are likely
to be seen as athletes strive for maximum distance.
●​ Spectators can anticipate thrilling performances as athletes unleash their power and skill
to soar through the air in pursuit of Olympic glory.

Competition format
●​ The 2020 competition continued to use the two-round format with divided final
introduced in 1952. The qualifying round gives each competitor three jumps to achieve a
qualifying distance of 6.75 metres; if fewer than 12 women do so, the top 12 (including
all those tied) will advance.

Winners:
●​ Malaika Mihambo​ 6.83
●​ Brittney Reese​ 6.60
●​ Ese Brume​ ​ 6.97
 ●​ Ivana Španović​ 6.71

Jargons:

●​ A check mark is a marker that an athlete places next to the runway to identify the starting
point of their run-up.
●​ The take-off foot is the foot that is the last to leave the ground on take-off.
●​ The penultimate stride is the second-to-last step of the run-up prior to take off.

Long jump rules and technique

●​ Long jumpers start with a running start, propel themselves in the air at a designated
launching point, also called the take-off board, and try to achieve maximum distance in
the air before landing inside a sand pit.
●​ So, the entire course consists of three parts. The runway, the take-off board and the
sandpit to land in.
●​ In official events, the runway measures 40m in length. It is similar to a running track used
in sprinting, mid-distance or long-distance running events and is made out of a
rubberised material laid over concrete.
●​ At the end of the runway lies a 20cm wide take-off board. The runway and the take-off
board must be level with each other.
●​ The end of the take-off board is marked with a foul line. While taking off, the toe of the
jumper’s shoe needs to be behind the foul line for a particular jump to be deemed legal.
Crossing the line results in a foul jump and doesn’t count.
●​ After being airborne, the jumper lands in the sandpit placed on the other side of the
take-off board.
●​ The distance covered, from the edge of the take-off board to the indentation in the sand
(made by any part of the athlete’s body while landing) closest to the take-off board, is
measured.
●​ The entire jump needs to be completed within one minute after the long jumper steps
into the runway. Long jumpers are allowed to wear spikes if they prefer but the sole of
their shoe cannot be more than 13mm thick.
●​ At events, an athlete is often given a fixed number of attempts and the one with the
longest distance covered, is counted as the best.
●​ In the final rounds of big competitions like the Olympics or World Championships,
athletes generally get six jumps. A set of three trial round jumps are held to select the
finalists, who then get three more jumps to win medals in the final.
●​ The entire action of a long jump can be further subdivided into four parts – the approach
run, the final two strides, the action in air and landing.

The approach run

●​ The approach run is essentially the sprint towards the take-off board barring the final two
steps.
 ●​ A long jumper has 40m of track available to them and in theory, using the full distance is
ideal to build up top speeds and consequently maximum forward momentum before
starting the leap. However, depending on individual techniques, athletes may choose a
shorter run-up to have more control over their leap.
●​ At elite levels, athletes usually take 20-22 steps in their approach run.

The final two strides

●​ These are the final two steps taken before an athlete goes airborne from the take-off
board.
●​ To achieve maximum horizontal distance, long jumpers generally try to leave the ground
at an angle of 20 degrees or less and the final two strides are meant to prepare the body
to achieve that without sacrificing too much forward velocity.
●​ The penultimate stride is generally longer than the last and is dedicated towards
lowering one’s centre of gravity to prepare the body for the maximum-possible upward
thrust.
●​ The final stride before take-off, meanwhile, is the shortest step as the body’s centre of
gravity starts shifting upwards in preparation for the jump.

The take-off
●​ The take-off is the transition from the final step to being airborne.
●​ An athlete needs to ensure that their foot is flat on the ground to have optimum impact
as jumping off either the heels or the toes has adverse impacts on the jump.
●​ While jumping off the heels have a braking effect and reduces momentum, jumping with
the toes destabilises the body and runs the risk of the legs collapsing under the jumper,
thereby severely decreasing the distance covered.
●​ Maintaining proper body posture while take-off is also equally important as proper foot
placement.
●​ Athletes mostly use advanced techniques like kick, double-arm, sprint and power sprint
or bounding for their take offs. Each has its advantages and disadvantages.

Action in the air

●​ Once airborne, an athlete has little control over the direction and landing. But there are
in-flight measures they can take to maximise the distance traversed.
●​ These include techniques of manipulating the body in certain ways while airborne.

Commonly, three techniques are used while in the air.

●​ Sail: The most basic one of the lot, the sail involves the jumper immediately lifting their
legs into a toe-touching position after take-off. This allows the body to float or sail in the
air longer with the momentum achieved during take-off
●​ Hang: This technique involves stretching the body and making it as long as possible
after being airborne. Both arms and legs are extended to reach the maximum distance
possible and the position is maintained until the jumper reaches the highest elevation. At
the apex, the jumper shifts their legs forward into a landing position.
 ●​ Hitch-kick: Also called climbing or running in the air, the athletes rotate their arms and
legs during the flight to maintain balance. This is the most complex of the three
techniques.

Landing
●​ While landing, a long jumper’s objective is to glide into the sand-pit rather than just
dropping in it. To ensure the closest indention to the take-off board made by their body is
at the maximum distance possible, an athlete can turn to several manoeuvres while
landing.
●​ Athletes commonly focus on keeping their feet in front of the body at full stretch from the
hips. Upon landing, jumpers often make sweeping motions with their arms to help keep
the legs up and the body forward.
●​ Long jump training, hence, requires mastery over several types of athletic abilities,
particularly sprinting.
●​ Star long jumpers like Carl Lewis and Jesse Owens, hence, have also found success in
other track and field disciplines like 100m, 200m sprints and 4x100m relays.

Fencing Men's Épée Individual Gold Medal Match I TOKYO OLYMPICS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8BWUpctZX4

●​ Event: Fencing Men's Épée Individual Gold Medal Match

●​ Date: July 25, 2021
●​ Location: Makuhari Messe Hall B, Chiba, Japan

Competitors:
●​ Romain Cannone (France) - Gold Medalist
●​ Gergely Siklósi (Hungary) - Silver Medalist

Background:

●​ Romain Cannone, representing France, and Gergely Siklósi, representing Hungary,

emerged as the top competitors in the Men's Épée Individual event, showcasing
exceptional skill and determination throughout the tournament.
●​ Both athletes had demonstrated their prowess in previous matches leading up to the
gold medal bout, defeating formidable opponents to reach the final stage.

Records:
●​ Olympic Record: Park Sang-young (South Korea) - 15 touches (2016, Rio de Janeiro)
●​ World Record: Not applicable (The record may vary depending on the rules and
regulations of individual fencing tournaments.)

Key Points:
 ●​ The Men's Épée Individual Gold Medal match is anticipated to be a highly tactical and
intense encounter, with both fencers employing strategic maneuvers and precise attacks
to gain an advantage.
●​ Cannone and Siklósi possess distinct fencing styles and techniques, adding to the
intrigue and unpredictability of the match.
●​ The gold medal bout will be a test of mental resilience and physical prowess as the
fencers vie for Olympic glory and the prestigious title of Olympic champion.

Result:
●​ Romain Cannone of France emerged victorious in the Men's Épée Individual Gold Medal
match, defeating Gergely Siklósi of Hungary to claim the gold medal.

Additional Information:
●​ The Men's Épée Individual event at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics featured some of the
world's top fencers competing at the highest level, showcasing the sport's grace, agility,
and precision.
●​ The gold medal match was a highlight of the fencing competition, captivating audiences
with its thrilling exchanges and dramatic moments.

Fencing Types:
Foil, épée, and sabre are three different disciplines in the sport of fencing, each with its own set
of rules, techniques, and target areas. Here are the key differences between foil, épée, and
sabre fencing:

1. Foil:
●​ In foil fencing, the target area is limited to the torso, including the back, chest, and groin
area. The head, arms, and legs are not considered valid target areas.
●​ Foil fencers use a light, flexible blade that is rectangular in cross-section and has a
blunted tip.
●​ The primary target in foil fencing is the opponent's torso, and points are scored by
making valid touches with the tip of the foil.
●​ Foil fencing emphasizes timing, precision, and control, with fencers often engaging in
strategic blade work and attempting to set up scoring opportunities through feints and
attacks.

2. Épée:
●​ Épée fencing allows touches to be scored anywhere on the opponent's body, including
the head, arms, torso, and legs. There are no target area restrictions in épée fencing.
●​ Épée fencers use a stiff, triangular blade with a V-shaped cross-section and a blunted
tip.
●​ In épée fencing, simultaneous touches are allowed, meaning both fencers can score a
point if they hit each other within a certain time frame.
●​ Épée fencing tends to be more defensive and cautious compared to foil and sabre, with
fencers often prioritizing safety and accuracy over aggressive attacks.
3. Sabre:

●​ Sabre fencing features a target area that includes everything above the waist, including
the head, arms, and torso. The legs are not considered valid target areas in sabre
fencing.
●​ Sabre fencers use a flexible, slightly curved blade with a flat cross-section and a blunted
tip.
●​ Sabre fencing is characterized by its fast-paced, aggressive style, with fencers using
slashing and thrusting movements to score points.
●​ Unlike foil and épée fencing, sabre fencing allows for off-target touches to count as valid
if they occur during an attack, resulting in a more dynamic and fluid style of fencing.

Overall, while foil, épée, and sabre are all forms of fencing, each discipline has its own unique
rules, techniques, and strategies, catering to different styles of fencers and emphasizing
different aspects of the sport.

Jargons for each discipline in Fencing:

Foil:

●​ On-guard: The starting position in fencing where fencers face each other with their front
foot pointing forward and their rear foot trailing behind, with knees bent and arms
extended.
●​ Piste: The fencing strip or mat where the bout takes place.
●​ En-garde: The command to assume the on-guard position.
●​ Lame: The metallic vest worn by foil fencers, which covers the valid target area and
conducts electricity to register touches.
●​ Right of way (priority): In foil fencing, the concept of priority, determining which fencer
has the right to score a point when both fencers hit each other simultaneously.
●​ Point-in-line: A position in foil fencing where a fencer extends their arm and weapon
towards their opponent, threatening a valid target area and potentially gaining priority.

Épée:
●​ Priority: Unlike foil and sabre, épée fencing does not have the concept of right of way.
Simultaneous touches are allowed, and both fencers can score a point if they hit each
other within a certain time frame.
●​ Off-target: Hits outside the valid target area in épée fencing do not count as points but do
stop the action. They are indicated by a colored light on the scoring apparatus.
●​ Body cord: The electrical cord that connects the fencer's weapon to the scoring
apparatus, allowing touches to be registered.
●​ Fleche: A quick, lunging attack in épée fencing where the fencer extends their arm and
weapon forward aggressively.
Sabre:
●​ Cut: A valid scoring action in sabre fencing where the fencer strikes their opponent with
the edge of the blade
●​ Point: Unlike foil and épée, sabre fencing allows for both cuts and thrusts to score points.
Points can be scored with the tip or edge of the blade.
●​ Attack: A forward movement initiated by the fencer with the intention of scoring a valid
touch.
●​ Parry: A defensive action where the fencer deflects their opponent's blade to avoid being
hit.
●​ Remise: A follow-up attack immediately after a failed initial attack, intended to catch the
opponent off guard.

Men's Discus Final | World Athletics Championships Doha 2019

https://youtu.be/RAuHp6K-IL0?si=gFYrFcsPt-BEkqyr

The Men's Discus Final at the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha featured some of
the world's top throwers competing for the prestigious title. Here are some key details regarding
specific records, top contenders, winners, and results:

Top Contenders:
Some of the top contenders for the men's discus throw at the 2019 World Athletics
Championships in Doha included:

1. Daniel Ståhl (Sweden) - Ståhl was one of the favorites for the gold medal, having dominated
the event in the lead-up to the championships.
2. Fedrick Dacres (Jamaica) - Dacres was another strong contender, known for his consistent
performances in international competitions.
3. Andrius Gudžius (Lithuania) - Gudžius, the 2017 World Champion, was expected to challenge
for a podium finish.
4. Lukas Weißhaidinger (Austria) - Weißhaidinger was among the top-ranked throwers in the
world and a medal hopeful.
5. Piotr Małachowski (Poland) - A seasoned competitor with numerous international medals,
Małachowski was always a threat in major championships.

Winners and Results:

The final results of the Men's Discus Throw at the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha
were as follows:

- Gold Medal: Daniel Ståhl (Sweden) - Ståhl claimed the gold medal with a best throw of 67.59
meters.
- Silver Medal: Fedrick Dacres (Jamaica) - Dacres secured the silver medal with a best throw of
66.94 meters.
- Bronze Medal: Lukas Weißhaidinger (Austria) - Weißhaidinger earned the bronze medal with a
best throw of 66.82 meters.

Highlights:
●​ Daniel Ståhl's Gold Medal Performance: Daniel Ståhl of Sweden delivered a stunning
performance to claim the gold medal. Ståhl, who was a favorite coming into the
competition, produced a best throw of 67.59 meters, securing the top spot on the podium
and asserting his dominance in the event.
●​ Fedrick Dacres' Silver Medal Effort: Fedrick Dacres of Jamaica put in a strong
performance to clinch the silver medal. Dacres, known for his consistency and power in
the discus throw, recorded a best throw of 66.94 meters, securing the second-place
finish and adding another medal to his collection.
●​ Lukas Weißhaidinger's Bronze Medal Achievement: Lukas Weißhaidinger of Austria put
on a commendable performance to claim the bronze medal. Weißhaidinger, who had
been performing well leading up to the championships, produced a best throw of 66.82
meters, earning him a spot on the podium.

Discus Throw Basics

Equipment:
●​ The discus: The discus is a circular object made of metal or composite materials with a
metal rim. It typically weighs more for men (2 kilograms) than for women (1 kilogram).
●​ Throwing circle: Athletes throw the discus from within a 2.5-meter diameter circle made
of concrete or a similar material.
●​ Marker: The throwing area is marked with lines indicating the sector and specific
distances.
Technique:
●​ Stance: Athletes start with their feet inside the throwing circle, facing away from the
direction of the throw.
●​ Grip: The discus is held with the fingers spread out underneath it, with the thumb
positioned on top.
●​ Wind-up: Athletes initiate the throw by winding up, usually spinning or rotating to
generate momentum.
●​ Delivery: As the athlete rotates, they release the discus at the right moment, utilizing the
momentum generated to propel it forward.
●​ Follow-through: After releasing the discus, athletes typically follow through with their
body, often completing a full rotation or more.
Rules:
●​ Fouls: Athletes must stay within the throwing circle during the throw. Stepping on or
outside the circle results in a foul, and the throw does not count.
●​ Sector: The throw must land within a designated sector marked off from the throwing
area. Throws landing outside this sector are considered fouls.
●​ Number of Attempts: Athletes typically have a set number of attempts (usually three or
six) to achieve their best distance. Only the longest legal throw counts.
●​ Scoring:
 ●​ Measurement: The distance of each throw is measured from the inner edge of the
throwing circle to the point where the discus first makes contact with the ground.
●​ Best Throw: Of all the legal throws, the one with the longest distance is considered the
athlete's best throw and determines their final score in the competition.
●​ Rankings: Athletes are ranked based on the distances of their best throws. The athlete
with the longest throw wins the event.

Discus Throw Rules:

The rules of discus throw, governed by international track and field organizations like World
Athletics (formerly known as the International Association of Athletics Federations or IAAF),
outline the regulations and guidelines that athletes must adhere to during competition. Here are
the key rules of discus throw:

1. Throwing Area and Circle:

- Athletes must perform their throws from within a throwing circle with a diameter of 2.5 meters
(8 feet 2.5 inches). The circle is typically made of concrete or a similar material.
- The throwing circle has a toe board at the front, which the athlete must not touch or step
over during the throw.

2. Throwing Technique:
- Athletes can use either the spin (rotational) technique or the glide technique to execute their
throws. In both techniques, the athlete must start from a stationary position within the throwing
circle.
- The discus must be held in one hand with the fingers underneath and the thumb on top. The
grip should not obstruct the view of the officials.
- During the throw, the athlete must remain within the circle until the discus has been released.
Stepping out of the circle before the release constitutes a foul.

3. Sector Lines:
- The throwing area is divided into sectors by lines extending from the center of the circle.
These lines mark the boundaries within which the discus must land to be considered a legal
throw.
- If the discus lands outside the designated sector lines, the throw is considered a foul and
does not count towards the athlete's score.

4. Fouls:
- Fouls occur when athletes violate the rules of the event. Common fouls in discus throw
include stepping out of the throwing circle or failing to release the discus before exiting the
circle.
- Fouls result in the throw being declared invalid, and the athlete receives a mark of "F" for
that attempt. Only legal throws are measured and counted towards the athlete's final score.

5. Measurement:
 - The distance of each legal throw is measured from the inner edge of the throwing circle to
the nearest mark made by the first contact of the discus with the ground.
- Measurement is typically conducted using measuring tapes or electronic distance measuring
devices.

6. Number of Attempts:
- Athletes usually have a set number of attempts (typically three or six) to achieve their best
distance. Only the longest legal throw counts towards the athlete's final score.
- The competition may progress through multiple rounds, with athletes advancing based on
their performance in earlier rounds.

Jargons:
1. Discus: Refers to the circular object thrown by athletes in the event. It typically weighs 2
kilograms for men and 1 kilogram for women.

2. Throwing Circle: The designated area from which the athlete makes their throw. It has a
diameter of 2.5 meters and is usually made of concrete or a similar material.

3. Sector Lines: Lines extending from the center of the throwing circle that divide the throwing
area into sectors. The discus must land within the designated sector to be considered a legal
throw.

4. Spin Technique: Also known as the rotational technique, it is one of the two main throwing
techniques used in discus throw. In this technique, the athlete executes a spinning motion
before releasing the discus.

5. Glide Technique: The other main throwing technique used in discus throw. In this technique,
the athlete performs a linear glide across the throwing circle before releasing the discus.

6. Release: The action of letting go of the discus at the optimal point in the throwing motion to
achieve maximum distance.

7. Foul: Any violation of the rules of the event, such as stepping out of the throwing circle or
failing to release the discus before exiting the circle.

8. Legal Throw: A throw that adheres to all the rules of the event and is considered valid. Only
legal throws are measured and counted towards the athlete's final score.

9. Measurement: The process of determining the distance of a throw from the inner edge of the
throwing circle to the point where the discus first makes contact with the ground.

10. Personal Best (PB): The farthest distance an athlete has ever thrown the discus in
competition or training.
11. Flight: The trajectory of the discus after it is released from the athlete's hand until it makes
contact with the ground.

12. Stand Throw:A drill or warm-up exercise where the athlete throws the discus from a
stationary position without any spinning or gliding motion.

13. Wind Direction: The direction and strength of the wind, which can affect the flight and
distance of the discus.