EVALUATION OF PRESCRIPTIONS ON GLAUCOMA

A
First Review
On
Hospital Pharmacy-Oriented Practice School

Supervised By Submitted by
Dr. Shaik Rahana Parveen, M.Pharm, Ph.D. B.BADRI (217LIR0010)
Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics

GLAND INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Shangri-la, kothapet(V), shivampet(M), medak(D)-501359,Telangana

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CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
 PLAN OF PROCESSING
 CASE STUDY
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

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AIM:
The main aim of this study is to evaluate the prescription of 10 patients who has been effected with Glaucoma.
OBJECTIVES:
To compare medication of 10 patients.
To evaluate the side effects of given treatment.
To find out the best medication, which can shows better therapeutics effect.

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 INTRODUCTION
Glaucoma is an eye condition that damages the optic nerve. This
damage can lead to vision loss or blindness. The optic nerve
sends visual information from your eye to the brain and is vital
for good vision. Damage to the optic nerve is often related to
high pressure in the eye. But glaucoma can happen even with
typical eye pressure.
Glaucoma can happen at any age but is more common in older
adults. It is one of the leading causes of blindness for people
over the age of 60.
Many forms of glaucoma have no warning signs. The effect is
so gradual that you may not notice a change in vision until the
condition is in its later stages.

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 TYPES OF GLAUCOMA

1. Open-angle glaucoma is an eye disease that causes slow,

symptomless vision loss. You might not notice it until 1. Open –angle glaucoma ; 2. angle –closure glaucoma
irreversible damage has been done. Fortunately, once you’ve
discovered it, you can treat it, preventing further vision loss.
Treatments include eye drop medications and surgery, which
may be minimally invasive.

2. Angle-closure glaucoma happens because your enlarged iris

blocks fluid from draining properly in your eye. This causes
your intraocular pressure to rise. Acute (sudden-onset) angle-
closure glaucoma causes eye pain, red eye, and nausea. You
need help immediately for this medical emergency.

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SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
1. Redness eye
2. Visual impairment
3. Visual impairment
4. Eye pain
5. Cataract
6. Headache
7. Nausea & vomiting
Causes
Glaucoma is caused by damage to your optic nerve. It can
occur without cause, but many factors can affect the
condition. The most important of these risk factors is
intraocular eye pressure. Your eyes produce a fluid called
aqueous humor that nourishes them. This liquid flows
through your pupil to the front of your eye.

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DIAGNOSIS
Glaucoma was diagnosed mostly on this basis.
 Visual field test
 Laser
 Surgery
 Eye pressure test
 Optic nerve assessment

Prevention
Antioxidants and nitrates may reduce glaucoma risk and are found in
fruits and vegetables. It is best to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables,
especially those that are rich in vitamins A and C, carotenes, and
nitrates. These include green leafy vegetables, carrots, cruciate
vegetables, berries, citrus fruits, and peaches.

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

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TREATMENT OPTIONS

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PLAN OF WORK

 SELECTION OF DISEASE BASED ON LITERATURE REVIEW

 COLLECTION OF PRESCRIPTION FROM HOSPITALS
 EVALUATION OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
 COMPARISON OF SIDE EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED MEDICATION
 CONCLUSION ON TREATMENT
 REPORT WRITING
 SUBMISSION OF DATA

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 Patient -1 Details:
Medical Mechanisms of action Uses Side effects
Name: Mr. A. Anil Kumar
prescription
Age: 32 years
1. Timolol Timolol is a beta blocker Preventing migraine Burning eyes.
adrenergic blocker. A agent Sex: male
headaches.
that is used to treat glaucoma Stinging in the eyes.
by decreasing the pressure in Treating glaucoma by
the eye .
decreasing eye pressure.

2. Levobunolol It is used topically in the form It is used to treat Eye redness, itching, or
of eye drops to manage ocular
glaucoma. irritation.
Hypertension ( high pressure
in the eye and open-angle It is used to lower high Headache.
glaucoma . eye pressure.
Dizziness.

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 Details:
Patient -2
Name: Mrs. M. Sreeja
Medical prescription Mechanisms of action Uses Side effects
Age;38
1.Dorzolamide Dorzolamide is a carbonic Used to lower pressure Burning, stinging, itching, or Sex: female
anhydrates inhibitor used inside the eye in people redness of the eye.
to treat high intraocular with open-angle
water from the eye.
pressure in ocular glaucoma or ocular
Headache.
hypertension and open hypertension. These
angle glaucoma conditions cause Eye irritation or swelling.
increased pressure
inside the eye.

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 Patient -3 Details:
Medical prescription Mechanisms of action Uses Side effects Name: Mrs. A. Pachamama
Age: 48 years
1. Travoprost Travoprost free acid is Travatan Eye Drops are dry or watery eyes,
Sex: female
a selective FP used, either alone or in
tearing,
proteinoid receptor combination with other
eyelid crusting,
agonist which is eye drops/medicines, to
believed to reduce lower raised pressure in increase in eyelash
intraocular pressure by the eye and to treat number/length/ blurred
increasing uveoscleral glaucoma. vision,
outflow.
2. Xalatan Xalatan Xalatan is used blurred vision,
(latanoprost) reduces to lower raised pressure
feeling as if something
intraocular pressure in the eye and to treat
is in the eye,
(IOP) by increasing the glaucoma
eyelid skin darkening,
outflow of aqueous
humour from the eye. browning of the iris,

watery eyes.

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Patient -4 Details:
Medical prescription Mechanisms of action Uses Side effects
Name: Mr. .D. Venkataya

Age: 53 years
1.T. Latanoprost Latanoprost, a Latanoprost is a eye pain, irritation,
prostaglandin analogue, prescription eye drop inflammation, blurred Sex: male

reduces intraocular medication used to treat vision or dry eyes.

pressure (IOP) by glaucoma and ocular
increasing the flow of hypertension:
fluid from the eye into
Glaucoma
the bloodstream

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 Details:
Patient -5
Name: Mrs. P. Sravani Reddy
Medical Mechanisms of Uses Side effects
prescription action Age: 36 years

1. Dipivefrine Initial therapy for the to reduce intraocular Increase in blood Sex: female
control of intraocular pressure in chronic pressure.
pressure in chronic open-angle glaucoma.
itching, pain, redness,
open-angle glaucoma.
or swelling of the eye.

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 Patient-6 DETAILS:

Medicine prescribed Mechanisms of action Uses Side effects . Name: Mrs. Sarvani Reddy
Age: 36 years
Sex: female
1. Apraclonidine It lowers IOP primarily by used to prevent or reduce Eye discomfort.
reducing aqueous increased pressure in the
Irregular, slow, or
production through its eye during and after
Blurred vision.
effect on α2 receptors. certain types of laser eye
surgery. Dry eyes.
2.Dipivefrine Initial therapy for the To reduce intraocular itching,
control of intraocular pressure in chronic open-
pain,
pressure in chronic open- angle glaucoma.
redness, or swelling of the
angle glaucoma.
eye

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 Patient -7 DETAILS:
Name; Md. Sameera
Medicine prescribed Mechanisms of action Uses Side effects
Age: 41 years
1.Levobetaxolo reduces intraocular to treat conditions like Blurred vision Sex: female
pressure (IOP) by glaucoma and ocular
Dizziness
blocking the production hypertension by
Heart arrhythmia
of aqueous humor and lowering the pressure in
reducing blood flow to the eye: Diarrhea
the eye: Headache
Aqueous humor Tiredness
production
2. Cosopt reduce elevated Used treat glaucoma and Blurred vision, eye,
intraocular pressure ocular hypertension itching
(IOP) by decreasing the (high pressure in the
, redness,
production of aqueous eyes).
watery eyes, dry eyes,
humor:
nausea

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 Patient-8
Medicine prescribed Mechanisms of action Uses Side effects DETAILS:

1. Name: k. Mahesh
1. Pilocarpine Is as a Cholinergic To treat glaucoma (a nausea,
2. Age: 42 years
Agonist, and Cholinergic condition in which
runny nose, 3. Sex: male
Muscarinic Agonist. increased pressure in the
dizziness,
eye can lead to gradual
loss of vision) and ocular diarrhea, and blurred
hypertension. vision
2. Rhopressa Reduces IOP by increasing Used to treat open-angle Swelling of the face,
the outflow of aqueous glaucoma or other causes
lips, mouth
humor through of high pressure inside
tongue, or throat.
the trabecular meshwork. the eye.
Nausea or vomiting.

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 Patient -9 DETAILS:
Medicine prescribed Mechanisms of action Uses Side effects 1. Name; D. Naresh
2. Age: 48 years
3. Sex: male
1. T. Trusopt Inhibition of carbonic Is used to lower raised temporary
hydrates in the ciliary pressure in the eye and burning/stinging/itching/
processes of the eye to treat glaucoma. redness of the eye,
decreases aqueous
watery eyes,
humor secretion,
dry eyes,

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 Patient -10
DETAILS:
Medicines prescribed Mechanisms of action Uses Side effects
1. Name; CH. Radha
1. Levofloxacin It is a antibiotic of the Treating infections of Headache 2. Age: 53 years
Dizziness
fluoroquinolone drug the sinuses, lungs, ears, Nausea 3. Sax female

class that directly inhibits airways, bones, and Diarrhea

bacterial joints.

Treating urinary
infections, including
those resistant to other
antibiotics.

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CONCLUSION

The study on the prescription of 10 patients having glaucoma. It is the most common disease in the age of 40-60
years The number of cases seen in the age group of 20-30 years. Which occurs most commonly in males and
females it treats various prescriptions it has been concluded that most doctors prescribed drugs are ;
Timolol, Betaxolol, Levobunolo, Brimonidine, Acetazolamide, Dorzolamide, Pilocarpine.
It was observed that proton inhibitors were found to be the most common drugs in glaucoma treatment.

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REFERENCES

1. Allison, K., Patel, D., & Alabi, O. (2020). Epidemiology of Glaucoma: The Past, Present, and Predictions for
the Future. Cureus, 12(11), e11686. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1168
2. Dietze J, Blair K, Zeppieri M, et al. Glaucoma. [Updated 2024 Mar 16]. In: Stat Pearls [Internet]. Treasure
Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538217/6
3. Machiele R, Motlagh M, Zeppieri M, et al. Intraocular Pressure. [Updated 2024 Feb 27]. In: Stat Pearls
[Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2025 Jan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532237/
4. Scott, A. W., Bressler, N. M., F folks, S., Witten born, J. S., & Jorkasky, J. (2016). Public Attitudes About
Eye and Vision Health. JAMA ophthalmology, 134(10), 1111–1118.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.2627
5. Yang, S. N., Shi, Y., & Berggren, P. O. (2024). The anterior chamber of the eye technology and its
anatomical, optical, and immunological bases. Physiological reviews, 104(3), 881–929.
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00024.2023

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