Tracer Study of 2019 Customs Administration Graduates

A Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Customs Administration

University of Cebu Lapu-lapu and Mandaue

Mandaue City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Customs Administration

By:

Jandayan, John Ryle E.

Lim, Josh Andrei S.

Magpatoc, Joshua A.

Mago, Niña Lyn H.

Malingin, Jana S.

DECEMBER 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Title Page i

Acknowledgement ii

Dedication iii

Table of Contents iv

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale 1

Theoretical Background 3

Review of Related Literature and Studies 5

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem 14

Significance of the Study 16

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 18

Research Environment 20

Research Respondents 20

Research Instruments 21

Dry Run Procedure 21

Research Procedures 22

Data Gathering 22

Data Analysis 22
Ethical Consideration 23
Trustworthiness of the Research 24

DEFINITION OF TERMS 26

REFERENCES 28

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Research Location Map

CURRICULUM VITAE
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

The purpose of conducting a tracer study on 2019 Customs Administration

graduates is to evaluate the effectiveness and relevance of the academic curriculum in

preparing students for professional roles within the customs sector. Customs

administration is integral to trade facilitation, border security, and compliance with

international trade laws, making it essential for educational programs to align with

industry standards and labor market demands. Understanding how well recent

graduates transition into employment, their job roles, and skill utilization provides

valuable feedback for curriculum enhancement, policy adjustments, and identifying

industry trends.

Tracer studies have proven essential in gauging graduates’ career progression, skill

relevance, and satisfaction with their educational preparation (Schomburg, 2016). By

examining the employment outcomes of 2019 graduates, this research will offer

insights into current labor market demands, address skill mismatches, and identify any

emerging trends that could inform curriculum improvements. These findings can help

educational institutions align their training with the evolving needs of the customs

sector, thereby enhancing students' employability and supporting national economic

goals (Teichler, 2007).

In addition, this study supports educational accountability and continuous

improvement in customs administration programs. Evidence from

 2

tracer studies highlights the importance of aligning higher education outcomes with

industry requirements, contributing to more effective educational practices and

policy-making (Di Gropello, 2011). Consequently, this research will not only benefit

educators and students but also policymakers and employers by providing data-driven

insights into the preparedness of new customs professionals.

Studies indicate that tracer studies provide valuable data on graduate

employability, skill relevance, and job satisfaction, supporting institutions in

curriculum enhancement and improving graduate outcomes (Gines, 2014).

Specifically in the Philippines, aligning higher education outcomes with industry

needs has become a priority, as shown by research highlighting the need for labor

market-responsive curricula to address skill gaps and unemployment challenges

(Commission on Higher Education [CHED], 2020). By examining the employment

outcomes of 2019 graduates, this research will offer insights into labor market

integration, identify areas for improvement in the curriculum, and support national

objectives for economic development and educational accountability.

Moreover, studies conducted by the Philippine Institute for Development

Studies (PIDS) highlight the need for educational programs to continuously adapt to

evolving industry requirements to improve employability and economic

competitiveness (Orbeta et al., 2018). This tracer study will contribute to these

objectives by informing stakeholders educators, policymakers, and employers

about the skill alignment and professional preparedness of new customs professionals.
 3

Theoretical Background

This study is grounded primarily in Human Capital Theory, which

emphasizes the value of investing in education and training to enhance individuals’

economic productivity and success. Originally developed by economists such as Gary

Becker and Theodore Schultz, Human Capital Theory posits that individuals

accumulate skills, knowledge, and competencies through education, which translates

into improved job performance, higher earnings, and greater career opportunities. In

the context of this study, Human Capital Theory provides a foundational

understanding of how the education and training received by graduates of the

Customs Administration program may contribute to their employability and career

success. This theory is essential to tracer studies as it frames education as a direct

investment in graduates’ productivity, supporting their integration and advancement

within the customs and logistics sectors.

Social Capital Theory, as proposed by Pierre Bourdieu and James

Coleman, provides a framework for understanding how relationships and networks

cultivated during education can impact career opportunities and success. In the

context of this tracer study on 2019 Customs Administration graduates from the

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue (UCLM), Social Capital Theory

suggests that the social connections formed through interactions with classmates,

professors, and industry professionals could play a significant role in graduates’

career trajectories. For example, these networks may offer graduates access to job

opportunities, mentorship, and industry insights that are crucial for entering and

advancing in the customs field. Particularly in industries like customs and logistics,

where networking and trust are critical, social capital may enhance employability and
 4

professional growth, providing graduates with the resources and connections needed

to navigate industry challenges. This theory thus aligns closely with the study’s focus

on post-graduation employment outcomes by highlighting how educationally-based

social networks may support career advancement and success.

Transformative Learning Theory, as proposed by Mezirow (1991),

emphasizes that education should go beyond mere skills acquisition, encouraging

critical reflection and adaptability. This theory is especially relevant in dynamic fields

like customs administration, where regulations, trade laws, and technologies are

continually evolving. Through transformative learning, students are prepared to adapt,

think critically, and engage with complex professional issues. By investigating

graduates’ readiness to handle real-world challenges, this study assesses the

transformative potential of the customs administration program and its capacity to

develop not only technically skilled but also adaptable and reflective professionals.
 5

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Tracer Study of The employability of Bachelor of Science in Customs

Administration graduates from 2018-2020. This study utilized the descriptive method

of research with total of one hundred fourteen graduates participated. Data were

gathered using the institutional instrument for tracer study. Findings revealed that

majority of the graduates secured a job within 1 to 6 months, with regular status and

presently employed as professionals in transport storage and communication

companies. Communication and human relations skills, values such as perseverance

and hard work, and faculty and instruction contributed very much to their job

placement. The researchers recommended the improvement in various areas and the

conduct of further studies. Case, K.A.M., Gutierrez, M.J.S., Magtibay, V.M.A.,

Mendoza, J.H.M., Mendoza, J.C., Encio, H.E., (2022). Employability of BS Customs

Administration Graduates of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas, Asia

Pacific Journal of Academic Research in Business Administration,

Tracer Study graduates of University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue,

Mandaue City, Cebu, the Philippines from 1997 to 2010. It ascertained the following:

profile of the respondents; reasons for taking the course; employment status of the

graduates; status of the employed; strategy used to find the first job; reasons for not

being employed; number of graduates who were able to land in a job relevant to the

curriculum they had in college; and academic competencies learned in college which

were useful on the job. It also determined the relationship between the profile of the

graduates and their employment status. Using purposive sampling, this descriptive-

correlational design study utilized 281 graduates of the University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu

and Mandaue from 1997 to 2010.

 6

Tracer Study Students of Customs Administration must undergo On-The-

Job training wherein the theoretical knowledge will be put into actual application.

Customs brokerage, along with the other companies engaged in imports and exports,

act as a stepping stone for future Customs Brokers. However, the performance of the

brokerage companies as a training ground depends on the outcome of their trainees.

The study looks on their learnings in terms of the workplace environment,

relationship with other employees and dealing with clients; their achievement of core

Customs Broker works as applied on their respective companies; final grades in their

On-The-Job Training performance; and significant relationship of the level of

achievement and final grades in OJT. The study applied both qualitative and

quantitative research design and utilized convenience sampling. Evaluation of On-

The-Job Training Placement Brokerage Firms as Perceived by AIMS BS Customs

Administration Graduates. Roville P. Nisorrada | Viernie D. Alvarez | Laurence H.

Navarro | Edel M Zambrona

Tracer study, business graduate studies, competencies, graduate attributes,

career development, explanatory sequential method, Philippines. The success of any

degree program being delivered by higher education institutions is measured using the

employment performance of its graduates as they navigate the dynamic labor market

after completion of their studies. The tool used to gauge this metric is known as a

graduate tracer study. Thus, this explanatory sequential mixed methods study may

provide the graduate school the baseline employment information, the extent of

practice of program competencies and demonstration of graduate attributes of

business management major graduates spanning the years 2017-2021 and their level

of satisfaction with the graduate programs. The results revealed that outcomes were

achieved by the graduates as the graduate degree contributes to their development of

 7

competencies and these graduates were extremely satisfied with the delivery and

implementation of the programs. They also demonstrated the attributes in their

workplace. The results of the study are consistent with the emerging framework of the

quality delivery of business graduate programs. It upholds that the satisfaction of the

graduates in the delivery, and instruction of the programs, will result in the

development of competencies, unlocking of knowledge, skills, and abilities and

improve the social and economic status of the graduates.

Tracer study, job status and alignment, job outcomes, tracking career

progression. The tracer research of BSCA graduates also focused on their career and

personal results. This study was conducted to fill a gap and contribute significantly to

the current body of knowledge and previous related research by examining the job

status, alignment, and outcomes of those who have completed various program

degrees. This study further traces a significant disparity between their qualifications

and job outcomes. Reynold A. Campo, JD, DBA, Ph.D., PD-SML

Tracer Study of Graduate School Graduates of a State Higher Education

Institution in the Philippines from 2016 to 2020. There is a very high application of

the competencies gained by the graduates specifically on the enhanced academic

profession to their personal and professional growth; there is a very high assessment

of graduates to the graduate program they enrolled in the College. The graduates

recommended the offering of more terminal programs and improvement of facilities

to improve the services of the Graduate School. With these conclusions, the study

recommends a periodic review of the curriculum and continuous capability building

of professors to make the programs more responsive and relevant to the needs of the
 8

students and the standards and requirements of the industry. Jonathan Lapena Dela

Cruz

A Graduate Tracer Study the employability of Bachelor of Science in Office

Administration. Recognizing the reality in today’s academic world, the role of higher

education institutions can not only be limited to imparting knowledge but also to

contribute to maintaining a competitive economy and most important of all, securing

the dream of graduates to get jobs and become socially recognized and successful in

their respective field of endeavors. This research aimed to determine the

employability of Bachelor of Science in Office Administration in Pangasinan State

University-San Carlos City Campus from SY 2017 – 2018 to SY 2019 – 2020.

Josephine D. Reyes

Tracer studies have been employed as a monitoring tool for students'

transition from academic life to professional life. It attempts to follow graduates'

professional progress in relation to the value of the knowledge and training they

received from the college. To determine which courses and programs have aided the

student in achieving the anticipated career path after graduation, it also provides an

assessment of the curriculum design for each of the relevant courses and programs.

This quantitative-descriptive study aimed to determine the graduates' employability

for the Bachelor of Science in Customs Administration from 2018–2022. This study

utilized the descriptive method of research, in which a total of one hundred four

graduates participated. Data were gathered using the institutional instrument for the

tracer study. Findings revealed that the majority of the graduates secured a job within

a month, with regular status, and are presently employed as professionals in logistics
 9

companies. Albina, A. & Sumagaysay, L. (2020, August 21). Employability Tracer

Study of Information Technology Education Graduates from a State University in the

Philippines. Journal.

Tracer Study Implementation; Usefulness; Customs Administration;

Education (2016) The study aimed to determine the status of implementation in terms

of practices and environment as well as its usefulness in terms of academics, attitudes

and instructions of OBE for Customs Administration Students of Lyceum of the

Philippines University – Batangas (LPU-B). This study made use of the descriptive

method of research. Based on the results, Outcomes-Based Education is implemented

in both aspects of practices and environment as perceived by customs administration

students. Respondents assessed that Outcomes-based Education as very useful in

terms of academics, attitudes and instructions and the level of usefulness of outcomes-

based education is related to its level of implementation to customs administration

students.

Tracer Study Tracking data, graduate school, alumni, skills, program delivery

and implementation. (2018) This study traced the general and employment data of

graduate school alumni. It also assessed skills that the alumni acquired in their

Master’s Degree that are most useful in their jobs, the status of the graduate school

program delivery & implementation and correlation aspect of selected variables. It

was conducted using the descriptive research design. A structured questionnaire was

used to obtain relative data. In terms of employment they are permanent in their jobs.

They are faculty and office personnel’s, who are occupying good positions in the

organizational hierarchy and have experienced being promoted after finishing their

Master’s Degree. Majority of the skills that are acquired by the Alumni were “Very
 10

Much Useful” to their present jobs. The status of program delivery and

implementation is “Excellent” along the areas: VMGO, Faculty, Curriculum &

Instructions, Administration while the other areas are “Very Good”. The skills

acquired by the alumni on Master’s Degree are significantly related with their present

jobs. The skills acquired by the alumni in their Master’s Degree are significantly

related with program delivery and implementation

Tracer Study Employability alludes to the ability to pick up business, being

equipped for getting and continuing satisfying work. It relies upon the information,

attitudes, and demeanor an individuals have and how they utilize those advantages

and present them to bosses and the setting inside which they looked for work. The

study traced the University of Cebu Customs and Administration graduates of the

academic year 2005 to 2010. It determined the profile of the respondents like gender,

civil status, region of origin and present address. It also identified the reasons for

taking the course and those that were able to land a job related to the degree obtained

in college. Furthermore, it described the academic competencies learned in college

that was utilized in the present job. A descriptive design was used using the

standardized tool of the Commission on Higher Education Department for tracer

studies. Findings showed that most of the respondents are male, single and are from

Region VII, Central Philippines. Most of them considered taking the course as an

avenue for immediate employment followed by the influence of parents and relatives.

Human relationship and communication skills are the competencies learned in

College that they perceived to be useful in their job. The Customs Administration

graduates for the academic year 2005-2010 landed on the job that is related to their

course in College. A follow-up graduate tracer study should be made to determine the
 11

employability of the graduates; to enhance further the aspect of competencies they

learned in College, which is instrumental in their acceptance of their job.

Tracer Study aimed at identifying the career guidance program that

attributed to the employability of the graduates of Isabela State University. The study

analyzed the effectiveness and the extent of the relationship of the career guidance

program to the employability of the graduates. It utilized a convenience sampling

technique. Moreover, the questionnaire used was patterned in ASCA National

Standards for career development. The CHED questionnaire for tracer studies was

utilized to trace the employability of graduates. The study included 1,169 respondents

from Angadanan, Cabagan and Cauayan campuses.(2010-2015)

Tracer Study focused on the employees’ performance of business graduates

from the College of Business Administration of Lyceum of the Philippines University

(LPU) as basis for success factor. The study used the descriptive method of research.

It utilized a threepart questionnaire and selected business graduates of the Lyceum of

the Philippines University’s College of Business Administration served as

respondents. Results revealed that business graduates of LPU are in their respective

line of business-related jobs. They are technically capable of handling jobs assigned

to them; their skills acquired from the school help them to be productive in their

present positions as mostly are frontline employees. They were treated with respect,

which gives them a sense of accomplishment. Their behavior in work and quality

outputs are acknowledged as their commitment to the attainment of goals. Further,

this is reflective of student’s persistence in doing work, maintaining of quality of

work performance. Their positive attitude in their workplaces is clearly manifested as

 12

they are relatively new on their jobs. The work habits of fresh graduates manifest their

desire to be efficient and effective in the accomplishments of desired targets.

Tracer study is seen as the never-ending undertaking that the learning

institutions must do to gather useful data and insights from the graduates for the

purposes of validating the curricular offerings and planning for the next action items.

This study aimed to determine the employability of BSIT graduates from 5 different

academic years 2016 – 2017, 2017 – 2018, 2019 – 2020, and 2020 – mid 2021. The

study gathered data from 226 alumni respondents using a descriptive survey method.

Descriptive statistical measures such as frequency, percentage and weighted mean

were used to analyze the data quantitatively. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was

used in analyzing the significant degree of variance among the Curricular Structures,

Skills and Competencies. The results revealed that the majority of the alumni

respondents are employed full-time as software developers and engineers. Major

courses such as Programming, Databases, Web Development, and Systems Analysis

and Design were perceived as helpful to the present or previous job of the alumni

graduates.

Tracer Study determined the factors influencing job placement among

graduates of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Cebu-Main Campus

between 2019 and 2024, serving as a basis for proposed curriculum enhancements.

The study used descriptive research design methods with the adopted-modified

questionnaire, with frequency counts and percentages applied to analyze the results.

Findings reveal that graduates, particularly those from the Psychology, Political

Science, and English programs, are highly employable, whether through direct
 13

applications or referrals. Key factors influencing job choices include career challenges,

salary, and benefits. The study also highlights a notable gender disparity, with most

female graduates and a steady increase in graduates during the study period, peaking

in 2024. Although the employment rate is high, most graduates occupy rank-and-file

positions, with fewer advancing to managerial roles. Also, many graduates eventually

shift to fields unrelated to their studies, indicating a potential mismatch between

education and career progression.

 14

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This tracer study aims to assess the career outcomes and professional

progress of the 2019 graduates of Customs Administration. The findings of this

study aim to provide insights to the educational institution and stakeholders on the

employability, job relevance, and career challenges of these graduates.

This study seeks to gather answers to the following specific questions:

1. What are the demographic profiles of the respondents in terms of the following:

1.1 Gender ;

1.2 Age; and

1.3 Employment status.

2. What is the current employment status of the respondents in terms of:

2.1 Employment sector (e.g., government, private sector, customs

brokerage) ;

2.2 Job position or role; and

2.3 Duration of job search before securing employment

3. To what extent do the respondents' current job positions relate to their degree in

Customs Administration?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents’ demographic

profiles and their employment status or job relevance?

 15

5. Based on the findings, what recommendations can be proposed to improve the

career readiness and employability of future Customs Administration graduates?

Statement of the Null Hypothesis

H0I: There is no significant relationship between the respondents' demographic

profiles and their employment status or the relevance of their jobs to their degree

in Customs Administration.

Scope and Delimitation

This study is limited to the 2019 graduates of the Customs Administration

program, with a focus on their employment status, job relevance, career

challenges, and demographic profiles. The study will collect data from graduates

who completed their degree in 2019, analyzing their career outcomes and

perceptions as of the study’s timeframe, and will focus on graduates currently

residing and/or working within the Philippines.

 16

Significance of the Study

This tracer study aims to provide valuable insights into the career

outcomes of the 2019 customs administration graduates, addressing the

employment patterns, job relevance, and challenges faced in the workforce. The

findings are expected to benefit the following:

Educational Institutions. The study will help the educational

institution understand the effectiveness of its customs administration program in

preparing students for employment. Insights from the findings can guide

curriculum improvements, align training programs with industry demands, and

help educational institutions create more responsive and relevant learning

environments.

Graduates. For 2019 customs administration graduates, this study

provides a reflective analysis of their career progress and challenges. The findings

can highlight areas of growth and skills needed for future advancement, as well as

provide feedback on how well their academic training has equipped them for real-

world customs administration roles.

Employers in Customs and Trade. This study will offer employers

insights into the skills, competencies, and preparedness of recent customs

administration graduates. It will identify potential areas for skill enhancement,

enabling employers to tailor training programs to bridge any skills gaps and

optimize onboarding processes.

 17

Policy Makers and Government Agencies. The study's insights may

assist policy makers and agencies like the Bureau of Customs in understanding

trends in the customs workforce, enabling them to make informed decisions about

workforce development, licensing, and regulatory requirements that align with the

current industry landscape.

Future Customs Administration Students. Prospective customs

administration students may use the findings to gain a realistic understanding of

the career paths and job market for graduates in this field. The study can inform

students’ expectations, helping them make informed decisions about their

educational and career planning.

Researchers. This tracer study can serve as a reference for future

research, providing a foundation for further studies on employment outcomes and

educational effectiveness in customs administration and related fields. It may also

encourage similar studies in other locations, fostering a broader understanding of

employability in the customs field.

 18

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

study adopts a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design.

According to Sukamolson (2007), a quantitative approach allows for the

explanation of phenomena through the collection of numerical data, which is

analyzed using mathematically based methods. The descriptive-correlational

framework is chosen for its ability to systematically capture and analyze the

current employment status, job relevance, and challenges experienced by the 2019

customs administration graduates, and to examine the relationships between

demographic profiles and employment outcomes.

The purpose of this study is to gather meaningful data into the

professional trajectories of customs administration graduates and identify potential

areas for academic and career support. This tracer study aims to provide data that

can guide curriculum improvements, better prepare students for employment, and

offer relevant recommendations for enhancing employability and career readiness.

Through the descriptive approach, this study seeks to provide a

comprehensive view of the demographics, employment status, and career

challenges of the graduates. The correlational aspect will be used to determine if

significant relationships exist between the demographic profiles of graduates

(such as age and gender) and their employment status or the alignment of their

jobs with their field of study, without making claims about causation. This will
 19

allow for a well-rounded analysis of factors that may impact the graduates’

employment outcomes.

This research is dedicated to offering data-driven recommendations that

can benefit educational institutions, policy makers, and future students in

understanding the challenges and achievements of customs administration

graduates. In doing so, the study aims to contribute to greater support and

resources for graduates as they transition into the workforce, benefiting the field

of customs administration in the Philippines.

 20

Research Environment

This study will be conducted at the University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu

and Mandaue (UCLM), located in Cebu City, Philippines. Cebu City, a central

hub for trade and commerce in the Visayas region, is known for its significant port

activities and economic influence, making it a fitting backdrop for studying the

employment outcomes of customs administration graduates.

By focusing on UCLM’s 2019 customs administration graduates, this study

leverages the university’s proximity to Cebu’s thriving customs and logistics

sectors. The findings aim to provide relevant insights into how well these

graduates have integrated into the industry, supporting UCLM in enhancing its

curriculum to better prepare future professionals for careers in customs and trade.

Research Respondents

The respondents for this study are the 2019 graduates of the Customs

Administration program from the University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

(UCLM). To accurately capture data on employment outcomes and challenges

faced by these graduates, purposive sampling will be used, focusing on graduates

who have pursued careers in customs and related fields. This sampling method

ensures that the selected respondents are aligned with the study’s objectives and

capable of providing relevant insights into their professional trajectories.

Using Slovin's formula to determine an appropriate sample size, a sufficient

number of graduates will be surveyed to ensure comprehensive data collection.

This approach will enable the study to identify key trends, employment patterns,

and job relevance, providing valuable insights for improving curriculum and

supporting graduates' career success in the customs industry.

 21

Research Instrument

This study will utilized the data gathering tool created by the

Commission of Higher Education (CHED) in establishing the objective of this

study. The researchers will use the survey questionnaire as a primary tool for

gathering the data. The questionnaire composed of four parts. The first part will be

the general information of the respondent’s particularly in personal information.

The second part will be the educational background of the respondents. The third

part will be the trainings advance studies attended after college. The fourth part

will be the employment data of the respondents.

Dry Run Procedure

Before the actual data collection, the researchers will conduct a dry run of

the survey questionnaire to evaluate its clarity and effectiveness. This pilot test

will involve a small group of participants, specifically graduates from the

Customs Administration program, representing approximately 100% of the target

respondents. The selected participants will complete the survey, providing

valuable feedback on the questionnaire’s structure and content.

The researchers will distribute identical survey questionnaires and will

work closely with their adviser and a statistician throughout the process. This

collaboration will help analyze the collected responses to identify any issues or

areas for improvement in the questionnaire. The preliminary procedure aims to

ensure that the research instrument is suitable for the main study, allowing the

researchers to make necessary adjustments based on the feedback received from

the pilot participants.

 22

Research Procedure

The research procedure will begin with the finalization of the structured

survey questionnaire, incorporating feedback from the dry run. The researchers

will then recruit participants from the 2019 graduates of the Customs

Administration program through the university’s alumni network. Once consent is

obtained, the finalized questionnaires will be distributed to the respondents either

online or in-person, with clear instructions provided for completion. After

collecting the responses, the researchers will compile the data for analysis using

appropriate statistical methods to explore relationships between demographic

variables and employment outcomes, as well as challenges faced by graduates.

Finally, the findings will be documented in a comprehensive report and shared

with relevant stakeholders, including the university and industry partners, to

enhance educational practices and support for future students.

Data Gathering

The researchers will be conducting a survey through a transmittal

letter signed by the dean of the Customs Administration Department, the class

instructors, and the research coordinator of the University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and

Mandaue. The researcher asks for approval to proceed with data gathering, then

the researchers ask for approval clearance. Before conducting our survey, we will

give the respondents informed consent for their acceptance. The researchers

conducted a study; the team should know the potency of the respondents. The

entire procedure should be fully clarified, and the respondent gave an individual

file for their questionnaire and explained that their identity never is exposed to the

public. The researchers assure us that the results will keep confidential to respect
 23

the participant profile. After analyzing the respondent's results, the researcher

disposed of their papers to protect their identity.

Treatment of Data. Treatment of Data. To treat the data gathered,

the researchers used simple percentages, specifically frequency and percentage

distribution. Generally, a percentage frequency distribution was a data display

indicating the percentage rate of observations for grouping data points. It was a

common way to express the relative frequency of survey responses and other data.

Simple percentage was used to summarize, analyze, and interpret

the gathered data of the researchers.

Slovin’s Formula was used to calculate the sample size (n) given

the population size (N) and a margin of error (e). It is computed as n = N/

(1+Ne2). with the help of the statistician, the researchers used this formula to

compute the sample size of the research participants.

Ethical Consideration

Ethical considerations will be applied throughout the research process to

ensure participants’ rights and well-being are protected. The research will obtain

informed consent from all participants, clearly explaining the study’s purpose and

their role in it. The anonymity of participants will be prioritized by ensuring that

personal and sensitive data is not revealed or traceable. All data collected will be

securely stored and only used for the intended research purposes, adhering to

privacy and data protection laws. The research will also ensure that there is no risk
 24

of harm to participants, and any information provided will be treated with the

utmost confidentiality.

The research aims to track the career progression of the 2019 graduates

from the Customs Administration program while adhering to ethical standards by

ensuring that participants are informed, data is handled responsibly, and the

study’s objectives are transparent. By maintaining ethical practices, the research

will not only generate valuable insights into the graduates’ professional

development but also uphold respect for their rights and personal data. Through

the ethical management of participant data, the research will be credible and

reliable, producing insights that can guide curriculum development and support

services for future graduates. Moreover, the ethical conduct of the research will

ensure the trust and cooperation of participants, enhancing the quality of the

findings while maintaining the integrity of the study.

Trustworthiness

The trustworthiness of this study is ensured through the application of

established principles: internal validity, external validity, reliability, and

objectivity. Internal validity is established by using robust measurement

instruments and appropriate statistical methods to ensure that the findings

accurately reflect the relationships being studied. External validity is enhanced by

clearly defining the sample population and providing detailed descriptions of the

research context, allowing for the generalization of findings to similar groups.

Reliability is ensured by implementing standardized data collection procedures

and conducting reliability tests, such as Cronbach’s alpha, to confirm the

 25

consistency of the measurement tools. Lastly, objectivity is maintained by

minimizing researcher bias through systematic data analysis and interpretation,

ensuring that the results are based solely on the data collected rather than personal

influence.
 26

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Demographic Profile – Characteristics of the respondents, such as gender and

age, which may influence their employment outcomes and experiences.

Tracer Study – A research approach used to track the post-graduation outcomes

of alumni, examining employment status, career development, and professional
challenges.

Employment Challenges – Refers to the difficulties encountered by graduates in

the workplace, such as in application processes, compliance with job
requirements, and performance assessments.

Level of Impact – The degree to which specific challenges affect graduates'

career paths, ranging from minor to significant influence on their professional
success.

Significant Relationship – A statistical correlation between the respondents'

demographic profiles and the impact of employment challenges, indicating
potential influences of demographics on career outcomes.

Customs Administration Graduates – Individuals who completed their degree

in Customs Administration at the University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue
(UCLM) in 2019, serving as the study’s primary respondents.

Job Placement – The process of securing employment after graduation, which is

a key outcome evaluated in this tracer study.

Professional Accreditation – The official process by which customs

professionals gain formal recognition or certification to practice, often involving
compliance with industry standards.

Workplace Integration – The process by which graduates adapt to and become

established in their professional roles and environments.

Career Progression – The advancement of graduates within their careers over

time, often influenced by factors such as skills, experience, and networking.

Application Process – The initial stages of employment, where graduates apply

for positions in the customs or related fields, potentially facing challenges such as
competitive selection.

Compliance – Adherence to professional standards and regulations required in

customs and logistics roles, which can impact the employability of graduates.

Performance Assessment – Evaluations that measure job performance, often

influencing career development and promotion opportunities.
 27

Human Capital – Skills, knowledge, and competencies acquired through

education that enhance an individual's productivity and employability, essential
for career success.

Social Capital – The networks, relationships, and connections that provide

graduates with access to job opportunities, mentorship, and industry resources.

Transformative Learning – A theory suggesting that critical reflection and

education can reshape students' perspectives, enabling them to adapt effectively in
their professional roles.

Industry Relevance – The alignment of graduates’ skills and knowledge with

current industry demands, impacting employability and career success.

Employment Rate – The proportion of graduates who successfully obtain jobs

within a specific period after graduation, a common metric in tracer studies.

Skills Gap – The difference between the skills graduates possess and those
required by employers, which can affect job placement and career progression.

Professional Development – Ongoing training and learning opportunities that

enhance graduates' skills and improve their career prospects within the customs
and logistics industry.
 28

REFERENCES

Schomburg, H., International Centre for Higher Education Research (INCHER-

Kassel) University of Kassel, InWent Capacity Building International, Germany,
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, & Centre
for Research on Higher Education and Work, University of Kassel, Germany.
(2003). Handbook for Graduate Tracer Studies. Retrieved from
https://www.qtafi.de/images/schomburg/schomburg_2003_tracer_handbook_v2.p
df

Teichler, U. (2007). Careers of University Graduates. In Higher education

dynamics. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5926-1

Becker, G. S. (1964, January 1). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical

Analysis with Special Reference to Education, First Edition. NBER. Retrieved
from
https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/human-capital-theoretical-and-
empirical-analysis-special-reference-education-first-edition\

Sumicad, R., Cuevas, G. C., Gimarangan, R. T., Pacaldo, J. M., & Geraldizo-
Pabriga, M. G. (2024). Tracer Study of the Bachelor of Arts Graduates of the
University of Cebu-Main Campus from 2019-2024. Journal of Learning and
Development Studies, 4(3). Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.32996/jlds.2024.4.3.3

Basabe, N., Estella, S., Ferolino, H., & Cataraja, G. C. (2023). A Tracer Study of
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT): A Case Study of
Graduates of the University of Cebu, Philippines. Journal of Learning and
Development Studies, 3(2), 43–61.Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.32996/jlds.2023.3.2.5
 29

LUBIS, D. O. & Lyceum of the Philippines University. (2012). Success Factors of

Business Graduates of Lyceum of the Philippines University: Its Implications to
Curriculum Functionality. In IAMURE: International Journal of Business and
Management (Vol. 42). Retrieved from
https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/IAMURE-
Success-Factors-of-Business-Graduates.pdf

Buraga, J. G., & Caballero, R. T. (2018). Effectiveness of the Career Guidance

Program and the Employability of the Graduates of Isabela State University
during the School Year 2010-2015. Researchers World – Journal of Arts Science
& Commerce, 9(1), 127.Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18843/rwjasc/v9i1/16

Etcuban, J. O., Carin, A. A., Borgonia, C. S., Lauros, C. F. C., Cadiz, C. D.,
Tabora, M. F. G., & Villacastin, R. P. (2017). Where are the Custom
Administration Graduates of the University of Cebu? Retrieved from
https://www.ejournals.ph/article.php?id=13799

Corazon Q. Quitevis, Francisco D. Lopez, Imelda Binay-an, Remely A. Sanidad.

(2019). Tracking Alumni of the Graduate School in a Philippine Higher Education
Institution. Retrieved from https://www.apjmr.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/07/APJMR-2019.7.03.09.pdf

Macatangay, A. O., Braza, L. D., Gamboa, M. N., Gonzales, A. D., Fuentes, R. A.

P., Macalalad, J. A., Hernandez, K. T., Montejo, J. R. B., Mendoza, F. M., &
Customs Administration Department, College of Business Administration,
Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City, Philippines. (2016). Status
of Implementation and Usefulness of Outcomes – Based Education in Customs
Administration Program of one Asian University. In Asia Pacific Journal of
Education, Arts and Sciences (pp. 62–69).Retrieved from
https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/APJEAS-
2016.3.3.10.pdf

Albina, A. C., & Sumagaysay, L. P. (2020). Employability tracer study of

Information Technology Education graduates from a state university in the
 30

Philippines. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1), 100055. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100055

Jonathan L. Dela Cruz. (2016-2020). Tracer Study of Graduate School Graduates

of a State Higher Education Institution in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363824686_Tracer_Study_of_Graduate
_School_Graduates_of_a_State_Higher_Education_Institution_in_the_Philippine
s_from_2016_to_2020

Josephine D. Reyes. (2021). Bachelor of Science in Office Administration: A

Graduate Tracer Study (2018-2020). Retrieved from
Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 4, No. 2, (2021)

Campo, R. A. & Philippine Christian University. (2024). Tracer Study of the

Bachelor of Science in Customs Administration Graduates of Philippine Christian
University. In Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Education and Technology
[Journal-article].Retrieved from https://www.apjaet.com/wp-
content/uploads/2024/04/Tracer-Study-of-the-Bachelor-of-Science-in-Customs-
Administration-Graduates.pdf

Lopena, G. L., & Madrigal, D. V. (2023b). A Tracer Study of the Business

Graduate Programs of a Catholic University in the Philippines. International
Education Studies, 16(2), 76. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v16n2p76

Mauro Allan P A. ELMIRA O. N.(2017) Employability of the University of Cebu

Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue Graduates: University Tracer Study from 1997 to 2010.
Retrieved from
www.iamure.com and e-journals.ph Vol. 19

Keith Ann M. Casa, Mark Jaylord S. Gutierrez, Vanessa Mae A. Magtibay, James
Homer M. Mendoza, Jasmin C. Mendoza, Hadge E. Encio. (2022) Employability
of BS Customs Administration Graduates of Lyceum of the Philippines
 31

University-Batangas. Retrived from: Asia Pacific Journal of Academic Research

in Business Administration Vol. 8 No. 1, pp 105-118

Nisorrada, R. P., Alvarez, V. D., Navarro, L. H., & Zambrona, E. M. (2018).

Evaluation of On-The-Job Training Placement Brokerage Firms as Perceived by
AIMS BS Customs Administration Graduates. Retrieved from
https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=16688