Edexcel IGCSE History, Paper 2 - Historical Investigation

The USA, 1918 - 1941

The USA, 1918 - 1941 . Background .
. Course outline .

IGCSE Historical Investigation

The President 5
Edexcel
1.1
Paper 2 Head of the Federal Govt. elected every 4 years in November,
takes office in January.
Administration Can veto laws passed in Congress, unless they have 2/3 majority.

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50 stars = 50 states Chooses the heads of govt. departments.
13 stripes = 13 original The President & departments suggest laws to the Congress
1. The Roaring Twenties

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Impact of the First World War . Economic boom & protectionism: Ford; mass production;
hire purchase, advertising, consumerism and the popularity of the stock market. 1
Problems in farming, including over-production and mechanisation. Option 2C: USA
American 1919 - 1941
Dream Constitution
People emigrated to the USA for a Changes can be made to the constitution, 1.2 Mo
The decline of older industries.
Keyvariety
Topicof reasons:
1 The US economy 1919–29 these are called amendments.

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The leisure industry, cinema, jazz, dancing, sport, radio, advertising and motoring. . flee from religious persecution
B
USA 1918 - 1941

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• Post-war problems. Judiciary
The changing position of women, including the flappers. . for political freedom Supreme Court

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. escape from
• Problems poverty
in agriculture. Highest court in the US. Decides whether federal

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. become rich & famous or state laws are unconstitutional.
• Causes and consequences of the economic boom.
2. Increased social tensions in the 1920s
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h h
Thethat
socialUSA was
impact the 'land ofnew forms of entertainment, sport, Hollywood, jazz; changes in the position of women, especially the flappers.
of consumerism,
Attitudes and policies towards immigration. The Palmer Raids and the ‘Red Scare’. The Sacco

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Theopportunity',
reasons for, andwhere
consequences
if youof, Prohibition and the growth of organised crime, including gangsterism and Al Capone.

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The Jim Crow Laws, segregation and the Ku Klux Klan, attitudes to immigrants, Sacco and Vanzetti and the significance of the ‘Monkey Trial’.
and Vanzetti Case. worked
1f hard you could
Congress: Senators & Congressmen pass laws - legislation

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become rich.

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Attitudes towards black Americans. The Ku Klux Klan. Key Topic 2: US society 1919–29

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1.3
Morals and values and the ‘Monkey Trial’.
s
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U.S.
• The political
roaring 20s. system Senate House of

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Prohibition and the gangsters. The laws on how the USA is Two senators per state, Representatives
• Prohibition and gangsters. Legislative

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governed were put together in elected every 6 years. Congressmen elected every

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1787. They
• Racism are known as the
and intolerance. They give advice & Senators 2 years representing a certain

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constitution. approve the President's area in a state. They introduce

re re
appointments. They can also ideas for laws & change laws.
3. The USA in Depression, 1929-33
. .
The Volstead Act The impact of the First World War on the economy, post-war isolationism, tariffs and restrictions on immigration, declining industries.
There are three
Over-production, parts: and unemployment in agriculture.
mechanisation decide if a President has acted

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The causes and consequences of the Wall Street Crash (1929–30). Legislative
Mass production,=themake laws industry, new industries, advertising, hire purchase and the stock market
Ford motor against
boom.the
The law.
weaknesses in the US economy in

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theJudiciary = enforce
1920s, especially laws lack of credit control, problems in the stock market.
over-production,
Hoover’s reaction to the Great Depression: intervention and volunteerism.

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Administrative = carry out laws
The impact of the Depression on banking, agriculture, industry and on people’s lives: Hoovervilles Key Topic 3: The USA in Depression 1929–33
and the Bonus Marchers, unemployment and homelessness. • The consequences of the Wall Street Crash 1929–30. 1.4
Federal government
• Hoover’s
Congressreaction to the
decides laws forGreat
the Depression. Democrats Republicans
country
• The impact & the President
of the carry on
Depression outpeople’s lives.
Political
those laws through his
4. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933-41 Parties
departments e.g. defence,
Roosevelt’s aims. The Hundred Days, the Alphabet Agencies, including the TVA and policies to economy, education etc.
The events of October 1929 and the immediate effects of the crash: investor bankruptcy, bank closures, reduced production, factory closures.
He may also suggest laws.
The policies of Hoover towards the Depression and rising unemployment: the Federal Farm Board, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, the National Credit
deal with agriculture industry and unemployment. Corporation, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, the Emergency Relief and Construction Act, and the Federal Home Loan Bank Act.
The second New Deal, including the Works Progress Administration, welfare for the poor, the old State government
Hoovervilles and the Bonus Marchers, unemployment and homelessness, the impact on agriculture of declining demand for agricultural products and
falling Presidents
Makes laws for the state, each
food prices.
The

and farmers. The impact of Social Security Act, the National Labor Relations Act ("Wagner Act") state has a governor in charge.
Harding 1921 - 23
Presidents
and the Banking Act of 1935. Rural electrification . KeyLaws Topic 4: Roosevelt
vary from and
state to state e.g.the New Deal 1933–41 Coolidge 1924 -29 F.D. Roosevelt 1929 - 45
gun laws & the death
• The nature of the New Deal. penalty. Hoover 1929 -33
The achievements and shortcomings of the New Deal. All laws must agree with the
• Opposition
constitution.to the New Deal. Beliefs Beliefs
• The extent of recovery. CONSERVATIVE LIBERAL
Democracy . Less government . Work together
5. The Opposition to the New Deal Americans vote for the people . Do not interfere in people's lives . Equally opportunity
Roosevelt’s aims, the election of 1932, The Hundred Days, the Alphabet Agencies (TVA, NRA, WPA, CCC, AAA) and policies to deal with agriculture,
The opposition of the Supreme Court, Republicans, business interests, the Liberty League; radical who unemployment
industry, make, carry and outwelfare,
and enforce
as well as the Second New. Let
Deal;people
the role help themselves
of Roosevelt in recovery. . Government to help less fortunate
Thetheir laws, of
opposition at the
theSupreme
state and theRepublicans, business interests
Court, . Keep and radical
taxes criticsassuch
as low as Huey Long and Father Coughlin; Schechter
possible . Higher Poultry and rich to help poor
taxes for
criticism such as Huey Long’s Share Our Wealth programme and Father Coughlin’s Social Justice thefederal level.
‘sick chicken’ case.
campaign Thee.g.
achievements and shortcomings
the President, of the New Deal, the. role
congressmen, Business best leftoftowarlook
of the outbreak afterthe
in ending itself . Minimum
Depression and the extent of recovery by 1941. wage
governors, some judges, sheriffs etc . More power to the states . Social security
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 Edexcel IGCSE History, Paper 2 - Historical Investigation Edexcel IGCSE History, Paper 2 - Historical Investigation

The USA, 1918 - 1941 The USA, 1918 - 1941

. The Roaring Twenties 1920s . . The Roaring Twenties 1920s .

The French leader 1

ROARING TWENTIES
1 Clemenceau response was,
President Wilson “The good lord only had ten”. Some of 14 points: 1.9
1.5 of the USA entered WWI ROARING TWENTIES
. no secret treaties The 1920s was known as the Roaring Twenties, when the economy was booming for
already thinking about the world . freedom of the seas The Roaring Twenties many people. People for the first time had electrical goods, cars, radios etc.

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after the war. He came up with 3a
. free trade Cars changed the way people lived: suburbs on the edge of towns & cities grew, people
‘Fourteen Points’ which he 1.6 Standard of living
Background . reduction in arms for all went on day trips & holidays.
wanted the Treaty of Versailles . various border changes Average incomes in the USA

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to be based, upon. Wilson’s . a League of increased by 27%.
Policy of isolationism ‘Fourteen
2aNations The hours worked went down
. self determination for all states
Since its foundation the USA Points’ from 48 to 44 hours per week.
Wilson’s efforts to promote (countries rule themselves)2.1 Government Policy: Tariffs
has had a history of Most peoplel had electricity by the Mass Production
peace earned him the ‘Nobel The US govt. passed the Fordney-McCumber Act
isolationism. end of the 1920s, & bought goods Factories set up assembly lines to

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Peace Prize’ in 1919. 1922 which increased tariffs (taxes) on goods
Example: President George 2clike refrigerators, washing produce goods more quickly & 2c

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3c imported (brought in).

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Washington declared the USA machines & vacuum cleaners. cheaper.

.
The German surrender

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Each worker did only one or two

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This made things made in the USA cheaper so

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as neutral during the was largely based on Wilson’s Motor car jobs. Henry Ford used assembly lines

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‘Fourteen Points’. 2aIn the 1920s over 15 million cars people bought US goods. 2a
British/French Wars in the to make cheap cars (Model T).
1792.
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were made.

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3b

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Over 4 million people5 were Taxes

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Monroe Doctrine employed by the motor industry.
2a Finance The US govt. reduced taxes so companies 2a
‘Big Three’ Clemenceau dominated the

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Lots of industry depended on the invested the money.

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President Monroe in 1823 led the way, at the Paris Peace Treaty negotiations Companies were able to borrow

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People paid less tax so

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motor industry e.g. rubber & glass, money to modernise their
stated that “In the wars of the Conference He wanted revenge on Germany - 3b as most of

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the fighting had taken place on French land, plus the oil industry. factories & mass produce. bought more goods.

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European powers, in matters USA - Wilson: wanted his

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and he did not want Germany to be strong - 2aRoads were built & people starting 1.10 2a
Fourteen Points

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relating to themselves, we have economically or militarily.Germany was visiting places - tourism increased.
GB - Lloyd-George: wanted some

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never taken part, nor does it blamed for war and punished: reparations, Hire Purchase
Reasons

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revenge, but a Treaty that was not Advertising
agree with our policy, so to do. It loss of land & a weak army, Radio 5.2 People borrowed money to buy

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too harsh for Economic Companies starting advertising

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1.7 2aIn the 1920s over 10 million radios goods & paid it back weekly. 2a
is only when our rights are navy and airforce. Growth their goods, on the radio, in
France - Clemenceau: wanted were sold. Over 50 million people

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invaded, or seriously menaced Montgomery magazines & newspapers,
revenge and a weakened Germany Treaty of were regularly listening to the

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Bus encouraging people to
that we make preparations for Versailles Fordney-McCumber Act radio, with hundreds of stations buy more things.
our defence." 1919
Germany expected 2aacross the country, listeningBoycott
to Stock Market 2a
USA treaty negotiations the ‘Fourteen Points’ People invested in the stock market.
news, sports events, drama &
by Democrats, which upset many to be in the Treaty but it only They bought shares in companies. If the
Intervention music inc. jazz.
Republicans. In USA congress, had: a League, Poland’s company made a profit some of this New inventions
When US interests were politicians where split over the borders & a promise for Hollywood money is given back to the shareholders Electricity changed how Americans lived.
affected the USA was willing to Treaty of Versailles
Treaty which was never other countries to disarm Cinemas appeared in every town as dividends. The shareholders can also Mass production made electrical goods cheap.
get involved: fully supported. & city in the USA. sell their shares. If the company makes a New inventions came all the time and people
profit the share price increases. wanted to but the latest products.
Spanish - American War 1898 A weekly visit was normal. Movies
It became a way of 'getting rich quick'.
US - Philippine War 1899 - 1902 League of Nations were silent until 1927.
Panama Canal 1903 One of the few of Wilson’s Fourteen Points that actually happened was: Stars included: Charlie Chaplin,
“A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording Greta Garbo and Rudolph
World War One mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.” Valentino. Confidence
President Woodrow Wilson Films began to be made in The ‘Roaring Twenties’ created an atmosphere where everybody thought
Hollywood, Los Angeles. they could make money & afford all the goods they wanted e.g. electrical
got re-elected in 1916, during goods, cars etc - often on hire purchase.
1.8
WWI, on the slogan: Women
President Wilson v Weakened League
“He kept us out of the war”. Republican Leader Lodge Without USA the League was The role of some women changed
League of
Lodge wanted changes to League weakened, plus no in the 1920s. Women became
Nations more independent, had jobs, went
After many events, the US & Wilson refused to compromise. Germany or Russia.
1920 to parties (known as 'flappers') Inter-dependent reasons
Congress voted for the USA to Republicans had a majority and
refused to support the League. Without the USA sanctions etc. Though changes were in see how each reason is linked to the others, they are
join the war in 1917, on the were often meaningless, as countries towns & cities. Little changed in interdependent.
side of Britain and France. Many wanted a return to isolationism, could trade with the USA the countryside. One succeed, all succeed, One failure, all failure?
to be away from European problems.

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 Edexcel IGCSE History, Paper 2 - Historical Investigation Edexcel IGCSE History, Paper 2 - Historical Investigation

The USA, 1918 - 1941 The USA, 1918 - 1941

. The Roaring Twenties 1920s . . The Roaring Twenties 1920s .

CONSUMERISM CULTURE & LEISURE

1 1 The 1920s in the USA is famous for the many changes in leisure. This was the start of
Consumerism is the expenditure (buying) of consumer goods. American movies and cinema. It saw the arrival of new music and dance in the form of jazz. New
consumerism in the 1920's led to the buying of goods like: radios, refrigerators, 1.13 fashion for women as they became more independent. Professional sports arrived.

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1.11 washing machines, cars, clothes etc. 3a It was the age of the celebrity.
Stars of the 1920s More leisure time
Consumer goods: Linked to the growing economy, in particular: growth in wages in the towns

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With assembly lines & mass production people worked less hours per week
. refrigerators 2a
& cities plus the confidence people had that the economy would continue to grow The 1920s in the USA was
. washing machines (48 to 44) this gave them more opportunities to take part in leisure activities
the birth of the celebrity.
2.1 . radios 2.1 Movie & sports stars Radio
. electric irons l
became household across Music Radio became very popular, with nearly 60% of
. electric razors Mass Production Electricity Music, in particular Jazz became very

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the country. homes have one by 1930

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. phonographs 2c 2c

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Factories set up assembly lines to Most people in towns and cities3c
now had popular, helped by radio. People listen to: popular music,

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. electric cookers produce consumer goods more electricity and therefore people wanted Jazz came from the south, from African

.
classical music, sporting events, lectures,
. vacuum cleaners

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quickly & cheaper. electric consumer goods Movie stars: Americans e.g. Louis Armstrong fictional stories, newscasts, weather reports,

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. cars Some called it the ‘devil’s music’
2a. Charlie Chaplin market updates, political commentary, religious

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With the new music came new dances 2a
. Greta Garbo stories/events, and operas

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New inventions e.g. the Charleston, Foxtrot

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Keeping up with . Gary Grant

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Personal grooming 3b how

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Electricity changed . Rudolph Valentino. Musical shows became very popular too Radio advertising quickly grew as a way of

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. cosmetics the neighbours

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1.12 Americans lived. . Buster Keaton
2a reaching millions of people across the country. 2a
. hair dye People increasingly wanted what

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Mass production made By 1930 there were over 500 stations in the

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. mouthwash everyone else had, e.g. new car Movies

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electrical goods cheap.

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on the drive, latest fashion etc. US Sports stars: Cinemas were built in every
. deodorants 3bthe film

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consumerism Radio & then . Joe Lewis (boxer) Sports
town & city across the USA.

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. tissues industry grew. 1.14

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. perfumes 1920s 2a. Jack Dempsey (boxer) People went each week to see The 1920s saw the organising of 2a

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Fashion . Johnny Weissmuller (swimmer) their favourite movie stars. many sports in the USA, in college

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Wearing the latest fashion became . Helen Mills (tennis) The movie industry moved from Growth of the & at the national level.

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part of life more many people in Advertising . Bobby Jones (golfer) New York to Los Angeles & Leisure

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Fashion industry American football, boxing, baseball

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the towns and cities. Companies starting advertising 2a. Babe Ruth (baseball) Hollywood was born. Industry 2a

. .
. both men and women & tennis became professional sports.
Fashion was followed via the movies their goods, on the radio, in Movies were ‘silent’ until 1927,

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. Flappers led the way for women . Harlem Globe Trotters New stadiums for these sports
and in magazines. magazines & newspapers, (basketball team) when the Jazz Singer was

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. influenced by movie stars released. were built in the cities.
t Clothes and hair styles changed encouraging people to Act
Fordney-McCumber buy

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e.g. the flappers more things. Sports and movie Big movie companies included: World boxing match attracted
2a 2a
stars starting adverting products.. MGM, Paramount, Fox 104,000people
World Series baseball was on the radio for
Hire Purchase the first time in 1921
Sports & movie stars starting
Rather than waiting until they advertising goods. College sport became increasingly popular
Confidence
had saved up enoughTreaty
money of Versailles The ‘Roaring Twenties’ created an
to buy things, people Discrimination in sports was common, against
atmosphere where everybody
borrowed money to buy thought they could make money blacks & new immigrants
goods & paid it back weekly. & afford all the goods they Blacks & whites could not be on the same
League of wanted
Nations e.g. electrical goods, cars team in many sports including football,
etc - often on hire purchase. baseball & basketball.
Car travel
In the 1920s over 15 million cars were The ‘Harlem Renaissance’ encouraged many
Advertising was everywhere in the 1920s, as companies tried to blacks to get involved in sports
convince people to buy their products made. Roads were built & people th
starting visiting places - tourism Harlem Rens professional basketball team
increased across the USA. Motels beat the Boston Celtics (white)
appeared alongside major highways as 1925 world championship
people went further for their vacations.
People with cars moved to the suburbs. se
Fashion
Art Deco came into fashion. With bold
colours & sharp lines.
Newspapers & magazines Women, had their hair cut shorter, & were
Huge increase in the number of daily and more daring in their dress. Cosmetics were
weekly newspapers & magazines. worn for the first time by ladies.

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Fashion
 Edexcel IGCSE History, Paper 2 - Historical Investigation Edexcel IGCSE History, Paper 2 - Historical Investigation

The USA, 1918 - 1941 The USA, 1918 - 1941

. Increased in social tensions in the 1920s . . The Roaring Twenties 1920s .

2
RED SCARE 2
WEAKNESSES IN THE ECONOMY
Red Scare
After WWI there was a fear that communists (Reds) would take over America, 2.4
2.1 like the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. The Roaring Twenties was a boom for many, but not for all.
. Key events . USA in the world The growth in the economy was limited to some people and some industries.

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Isolationism But large parts of the USA - outside of the major cities, were not benefitting from the
Sacco & Vanzetti Trial 1921 Fordney-McCumber Act 1922, boom.
Causes Consequences
Found guilty of armed robbery & taxeda (tariffs) on imported goods, Newspapers, magazines etc. ignored many of the problems. a

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. Anti foreigner feelings started in WWI when . Anyone thought to be communist/
murder. in 1921. There were making them more expensive.
Germans were discriminated against. socialist had a difficult time
witnesses who said they were not The USA also did not want to be a
. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in . Many communists/socialists were
part of the League of
even there when the crime 1917 when Communists had taken immigrants from Europe
Nations, even though President Business & workers
happened. The judge did not like over Russia, people were scared & labelled as 'Reds'
Wilson supported the idea. Hire Purchase
33% of the wealth was owned by 5%

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the fact they were anarchists it could happen in the USA 2.2 . Department of Justice started People who borrowed
These are examples of the Business owners kept wages as low as possible & often

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. Socialist groups (Socialist Party & to investigate foreigners

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(against government). USA being isolationist. bullied their workers. money to buy goods, could

. .
International Workers of the Word) . Palmer Raids (1919-1921) not keep buying goods.

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Appeals were dismissed. Red The USA did not want to be a part It became known as the 'American Plan'.

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had been anti WWI and were arrested communists and They had to pay their
Scare of the problems in Europe.

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There were protests from all said to be unpatriotic. anarchists Low wages meant that the buying power of most people loans back.

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The USA also limited the number
around the world. They were . Newspapers adding to hysteria with was limited. Hire purchase was the only way to buy things So demand for goods fell.

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of immigrants, through the

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executed. in 1927, despite in 1925 with true and not so true stories . Sacco & Vanzetti (communists) & this could not last forever.
Immigration Act 1924. The USA

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. Bombings: in 1919: April - 36 bombs were found guilty of murder,

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another man confessing to the was a country of immigrants, but

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robbery & murder. were planned to be sent to politicians though they were likely innocent

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had a quota based on people Government PolicyTariffs

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June - 8 bombs in 8 cities was set . Businessmen attacked trade unions as

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already in the USA. Traditional Industries

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off by Italian anarchists many leaders were communists & they Other countries now had tariffs
Many industries did not do well

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. Many trade unionists were said that strikes were the start against the USA.

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USA in the world in the 1920s 2.5 This meant it was difficult for

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communists/socialists, who led protests of a revolution The USA was isolationist but still Demand for coal decreased as farmers & others to sell their

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and strikes e.g.. Trade unions had gone on got involved when it was in it's people used oil & coal miners

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strike in 1919 to get better pay and . Red Scare was largely over my mid 1920s goods in Europe
lost their jobs. Weaknesses

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interest to do so:

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& the rest of the world.

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conditions for the workers Textile industry suffered as new in the

. .
. Unemployment went up after WWI, when materials were used. US economy

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Dawes Plan 1924
war production was stopped. This led to a USA lent $200 million to Germany

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Vanzetti & Sacco series of strikes across the country.

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Black Americans Stock Market
Soldiers returning from WWI expected a Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 Over inproduction
decent job upon their return. USA and Black
otherAmericans were discriminated against
major countries many ways in the southern states: The were few rules & many
. 'Jim Crow' Laws in the Demand (separated)
for goods fellthe in blacks
the from the whites
Palmer Raids 1919-1921 agreed not to go to war with eachsouth, segregated
late 1920s therefore:
people did not know what
Attorney General Mitchell Palmer other e.g. separate schools, use separate. prices
buses & trains & live in separate areas they were doing.
of goods fell People invested in companies
set up a division headed by . Lynch mobs, took the law into their owndecreased
. profits hands & lynched (hanged) blacks they thought had
Young Plan
committed1929crimes (no police, no courts, no lost
judges that did not exist &
J Edgar Hoover to look into ‘Reds’ in . workers theiretc)
jobs lost a lot of money.
Gave Germany
. Votinglonger to pay its for many blacks as local laws made it difficult for them to register to
was impossible
government.: Boston Police Strike 1919 Seattle Strike 1919 debts (reparations) from World
vote e.g. reading & writing tests
2.3 War One
. 200,000 + investigated Policemen went on strike and again After WWI many people lost their . Blacks had the worst jobs & were poorly paid Farming
. Thousands deported or jailed ‘Reds’ were blamed. jobs as govt work for the During World War I, the USA produced more food to help feed Europe
Police chief threatened to sack them war stopped. Geneva Peace Conference 25% of the population were farmers, 50% lived in farming communities
. Most were innocent, many Strikes Ku Klux Klan
World Economic
so they returned to work. 21 January: In the 1920s farmers produced too much food:
arrested for looking like a radical 35,000 shipyard workers on strike
KKK was strong in many parts of the south. They attacked blacks, jews & catholics
Conference . less demand for food from Europe as they produced their own food after the war
USA attended
The KKK conferences
wanted white protestants (WASPS) to be in control . more tractors etc. meant less food needed for horses
6 February:
By mid 1920 the ‘Red Scare’ was general strike in Seattle with 60,00 They were often part of 'lynch mobs' & punished people for doing
. machines & wrong e.g.help
fertilizers a black boy produce more food
farmers
largely over - as lawyers protested workers on strike being with a white girl, or a black person standing for their rights etc. As a result:
Steelworkers Strike Often police, judges etc. were Klan members. prices soof Klansmen
food wentwere downrarely
e.g. wheat fromby233
punished thecents/bushels
courts (1920) to 33 cents (1932)
about civil rights. “Reds” were blamed (though no
. farmers not pay back loans to the banks - borrowed money for land & machinery
365,000 strikers at steel mills in evidence that Reds were involved) & KKK membership was over 5 million in 1924 & included elected congressmen
. farmers couldn't sell their food abroad because of the tariffs
Pittsburgh. Eventually after 4 months the mayor got the police and troops
Companies - at first for the ‘Red
the workers went back to work. on the streets. Many blacks left the south & went to the northern states where things were better but:
Scare’ realised they were losing Striking workers went back to work . blacks often found it difficult to get jobs
workers
. jobs they did get were often the jobs others did not want
. jobs were poorly paid
. encountered discrimination & racism
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 Edexcel IGCSE History, Paper 2 - Historical Investigation Edexcel IGCSE History, Paper 2 - Historical Investigation

The USA, 1918 - 1941 The USA, 1918 - 1941

. Increased social tensions in the 1920s . . Increased social tensions in the 1920s .

IMMIGRATION 2
POSITION OF BLACK AMERICANS Se
2 . After WWI there was a fear that communists (Reds) would take over America -
2.9
Laws Plessy v Ferguson 1896
2.6
Red Scare - like the revolution in Russia. Passed after 1874. The decision by the
Background Idea was that blacks and Supreme Court made
. Immigrants arrived from ‘new’ countries, some of whom had different languages,
Blacks arrived in the USA as part of ‘separate but equal’ lawful.

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customs etc whites would be 2.10
Immigration in the USA the slave trade.
. There were changes in society as the USA modernised, a clash between the ‘separate but equal’.
Large plantations (in the south)
traditional and the new ideas Separate meant poor quality ‘Separate but equal’
USA: a nation of immigrants needed cheap labour. Jim Crow
a schools etc for blacks.

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was usually not equal.
The USA was founded by Laws
The US Civil War was fought partly In the south blacks sat at the
immigrants from Europe. Most of Immigration Reasons for about slavery. This is known as back of the bus and had to
the early immigrants were from The northern states wanted to racial segregation stand if a white person wanted
. Before WWI most immigrants anti immigrant feelings abolish slavery, the southern states
Northern Europe. from Western Europe to sit their place.
. New immigrants were seen

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thought is was none of their
The first were 400,000 people . After WWI immigrants

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as different because they: business.

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from Britain. were from Eastern & Southern . spoke different languages

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Europe (Eastern European languages) With the North winning slavery was

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. Reasons -Push: . People to know . abolished in 1865, but racism and

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Many ‘escaped’ from religious . had different religions
escape persecution, discrimination continued in the

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persecution under various kings & 2.7 (Catholics, Jews, Orthodox) Education Right to vote

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low wages; poverty & famines William Du Bois south. 2.11
Blacks were educated in Everyone had the right to vote

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. had different political
to getviews

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queens. . Pull: freedom; cheap land; First black

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(socialist, communist, schools but usually these schools BUT
‘New’ a doctorate anarchist) Many blacks headed to the North

or for
economic opportunity -
Immigrants . associated with violence, cities looking for work. were poorly funded. Discrimination You had to register to vote
live the American Dream from Harvard

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. economic opportunity Marcus. Garvey
More southern Europeans left the These were known as the
Immigration Act 1924 Black Americans In the south white juries would rarely find a white person guilty if the victim was black, but
Founded UNIA USA in 1924 than arrived! ‘Jim Crow’ Laws.
. limited immigration to 2% (from 3%) Black Americans were discriminated against in many wouldways the southern
in always
nearly states:
find a black person guilty if the victim was white.
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. designed to stop Eastern & Key people:. 'Jim Crow' Laws in the south, segregated (separated) the blacks from the whites
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John Scopes Trial 1925 member vote NAACP
of thee.g. First KKK formed after civil war Promoted a more traditional lifestyle,
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writing tests in 1865.
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immigrants from central & Africa.
Christian Fundamentalists who wanted the law, were being ridiculous. Campaigned for non discrimination ‘Birth of a Nation’ 1915 film Protestants.’
southern Europe: Ku Klux Klan restarted KKK who were against: Ku Klan
John Scopes & equality for all races.
Italy, Greece, Poland, Hungary etc KKK was strong in many parts of the south. They
immigrants, attacked
catholics blacks, jews & catholics
& jews Klan Against communism and trade
Was a biology teacher in Tennessee,
many of whom were Catholic & who taught about evolution, which MarcusThe KKK wanted white protestants (WASPS) to be in control
Garvey unionists in the USA
Biology
was banned. In the text Trial'
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of 'lynch mobs' grew
& punished quickly
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so Klansmen were rarely punished by the courts police judges etc
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the Christian Fundamentalists KKKought to do business
membership was over 5 million 1924 & included elected congressmen
if USA was becoming a ‘dumping across the USA v differences
wanted the law, were being between
ridiculous. only with other blacks. religion. Symbol was the burning cross
ground’ for Europe’s poor and for days. New ideas traditional christians and the Black Americans would to & wentSupport in rural areas and towns
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new belief in science. A battle Africa, via. blacks
his shipping and cities. Scared, intimidated and
unwanted (undesirables). Sacco & Vanzetti often line,
found theit difficult to get jobs members in 1924
5 million
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armed the old and
robbery & the new. ‘Black Star.’ Garvey was arrested committed violence against immigrants
. jobs they did get were often the jobs others did not want and blacks inc. lynchings.
murder. in 1921.There were witnesses for fraud and deported in 1923.
. jobs were poorly paid
who said they were not even there
. encountered discrimination & racism
when the crime happened. The judge
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did not like the fact they were
anarchists (against governments). They
were executed. In 1925 another man
confessed to the robbery & murder.
 Edexcel IGCSE History, Paper 2 - Historical Investigation

The USA, 1918 - 1941

. Increased social tensions in the 1920s .

PROHIBITION
2 Prohibition
2.13 In 1919 the USA passed the Eighteenth Amendment to the US constitution:
"a ban on the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating
liquors"

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. People to know . The Volstead Act.

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Frances Willard
President of WCTU,
in 1879. Campaigned World War I .Women's Christian Temperance
against alcohol for Anti-German feelings during the war Union 1873
damaging home life transferred to alcohol because many

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& violence against pressured politicians & held demonstrations across

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brewers making beer were German the country with arguments:

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women companies.

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. men liked spending all their wages on drink

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Money should be spent on other things

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. saloons had gambling & prostitution

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during the war & not spend . men being violent towards their wives
Carrie Nation on alcohol. & children after drinking

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Famous for her It became unpatriotic to be drinking

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German beer. It was called ‘Kaiser brew’.

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speeches & smashing

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up bars with her

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hatchet. She also ran

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a newspaper.

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had already restricted or banned Wayne Wheeler led the pressure

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the sale of alcohol. Kansas was campaign against alcohol. They

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the first in 1881. supported ‘dry’ politicians, pressure

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2.14

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Rev. Howard This was largely for religious the towns to cancel licenses to

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Russell reasons - they believed that saloons where there was ‘bad’
Reasons

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Founder of the alcohol was evil, a demon that behaviour etc.
Anti-Saloon League. caused many problems in society.
for Members included top businessmen
Organised from a Prohibition inc. Henry Ford
local level, promoting
the best leaders to
lead the campaign. Politicians
Raise over $5 million to fight for Politicians came under great
prohibition. pressure to support Prohibition. City v Countryside
Even though they drank alcohol Prohibition became a city v countryside
themselves they voted battle. The farmers and country people
for prohibition. seeing the cities as bad places where
alcohol was the main problem.
They wanted a return to a ‘simple’
traditional way of life
Health Anti-Saloon League joined with the KKK to
Campaigners included the health benefits of promote an alcohol free life.
not drinking alcohol.
Businessmen complained about
‘unproductive workers’ due to
the effects of drinking.

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