HSOH 4100 -

International Technical
Certificate in
Oil and Gas Operational
Safety

Instructor Name – Dr. Ravi Rangarajan

Room # 19.2.21
E-mail – ravi.rangarajan@udst.edu.qa
Phone – 4495 2661
 Element 5:

Logistics and Transport Operations

Learning Outcomes:

➢ Marine Transport

➢ Land Transport
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport
➢ Hazards of Vessels and Working Over Water:

➢ Extreme environmental conditions

➢ Weather, waves, sea currents/temperature/ice, etc

➢ Accelerated wear and corrosion

➢ Stress of constant movement/buffeting and aggressive salt sprays

➢ Collisions with other vessels and structures - including running aground and
icebergs

➢ Intrinsic hazards of substances and potential for fire/explosion

Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ Use of Vessels

➢ Receives hydrocarbons produced from nearby

platforms

➢ Processes received hydrocarbons

➢ Stores hydrocarbons

➢ Off-loads hydrocarbons via a tanker or

pipeline

➢ Types of vessels

➢ FSO
➢ FSU
➢ FPSO
➢ LNG FSRU
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ FSO – Floating Storage and
Offloading Unit

➢ A floating hull fitted with oil-

storage tanks.

➢ A facility to transfer oil to

tankers.

➢ Many FSOs are old, converted

super-tankers.

➢ FSU – Floating Storage Unit

➢ Can either be the same as an

FSO, or transfer the oil by
pipeline to a land-based
facility.
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ FPSO – Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Unit

➢ Receives crude oil from wells.

➢ Processes the oil (separation of oil, gas and water).
➢ Stores and offloads it.
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ LNG FSRU – Liquefied Natural Gas Floating Storage and Regasification Unit

➢ Receives LNG from other vessels.

➢ ‘Regasifies’ the LNG (i.e. converts the liquid back into gas).
➢ Distributes it via pipelines to onshore facilities.
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ Hazards associated with FPSOs and FSUs

➢ Extreme and unpredictable environmental conditions

➢ Accelerated wear and corrosion

➢ Collision with other vessels, structures, or other navigational hazards

➢ Health, fire and explosion hazards of the substances being stored and
handled on-board

➢ Hazards arising during the transfer of oil or LNG

➢ Hazards arising during the transfer of personnel from one vessel/unit to

another
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ Factors to consider during transport:

➢ Oil/LNG transfer operations

➢ Personnel transfer operations

➢ Drilling-rig hazards

➢ Lone working and diving operations

➢ Falls overboard

➢ Piracy
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ Loading and unloading of vessels at marine
terminals

➢ Crude oil, refined products, LPG, LNG, etc.

are usually transferred to/from tankers
to/from onshore storage facilities

➢ FPSOs and FSUs can act as offshore

terminals, though the transfer will only be
from the storage unit to the tanker

➢ Marine terminal activities may involve:

➢ Escorting to/from the terminal berth

by tug

➢ Offloading or loading via a series of

hoses, pipelines and loading arms
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ Loading and unloading of vessels at marine terminals

➢ Ships must be securely moored

➢ Marine oil & gas terminal is a dock to moor ships / tankers to

transfer crude oil and derived products, and gas

➢ Some are onshore – some offshore

➢ F(P)SO/FSU can be regarded as offshore terminals

➢ Activities include a tug escorting ships to safely berth or moor,

and offloading/loading product

➢ Some ‘supertankers’ may be too big to moor at a terminal – ship-

to-ship transfers will unload and take to terminal (This is called
‘lightering’)
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ Loading and unloading of vessels at marine
terminals

➢ Super tankers – too large to safely

approach a terminal

➢ Offloading carried out from ship-to-ship

transfers

➢ Liquid cargo transferred to smaller

vessel via flexible hoses

➢ Smaller vessel offloads cargo at terminal

➢ Process known as ‘lightering’

➢ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7Espb
0afMw
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ Loading and unloading of vessels at marine terminals

➢ Responsible persons at terminal and on tanker to agree a loading/offloading

plan (checklists help here)

➢ A checklist will aid the loading/offloading plan (cargo information,

transfer rates, venting, quantities, communications, signals, etc.)

➢ Tank inspection/verification/cleanliness (tanker operations)

➢ For tanker operations, inspection of tanks may be required and verification

of previous load and tank cleanliness

➢ Precautions against vapour ingress

➢ All ships openings to tank deck must remain closed

➢ Ventilation system adjustment/disconnection

Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ Loading and unloading of vessels at marine
terminals

➢ Cargo tank vents – fit with flame-arresters

➢ Loading arms can be fitted with

emergency release - Loading arms are ship to
terminal connections

➢ Clearly distinguish liquid loading/unloading

lines and vapour emission- control lines
(wrong connections!)

➢ Inspection of hoses for defects before use

➢ Should also have periodic pressure test

➢ Divers to inspect underwater hoses

Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Vessels and Structures
➢ Loading and unloading of vessels at
marine terminals

➢ Co-ordinate activities (adjacent berths)

➢ Ship and terminal must monitor

operation and communicate
throughout

➢ Prevent tugs, helicopters, etc.

from approaching too close during
operations (or suspend if they
must)

➢ Formal agreement between

vessel master and terminal
authority on readiness to load/unload
cargo
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Operations
➢ Control of Marine Operations, Certification of Vessels, Inspections and
Approvals

➢ System of ‘flagging’

➢ Vessels must be registered to a country and abide by its maritime

regulations – derived from IMO (International Maritime Organisation)

➢ This usually means a system of certification/approval and inspection

➢ An example of ‘flagging’ – a UK-registered vessel (“UK Flagged”) must

comply with the requirements of the UK’s maritime and coastguard agency
(MCA).

➢ Already familiar with safety cases - ‘flagging’ runs parallel with other
regulatory controls on vessels
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Operations
➢ Control of Marine Operations, Certification of Vessels, Inspections and
Approvals

➢ Shipboard safety management

➢ Class conformity (issued by “Classification Societies”)

➢ Certain on-board equipment (e.g. lifting equipment)

➢ Master and crew competency and fitness

➢ Also insurance certificates

➢ Inspection (to maintain class certification)

➢ Routine annual surveys

➢ 5-yearly ‘special’ survey
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Operations
➢ Role and Responsibilities of Marine Co-ordinators

➢ Co-ordinate all activities related to vessel:

➢ Arrival
➢ Mooring
➢ Cargo loading/unloading
➢ Departure

➢ Liaises with other functions, e.g. when vessels require annual / special
independent inspections

➢ Role and Responsibilities of Master (Captain) of Vessel - Compliance

➢ Ultimate responsibility (not delegable) for:

➢ Seaworthiness and safety of the vessel, crew and cargo

➢ Safe navigation of the vessel
➢ Keeping accurate records of all incidents
➢ Cooperation with investigators
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Operations
➢ Role and Responsibilities of Deck Crews

Rank Responsibilities
First Officer Vessel maintenance, supervision and training of deck crew,
and anything to do with the cargo

Second Officer Vessel navigation and assisting First Officer

Third Officer Safety and in charge of safety equipment
Deck cadet Usually a trainee officer
Duties of watchman and maintaining safe heading at the
Able Seaman helm (as directed)
Ordinary Seaman General duties include painting, cleaning and helping with
cargo operations
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Operations
➢ Role and Responsibilities of Engineering Crews

Rank Responsibilities
Chief Engineer Supervising engine-room operations and other
engineering equipment
Lower-ranking engineers Maintenance
(2nd, 3rd, etc)

➢ Role and Responsibilities of Stewards Crew

Rank Responsibilities

Chief Steward All food and cleaning services,

Cooks and stewards Support Chief Steward in the galley and mess
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Operations
➢ Personnel Transfers and Boarding
Arrangements - Methods

➢ Helicopter

➢ Transfer basket (with crane)

➢ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZD
8y7Slx2ow
➢ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDu
I_LPqs4k

➢ Gangways, bridges and accommodation

ladders

➢ Rope ladder - Commonly used for pilots boarding the

tanker before navigating coastal or inland waterways to
berth alongside a terminal
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Marine Operations
➢ Vessel/Terminal Security

➢ Terrorist and pirate threat

➢ Personnel transfers restricted to authorised personnel only

➢ 3 Levels of security (levels 1-3)

➢ Security Level 1 is lowest, level 3 the highest – the assigned level will depend on the perceived
threat at any one time. The different levels have different requirements.

➢ Port facility security plan (PFSP) will have measures to:

➢ Prevent unauthorised access to the port

➢ Allow shore leave, crew rotation and visitors on board

➢ Visitor badge system

➢ Security officers
➢ Information request (ship, crew, cargo) by port terminals prior to port entry
➢ Prior formal agreement of security protocol for transfers
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Health Safety PPE
➢ PPE Suitability - Typical protection on board will include:

➢ Safety footwear (usually boots)

➢ Overalls (fire-retardant)

➢ Specialist gloves (rigger, welders, chemical)

➢ Safety eyewear (welding, goggles, etc.)

➢ Hearing protection (esp. engine rooms)

➢ Fall restraint and/or fall-arrest equipment

➢ Respiratory protective equipment (RPE)

➢ Anti-static or spark-proof clothing / zips, etc.

➢ Specialist equipment (lifejackets, etc.)

Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Diving Operations
➢ Diving types:

➢ Surface diving using air-fed

hoses fed from a surface vessel

➢ SCUBA (Self-Contained
Underwater Breathing
Apparatus) – Diver using own
tanks

➢ Hybrid systems –
mobile/portable surface
supplied diving

➢ Inspection by ROV - remote

operated vehicles – essentially
a robotic underwater CCTV
camera
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Diving Operations
➢ Risk to Divers:

➢ Becoming trapped (e.g. by their own air lines or by moorings, or stuck in soft seabed)

➢ Problems with their breathing apparatus (faulty valves, incorrect gas mixture, loss
of gas)

➢ Developing illness during the dive:

➢ Blackouts
➢ Decompression sickness (the bends)
➢ Nitrogen narcosis (similar effects to alcohol intoxication)
➢ Developing oxygen poisoning

➢ Miscommunications (leading to errors)

➢ Collisions (e.g. a vessel escaped from mooring or an ROV also being used)

➢ The effects of extreme environment or ocean conditions (changeable weather, rough

seas, fast tides, cold)
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Diving Operations
➢ Diving Operations Management (DOM)

➢ Installations would normally maintain a Site Information Dossier (SID) which would
access the likely mutual impacts and act as a source of information to diving/ROV
contractors

➢ The OGP (International Association of Oil and Gas Producers) report 411 - Breaks
down diving operation management into 4 steps.

• Compliance
1

• Planning
2

• Execution
3

• Measuring and improving

4
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Diving Operations - DOM
➢ Compliance – all parties should comply with all international, national, industry and
company / contractor requirements for diving operations.

➢ Planning – Diving operations must be properly planned

➢ Hazard identification will typically use thorough, detailed systematic techniques

such as HAZID and FMEA to identify potential domino effects

➢ OGP report 411 gives 3 stages of risk assessment:

➢ Stage 1 – onshore risk assessment (during onshore planning stage)

➢ Stage 2 – onsite risk assessment (actually on site and by those actually supervising the
work – more specific than onshore RA)

➢ Stage 3 – toolbox talk before work commences

➢ Divers and ROVs are at risk from operations undertaken on-board vessels and
installations
Logistics and Transport Operations
Marine Transport – Diving Operations - DOM
➢ Planning – Diving operations must be properly planned

➢ Divers may also cause problems for the vessel or installation (e.g. a diver could sever or
damage a pipeline, or block a firewater intake)

➢ Identifying required competence and its assurance (training, qualifications, experience)

➢ Planning for emergency situations (e.g. injured diver, decompression sickness, etc.)

➢ Management of change (authorisation)

➢ Execution - Site rules must be followed/developed

➢ Risk assessment (stage 2 – specific on-site; stage 3 – toolbox talks)

➢ Safety briefings (inductions, expectations, etc.)

➢ Use of formal permit-to-work/permit-to-dive system

➢ Measuring and improving

➢ Review of operation and incidents – lessons learned

 Element 5:

Logistics and Transport Operations

Learning Outcomes:

➢ Marine Transport

➢ Land Transport
Logistics and Transport Operations
Land Transport – Dangerous Substance Classification
➢ UN Classification and Transport of Hazardous Materials

➢ Carrying goods by road involves a risk of accidents. If goods carried are dangerous,
there is a risk that dangerous goods may be released:

➢ Transportation of dangerous goods influenced by international agreements.

➢ Current rules developed by United Nations (UN) - UN Recommendations on the

Transport of Dangerous Goods – Model Regulations, Referred to commonly as the
Orange Book (due to the colour) and supported by Manual of Tests and Criteria.
Adopted wholesale as legally binding international agreements

➢ Modal variations (published separately) include rules for road, rail, air, sea and
inland waterways. There are national and regional variations.

➢ In Europe, international road transportation of dangerous goods (such as petroleum in

road tankers) is covered by a set of rules called the European Agreement Concerning
the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road. Long name – so is
commonly known as ADR – derived from its French title.
Logistics and Transport Operations
Land Transport – Dangerous Substance Classification
➢ UN Classification and Transport of Hazardous Materials

Gasoline is assigned to Class 3

(flammable liquids)
Logistics and Transport Operations
Land Transport – Dangerous Substance Classification
➢ UN Classification and Transport of Hazardous Materials

➢ Using ADR as an example of UN requirements for road transportation of

dangerous goods, it covers the following above basic areas.

➢ Safety Advisors will be “Dangerous Goods Safety Advisors” (DGSA)

specifically trained to advise on transporting dangerous goods.

➢ Dangerous goods list is a (very) large lookup table containing:

➢ A tabulated list of dangerous goods

➢ Their classes and UN numbers
➢ Packing and tank provisions
➢ Labelling requirements (information and hazard symbols)
➢ Quantities
➢ Other restrictions
Logistics and Transport Operations
Land Transport – Dangerous Substance Classification
➢ UN Classification and Transport of Hazardous Materials

➢ Marking and labelling of packages

➢ Documentation covers:

➢ Dangerous goods transport document

➢ Container packing certificate

➢ Instructions in writing (in case of emergency)

➢ Conditions of carriage, loading, unloading and handling – e.g. prohibition

of smoking, precautions against electrostatic discharges

➢ Vehicle crew, equipment, operation and documentation, e.g. specific

training of crew, supervision of vehicles
Logistics and Transport Operations
Land Transport – Dangerous Substance Classification
➢ UN Classification and Transport of Hazardous Materials

➢ Vehicles carrying dangerous goods may have to be marked and placarded.

➢ For tanks and tankers, additional information is required to be displayed:

➢ This is the UN Number and Hazard Identification Number (HIN). Modified

marking system can be used, e.g. for UK domestic transport a HazChem panel is
used showing an emergency action code (EAC) instead of HIN

➢ Note the environmentally hazardous symbol now commonly assigned for

petrol
Logistics and Transport Operations
Land Transport – Common Hazards and Prevention
➢ Protection of plant from being struck by vehicles

➢ Positioning – tank isolated from tanker off-loading point

➢ Barriers, e.g. Armco (don’t use bund wall as barrier!)

➢ Protect bund walls with own barriers in high collision risk areas

➢ Driver Training

➢ E.g. for road-tanker drivers, covers specific issues (theoretical & practical aspects):

➢ Vehicle behaviour (e.g. load movement / surge)

➢ Specific vehicle requirements
➢ Filling and discharge
➢ Specific rules (approval certificates, marking, placarding, etc.)

➢ Must sit externally assessed exam for the classes of goods to be carried

➢ Receive certificate of competence (must be renewed at specific intervals)

Logistics and Transport Operations
Land Transport – Common Hazards and Prevention
➢ Loading and Unloading Arrangements

➢ Tanker drivers have to be fully informed of dangers of materials they carry and emergency
action to be taken

➢ ADR require drivers to have instructions in writing. This is the Transport Emergency card
(TREM card) – 4 page instruction describing nature of hazardous load and emergency action

➢ Driver and recipient of materials should have written procedures for safe loading and
unloading

➢ Fire extinguishers to be carried on all vehicles

➢ Earth connections to be used for loading and unloading flammable or explosive materials

➢ Strict operational procedures and correct markings to be in place to prevent substances being
unloaded from tankers into the wrong tanks

➢ Different substance tanks should have different hose couplings

➢ All tanks to have adequate capacity to prevent overfilling and leaks

Logistics and Transport Operations
Land Transport – Common Hazards and Prevention
➢ Traffic Management – On-site principles

➢ Minimise bends/junctions, steep gradients and need for reversing

➢ Segregate vehicles and pedestrians – designate crossings and walkways

➢ Use clear traffic signs

➢ Ensure all areas are well lit during hours of darkness

➢ Make traffic routes wide enough for vehicles or use one-way systems
➢ Indicate and enforce speed limits

➢ Protect vulnerable plant with barriers

➢ Ensure adequate room for off-loading (demountable tanks)

➢ Have dedicated tanker off-loading points with emergency facilities and
environmental protection

➢ Have security-controlled access with signing-in procedure

Logistics and Transport Operations
Land Transport – Common Hazards and Prevention
➢ Traffic Management – Routes

➢ Plan routes to minimise threats to security

➢ Change routes to avoid repetition and familiarity

➢ Be able to detect if vehicle ever goes off route (for

whatever reason) – use vehicle tracking systems

➢ Rail Transport

➢ Rail transport involves tank cars and tank

containers

➢ Rail risks are similar to those from road transport

and requirements are very similar

➢ Rail has greater restrictions than road especially if

carriage through long tunnels is necessary
Logistics and Transport Operations
Land Transport – Common Hazards and Prevention
➢ Rail Transport

➢ Possibility of derailment

➢ Rupture of tanks – spillage, fire or

explosion

➢ Offloading rail tankers:

➢ Similar consideration to road

tankers
➢ Specially designed sidings
➢ Boundary fencing
➢ Track safety and points position
➢ Remove locomotive from sidings
➢ Apply the brakes
➢ Overfilling of tankers