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“Pros and Cons: The Reality of Electric Vehicles Today and Tomorrow”

RATING

Submitted by:
Naveros, Jhon Ruzcel P.
CPE243

Submitted to:
Jasper Dale M. Maximo

Date Submitted:

November 1. 2024
 PROS AND CONS: THE REALITY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

TODAY AND TOMORROW

SPECIFIED AREA OF CONCERN

Electric vehicles (EVs) present a promising solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

and mitigate the impact of climate change. However, the adoption of EVs comes with significant

challenges that must be addressed for their widespread use to become feasible. One major

concern is the cost of EVs, both in terms of purchase price and maintenance (Alanazi, 2023).

According to Krishna (2021), EVs tend to be more expensive upfront than traditional internal

combustion engine (ICE) vehicles due to the cost of the batteries used to power them. While

battery prices have dropped significantly over the last decade, they still represent a large portion

of the vehicle's overall cost. Li-ion battery costs have reduced from $1,100 per kilowatt-hour

(kWh) in 2010 to around $137 per kWh by 2021 but they need to decrease further for EVs to

become affordable to a broader audience. This high initial cost poses a barrier, especially in

developing countries or regions with lower average incomes (BloombergNEF, 2021).

The battery life and range of EVs is another critical limitation. Despite improvements,

range anxiety—the fear that the vehicle's battery will deplete before reaching a charging station

—remains a significant concern for potential buyers. This issue is exacerbated in regions where

charging infrastructure is sparse. Most modern EVs offer a range of 200 to 400 miles per charge,

which is often sufficient for daily commutes but may not be enough for long-distance travel

without frequent recharging (Chakraborty et al., 2022). Furthermore, Olabi et al. (2022) stated

that battery degradation over time reduces vehicle range, necessitating eventual battery

replacements, which add to the total cost of ownership. The lack of charging infrastructure is
also a prominent challenge. While the number of charging stations is increasing, it remains

limited, particularly in rural areas and developing nations. Public charging infrastructure is

crucial for EV adoption, as not all potential EV owners have access to home charging. A network

of fast-charging stations is needed to support long-distance travel and ease consumer concerns

about range. The Department of Energy reported that there were approximately 48,000 public

charging stations by 2021, but this is still far from the number of gas stations available

(Alternative Fuels Data Center: Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, 2024).

Another area of concern is the environmental impact of EV production, particularly

related to battery manufacturing. EVs are often seen as environmentally friendly, but the

production of lithium-ion batteries used in EVs has raised concerns due to the extraction of raw

materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The mining processes for these materials can lead to

deforestation, water shortages, and the displacement of local communities, especially in

countries like Chile, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia where much of the

mining occurs (Niri et al., 2024). Moreover, the production of batteries is energy-intensive, often

relying on fossil fuel-powered grids, which can offset some of the environmental benefits of

EVs. Battery disposal and recycling also remain a major problem, which has its antecedents in

environmental pollution (Dall-Orsoletta et al., 2022). The battery in EVs will require disposal or

recycling, and that concerns what will happen to them as they get older. Generally, lithium-ion

batteries consist of some hazardous contents, which, if disposed of incorrectly, affect soil and

water. Though the recycling technologies being developed today are sophisticated, the current

trends are very costly and rarely practiced. The environmental impact of EV batteries can be

minimized if their manufacturing, utilization and disposal has a sustainable life cycle (Mossali et

al., 2020).
 Additionally, the fluctuating prices of the raw material needed to manufacture EVs is a

risk to both supply chain and geopolitical factors. Most of the key raw materials that are used in

the manufacturing of batteries can be obtained from a few countries thus it is feared that there

may be supply chain disruption or high costs occasioned by political instabilities, trade barriers,

or any other economic factors (Jones et al., 2020). Kumar et al., (2023) also acknowledged that

the continued use of raw materials in manufacturing batteries hence the EV’s suggest that non-

renewable resources are finite, and therefore, the advantages of limited natural resources do not

apply to the EVs. To sum up, promising and showing a tremendous potential of becoming a

solution to combating climate change electric vehicles are not devoid of challenges. They include

cost of the vehicles, short range, inadequate charging stations, social costs of battery production

and suitable battery recycling. In fact, the governments and industries are planning to invest

more in EV technology and infrastructure. The minimization of these challenges will be very

important for the sustainable development of electric mobility.

AIMS/OBJECTIVES

This paper aims at establishing an understanding of the evolution of, the benefits of and

the tasks associated with electric vehicles, with emphasis made on climate change. Specifically,

the study aims to:

● Examine the ability of electric vehicles to address climate change by understanding their

capability to reduce emission of greenhouse gasses and the following challenges which

are battery life, cost of the vehicles and charging infrastructure.

management issues, cost, and technology analysis to be useful to policy makers,

automotive companies and consumers.

● To continue the discussion on sustainable transportation and inspire people to think about

various prospects and limitations of the EVs present and future technologies, economics

and environmental impacts.

ARTICLE/S & NEWS SOURCE/S

Electric vehicles (EVs) are observed to have minimal maintenance needs than regular

vehicles. For example, EVs have fewer parts that move compared with internal combustion

engine cars, don’t need oil changes, and therefore need less maintenance throughout ownership

(Vincent et al., 2023). Furthermore, some subsystems, such as brakes, last longer owing to the

application of regenerative braking systems (Sundstrom, 2023). No exhaust system repairs and

timing belt replacements are needed any more which help in lower maintenance charges and thus

more savings in the long run for the EV owners (Aggarwal, 2023).

Electric vehicles (EVs) do not rely on fossil fuels hence the utilization of these not drops

formation of dangerous gasses. This has two advantages: it decreases greenhouse gas emissions

while also improving the quality of air we breathe (Aggarwal, 2023). This is a clear sign of how

technological advancements can contribute to environmental conservation. Furthermore, the

absence of tailpipes in EVs reduces direct emissions of hazardous gasses into the environment.

This is a considerable advantage, particularly in heavily populated metropolitan regions where

air pollution is a major concern (Aggarwal, 2023; Vincent et al., 2023). This points out the role

of innovative solutions in addressing urban environmental challenges. While it is true that

generated from non-renewable sources, the total environmental effect of EVs is predicted to

diminish as we migrate toward renewable energy sources. Eventually, EVs represent a more

sustainable transportation choice for our world (Sundstrom, 2023). This emphasizes the need for

continued efforts to promote renewable energy to fully realize the environmental benefits of

EVs.

Driving is both simple and quiet. With fewer moving parts than gasoline cars, EVs are

easier to run and produce less noise and vibration, resulting in a more joyful and stress-free

driving experience (Aggarwal, 2023). In fact, EVs are so quiet that the U.S. federal government

requires them to produce artificial noises at low speeds to alert pedestrians and visually impaired

individuals of their presence. The most noticeable sounds in an EV come from the tires and the

wind, with a slight whine from the electric motors during acceleration. Some automakers, like

BMW, have even collaborated with composers to Qcreate unique sounds for their EVs, adding to

the overall driving experience (Vincent et al., 2023). The quietness of an EV, especially when

gliding on a smooth highway at the end of a workday, offers a sense of peace that is hard to find

in traditional vehicles (Sundstrom, 2023). As more luxury car companies enter the EV market,

these vehicles are becoming increasingly refined and insulated, enhancing the quiet and peaceful

driving experience (Sundstrom, 2023).

According to Sundstrom (2023), electric vehicles (EVs) pose a range of financial

benefits, including various tax credits and incentives. These benefits have recently been

expanded to include used EVs, although the rules for eligibility have become more complex.

Another from Aggarwal (2023), points out that many governments offer incentives such as tax

credits, rebates, and reduced registration fees or road taxes to promote the adoption of EVs.
These incentives help offset the first higher purchase costs associated with EVs. Furthermore,

Vincent et al. (2023) mentions that federal, state, local, and utility incentives can subsidize the

purchase of many EVs. Incentives can vary greatly depending on where you live, but they can

amount to thousands of dollars in instant rebates and tax credits.

However, range anxiety is a significant concern for potential EV buyers. According to

Novichenko (2021), the range of most electric vehicle models currently on the market has vastly

improved over the past few years. However, EVs may not be the best choice for those who

regularly cover long distances. In fact, a study by AAA found that vehicle range dropped by a

massive 41% when the temperature went down to 20 degrees Fahrenheit,and the heater was used.

Fp (2023) further explains that range anxiety is particularly prevalent among drivers who often

travel to less urbanized areas. Despite continuous improvements in EV battery technology, which

have increased the average EV driving range to over 210 miles for a single full charge, this is

still less than the range of a gas-engine Camry, which can travel over six hundred miles on a full

tank. The average American driver travels approximately thirty-five miles per day, so

theoretically, a 210-mile range could last a full work week without charging. However, any other

trips or emergencies could drain the EV battery faster. Charging Summit (2023) points out that

range anxiety is particularly a concern during the winter when below-freezing temperatures can

significantly reduce an EV’s regular battery range. Most EVs sold can go between 200-300 miles

on a single charge in temperate weather conditions. However, for long days on the road,

weekend getaways, driving vacations, or just freezing weather, an EV owner may need a charge

every 3-4 hours. And with just under 80% of public charging stations being Level 2, the amount

of time to charge up their EV for the next 3-4 hours of driving can take 4-6 hours or longer.

Aggarwal (2023) also notes that although battery technology is continuously advancing, electric
vehicles still tend to have a shorter driving range compared to their traditional counterparts. This

can cause range anxiety for some drivers, especially on long trips or in areas where charging

stations are sparse. Vincent et al. (2023) highlight that many shoppers are not considering EVs

because they perceive them to have less range than a gasoline-powered vehicle. While some EVs

have short ranges on a single charge, others meet or exceed the distance you can drive a gas car

on a single tank. Carsofelectric (2022) concludes that one of the biggest problems with electric

cars is the range limit. Most models can only travel for around one hundred miles on a single

charge. It can be impractical for long-distance travel. Charging times are also a major issue. It

can take several hours to fully charge an electric car. It can be inconvenient if you need to drive

somewhere in a short time.

According to Cowley (2023), one of the biggest challenges facing the EV industry is the

lack of accessible charging infrastructure. While the U.S. has had over a century to develop its

network of gas stations, a similar network for EVs needs to be developed within the next decade.

The government has recognized this need and passed a bill in 2022 to fund 500,000 new electric

vehicle chargers. However, the current network of chargers is not sufficient for many people

outside of major towns and cities. Fp (2023) asserts that as of January 2023, the U.S. has over

160,000 public EV chargers, but this is still not enough to support the growth of the EV industry.

A study by S&P Global reveals that America needs to have 700,000 chargers by 2025, and

around 1.2 million chargers by 2027. This situation presents a chicken-and-egg problem: Will

the increase in EV buyers encourage the development of more charging stations, or will the lack

of charging stations deter car buyers from shifting to EVs? Aggarwal (2023) points out that the

availability of charging stations can be limited, particularly in rural or remote regions. Charging

an EV typically takes longer than refueling a fossil fuel vehicle, which may be inconvenient for
some drivers. Sundstrom (2023) mentions that if you cannot charge at home, or if you are taking

your EV on the road,you will find yourself disappointed in the lack of publicly available electric

vehicle charging stations. If you own a Tesla, you have access to the company’s robust

Supercharger network. For everyone else, it is a bit dire. Carsofelectric (2022) assumes that

electric cars can only be driven if there is a charging station available. Unfortunately, there are

still very few charging stations in the United States. It makes it difficult to charge an electric car

when you are on the go.

Furthermore, McKinsey & Company (2022) discussed how the electric vehicle landscape

is rapidly changing due to the advancement of technology and interest. They expect that by 2035,

the largest automotive markets will be fully electric, providing both a glimpse of a green future

and a significant economic opportunity (McKinsey & Company, 2022). Car and Driver (2023)

highlights that electric cars are the future, and each year we’ve seen automakers add more EVs to

their lineups. They mention that everyone is working on electric vehicles, from well-established

existing manufacturers to new names such as Lucid, Canoo, and Rivian. Deloitte Insights (2020)

stated an up-to-date prediction of the EV market for the next ten years, keeping an eye on

progress so far. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) discusses how electric

vehicles (EVs) offer an opportunity to replace fossil fuels in the transport sector. They mention

that electrification of the transport sector can also bring benefits in terms of increased energy

efficiency and reduced local pollution. In addition, according to Gramling (2021), advances in

technology and changes to government policy could lead to more widespread adoption of EVs.

Continued improvements in battery technology will increase the range and decrease the charging

time of EVs. As renewable energy becomes more common, the environmental impact of EVs

will decrease even further.

Although the use of electric vehicles (EVs) offers an innovative way of combating

climate change and diminishing the consumption of fossil fuels, their use is challenging. Such

include the fact that the acquisition cost of EVs is still relatively high; full EV charging stations

and services are quite limited and difficult to access; and range anxiety, or the notion of running

out of power when on a long trip is well-rooted. On the same note, one cannot ignore the fact

that few consumers have adequate knowledge about the long-term advantages of EV ownership,

and politically instituted incentives also differ. Hence, to increase more of environ-mental,

economic and societal advantages of EVs, there is the need to develop sound policies, different

technologies, and utilize an overall proposition of productive investment in Infrastructure so as to

counter the above challenges and make the use of EVs as practical, generally accessible and

affordable as possible among the members of the general public.

SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM

The issues related to pivot towards the usage of electric vehicles are numerous and they

extend far beyond feasibility and technological factors. Even though the use of EVs has a

positive impact on environment and cost-benefit analysis, there are challenges to their adoption.

One of the big challenges is that currently there is a lack of charging points especially in the rural

or less suburban areas. Compared to conventional gasoline automobiles, popularity of which is

accompanied by a well-developed network of fuelling spots, the existing charging stations for

SOURCE are significantly less as compared to the demand of a particular model. With up to

now, this absence of publicly available chargers raises a problem for numerous consumers,
contemplating the acquisition of an EV, particularly, people who routinely travel long distances

or dwell in areas with very limited recharging facilities. The latter takes substantially more time

compared to refueling and is an additional disadvantage of the EVs when it comes to long-range

traveling.

Range anxiety or fear of running out of battery power remains one of the biggest

concerns for consumers of electric cars. Yet, despite recent progress in battery technology, which

has enhanced the driving stamina of a wide range of EV models, the cars remain inferior to

internal combustion automobiles. For instance, the battery of an EV loses almost 40% capacity in

cold weather, meaning that the vice is not very reliable in some climates. Further, the acquisition

cost of an EV remains high, while, even though most governments encourage their use, the initial

outlay many. Such financial and practical challenges indicate that further drastic changes are

still necessary in the sphere of technology, policy and infrastructure to address the existing

barriers to the substantial realization of electric vehicles.

LIMITATIONS OF THE PROBLEM

The limitations of this study on EVs are therefore based around the current technological

constraints and the current EV infrastructure that currently restrains their use. Another significant

constraint is the driving distance of most EVs, although this has seen the manufacturer’s

improvement in recent years; it still lags behind gasoline-engineered vehicles. This results in

what is known as ‘range anxiety’, especially given that long distance drivers or individuals

residing in regions with harsh weather conditions can witness even further worsening of battery

capacity . Another limitation is the relatively acute and insufficient number of charging points,

especially in rural zones or regions. While the plans are being made to install more charge points
there are few points available now and they do not have the same comfort as gas stations so it is

rather complicated to trust only to rather long journeys and areas without any charge points.

In addition, the affordability of electric automobiles is still lower than conventional cars

because of the higher initial cost needed to purchase electrical vehicle products. Even though

there are monetary incentives and tax exemptions for buyers of EVs, the initial cost of owning an

EV is still comparatively high and therefore expensive to some consumers. But it is also true that

the creation of EV batteries and their components, the extraction of hitherto-unknown metal ores,

and batteries’ end-of-life treatment raise questions about the overall sustainability of EVs. Such

restrictions suggest that despite the fact that electric cars are the key to overcoming the climate

crisis, there are obstacles that should be overcome before the use of electric cars can be extended

on a global level.

ETHICAL DILEMMA

The primary ethical issue that has arisen in view of taking electric vehicles (EVs) into the

market for broader use is the concern for the environment versus affordability. Despite the fact

that EVs opposition is based on revolutionary vision to minimize emissions of greenhouse gasses

and combat climate change, the reality is that their cost is still unreasonably high. Thus while the

battery prices continue to come down in the longer run the initial cost outlay of an EV is far

superior to the traditional ICE automobiles. This has a moral concern primarily because EVs

offer the potential for achieving significant environmental advantages, but are currently out of

reach for those living in poverty (Muzir et al., 2022). This situation raises ethical questions about

fairness and social justice: if humans have the technology to reduce the impacts of climate

change, should only the rich get to enjoy it or should people across the globe get to share the
technology? The worry is that adoption of EV vehicles may deepen the existing disparities

within the society and thus infuse only a certain population cohort’s benefits of low emission

(Zhao et al., 2023). As a result, more pollution takes place in the poor areas since proper

technology used in low impact development is not available.

Kumar et al. (2023) shows that despite the general decreasing trend of the price of

electric vehicles – mainly because of improvements in the batteries and subsidies – the gap still

survives. As seen from Pamidimukkala et al. (2024), while subsidies and enhanced technology

continue to be made to the electric vehicle, they state that the initial cost of acquiring the vehicle

is still high and unaffordable to many families, especially those in the low income bracket.

Despite the continual decrease of the battery costs, overall costs of employing electric cars

remain higher than those of conventional cars; this is mainly because of the initial high costs of

purchasing electric cars. This economic reason elicits effective ethical consideration about the

fair share of emission reduction within and between nations. For households with little economic

capability – which are the groups with the highest environmental burdens, and least access to

sustainable technologies – may not afford to purchase EVs, thereby perpetrating both economic

and environmental inequality. The danger in this case is that the shift towards emissions-free

EVs could primarily benefit upper income groups, while other groups continue to live in

polluting areas, simultaneously having no access to the technological transition of cleaner modes

of transport (Anser et al., 2023).

Apart from this, the ethical issues arising while charging infrastructure for EVs are due to

this uneven access to this basic necessity, ELVI, and rural population. Current charging stations

are located more frequently in well-off urban centers, giving-disadvantaged and rural areas

relatively little access to such assets. This also ensures a gap in the uptake of EV technology
since charging infrastructure is vital for the usage of EVs (Bhatt et al., 2024). As observed by

Falchetta and Noussan (2021), currently most charging stations for the public are installed in

premium zones, which implies that people with higher income can afford to obtain the benefits

of the usage of EVs in terms of environment and personal finances. Thus, in more well-off

regions, people will have problems with access to the charging of electric vehicles, including

when they do not possess home charging. Such disparities enhance social injustice because some

groups in society can afford sustainable technology while others cannot (Hopkins et al., 2023).

From an ethical angle, then the firmness of charging infrastructure in the different

stations brings into discussion equity or rather fair share of public commodities. Foreseeing such

a development would intensify the investment in the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles

only in wealthy countries while leaving underdeveloped ones with no opportunities to invest into

EVs also contributes to socio-economic injustice as well as restricts the input of marginalized

communities into transitioning to cleaner transport. This is particularly worrying given that

integration of widespread EV usage might be key in allowing the reduction of greenhouse gas

emissions as highlighted by Caulfield, et al., (2022). Conversely if these benefits accrue only to

some society segments, then this continues to construct a cycle of social exclusion where the

vulnerable class of societal disjointed persons, especially the environmental most dejected, are

again left out of the equation (Eriksen et al., 2021). According to Rouhana et al. (2024),

regardless of social and environmental justice considerations, simply noting that the gaps in

infrastructure characteristic of less wealthy regions mean that they are not equipped to adapt to

the new realities of EV adoption poses an ethical problem in terms of the ability of all inhabitants

to use sustainable technologies. Thus, the problem of unbalanced locations of recharge stations is
not only a technical and practical question but a very essential question of ethical concern which

should be solved in order to make the transition toward a sustainable future more equal and fair.

Furthermore, another form of ethical issue being experienced is lack of equal information

access on the ownership of electric vehicles (EV) which greatly reduces the options of people in

the low income bracket to embrace sustainability in technology. Despite the environmental

strength of EVs, numerous individuals, including those in the economically vulnerable group,

still have minimal knowledge of the break-even point saving ability and environmental gains

(Brückmann et al., 2020). This lack of consumer education presents a clear ethical issue: should

governments, manufacturers, and other stakeholders be legally required to make it their

responsibility that people of all income levels have knowledge of the factors relating to the

advantages and financial rewards of using EVs? Lack of this information makes it difficult to

fight the spread of such diseases while depriving the low income groups of such information

consequently leads to social and environmental injustice (Sanders & Scanlon, 2021). This gap is

important because, as the work of Xia et al., (2022) elucidates, a lot of lower income families do

not know the cost savings that EVs offer and could possibly overestimate the cost of using EVs

due to lack of correct information or lack access to proper resources. Such knowledge gaps

reduce their capabilities to make appropriate, sustainable transportations choices, hence

compounding socio-economic osmopolities. As EV technology becomes more widely recognized

as essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change, it raises the

ethical question: should society let these benefits remain out of reach for such categories in the

society just because they are oblivious to such information or else they cannot afford to get such

information? The identified ethical responsibility remains with these stakeholders to level this
playing field and make the full promise of EVs available to everybody, not only to those who can

afford both the vehicles and the information about them (Carey, 2023).

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