NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG

GRADE 11 - SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS GOLD

STUDENTS OF BENIGNO V. ALDANA NATIONAL HIGNSCHOOL,

POZORRUBIO, PANGASINAN

A Research Paper

Presented to the Senior High School Department

Benigno V. Aldana National High School

Mrs. Jumarie Joy P. Tambalo

Adviser

Members

Andaya, Francis

Campilan, Hannah

Cera, Carmela

Santos, Krizel

Segundo, Joysef

2024-2025

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Rationale

This chapter serves as an introductory chapter. It contains the Background of the Study, Statement of the

Problem, Scope and Delimitation, Significance of the Study and Delimitation of Terms.

The amount of sleep a person needs also increases if he or she has been deprived of sleep in a number of

days. Getting too little sleep creates a sleep debt which is much like being overdrawn at a bank. Eventually, your

body will demand that debt be repaid. Every person does‘t seem to adapt to getting less sleep than they need. While

the individual may get used to a sleep depriving schedule, our judgement, reaction time, and other functions are still

impaired.

Based on Kathleen (2018), Sleep deprivation occurs when an individual gets less sleep than they need to

feel awake and alert. People vary in how little sleep is needed to be considered sleep-deprived. Some people such as

older adults seem to be more resistant to the effects of sleep deprivation, while others, especially children and young

adults, are more vulnerable.

However, Simon (2019), stated that the good news is that the effects of a lack of sleep may not be as bad as

one would expect. How refreshed a person feel in the morning will depend both on the continuity and architecture of

sleep. Knowing that the first few hours of sleep are the most beneficial, in terms of physical restoration, which is

why one will sometimes wake up after 3 hours of sleep and feel well rested. It is the exclusion of certain sleep stages

that was linked to many of the negative effects of sleep deprivation discussed.

According to Leech (2018), a good night‘s sleep is incredible important for our health. In fact, it‘s just as

important as eating healthy and exercising. ―From having occasional difficulty sleeping to insomnia, there‘s a lot

of can do to get a better night‘s sleep, feel refreshed when awake, and remain alert throughout the day. It‘s called

―sleep hygiene‖ (Breus, 2005).

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 This research is very important especially in this generation called millennial. In fact, the General Social

Survey says that young adults are now twice as likely to experience constant exhaustion than they were 20 years

ago. Another study from Drillinger (2018), the American Psychological Association reports that millennial are the

most stressed out generation, with much of that stress resulting from anxiety and loss of sleep. But getting enough

sleep is only part of the problem, at least in the case of millennial.

Background of the Study

In the Fit Track report of Katrina Son on "State of the Nation," the 2023 data came from Milieu Insight, a

consumer data analytic company. The Philippines ranked first among countries in Southeast Asia, with 56% of

Filipinos getting less than seven hours of sleep every day. Sleep is an important part of your daily routine you spend

about one-third of your time doing it. Quality sleep and getting enough of it at the right times is as essential to

survival as food and water. Without sleep, you can’t form or maintain the pathways in your brain that let you learn

and create new memories. Lack of sleep makes it harder to concentrate and respond quickly.

Sleep is important to a number of brain functions, including how nerve cells (neurons) communicate with each

other.

The National Sleep Foundation recommends that adults aim for 7–9 hours of sleep per night, while children

and teenagers require even more. For healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for

school-aged children is between 9 and 11 hours. Acute sleep deprivation occurs when a person sleeps less than

usual or does not sleep at all for a short period, typically lasting one to two days. However, if the sleepless pattern

persists without external factors, it may lead to chronic sleep issues. Chronic sleep deprivation occurs when a person

routinely sleeps less than the amount required for proper functioning. The amount of sleep needed can depend on

sleep quality, age, pregnancy, and level of sleep deprivation.Sleep deprivation is linked to various adverse health

outcomes, including cognitive impairments, mood disturbances, and increased risk for chronic conditions. A meta-

analysis published in Sleep Medicine Reviews indicates that individuals who experience chronic sleep deprivation

are at a higher risk for developing conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

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 Insufficient sleep has been linked to weight gain, high blood pressure, diabetes, depression, heart disease,

and strokes. Sleep deprivation can also lead to high anxiety, irritability, erratic behavior, poor cognitive functioning

and performance, and psychotic episodes. A chronic sleep-restricted state adversely affects the brain and cognitive

function. To date, most sleep deprivation studies have focused on acute sleep deprivation, suggesting that acute

sleep deprivation can cause significant damage to cognitive, emotional, and physical functions and brain

mechanisms. A complete absence of sleep over a long period is not frequent in humans (unless they have fatal

insomnia or specific issues caused by surgery); it appears that brief micro sleeps cannot be avoided. Long-term total

sleep deprivation has caused death in lab animals.

Statement of the Problem

The main concern of this study is to know the effects of having a sleep deprivation to the study of Grade 11

STEM students at Benigno V. Aldana National Highschool, Pozorrubio, Pangasinan .

In line with this objective, stated below are the problems that will addressed throughout the study:

1. What are the most common reasons of students in sleep deprivation?

1.1. Gadget usage

1.2. Social commitments

2. How does this affect their study?

2.1. Sleep deprivation negatively affect academic performance by

reducing concentration and memory.

Significance of the Study

The importance of this study is for the students of Grade 11 STEM students at Benigno V. Aldana National

Highschool, Pozorrubio, Pangasinan who are experiencing sleep deprivation where in this study also identifies if

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they can focus to the studies or they are distracted. Also this study wants to distinguish it‘s the effect to their

everyday activities and academic performance. Hence the researcher gives some cure to the specific beneficiary.

This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between sleep deprivation on academic

performance. It provides understanding and solutions to prevent sleep deprivation for all students, ensuring they

have slept properly, adjusting to their tasks and cutting off their undesired activities to maximize the benefits. The

findings of this study would be beneficial to:

Students - For students with problems with sleep deprivation, this research can assist them in determining

the potential effects of sleep deprivation and how it may affect their academic performance. They can utilize the

information given by this research and be aware to reduce their sleep deprivation, and students who suffer from it

will benefit.

Teachers - Will be provided with knowledge of their students' circumstances. This study can also serve as

the reference or basis for them to adjust their teaching skills, enable their students to overcome their problems, and

lastly, guide their students to improve their health.

Theoretical Framework

Sleep Deprivation in highschool. This study is based on the research of Richter (2015) wherein the

individual of interest in this study is perceived sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is common and critically relevant

to our society. Maslow argued that survival needs must be satisfied before the individual can satisfy their other

needs and function well. The higher up the hierarchy, the more difficult it is to satisfy the needs associated with that

stage, because of the interpersonal and environmental barriers (Mcleod, 2023). This study will fall under the

Physiological needs of humans, the first and foundation of the hierarchy of human needs. As explained by Mcleod.

(2023) stating that in accordance with Maslow's theory.

The first human needs to be fulfilled in order to function are physiological needs - these are biological

requirements for human survival, c.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, and sleep. If these needs are

not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered physiological needs the most important

as all the other needs become secondary until these needs are met (Melcod, 2020). It is further explained based on

that statement. The second need of humans on the hierarchy was the Safety need - people want to experience order,

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predictability, and control. Second is Love and belonging: belonging refers to a human emotional need for

interpersonal relationships, affiliating, contentedness, and being part of a group. Third is Esteem needs are the fourth

level in Maslow's hicrarchy, including self-worth, accomplishment, and respect. Lastly, it is the latter part of human

needs. Last are Self-actualization needs. Which are the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy and refer to realizing a

person's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak experiences, including academic performance.

All of these are key and integral for the well-being of a person to be productive. However, Physiological needs

are the most crucial aspect that is not to be neglected to achieve these higher needs. Being sleepy may put different

parts and higher needs not to be fulfilled, such as Esteem. Needs It is hard to achieve goals when the body cannot

perform well to attain them. The Researchers chose this theory as the basis for the Relationship between the two

variables in this research, sleep deprivation, and academic performance. Then the second part is the esteem needs,

which encompass the achievement of the person, and confidence, which represents academic performance, which

scopes the psychological needs of humans. The relevance the Physiological is neglected, other functions cannot

perform also.

The Researchers chose this theory as the basis for the Relationship between the two variables in this

research, sleep deprivation, and academic performance. For a person to execute his task and achieve his goal, he

must first successfully meet the pillar of his needs, which is the physiological aspect of sleep. Then the second part

is the esteem needs, which encompass the achievement of the person, and confidence, which represents academic

performance, which scopes the psychological needs of humans.

It is significant because this will be the basis for the researchers to see if sleep deprivation and academic

performance have a relationship with one another.

Conceptual Framework

The researchers will conceptualize a process model wich is the I-P-O (Input- Process-Output), wich is also

the researchers paradigm’s procedure.The conceptual framework for ths study explores how sleep deprivation

affecst the academic perofrmance of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Gold students of

Benigno V. Aldana National Highschool students.

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 INPUT OUTPUT PROCESS

 Negative Effects of →  Creating

Hypothesis

Sleep deprivation for senior high students has been recognized. As a researcher aims to know this for

senior high school students that sleep deprivation has the negative effects for academic performace. This study will

conduct survey about the cause of sleep depravation and why they experience sleep deprivation. After knowing the

causes this study must be find out what are the negative effect of having sleep deprivation.

Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant association between sleep deprivation and academic

performance among Grade 11 STEM Gold students at Benigno V. Aldana National High

School.

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): Sleep deprivation significantly impairs the academic performance of

Grade 11 STEM Gold students at Benigno V. Aldana National High School.

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Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on The Negative effects of Sleep Deprivation of Grade 11 STEM Gold students of

Benigno V. Aldana National Highschool.The researchers gathered 30 Grade 11 STEM Gold students as the

respondents of this study because base on the introduction, millenials are mostly exeriencing Sleep Deprivation and

we chose Grade 11 STEM Gold students only to be specific and not too broad.

This study looked specifically at how sleep deprivation negatively affect their academic performance.

Questions that go beyond or don’t relate to this topic and what the study aims to explore will not be included.

Definition of Terms

Anxiety- is a feeling of unease, such as worry or fear, that can be mild or sever

Deprivation- is formally defined as an actual or perceived lack of resources required to maintain the quality of

life—diet, activities, and material possessions—to which various socioeconomic groups or

individuals within those groups have grown accustomed, or are considered to be the accepted norm

within the group

Detrimental- is a more official, formal way of talking about things that do harm

Drowsy- Your eyelids droop and your head starts to nod.

Exhausted- extremely tired and without enough energy to do anything else.

Somatic- a holistic therapeutic approach incorporates a person‘s mind, body, spirit, and emotions in the healing

process.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature (Foreign)

Research has found a significant impact of sleep deprivation on individuals’ physical and social well-being.

According to a study from the University of California featured in “The Sleep Doctor”, sleep-deprived individuals

tend to avoid social interactions, similar to those experiencing social anxiety, leading to isolation and loneliness.¹

The CDC highlights that the prevalence of healthy sleep duration was highest among respondents with a college

degree or higher, at 71.5 percent.² Research from Harvard shows that rising temperatures due to climate change and

increased air pollution, specifically nitrogen dioxide, significantly affect sleep quality, particularly among urban

populations.³

James Zeitzer (2016) emphasizes the cognitive and physical repercussions of inadequate sleep, particularly

among students, noting that even two consecutive nights of insufficient sleep can impair performance and lead to

dizziness.⁴ Research also confirms that sleep deprivation undermines executive functions, such as critical thinking,

problem-solving, and organization, and can increase the likelihood of errors and accidents.⁵ Sleep is essential for

memory consolidation, learning, and maintaining mood, motivation, and cognitive performance, especially for

young adults and college students.⁶

Related Literature (Local)

In the Philippines, studies reveal a troubling prevalence of sleep deprivation. Research from Sun Life Financial

Asia identified Filipinos as having the worst health habits among eight major countries in the Asia-Pacific, with half

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sleeping less than six hours daily.⁷ Factors such as the country’s weather conditions and urbanization further

exacerbate the problem.⁸ Chronic sleep deprivation affects Filipinos’ metabolism, increases the risk of

cardiovascular disease, and contributes to mood disorders like anxiety and depression.⁹

Local research emphasizes the link between sleep and academic performance. A study from the “Philippine

Inquirer” demonstrated that students allowed eight hours of sleep before testing performed significantly better in

problem-solving tasks compared to their sleep-deprived counterparts.¹⁰ Furthermore, research on college students

from the “Philippine State College of Aeronautics” found that sleep deprivation negatively affected academic

performance and participation.¹¹ Urbanization and noise pollution also worsen sleep quality for students and

working adults alike, with severe deprivation leaving individuals vulnerable to long-term health risks.¹²

Related Studies (Foreign)

At a time when several studies have highlighted the relationship between sleep, learning, and memory

processes, a deeper analysis of sleep deprivation's impact on students' learning ability and academic performance is

critical. A study by Giuseppe Curcio, Michele Ferrara, and Luigi De Gennaro concluded that students of all

education levels, from school to university, are chronically sleep-deprived or suffer from poor sleep quality, leading

to daytime sleepiness (Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(5), 323–337, 2006). The findings indicate that sleep quality and

quantity are closely tied to students' learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep deprivation has been linked

to poor declarative and procedural learning. Studies actively manipulating sleep duration showed that restricted

sleep worsened neurocognitive and academic performance, while optimized sleep improved them, highlighting the

vulnerability of the prefrontal cortex to sleep loss.

In Pakistan, a study conducted by Ganpat Maheshwari and Faizan Shaukat examined the impact of poor sleep

quality on academic performance among medical students (Cureus, 11(4), 2019). Using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality

Index (PSQI), the study assessed the sleep quality of 512 students. Results showed that students with poor sleep

quality had significantly lower GPAs (mean GPA: 2.92±1.09) compared to good sleepers. Among those with lower

GPAs (2.0–2.7), 28.2% reported very bad subjective sleep quality, and 37.7% experienced daily daytime

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dysfunction. The study emphasized the importance of adequate sleep for memory retention, cognitive health, and

academic performance.

Related Studies (Local)

Existing research strongly suggests a significant correlation between sleep and academic success. A study

involving math problem-solving demonstrated that students who slept for eight hours before testing performed

considerably better and were more likely to discover efficient problem-solving strategies compared to sleep-

deprived students (Philippine Inquirer, 2015. Students Need More Sleep). Specifically, only 20% of sleep-deprived

students found a shortcut compared to 60% of well-rested students. Supporting this, a larger study of 3,000 students

revealed a positive correlation between higher self-reported grades and increased sleep duration, earlier bedtimes,

and reduced weekend sleep disruptions (Philippine Inquirer, 2015. Students Need More Sleep).

Research focusing on college students reinforces these findings. A study published in Scientific Reports

tracked the sleep patterns of 61 Harvard College students over 30 days and found a significant positive correlation

between consistent sleep schedules and higher grade point averages (Knight, V., 2017. Study Links College

Students’ Grades to Sleep Schedules). Using a scoring index ranging from 0 to 100, students with highly irregular

sleep patterns scored closer to zero, indicating poorer sleep regularity.

The detrimental effects of sleep deprivation extend beyond immediate academic performance. Studies indicate

a general decline in sleep duration in recent decades, affecting both children and adults. Adults who followed strict

bedtime routines during childhood tended to sleep more and function better at work than those without such

routines. Severe sleep deprivation has significant physiological consequences, as the body chemistry of a sleep-

deprived adult can resemble that of someone twice their age (Velasco, B., 2015. This Sleep-Deprived Nation. The

Philippine Star).

Beyond physiological effects, emotional factors such as anxiety, depression, and stress also contribute to sleep

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disorders, impacting students across all disciplines, especially those with demanding schedules, such as aeronautical

students. A study conducted at the Philippine State College of Aeronautics highlighted the importance of sufficient

sleep for optimal academic performance and participation (Effects of Lack of Sleep to Students of Philippine State

College, 2013). Urbanization further exacerbates the issue by increasing noise pollution and prolonging commutes,

both of which reduce sleep quality and duration (Tan, M., 2018. Sleep-Deprived).

Relationship of the previous studies to the present study

The previous studies provide a strong foundation for the present study by highlighting the critical role of sleep

in physical health, mental well-being, and academic performance, with foreign research emphasizing the

physiological, cognitive, and social effects of sleep deprivation, particularly its detrimental impact on executive

functions like memory, problem-solving, and learning capacity, while local studies reveal the prevalence of sleep

deprivation in the Philippines and its unique contributing factors, such as urbanization, noise pollution, and cultural

habits, validating key variables such as the role of sleep quality in academic success, identifying gaps in localized

data and emotional factors like anxiety and stress, emphasizing the broader implications for health and education,

and suggesting practical strategies such as consistent sleep schedules and stress management, all of which provide a

framework for the current research to address these gaps, contribute to a deeper understanding of sleep’s impact on

Filipino students, and propose actionable recommendations for improving sleep quality and academic performance.

Footnotes:

Owen, J. C., “Being Puyat All the Time Can Make You Feel Lonely, Says Research Lack of Sleep Could

Affect Your Social Life, Too,” *The Sleep Doctor*, May 27, 2019.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “The Prevalence of Healthy Sleep Duration,” 2017.

Zipkin, N., “15 Unexpected Things That Are Stealing Your Sleep,” December 17, 2017.

World Health Organization, “Air Pollution Statistics,” 2016.

Tan, R., “The Importance of Sleep,” July 19, 2019.

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 Inquirer*, “Sun Life Financial Asia Research,” 2014.

Juanderfulpinoy, “How Do Filipinos Sleep?” December 6, 2017.

Castro, M., “Get the Zzzs Back in Your Life,” July 18, 2017.

Ibid.

Velasco, B., “This Sleep-Deprived Nation,” *The Philippine Star*, 2015.

Andersson, 2014.

“Students Need More Sleep,” *Philippine Inquirer*, 2015.

Knight, V., “Study Links College Students’ Grades to Sleep Schedules,” 2017.

Tan, M., “Sleep-Deprived,” 2018.

Velasco, B., *The Philippine Star*, 2015.

Philippine Inquirer. (2015). Students Need More Sleep. Retrieved from https://www.inquirer.net

Knight, V. (2017). Study Links College Students’ Grades to Sleep Schedules. Scientific Reports. Retrieved

from https://www.nature.com/articles

Velasco, B. (2015). This Sleep-Deprived Nation. The Philippine Star. Retrieved from

https://www.philstar.com

Effects of Lack of Sleep to Students of Philippine State College. (2013). Philippine State College of

Aeronautics.

Tan, M. (2018). Sleep-Deprived. Retrieved from https://www.manilatimes.net

Curcio, G., Ferrara, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2006). Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance.

Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(5), 323–337. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com

Maheshwari, G., & Shaukat, F. (2019). Impact of poor sleep quality on the academic performance of medical

students. Cureus, 11(4). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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