CONTENT

Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

The Impact of domestic violence on children in later life----------------------------------------------3

Case study----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12

Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15

Bibliography-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
 INTRODUCTION

Domestic violence casts a long-lasting shadow over the lives of children who have
experienced it. It is not just a temporary hardship, but a deep wound whose effects can manifest
throughout life.

Fear, anxiety, guilt, and hopelessness are just some of the emotions that can haunt victims
of violence throughout their lives. Domestic violence not only destroys the family, but also has a
significant impact on the child’s social adaptation. Victims of violence often experience
communication difficulties, have problems with the law, and are prone to risky behavior.

One of the most disturbing consequences of domestic violence is its cyclicality. Children
who have experienced violence are more likely to repeat their parents’ behavior patterns in their
own families. Childhood domestic violence leaves deep psychological wounds that can manifest
throughout life, affecting interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, and the ability to build a happy
family.

In this essay, we will consider how the experience of domestic violence in childhood
affects a person’s psychological, social, and physical health in adulthood. We explore different
forms of violence, their long-term consequences and ways to overcome trauma.

2
 THE IMPACT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN IN LATER LIFE

From an ontological point of view, adults have a number of social advantages over
children: both in the area of goal setting and in the area of means to achieve their goals. In terms
of goal setting: adults are usually socialized, adapted to their social roles, take into account the
system of social prohibitions, sanctions and physical consequences of their actions, which
children do not have. Therefore, the task of adults in the family is to pass on this social
experience to children, adjusting it to the child's lesser opportunities and social roles. In terms of
resources, adults also have significant advantages: they are physically stronger than children,
they have a higher social status.

These circumstances create conditions for adult dictatorship in relation to children, and in
some cultures - for the use of violence against children. At the same time, different cultures
contain different norms of physical impact on children and social acceptability of violence. To
some extent, this also applies to the relationship between men and women. In the context of
patriarchy, some cultures allow the use of violence against women, justifying this by the fact that
men have greater resources: social status, property, the right to inherit property and status, higher
education, which allows them to understand and set social goals, physical strength. The general
tendency for most cultures in modern conditions is both the emancipation of women and
children, the equalization of their social status, and, accordingly, the removal of physical
violence from the list of socially approved measures.

At the same time, domestic violence today remains a pressing and multifaceted problem
inherent in any society, regardless of its level of social, political, economic and cultural
development. Domestic violence in various forms is acquiring significant proportions and
requires in-depth study and understanding. It is officially recognized that domestic violence does
not depend on social and economic status and ethnicity 1. The determining factors contributing to
the development of such violence are power and gender relations. In their studies of domestic
violence, feminist-oriented scientists R. Dobash, L. Walker, M. Koss, K. Yollo, D. Kurtz and
others proceed from the assumption that there is a gender asymmetry, that is, men commit
violence against women much more often than vice versa. Some of these scientists even deny the
very idea of women initiating violence; they substantiate the idea that if a woman does commit
violence, it is solely for the purpose of self-defense.

1
Энциклопедия социальной работы. В 3 т. Т 2.: Пер. с англ. – М.: Центр общечеловеческих ценностей, 1994.
– 498 с.
3
 Other researchers studying family violence, such as M. Strauss, E. Douglas, D. Hines, S.
Steinmetz, R. Gelles and others, proceed from the existence of gender symmetry in the motives
and frequency of violence in family relationships and focus on theories of conflict and social
exchangе. Domestic violence occurs between close people: husband and wife, boyfriend and
girlfriend, homosexual partners, parents and young children, elderly parents and their adult
children. Anyone can be subjected to violence at home, but the largest number of victims are
women and children. Domestic violence is a repetitive cycle with increasing frequency: physical,
verbal, spiritual and economic abuse - with the purpose of control, intimidation, instilling a sense
of fear, in other words, these are situations in which one person controls or tries to control the
behavior and feelings of another.

Many researchers limit the concept of violence to the use of brute physical force, while
others prefer a broader meaning of the word, covering the entire range of forms of abuse of
relatives or people living under the same roof. A third group joins the intermediate definition
adopted by the National Association of Social Workers: “The term “domestic violence” means
emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed consciously or unconsciously against family
members or other household members”2.

Despite the diversity of definitions and their incompleteness, they have some common
features:

1. Violence is always the use of force, threats, since it is manifested in behavior, openly.

2. Violence has a specific goal, since actions and deeds, as a rule, have a necessary
attribute of goal-setting in violence.

3. Violence is forcing someone to do something, the influence of a subject on an object.

4. Violence can have two forms - physical and moral3 [3].

5. Let us add that the goal of violence is always to deprive the conflict partner of any
rights, opportunities, resources, privileges.

6. The form of manifestation of this conflict always humiliates the human dignity of the
victim of violence.

When speaking about violence against children, the related term “child abuse” is often
used, which is defined in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary as intentional actions or
2
Blake Griffin Edwards, Alarming Effects of Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence, PSYCH. TODAY (2019),
https://www.psychologytoday.conus/blog/progress-notes/201902/alarmingeffects-childrens-exposure-domestic-
violence.
3
Understand Relationship Abuse: We're All Affected by the Issue of Domestic Violence, NAT'L DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
HOTLINE, https://www.thehotline.org/identify-abuse/understandrelationship-abuse/
4
inactions of parents, caregivers, and other persons that cause harm to the physical or
psychological health of a child4. In this case, intentional violent actions may be the result of
stress, social isolation, alcoholism, or an initial commitment to violence.

The attitude of parents towards their children within the institution of family relations has
undergone changes over the millennia. Many cultures used infanticide as an acceptable method
of family planning and getting rid of premature, weak or defective children. Studying the
peculiarities of upbringing and relationships between parents and children throughout history,
Lloyd DeMause identifies six transformations in the attitude towards childhood:

1. Infanticidal style (from ancient times to the 4th century AD) is characterized by
massive infanticides and violence. Infanticide was not considered a violation of legal and moral
norms. Primitive parents sacrificed children, the main method of upbringing was cruelty. In the
Roman Empire, the killing of children began to be considered murder only in 374 AD.

2. Abandoning style (4th-13th centuries) - the child remains the object of family
aggression, he is often sold off to a monastery, to another family. 3. Ambivalent style (14th-17th
centuries) - the child has not yet become a spiritual personality and a full-fledged member of the
family, he is denied independence and individuality. Resistance to adults, children are beaten. In
the 16th century, child trafficking still exists, using them as collateral for the fulfillment of
political and economic obligations.

4. Obsessive style (18th century) - the child becomes closer to the parents, but his inner
world is controlled, namely, through the method of intimidation of minors, they are brought to
obedience.

5. Socializing style (19th - first half of the 20th centuries) - the child appears as an object
of education and training, the main efforts of the parents are aimed at training the will and
preparing the child for an independent life. However, the development of industrial industry led
to the development of the economic type of violence against children.

6. Helping style (from the middle of the 20th century to the present) - parents strive to
ensure the individual development of the child, emotional contact and sympathy prevail in the
relationship5.

4
Llyod M(2018) Domestic violence and Education:Examinig the impact of domestic violence on young children,
and young people and the potential role of schools, Front.psycho.9:2094, dio:10.338/fpsyg.2018.02094
5
Jessica M.Solis, Julia M.Shadur Alison R.Burns and Andera M.hussong” Understanding the diverse needs of
children whose Parents abuse substances Drug Abuse rev.2012 June;5(2):135-147.
5
 The attitude towards the younger generation is a historically, economically and socio-
culturally conditioned phenomenon. Society is aware of and identifies the attitude towards
childhood as a social problem.

In the 19th century in the USA, child abuse was a matter of public concern, but most
people were convinced that domestic violence was an extremely rare phenomenon, characteristic
of a small part of the population and caused by a certain psychological disorder. In the 1970s in
America and Europe, the ideas of equality of men and women in marriage and at work were
widely recognized, in the 1970s and 1980s, public awareness of domestic violence increased,
and spousal violence was recognized as acceptable. In Canada, domestic violence also “came to
light” against the background of a general campaign for gender equality, thus, the problem of
violence gradually became known to Canadian society. This happened due to the efforts of non-
governmental women's organizations, gender studies specialists and social workers. Already in
the 1970s, under public pressure, state subsidies for crisis centers and shelters for women who
had experienced violence began.

In the Soviet Union, public coverage and understanding of domestic violence issues was
somewhat taboo, since this problem was dealt with only by criminologists and other specialists
in studying crimes committed in the domestic sphere. Domestic violence could not become an
openly discussed social problem in a country where the priority objects of protection were state
interests and state property. As a rule, the study of domestic violence was limited to examining
physical violence in accordance with articles of the Criminal Code. The multifaceted nature of
this social phenomenon, manifested in various forms, was only mentioned in the context of the
relationship with physical violence.

The latency of problems of intrafamily abuse gives rise to incorrect ideas about the real
scale of this phenomenon. According to S.V. Ilyina, the experience of a victim of violence is
multidimensional and multimodal, since children suffer in the family from several accompanying
violent acts. The English researcher P. Dale believes that any form of family violence is based on
emotional violence, which causes significant damage to the development of the personality. As
the Russian psychologist E.T. Sokolova notes, emotional or psychological violence, as well as
physical or sexual violence, lead to a situation "unfit for the life of a growing child." If the
situation of pressure becomes chronic, when a child suffers such forms of violence as incest,
abuse, beatings, then a special personality structure is formed, characterized by diffuse self-

6
identity, polydependent cognitive style, attachment of self-assessments to the assessments of
others, and mental development stops6.

The use of violence can be considered in three aspects:

1) the subject of violence;

2) forms and means of criminal influence on protected rights, freedoms and legitimate
interests;

3) the sphere of manifestation of the activity of the subject of violence.

Currently, there is no consensus on the root cause of domestic violence. Many micro- and
macrotheories have been put forward - from the presence of mental disorders in the subject of
violence to the influence of socio-cultural values and social organization.

The main debates unfolded between followers of psychological theories and those who
believe in social causality. Psychologists have found that frustration, aggressiveness, inability to
control instincts, alcoholism and psychopathy influence the increase in the number of cases of
violence. Supporters of the theory of social causality focused their attention on cultural norms
that provoke cruelty, on the patriarchal social structure, where the role of men dominates.

According to T.V. Shipunova, the causes of child abuse in the family should be
considered in four contexts:

1. The socio-cultural context implies an analysis of the class structure of society and the
economic status of individual classes (living conditions, work/unemployment,
well-being/poverty situation). In this case, it is necessary to take into account the attitudes and
attitudes towards violence that are specific to each society, the relationships between generations
and genders, the roles of parents and children, formal and informal social networks, etc. For
example, in the culture of modern society, there is a relationship between violent forms of
behavior and ideas about masculinity, which develop in the "stronger sex" an attitude towards
domination over women and girls as persons belonging to the subordinate sex. In most cases, the
implementation of such a desire through violence is recognized as "legitimate". Today, an
increase in the number of cases of violence against children by males can be observed, despite
the decline of traditional ideas about masculinity in Russian society. The reason for this is the
widespread cultural ideas about educational methods, namely, physical punishment as an
effective means of pedagogical influence on a "naughty child".

6
Iheku V, graham RM 2017 what social impact does exposure to domestic violence have on adolescent Males?
Journal health communication DOI:10.4172/2472- 1654,100045
7
 2. The family context includes an analysis of changes in the family structure (decreasing
birth rates, pluralism of marriage and family forms, an increase in the number of divorces and
breakups), the specific structure of relationships and their dynamics (a large number of conflict
situations between generations, inadequate distribution of power, ambiguous areas of
relationships, collisions between spouses, changing roles of parents and children), fragmentation
of family relationships, as well as frequent innovations and changes in the legislative framework
and social environment. In this context, child abuse in the family is determined by parental
stress, quarrels between spouses, irritability and nervousness of the father and mother. In this
case, the child adopts a model of conflict resolution and learns patterns of behavior in difficult
situations, which subsequently leads to the child's increasing disobedience and the use of
increasingly harsh forms of "pacification" against him.

3. The individual context of parents is based on a prescribed understanding of strength

and weakness, which includes: parents' ideas about a healthy lifestyle, a specific view of their
own childhood experience, the level of self-esteem and self-control, ideas about upbringing and
educational methods, the degree of adaptation to frustrations and the ability to cope with stress.
When considering the individual context of children, it is necessary to take into account the fact
that children are not only objects of influence from others, but are also actors in managing the
actions of their own parents as agents of interaction. The child does not have sufficient
knowledge and authority to fully control the situation. From this position, violence against
children is expressed through the power of parents and the adult world in general.

4. The crisis context involves studying the lack of resources for establishing and
maintaining a conflict-free situation in the family, as well as the pressures caused by social
changes, the decrease in the resistance of parents in crisis situations, the competence of adults in
resolving conflicts and changing their own ideas about the younger generation in the process of
their socialization7.

Domestic violence is closely related to social stress. Among the many problems that can
increase the level of tension and lead to violence are disagreements over raising children,
pregnancy, financial difficulties, unemployment, the need for long-term medical care, etc.
Constant irritation and frustration can often be explained by chronic anxiety about unresolved
problems and mutually exclusive demands made by society, a discrepancy between desires and
possibilities, and anomie. The burden of family responsibilities and the limited possibilities of
the social support system increase the risk of violence. Adults may isolate children who are
beaten from others, control all their contacts with friends, forbid them from going to school,

7
. Connelly C. D., Hazen A. L., Coben J. H., Kelleher K. J., Barth R. P., Interpers Violenc, 21(6), 774-797 (2006)
8
sports activities, and clubs. Beatings are often associated with alcohol or drugs, so some cases of
violence are caused by relatives trying to get money to buy drugs and alcohol.

Currently, the international professional community of social workers distinguishes two

classifications of types of violence, in accordance with which specialized research and correction
programs are developed and implemented. The first typology reveals the nature of violent
actions and includes the following types of violence: physical, sexual, psychological or
emotional, and economic. It is obvious that in most cases violence is integrative in nature, in
particular, any type of cruel treatment most often comes down to psychological violence. The
second typology is based on the characteristics of the object of violence, such as age (for
example, violence against children), gender (violence against girls), health status (violence
against disabled or incapacitated children), family relations (incest), ethnicity, race, religion,
social status, profession, etc.

The main motives for violence against children by parents and other members of the
family are: an unconscious need to transfer to another the humiliation to which they themselves
were once subjected; the need to release suppressed feelings; the need to possess and have at
one's own disposal a living object for manipulation; the transfer of one's own childhood
experience, conditioned by the need to idealize one's childhood and one's own parents through
the dogmatic application of parental educational methods to one's own child; revenge for the
pain that the parent once experienced.

Parental depression, as well as low self-esteem, can contribute to child abuse, acting as a
risk factor for violence and the result of previous violence. E.N. Volkova identifies a number of
risk factors for violence against a child:

First and foremost, these are risk factors associated with the characteristics of the family
as a whole:

- families with a low standard of living, for which the characteristic features are the
systematic inability or unwillingness of parents to provide the child with basic needs for food,
clothing, medical care, etc.;

- large families, in which parents are unable to provide their children with a full life. In
this case, having many children is a consequence of the lack of family planning and the
antisocial lifestyle of both parents, in particular the mother;

- single-parent and conflict families, characterized by a difficult, tense situation in the

family, the failure of a woman to fulfill her expectations from marriage, etc.;

9
 - families with adopted children, who already have their own children, are determined by
the fact that there are many motives for establishing guardianship, for example, receiving
financial benefits.

Secondly, these are risk factors associated with the health of parents:

- alcoholism of one or both parents;

- mental retardation of parents;

- mental illness (schizophrenia, depressive illnesses, etc.).

Of the huge number of children who have experienced violence in such families, 10%
die, the rest develop physical and mental disabilities.

Traditionally, four general categories of child abuse are distinguished: physical abuse,
sexual abuse, neglect of the child's needs, and emotional abuse.

All forms of child abuse are associated with an increased risk of various internalizing and
externalizing behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Physical abuse, unlawful sexual
acts, and failure to fulfill parental responsibilities can result in various behavioral and emotional
problems, namely, an increased risk of aggression and depression in children. The intensity of
aggression in a child can directly depend on the content of socialization of upbringing. Deviant
behavior of the younger generation is determined by failed socialization, although some forms of
deviations can also occur in the case of a normal socialization process, representing a temporary
and accidental phenomenon, for example, illness, intoxication of an individual, as well as long-
term and persistent deviant states of the body, such as physical defects, neuroses, psychoses, etc.

There are various reasons that lead to unfavorable socialization of a child in a family and
in society. For example, this situation can manifest itself in young families, where parents are
typically ignorant of the structure and content of a harmonious process of raising children.
Another reason for unsuccessful socialization can be the unwillingness to understand the motives
of parental behavior in relationships with their own child, which manifests itself in any family. In
addition, one of the main reasons is the lack of time for raising a child due to earning a living,
which many Russian families are currently engaged in. All of the above factors can lead a
modern social unit to degradation, to the socio-psychological isolation of a child from his own
parents.

The developmental level of a child influences the consequences of abuse in a number of

ways. Violence can have different meanings and ambiguous implications for children at different
stages of development; children in the early stages of socialization may not realize that they have

10
been abused. They begin to understand the meaning of what has happened to them only when
they are older and have a better understanding of the social prohibitions and sanctions associated
with this behavior. In general, child abuse is a cyclical problem. Histories of families where
children are abused show repetitive behavioral responses toward their own children. All children
who have been subjected to or witnessed any form of violence in their families need constructive
rehabilitation.

The consequences of widespread violence in family life are the breakdown of families, a
decrease in the birth rate, family education, child neglect, which in turn leads to juvenile
delinquency. For some children, the outcome of perverted actions is death, for which adults are
to blame, and for others - suicide, which may be the child's only way out of frustration. A huge
number of children leave home, escaping from their own parents, many minors are wanted. Child
abuse creates poorly educated people who do not know how to work, start a family, or be good
parents. A dangerous social consequence of violence against children is the further reproduction
of cruelty itself, since victims often become rapists.

As a result of various punishments, the child develops unfavorable character traits and
personality traits associated with the fact that such children are influenced by someone else's
example, and they can take out evil on others. Parents for such a child become a negative model,
which is characterized by the degeneration of positive values in the consciousness of the younger
generation into negative ones; the lack of emotional warmth leads to the fact that children grow
up vulnerable, suspicious, with a distorted attitude towards themselves and others; they are
incapable of trust, prone to cruelty, which is a reaction to past humiliations. Remote
consequences of violence are an integrative process that consists of the features of the primary
reaction and the adaptation stage. The reaction of adults to the revealed violence is of great
importance: the child received the necessary help and support from significant adults. The
consequences of the trauma can manifest themselves in the adult life of the victim already in his
own family. Like parents, such children may neglect the needs of their children, display
emotional coldness, be unable to protect their own children from violence or, on the contrary,
overprotect them. In such families, role substitutions can often be observed, and the boundaries
between generations are erased.

11
 THE CASE STUDY

Marta (name changed) grew up in a family where her father regularly abused her mother.
She was afraid of her father, felt helpless and guilty about what was happening. At school, Marta
was quiet and withdrawn, her academic performance dropped sharply. After finishing school, she
married a man similar in character to her father. In this relationship, the scenario of violence was
repeated again.

What happened next?

Marta realized that her life was repeating the patterns of childhood. She sought help from
a psychologist, who helped her understand the causes of her problems and develop coping
strategies. Thanks to therapy, Marta was able to break the vicious cycle of violence, build
healthy relationships and find meaning in life.

Ways to overcome

Many people who experienced domestic violence in childhood successfully overcome its
consequences. Effective methods of help include:

 Psychotherapy: helps to cope with trauma, develop healthy coping mechanisms for stress
and improve the quality of life.
 Support groups: allow you to feel supported and understand that you are not alone.
 Medication: in some cases, taking medications may be necessary.

Prevention and Prevention

To prevent long-term consequences of domestic violence, the following measures should be

taken:

 Early detection: it is important to promptly identify cases of domestic violence and

provide assistance to affected families.
 Education: it is necessary to conduct information campaigns to raise awareness about the
problem of domestic violence and its consequences.
 Social support: victims of domestic violence should be provided with social support,
including access to housing, medical care and legal advice.

Domestic violence leaves deep marks on the lives of children. However, with the help of
professional help and support, it is possible to overcome the consequences of trauma and start a
new life. It is important to remember that you are not alone and there are people ready to help
you.
12
 Monica grew up in a family where her mother was constantly subjected to psychological
and emotional abuse by her father. The father often criticized her mother, humiliated her in front
of the children and created an atmosphere of fear in the house. Monica, as a child, felt helpless
and guilty about what was happening. She tried to protect her mother, but her attempts were
futile.

Consequences in adulthood

In adulthood, Monica had difficulty building trusting relationships. She was afraid of
close relationships, as she was afraid of repeating the traumatic experience of childhood. Monica
often chose partners who demonstrated controlling and manipulative behavior, as this was
familiar to her on an unconscious level.

In addition, Monica suffered from low self-esteem. Constant criticism and humiliation in
childhood led to the fact that she did not believe in her strength and abilities. This was reflected
in her professional life: she often changed jobs and could not achieve significant success.

How Monica Coped with the Consequences

Having decided to change her life, Monica sought help from a psychotherapist. During
therapy, she was able to work through traumatic childhood experiences, improve her self-esteem,
and learn how to build healthy relationships. Monica also joined a support group for victims of
domestic violence, where she found understanding and support from other people who had gone
through similar experiences.

What can we learn from Monica's story?

 Domestic violence leaves deep psychological wounds: children who have witnessed
violence often experience feelings of guilt, helplessness, and fear.
 The consequences of domestic violence can manifest themselves in all areas of life: from
personal relationships to professional fulfillment.
 With the help of professional help, you can overcome the consequences of domestic
violence: psychotherapy, support groups, and other methods help people cope with
trauma and start a new life.

Each person who has experienced domestic violence is unique: the consequences can
manifest themselves in different ways and depend on many factors, such as the age of the child,
the duration of the violence, the type of violence, and individual personality traits. The road to
recovery can be long and difficult: it is important to be patient with yourself and not be afraid to
ask for help.

13
 Support from loved ones and professionals plays an important role in the recovery
process: communication with understanding people and receiving professional help speed up the
recovery process.

This example shows that domestic violence not only destroys families, but also leaves
deep psychological trauma that can haunt a person throughout life. However, with the help of
professional help and support, it is possible to overcome the consequences and start a new life.

14
 CONCLUSION

From all the above, it follows that domestic violence is one of the most complex social
deviations of our society, causing great harm to the process of formation of the younger
generation. It is unavoidable without the creation of a highly organized system of prevention of
severe delinquency in relation to minors, and, in general, the elimination of domestic violence. In
this case, a constructive study of the potential of society to change the situation with child abuse
at the level of state and public social institutions is necessary.

First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the analysis of the legislative framework on
family, guardianship and custody, social support for needy categories of families. Assistance
from the legislation is focused not on prevention, but on punishment, namely, on the removal of
a child from the family in case of violence against him. However, such an approach can
aggravate the situation of the victim of violence, since deprivation in the form of deprivation of
the family is more likely to accelerate the process of development of a deviant or criminal career,
with the exception of some cases of violence against a child, when his life is in danger, which, of
course, requires his isolation from the negative impact of the environment of relatives. In
addition, support and qualified consultation of professionals is required - psychologists, social
educators, social workers, doctors, etc. These specialists must undergo special training and have
an incentive to achieve the goals set before them.

Society at all times is interested in the functioning of a strong family capable of raising a
healthy child, not only physically, but also morally. The physical, social, moral health of the
younger generation is the health of the nation as a whole. The family, in turn, being the basis of
the institution of society, should give it stability, and also replenish the population in each
subsequent generation.

15
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Энциклопедия социальной работы. В 3 т. Т 2.: Пер. с англ. – М.: Центр

общечеловеческих ценностей, 1994. – 498 с.
2. Blake Griffin Edwards, Alarming Effects of Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence,
PSYCH. TODAY (2019),
https://www.psychologytoday.conus/blog/progressnotes/201902/alarmingeffects-
childrens-exposure-domestic-violence.
3. Connelly C. D., Hazen A. L., Coben J. H., Kelleher K. J., Barth R. P., Interpers Violenc,
21(6), 774-797 (2006)
4. Llyod M(2018) Domestic violence and Education:Examinig the impact of domestic
violence on young children, and young people and the potential role of schools,
Front.psycho.9:2094,dio:10.338/fpsyg.2018.02094
5. Jessica M.Solis, Julia M.Shadur Alison R.Burns and Andera M.hussong” Understanding
the diverse needs of children whose Parents abuse substances Drug Abuse rev.2012
June;5(2):135-147.
6. Iheku V, graham RM 2017 what social impact does exposure to domestic violence have
on adolescent Males? Journal health communication DOI:10.4172/2472- 1654,100045
7. Understand Relationship Abuse: We're All Affected by the Issue of Domestic Violence,
NAT'L DOMESTIC VIOLENCE HOTLINE, https://www.thehotline.org/identify-
abuse/understandrelationship-abuse/

16