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This document outlines the Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies Paper 2 for May/June 2024, focusing on the environment of Pakistan. It includes instructions for answering questions, information about the marking scheme, and various questions related to mineral resources, water supply, and agricultural practices in Pakistan. The paper consists of multiple sections requiring students to analyze maps, graphs, and figures, as well as provide written responses to specific prompts.

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26 views30 pages

Original 2024

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You are on page 1/ 30

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Cambridge IGCSE™
*2803212696*

PAKISTAN STUDIES 0448/02

Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan May/June 2024

1 hour 30 minutes

You must answer on the question

paper. You will need: Insert

(enclosed)
Ruler

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the
question number or numbers must be clearly shown.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 75.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

This document has 28 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (SL) 342542
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1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing limestone deposits in southern and western Pakistan.

N
0 100 200 300

AFGHANISTAN W

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Quetta Y

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X
IRAN

INDIA
Z

Karachi
Arabian Sea

Key

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limestone deposits
international boundary
province-level boundary

Fig. 1.1

Name the province-level area labelled X on Fig. 1.1.

X .................................................... [1]
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(ii) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the distribution of limestone deposits in southern and
western Pakistan.

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(iii) Name three metallic mineral resources extracted in Pakistan.

1 ..............................................................................

2 ..............................................................................

3 ..............................................................................
[3]
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(b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of an area in south-western Pakistan.

Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe two natural features of the landscape shown.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]
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(ii) Describe three environmental impacts of mineral extraction.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................................................................................................
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(c) (i) State one use of coal in Pakistan.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Complete the statements about how coal and natural gas are obtained. Choose the
correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided.

Coal is extracted by ..............................

Natural gas is extracted by ..............................

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burning deforestation dredging

drilling mining pipelines

[2]

(iii) Explain two challenges of providing natural gas to some areas of Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(d) Read the following two views about mineral resources and economic development in
Pakistan:

A B

Exploiting mineral Importing mineral

resources in Pakistan is the resources to Pakistan is
best way to support the best way to support
economic development. economic development.
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Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

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2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the River Swat and its floodplain.

Using Fig. 2.1 only, identify two natural features of the floodplain.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Floodplains can be used for transport and communications. State three other uses of
floodplains in Pakistan.

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1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iii) Describe how flooding in Pakistan can impact transport and communications.

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(b) (i) Complete Fig. 2.2, a divided bar graph showing the percentage use of total water

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consumed in Pakistan. Use the information in the table and the key.

use percentage (%) of total water consumption

agriculture 91%
manufacturing 5%

Key
agriculture

manufacturing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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percentage (%) of total water consumption household

Fig. 2.2
[2]

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(ii) Using Fig. 2.2, calculate the difference between the percentage of water used in
agriculture and the percentage of water used in households.

....................................................% [1]

(iii) Describe how rivers and streams may become polluted.

...........................................................................................................................................

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(iv) State two strategies used to reduce the pollution of rivers and streams in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

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(d) Evaluate the extent to which investment in a clean water supply is important for Pakistan’s
sustainable development.

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer.

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3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map of sugar cane production in southern and western Pakistan.

64°E
68°E 72°E

N
0 100 200 300

km
36°N
36°N

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AFGHANISTAN

32°N 32°N

Multan

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River Indus
28°N 28°N

IRAN

INDIA

Karachi
Arabian Sea
24°N 24°N

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64°E 68°E 72°E
Key
main areas of sugar cane production
international boundary
river

Fig. 3.1

Using Fig. 3.1 only:

– measure the distance between Karachi and Multan.............................................km

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– state the compass direction from Karachi to Multan. ..........................................

[2]

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(ii) Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of the main areas of sugar cane production
in Pakistan.

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(iii) State three natural factors which promote the growth of sugar cane.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
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(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, a diagram of the processes involved in cotton fibre production.

mature
cotton
boll

........................

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........................

cotton gin waste cotton lint

.......................................

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cotton cotton
landfill compost fibre seed seed
meal oil
....................

Fig. 3.2

Complete Fig. 3.2 by placing the correct words from the box in the spaces in the diagram.

cotton seed ginning harvesting livestock feed

[2]

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(ii) Name one city in Pakistan that is important for the manufacturing of cotton yarn.

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(iii) Explain two ways farmers can increase the amount of cotton they produce. You should
develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[4]

(c) (i) Identify the correct definitions of waterlogging and salinity. Tick (✓) the two correct
statements in the table.
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waterlogging salinity

amount of salt in the soil

amount of water absorbed in the soil

saturation of the soil

irrigation of the soil

[2]
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(ii) Describe how waterlogging can be prevented by farmers in Pakistan.

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(d) Evaluate the importance of increasing agricultural output for the people and economy of
Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer.

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4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map of population density in southern and western Pakistan.

64°E
68°E 72°E

N 0 100 200 300

km
36°N
36°N

AFGHANISTAN

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32°N 32°N

Quetta

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X
28°N 28°N

IRAN

Y INDIA

Arabian Sea Karachi

24°N
24°N

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64°E 68°E 72°E

Key
people per square kilometre (district level):
1001+
301–1000
101–300
0–100
international boundary
province-level boundary
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Fig. 4.1

Identify the population density for the areas labelled X and Y on Fig. 4.1.

X......................................................people per square kilometre

Y......................................................people per square kilometre

(ii) Suggest two physical factors that may explain differences in population density
between areas X and Y. You should develop your answer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(b) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a population pyramid showing the population structure of Pakistan in
2020.

90 +
85 –
89
older
80 –
dependents
84
75 –
79
70 –

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74
65 –
economically 69
active 60 –
64
55 –
59
50 –
young 54
dependents 45 –
49
40 –
7 6 5 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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4 0
percentage (%) age percentage (%)
of total population group of total population
Key
male
female

Fig. 4.2

Complete Fig. 4.2 using the information in the table.

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age group category percentage (%) of
total population
5–9 male 6.0
55–59 female 1.5
[2]

(ii) Using Fig. 4.2, identify the age group for males that represents 3.9% of the total
population.
Circle the correct answer.
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15–19 30–34 35–39 45–49 [1]

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(iii) State three impacts of a high percentage of young dependents (people aged 0–19) in
Pakistan’s population structure.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................................................................................................

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[3]

(iv) Give two reasons for an increasing percentage of older dependents (people aged 60 or
over) in Pakistan’s population structure.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) (i) Define ‘seasonal migration’.

...........................................................................................................................................

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(ii) Describe four causes of population migration to urban areas in Pakistan.

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1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................................................................................................

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4 ........................................................................................................................................
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(d) Rural-urban migration can create problems in urban areas. To what extent have measures
used to improve housing and services in urban areas solved these problems in Pakistan?

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer.

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5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a map of rail networks in southern and western Pakistan.

N
0 100 200 300

Peshawar
AFGHANISTAN
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Sargodha

Quetta Dera Multan

Ghazi Khanewal
Sibi Khan
Bahawalpur

Khanpur
Jacobabad
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Sukkur
Larkana Rohri
IRAN

INDIA
Nawabshah

Hyderabad
Kotri
Mirpur Khas
Karachi
Arabian Sea Cantt

Key
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station
main line
branch line
international boundary

Fig. 5.1

Using Fig. 5.1 only:

• name a station on a main line ..........................................

• name a station on a branch line ..........................................

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• name the station located 330 kilometres north-west of Rohri

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(ii) State two reasons why railway lines are unevenly distributed in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iii) Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of rail transport for people in Pakistan.

advantage .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

disadvantage .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iv) Describe how rail transport in Pakistan has recently been improved.

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(b) (i) Study Fig. 5.2, a pie chart showing the percentage of Pakistan’s imports by continent.

0%
90% 10%
Continent

Asia
80% 20%
Europe

Americas
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70% 30% Africa

Oceania

60% 40%
50%

Fig. 5.2

Complete Fig. 5.2 using the information in the table.

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continent percentage (%) imports

Asia 74
Europe 10
[2]

(ii) Suggest two reasons why countries in Asia account for such a large percentage of
Pakistan’s imports.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

(iii) Define the term ‘exports’ and name a main export for Pakistan.

definition ............................................................................................................................

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main export .......................................................................................................................

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[2]

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1 ................................................................................................................................................

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2 ................................................................................................................................................

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(d) Read the following two views about trade and sustainable economic development in Pakistan:

A B

Developing international trade Investment in industry and trade

relationships is the best way to within Pakistan is the best way
promote sustainable economic to promote its sustainable
development in Pakistan. economic development.
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Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

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Additional pages

If you use the following pages to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be
clearly shown.

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