Collection Of Survey is a method of gathering information from individuals. The purpose of the survey |s to collect data. The purpose of collection of data is to show evidence for reaching a sound and clear solution to a problem, Sources of Data: Primary Data Itis collected by the investigator himself. It is original and first hand information. It is always collected according to specific objective. It does not need any adjustment or modification. Secondary Data Secondary data is alread or unpublished for in character. It has already Collection of primary data requires a lot of time, money and efforts because itis collected by the investigator himself. No precautions ai of primary data. tained either from from any other required in the u' Q. What precautions are nece: le using secondary data? / Explain any three limitations of seq dary data, it must be seen that they are adequate or . While using the secondary data, the investigator would see that the data obtained is suitable for the present study. If the data collected is not suitable, it will defeat the whole purpose of the enquiry and lead to wrong conclusions. Preparation of Instrument: Questionnaire: It is a list of questions. What are the qualities of Good questionnaire?1. The questionnaire should not be too long: > The number of questions should be as minimum as possible. + Long questionnaires discourage people from completing them. 2, The series of questions should move from general to 4 a + The questionnaire should start from general questions and proceed to more specific ones, ® This helps the respondents feel comfortable. Poor Q: i. Is increase in electricity charges justified? li, Is the electricity supply in your locality regular. Good Q: i. Isthe electricity supply in your locality regula’ |. Is increase in electricity chay istifigd? 3. The questi z Poor Q: What percentage of your incom id thing ir presentable? Good Q: What percentage of your rder to look ‘on clothing? uickly, correctly and clearly. in amonth? 5. The question should not use double negatives: The questions starting with “Wouldn't you” or Don’t you” should be avoided,as they may lead to biased responses. PoorQ Don’t you think smoking should be prohibited? GoodQ Do you think smoking should be prohibited?6. The question should not be a leading question,which gives a clue about how the respondent should answi PoorQ How do you like the flavor of this high quality tea? Good Q How do you like the flavor of this tea? 7. The question should not indicate alternatives to the answer. PoorQ Would you like to do a job after college or to be a housewif Good Q Would you like to do a job, if possible? uy TYPE QF QUESTIONS way Questions lke yes or No: ‘Muhtiple Choice questions:When there is “hen there ae nly posse ‘a possibilty of more than two options of answers answers Closed ended/Structured questions: Advantages: “These are easy to use. “ Easy to score+ Easy to codify for analysis because all the respondents can check from the given options. Disadvantages: “ They are difficult to write as the alternatives should be clearly written to represent both sides of issue. + There is also possibilty that the individual's true response is not present among the options given. For this choice of ‘Any Other’ is p' where the respondents can write a response, which was not anti researcher. by ‘¢ MCQs tend to restrict the answers by providing al hich the respondents may have answered differ rent Open-ended questions: Advantages: @ They allow more individualized r Nses., Disadvantages: % They are ditfitut tolinterpret to score, since there are a lot of variations in the es. Example: yo ut globalisation? le QO n: There are three basic ways of collecting data. aN Mailing Questionnaire Telephone Interview The rese enh ace to| When the dataina survey _| inthis the face intervi he are collected by mail, the investigator asks. respondents. questionnaire is sent to each_| questions over the individual by mail with a telephone. request to complete and return it by a given date.Advantages: Advantages: Advantages: © Highest Response rate © Least expensive © Relatively * Allows use of all types * Only method to reach low cost of questions remote areas © Relatively © Better for using open- ® Noinfluence on less ended questions respondents influence on * Allows clarification of © Maintains anonymity of respondents ambiguous questions respondents ©. Relatively © Best for sensitive questions i se Disadvantages: Disadvantages: © Most expensive . * limited use * Possibility of * Reactions influencing ° cannot be respondents watched © More time taki © Possibility of jous questions influencing - ions cannot be respondents watched jopulation is Conclusions a¥@drawn on the basis of the study of the whole population. Census method is more expensive from the point of view of time, money and labour. Census method is used in investigations with limited field. Sample method Under sample method, only some of the items which represent the population are studied, Conclusions about the whole population are drawn on the basis of the study of sample. Sample method is less time-consuming and comparatively less expensive, Sample method is used for investigation with large field.Population Or Universe: Total number of items under study. It is a group to which the results of the study are intended to apply. Census or method of Complete enumeration: itis a survey, which includes every items of population. For example: Census of India which is carried out every ten years, a house to house enquiry is carried out, covering all households in India. Demographic n birth and death rate, literacy, employment ete. are collected and publist e Registrar General of india. Sample: It refers to a group or section of the population fr th mation is obtained. Steps in selection of sample: a) Identify the population b) Selection of representative sample Example: ® Research Problem: T¢ labourers in Chand; onomic condition of agricultural 's in Chandpur district. icultural labourers in Chandpur district. © Population: All a © Sample: Ts niae — ——_ Aeron Random Sampling ] Non Random Sampling | Table of Random U Lottery Method: | = Numbers Random sampling: It is a technique of drawing a sai tion in which each and every unit of the population has a ing selected in sample. Methods of drawing a Random sam) i. Lottery Method: under th Je units of the population are allotted separate numbers and.thel ‘eparate slips of identical shapes and sizes, Now, these slips a a bx oF container and thoroughly mixed. Then the box. The slips drawn or selected will nder this method, the desired random sample is random numbers prepared by different statisticians. bers are properly used. The procedure adopted is as b) Take up any page from the random number table and pick up, there from, the required number of random numbers in an orderly manner. ch Select those units of population which bears the number picked up from table. These numbers will constitute the desired sample.Non Random sampling: !n a non random sampling method all the units of the population do not have an equal chance of being selected Convenience or judgement of the investigator plays an important role in selection of the sample. They are mainly selected on the basis of Judgement, purpose, Convenience or quota and are non random samples. Sampling and Non sampling Errors Sampling Errors: sampling error refers to the difference betwee ple and the actual value of a characteristic of the population, It is pot to Raduce magnitude of sampling error by taking a larger sample. Example: consider a case of income of 5 far in aulllage he. 600,650 and 700. Their average income is 600. ‘Now suppose we select a sample of two indivi measurements are 500 and 600.The sample average is 550. The sampling error is 6004550=5 ‘Non Sampling Error: Errors which arise due ut fathgr dFE called non sampling errors. Some of the non sampling errors al Uisition; This type of error arises from recording of incorrect istakes can also take place as the enumerators or the Gmmit errors in recording the data. For example, he/she may of 31. je errors: Non-response errors if an interviewer is unable to contact a person listed in the sample or a person from the sample refuses to respond, ¢) Sampling bias: it occurs when the sampling plan is such that some members of the target population could not possibly be included in the sample. Non Sampling Errors are more serious than sampling errors because sampling error can be minimized by taking a large sample. It is difficult to minimize non-sampling ertor, even by taking a large sample. Even a Census can contain non sampling error.Agencies at the National and State level ta collect, process and tabulate the statistical data: National Level agencies: Census of India National Sample survey organisation Central Statistical organisation Registrar General of India oye whe labour Bureau Census of India: © It provides the most complete and continuous: population. © tis being regularly conducted aft © The first census after independenc © The census officials collect informati size, density, sex ratio etc. National Sample Su © Itwas established by thi socio-economic © The data collectes N' are Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics leased through reports and its quarterly journal timates of literacy, school enrolment, morbidity, maternity,