ASSIGNMENT

NAME ARYA
ROLL NUMBER 2319500409

PROGRAM MA - ENGLISH

SEMESTER II
COURSE CODE & NAME MAEC205 ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Write about your idea on environment and the interdisciplinary nature of environmental studies.
The natural environment includes all living and non-living beings. This environment includes the interaction of all species, weather,
climate and natural resources that affect human survival and economy. Environmental science is a multidisciplinary field as it includes
many branches of science such as chemistry, physics, medicine, life sciences, agriculture and health. It is the science of physical
phenomena in the environment. Environmental science deals with all problems affecting living organisms. It is an applied science
because it looks for possible answers to make human civilization sustainable on the earth's limited resources. The environment consists
of physical, biological and cultural factors that influence each other (individually and collectively) in many ways. These elements are
physical objects: space, terrain, bodies of water, climate, soil, rocks, and minerals. They determine the different features, opportunities
and limitations of the human habitat
Biological states: plants, animals, bacteria and humans make up the biosphere. To be a cultural
environment. Environmental science is a multidisciplinary study in that it draws information and methods from different disciplines or
studies to understand and solve the environment and its problems. Environmental science is a multidisciplinary study because it:
integrates knowledge and methods from the natural sciences, humanities and social sciences to understand the physical, biological,
social, economic and environmental dimensions and their impacts.
Environmental science, ethics, politics, law, education, communication, justice, history, sociology, psychology, economics, geography,
anthropology, art, etc. It combines perspectives and experiences from different disciplines or fields of study, such as diversity and
richness of thought, understanding of the environment and its problems.
Create new ideas and solutions by combining and combining knowledge and methods from different disciplines or fields of research to
enhance creativity and innovation in solving the environment and its problems.
Promote communication and exchange of information and resources between different disciplines or research to promote collaboration
and cooperation in solving environmental problems and problems.
 Environmental studies is a versatile study because it provides a better understanding and understanding of the environment and its
problems and contributes to the protection and improvement of the environment and the stability of development.

2. Discuss various types of land uses and the major reasons of land degradation.
Land use type:
Agricultural land: arable land, pastures, fields Agricultural land

Residential land: Urban and rural settlement: Urban residential land, including single family, family, houses and buildings, rural housing
mainly land and areas including agriculture

business and office areas: Retail: Land used for shops, and shops. Land for Business and Commercial Services
Industrial Land: Land used for production, storage, and distribution. and other parks.

The major Causes of Land Degradation are as follows:

Deforestation: Forests play an important role in maintaining the fertility of soil by shedding their leaves which contain many nutrients.
Forests are also helpful in binding up of soil particles with the help of roots of vegetation. Therefore, cutting о forests will affect the soil
adversely.

Excessive Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides: Fertilizers are indispensable for increasing food production, but their excessive use has
occasioned much concern as a possible environmental threat. Excessive use of fertilizers is causing an imbalance in the quantity of
certain nutrients in the soil. This imbalance adversely affects the vegetation.
 Overgrazing: An increase in livestock population results in overexploitation of pastures. Due to this, grass and other types of vegetation
are unable to survive and grow in the area, and lack of vegetation cover leads to soil erosion. Millions of people in Africa and Asia raise
animals on pastures and rangelands that have low carrying capacity because of poor quality or unreliable rainfall Pastoralists and their
rangelands are threatened by overgrazing.

Water logging: Excessive irrigation and improper drainage facilities in the fields cause a rise in the groundwater level. This groundwater
mixes with surface water used for irrigation and creates a situation called waterlogging. Groundwater brings the salts of soil in a
dissolved state up to the surface where they form a layer or sheet of salt after evaporation. The term salinity is used for such a situation.

Desertification: Desertification is a widespread process of land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting from
various factors, including climatic variations and human activities. The UNO Conference on Desertification (1977) has defined
desertification as the “diminution or destruction of the biological potential of land and can lead ultimately to desert-like conditions.”

Wasteland: Wastelands are lands that are economically unproductive, ecologically unsuitable, and subject to environmental deterioration.
Estimates show that wastelands in India form about half of our country.

Landslides: The sudden movement of the soil and the weathered rock material down the slope due to the force of gravity is called a
landslide. Lad-slides are common in mountainous regions especially those which are situated along the riverbanks or near the coastline.

3. Explain different types of biodiversity and mention the significance of biodiversity?

 Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on Earth. It is the most difficult and important part of our world. Life cannot
survive without biodiversity. The term biodiversity was coined in 1985. It deals with the diversity of nature and the biosphere. It refers to
the differences between plant, animal and microbial species. It also shows different levels of biological organization. Biodiversity has
ecological and economic importance. It provides us with food, shelter, fuel, clothing and many other things. It also provides economic
benefits from tourism. Therefore, a good understanding of biodiversity is essential for sustainable life. There are many people. This is
biodiversity at the base level. It includes all types, from plants to different organisms. For example, people share different cultures among
themselves.

Genetic diversity: refers to the diversity of the genetic material of organisms. The genetic structure of each individual is different. That's
why everyone looks different. Similarly, there are many different varieties of the same type of rice, wheat, corn, barley, etc. Ecological
biodiversity refers to the diversity of plants and animals that live together and are connected through food chains and food webs. It is the
diversity of different ecosystems in a region. The diversity of different ecosystems, such as deserts, forests and mangroves, also includes
ecological diversity. Some of the reasons that explain the importance of biodiversity are:

Ecological stability: Each species has a specific role in the ecosystem. They capture and store energy and create and destroy organic
matter. Ecosystems support services that humans cannot survive on. Diverse ecosystems are more productive and can withstand
environmental stress. Crops, livestock, fisheries and forests are abundant sources of food. Wild plants such as cinchona and foxglove are
used medicinally. Wood, fibres, perfumes, lubricants, rubber, resins, poisons and fungi are all from different types of plants. National
parks and reserves are a source of tourism. They are a source of beauty and joy for many people. People should not allow their free will
to be destroyed. Biodiversity protects many people's and spiritual heritage. Therefore, protecting biodiversity is very important.

4. Discuss about the components of eco-system. Explain first and second laws of thermodynamics and their application in nature.
Components of the Ecosystem
Biological components are organisms that directly or indirectly affect other organisms in the environment. Including plants, animals,
bacteria and their wastes. Abiotic components will vary from region to region and from one ecosystem to another. They just play the role
of life support. They determine and limit the population growth, abundance and diversity of biological organisms in a region. That's why
they are called limiting factors. , water depth, salinity, water pH, light intensity, etc.

Law of Thermodynamics:
First Law of Thermodynamics:
The First Law of Thermodynamics is also known as the law of conservation of energy. The First Law states that energy cannot be created
or destroyed, but can only be changed from one form to another. entropy. According to the first law of thermodynamics, while the
amount of energy remains constant, the quality of matter or energy gradually deteriorates over time.

Application of the first law of thermodynamics

Isothermal and melting process is the application of the first law of thermodynamics. Thermal energy is converted into energy by the heat
engine and vice versa. Most heating systems are open systems. The main idea of the heating system is to take advantage of the interaction
between the temperature, volume and pressure of the working water. This fluid is usually a gas, but can sometimes change from gas to
liquid and back to gas during the cycle. However, when the same gas is turned off, its pressure increases. If the bottom wall of the seal
chamber is above the moving piston, this pressure will apply force to the piston surface, causing the piston to move. This motion can be
used to provide work on the total force from the top of the piston equal to the distance from the piston.

Application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

 According to this law, heat always flows from high temperature objects to low temperature objects. This law applies to Otto cycle, diesel
cycle etc. Applicable to all types of electric heating systems and all types of water-based systems, including This principle has led to
advances in modern automobiles. Another application of this law is refrigeration and heat pumps based on the reverse Carnot cycle. If
you want to transfer heat from an object at a lower temperature to an object at a higher temperature, you need to provide external work.
While heat is done in the first Carnot cycle, work is done in the reverse Carnot cycle to transfer heat from a high temperature reservoir to
a low temperature reservoir and throw it away to a hotter and colder one. In a refrigerator, we need external work from the compressor to
achieve this. Air conditioners remove heat from the room and release the absorbed heat into the atmosphere, keeping the room at a
comfortable temperature. Heat pumps extract heat from the air and supply it to cool rooms in the winter.

5. Discuss different types of coal and the general method of extraction.

Coal is divided into four groups according to its carbon content and heating capacity. It has the lowest carbon content (25 to 35). Lignite
is a water-rich coal and accounts for more than half of my country's total coal reserves. It is used to generate electricity, produce natural
gas and make fertilizer.

Sub-bituminous coal: It is formed when lignite darkens and hardens over time. Subbituminous coal is black and dull coal. Its caloric
value is higher than lignite and its carbon content is between 35 and 44. It is used only in electricity production. This coal has a lower
sulfur content and burns cleaner than other coals. Bituminous coal is black and hard. Carbon content is 45-86. Its caloric value is quite
high. It is used to generate electricity. Supplying coke to the steel industry is another important use of this coal. It is light and has high
calorie content. Anthracite is hard, dark black and shiny. The carbon content is between 86 and 97. Its calorific value is slightly higher
than bituminous coal. Coal miners use two primary methods to remove coal
 Surface mining is often used when coal is less than 200 feet underground. In surface mining, large machines remove the topsoil and
layers of rock known as overburden to expose coal seams. Mountaintop removal is a form of surface mining where the tops of mountains
are removed to access coal seams. After the coal is removed, the disturbed area may be covered with topsoil for planting grass and trees.
About two-thirds of U.S. coal production is from surface mines because surface mining is less expensive than underground mining.

Underground mining, sometimes called deep mining, is used when the coal is more than 200 feet below the surface. Some underground
mines are thousands of feet deep, with tunnels that may extend out from the vertical mine shafts for miles. Miners ride elevators down
deep mine shafts and travel on small trains in long tunnels to get to the coal. The miners use large machines to dig out coal.
Typically the chamber is 2000 feet wide and the rows are up to 300 feet wide. Leave at least 60 feet of coal between underground mines
and places, otherwise it is more likely to explode. As the mining industry progresses, grids such as rooms and columns are created.
Regression mining begins when mining reaches the end of a panel or asset. In strip mining, workers continually extract as much coal as
possible from steel pipes until the roof begins to collapse (also known as tertiary mining or "pillar mining"). Once the retreat mining is
finished, the piece is abandoned. The ratio of the excavated layer to the amount of coal extracted is called the ratio. The lower the ratio,
the better the mine. Western open-pit mines have the lowest. Most coal is mined from open pits (pits). Mulch is transported to the
landfill.

6. What are the different point and non-point sources of water pollution? What are the effects of water pollution on human health?
Pollutants enter the aquatic environment from two main sources. Commercial waste is often released into rivers and oceans this way.
EPA manages the potential risks of landfills through the engineering approval and permitting process and related compliance and
regulatory activities. . Our rivers are still full of sewers and slaughterhouses, just like they were in the 1970s. Although efforts still need
to be made to control and improve these areas, the biggest threat to Victoria's water health now comes from the wrong elements. They
refer to ideas and influences that arise in large numbers and are not readily available from a single source. These are often associated with
specific land uses rather than single-source emissions. waterways and bay water quality. Stormwater on roads often contains oil, dust,
animal waste, and dirt and mud from construction sites, while rainwater in commercial areas often contains toxic chemicals and more
chemicals. Some suburban and peri-urban areas do not have sewers and the sewage is discharged into on-site sewers and septic tanks.
Septic tank waste leakage and runoff are also forms of nonpoint source pollution in these areas. Fertilizer and soil mix with streams with
rainwater. When animals enter river banks, they can pollute the water and cause rapid erosion.

The effects of water pollution on human health include typhoid, cholera and dysentery. Exposure to toxic chemicals such as lead,
mercury and pesticides can cause health problems such as dementia, disability and cancer. Itching, itching and rashes. In severe cases,
infections and allergic reactions may occur. Problems: Exposure to water toxins can cause sexual problems such as infertility, erectile
dysfunction, and low sperm count. and paralysis. Chemicals and air pollution are linked to cancer. Typhoid, cholera, dysentery etc. May
cause health problems: Exposure to chemicals: Exposure to chemicals such as lead, mercury, and pesticides can cause health problems
such as dementia, disability, and cancer. Skin Irritation: Skin contact with contaminated water can cause severe irritation. In severe cases,
infections and allergic reactions may occur. Problems: Exposure to water toxins can cause sexual problems such as infertility, erectile
dysfunction, and low sperm count. and paralysis. Chemicals and air pollution are linked to cancer.