TOPIC:MOTIVATION

MEMBERS:
1.SUMMIYA SAJJAD(S23_O560)
WHAT IS MOTIVATION
2.ESHA ZARA(S23_0565)
MOTIVATION PROCESS
3.RAVISH REHMAN(S23-0559)
MASLOW THEORY OF MOTIVATION
4.EISHA KHATTAB(S23_0561)
REINFORCEMENT THEORY

ASSIGENMENT OF HRM
SUBMITTED TO MAM TALLAT
UNIVERSITY OF HARIPUR
PSYCHOLOGY DEP
3RD SEMESTER
MOTIVATION

Def:
. Motivation is an internal state that propels individuals to
engage in goal-directed behavior. It is often understood as a force that explains
why people or animals initiate, continue, or terminate a certain behavior at a
particular time. It is a complex phenomenon and its precise definition is disputed.
It contrasts with amotivation, which is a state of apathy or listlessness. Motivation
is studied in fields like psychology, motivation science, and philosophy
Explaination:
Motivational states are characterized by their direction, intensity, and
persistence. The direction of a motivational state is shaped by the goal it aims to
achieve. Intensity is the strength of the state and affects whether the state is
translated into action and how much effort is employed. Persistence refers to
how long an individual is willing to engage in an activity. Motivation is often
divided into two phases: in the first phase, the individual establishes Motivational
a goal, while in the second phase, they attempt to reach this goal.
Many types of motivation are discussed in the academic literature. Intrinsic
motivation comes from internal factors like enjoyment and curiosity. It contrasts
with extrinsic motivation, which is driven by external factors like obtaining
rewards and avoiding punishment. For conscious motivation, the individual is
aware of the motive driving the behavior, which is not the case
for unconscious motivation. Other types include rational and irrational
motivation, biological and cognitive motivation, short-term and long-term
motivation, and egoistic and altruistic motivation.

COMPONENTS:

Motivation is sometimes discussed in terms of three main

components: direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to the goal
people choose. It is the objective in which they decide to invest their energy. For
example, if one roommate decides to go to the movies while the other visits a
party, they both have motivation but their motivational states differ in regard to
the direction they pursue.] The pursued objective often forms part of a hierarchy
of means-end relationships. This implies that several steps or lower-level goals
may have to be fulfilled to reach a higher-level goal. For example, to achieve the
higher-level goal of writing a complete article, one needs to realize different
lower-level goals, like writing different sections of the article.Some goals are
specific, like reducing one's weight by 3 kg, while others are non-specific, like
losing as much weight as possible. Specific goals often affect motivation and
performance positively by making it easier to plan and track progress
The components of motivation can be understood in analogy to the allocation of
limited resources: direction, intensity, and persistence determine where to
allocate energy, how much of it, and for how long. For effective action, it is
usually relevant to have the right form of motivation on all three levels: to pursue
an appropriate goal with the required intensity and persistence.

Types

Many different types of motivation are discussed in the academic literature.

They differ from each other based on the underlying mechanisms responsible for
their manifestation, what goals are pursued, what temporal horizon they
encompass, and who is intended to benefit.

Intrinsic and extrinsic:

Hunger and thirst are physiological needs associated with biological motivation
while the artistic pursuit of beauty belongs to cognitive motivation.

Biological motivation concerns motives that arise due to physiological needs.

Examples are hunger, thirst, sex, and the need for sleep. They are also referred to
as primary, physiological, or organic motives.[1] Biological motivation is associated
with states of arousal and emotional changes.[2] Its source lies in innate
mechanisms that govern stimulus-response patterns.

Cognitive motivation concerns motives that arise from the psychological level.
They include affiliation, competition, personal interests, and self-actualization as
well as desires for perfection, justice, beauty, and truth. They are also called
secondary, psychological, social, or personal motives. They are often seen as a
higher or more refined form of motivation.

WHY Motivation is important:

Motivation serves as a guiding force for all human behavior. So,

understanding how motivation works and the factors that may impact it can be
important for several reasons.

Understanding motivation can:

 Increase your efficiency as yourwork toward your goals

 Drive you to take action
 Encourage you to engage in health-oriented behaviors
 Help you avoid unhealthy or maladaptive behaviors, such as risk-
taking and addiction
 Help you feel more in control of your life
 Improve your overall well-being and happiness
MOTIVATION PROCES:
Definition:
The internal and external factors that drive individuals to behave in certain ways.
It involves the initiation, direction, and persistence of behavior.
Stages of the Motivation Process:
1. Need Recognition:
Identifying a discrepancy between the current state and a desired state.

2. Goal Setting:
Establishing specific, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART)
goals to address the need.
3. Action Planning:
Developing a plan of action to achieve the goals.
4. Action Taking:
Engaging in behaviors to execute the plan.
5. Performance Monitoring:
Tracking progress towards the goals and making adjustments as
needed.

6. Goal Attainment:
Achieving the desired outcome and experiencing satisfaction.
Types of Motivation:
Intrinsic Motivation:
Driven by internal factors such as enjoyment, curiosity, or personal
satisfaction.
Extrinsic Motivation:
Driven by external factors such as rewards, punishments, or social
approval.
Factors Influencing Motivation:
Factor Internal
Rewards
Values
Beliefs
needs
External Factors:
Punishments
Social support
Environmental cues

MASLOW THEORY OF MOTIVATION

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory is regarded as
one of the most popular theories on motivation. It is a theory of psychology that
explains that humans are highly motivated in order to fulfill their needs, which is
based on hierarchical order.
MASLOW NEEDS
1. Physiological needs
These are the primary needs of human beings and satisfying these first is
imperative, as without them we can die, meaning no other levels are achievable
before this one. Physiological needs include things like sleep, water, sex,
homeostasis, food and excretion. Maslow places sex alongside the other basic
physiological needs because while sexual abstinence is not deadly to the
individual, sex is necessary for sustaining the human race as a whole.
2. Safety needs
Maslow suggests safety concerns are the next most important needs in the
hierarchy. Once we prevent the more immediate threat of death by satisfying the
physiological needs, our motivation then turns to finding safety to further ensure
our survival. This category includes everything that protects the body, including
one's resources, employment, property and general health.
3. Social needs
For Maslow, the next most important motivator for humans, as social creatures, is
the need for social satisfaction. Humans have a natural desire to belong to social
groups and to feel loved. Nature has programmed us to seek sexual
companionship, friendships and to form families. People who don't have such
connections and a sense of belonging to a person, family or group can be
susceptible to loneliness and clinical depression, both of which hinder the
progress to achieving self-actualization.
4.Esteem needs
The next most important need in Maslow's opinion are esteem needs, which he
suggests are twofold. The first level of esteem is the need for respect from others
in the form of recognition, attention and status. Then the second level of esteem,
which Maslow suggests is even more important, is the need for self-esteem in the
form of strength, confidence, competence, mastery and independence. Maslow
closely associates these levels with each other and suggests that people can
derive both forms of esteem from succeeding at work and other activities that
command self-respect and respect from others.
5. Self-actualization
This is the final stage and represents the pinnacle of the hierarchy. Maslow
suggests that once humans reach this stage, they have realized their full potential
and have become the best possible versions of themselves. According to Maslow,
we can only reach this level once we have mastered the previous needs, as earlier
levels actually serve as a step-by-step process for achieving self-actualization. Self-
actualization is more of a result than a need. Focusing on this end goal strongly
motivates many people to reach the top of Maslow's hierarchy.

REINFORCEMENT THEORY
Def:
A theory in psychology that states that behavior is shaped by its consequences.
Positive consequences (reinforcement) increase the likelihood of a behavior being
repeated, while negative consequences (punishment) decrease its likelihood.
Types of Reinforcement:
Positive Reinforcement:
Adding a pleasant stimulus after a desired behavior.
Example:
Giving a child a sticker for completing their homework.
Negative Reinforcement:
Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a desired behavior.
Example:
Turning off a loud noise when a dog stops barking.

Application:
1: Education:
Using rewards or removal of unpleasant tasks to encourage desired behaviors in
students.
2: Animal Training
Using treats or removing discomfort to train animals.
3 :Workplace Management
Employing incentives or reducing oversight to enhance employee performance
Criticisms:
May not be effective for all individuals or behaviors.
Can lead to dependency on external rewards.
May not address underlying causes of behavior.
THANKS