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The High Middle Ages

Section 4

Section Summary
RELIGIOUS CRISES
During the high Middle Ages, Europe faced many
challenges. These included changes to the religious
order, political upheaval, violence, and disease. First,
there was religious turmoil, dangerous because
Christianity was the element that tied most Europeans
together. Beliefs that were contrary to the church’s
official teaching, also called heresy, spread quickly in
the 1100s. To combat heresy, the pope and other
church leaders used Inquisitions. These were special
trials for people suspected of heresy. Those found
Name three tactics
guilty were punished by local political authorities. religious leaders used to
Another way that leaders dealt with their problem was combat heresy during the
by establishing new religious orders. Friars who Middle Ages.
belonged to these orders lived and preached among _______________________
people in cities. Finally, the pope used war to combat
_______________________
heresy. In the 1200s Christian soldiers from
throughout Europe fought a twenty-year battle against _______________________
heretics in France. Religious turmoil in Europe
continued in the 1300s when two men claimed to be
pope at the same time. One man reigned in Rome and
another reigned in Avignon. Although the dispute was
eventually resolved, the confusion greatly weakened
the Catholic Church’s influence.

WARS AND CONFLICT

Political leaders also fought during this time, which
led to two destructive wars, the Hundred Years’ Circle the names of the two
wars that broke out during
War and the Wars of the Roses. The Hundred Years’
the high Middle Ages.
War started when the king of France died and left no
clear successor. One claimant to the throne was
English; the other was French. The French did not
want to be ruled by an English king, so they were glad
when the French claimant was crowned King Philip
VI. Still intent on ruling France, the British invaded in
1337. They won many victories mostly due to having
better weapons than the French, such as the cannon
and Welsh longbow. The English marched all the way
to Paris.
In 1429, Joan of Arc led the French army,
changing the course of the war. This unlikely leader, a
young peasant girl, convinced the French prince that

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Section 4

the saints wanted her to lead the army. He agreed and

at her command, the French won many important
victories. She was eventually captured and killed by
the English. Inspired by Joan’s example, the French What did Joan of Arc
king Charles VII rallied the army. They then took accomplish?
back the land they had lost and drove the English out _______________________
after more than one hundred years of fighting. The _______________________
war finally ended in 1453.
_______________________
The Wars of the Roses took place in England soon
afterward. Two families, each using a rose as their
emblem, claimed the throne. The Lancasters and
Yorks battled for several years. Edward IV of the
York family took the throne and won many victories
against the Lancaster family. When Edward died, his
young sons disappeared while in custody in the Tower
of London. As a result, Edward’s brother Richard III
became king. Richard died in battle during one of the
many uprisings that followed by taking the throne.
Henry VII of the Tudor family then rose to power
and became king. The fact that he was neither a York
nor a Lancaster ended the War of the Roses. A new
era in English history began.

BLACK DEATH
While the Hundred Years’ War raged, another
devastating crisis swept Europe. The Black Death, a How did the Black Death
spread to Europe?
plague that gripped Europe between 1347 and 1351,
killed millions. The Black Death was probably a _______________________
combination of bubonic plague, which was spread by _______________________
fleas that lived on rats and other animals, and
pneumonic plague, an airborne threat spread by
coughing and sneezing. The plague was brought to
Europe by merchant sailors from Genoa who did not
know they were carriers. Infected rats moved from
ship to ship while in port, spreading the disease.
Victims suffered high fevers, dark splotches on their
skin, vomiting, and severe headaches. Most died How did the Black Death
within days. One third of the population was lost to lead to the end of the
the plague, about 25 million people. The plague manor system?
changed Europe forever because those who survived _______________________
were in high demand as workers. They insisted on _______________________
being paid wages and later left the manor to live in
cities. This ended the medieval manor system.

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Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter Summary

COMPREHENSION AND CRITICAL THINKING

Use information from the graphic organizer to answer the following
questions.
1. Recall What were two features of the northern Renaissance that differed from the
one that took place in Italy?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
2. Draw Conclusions Why did reform within the Catholic Church help limit the
growth of Protestantism?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
3. Make Judgments Since the Catholic Church did reform itself, do you think people
still had the right to criticize it? Why or why not?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
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Section 1

MAIN IDEA
In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead
to a rebirth of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance.

Key Terms and People

Renaissance an era of renewed interest and remarkable developments in art, literature,
science, and learning in Europe beginning in Italy in the 1300s
secular having a worldly rather than spiritual focus
humanism a movement that emphasized the possibilities of individual accomplishment
and the almost limitless potential of the human mind
Baldassare Castiglione Italian aristocrat who wrote The Courtier, which became a
handbook for how to succeed in society
Niccolò Machiavelli Florentine political philosopher and statesman who wrote The
Prince, which advised rulers to separate morals from politics
Lorenzo de Medici ruler of Florence who was an important patron of arts and learning
Leonardo da Vinci “Renaissance man” who became famous as a painter, architect,
inventor, and engineer; painter of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Raphael famous painter of both classical and religious subjects and
accomplished architect
Michelangelo Buonarotti sculptor and painter famous for works such as the Sistine
Chapel, the statue David, and the design of the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral

Taking Notes
As you read the summary, take notes on the beginnings of the Renaissance,
its ideas, and its art in a graphic organizer like this one.

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Section 1

Section Summary
THE BEGINNING OF THE RENAISSANCE
In the 1300s, so many people died of the Black Death,
starvation, and warfare that the population declined.
Farmers produced so much food that food prices
dropped, giving people more money to spend on other Why did the price of food
things. Various areas of Europe began to specialize in drop? How did this affect
the products that were best suited to their people?
environment, and regional trade increased. _______________________
In what is now Italy, several large city-states grew _______________________
in the north, while the south was made up of several
_______________________
kingdoms and the Papal States. The south was mostly
rural. The northern cities of Venice, Milan, and _______________________
Florence became centers for commerce. The church,
nobles, artisans, and merchants dominated society.
Venice, which had access to the sea, built its economy
on shipbuilding and trading with ports as far as the
Near East and Egypt. Milan’s economy was built on
agriculture, silk, and weapons, while Florence became
famous for banking and for cloth.

RENAISSANCE IDEAS
As the economy and society changed, new ideas
began to appear, and interest in the arts, literature,
science, and learning returned and grew stronger. We Why do you think this era
call this era in history the Renaissance, French for is known as a “rebirth”?
“rebirth.” The Renaissance first arose in Italy, thanks _______________________
to its cities, trade, and wealthy merchants.
_______________________
People began looking to the past for inspiration.
They admired the artifacts from ancient Greek and _______________________
Roman culture. They also became interested in the _______________________
ideas of the ancient world, which they rediscovered by
reading Latin and Arabic texts. These works inspired
further advances in science, art and philosophy.
Although religion was still extremely important in Why do you think it was
important that Bocaccio
European life, the Renaissance movement was more and Petrarch did not write
secular, that is, focused on this world. A movement in Latin?
called humanism developed. This emphasized the _______________________
achievements of individuals rather than focusing on
_______________________
glorifying God. Many historians date the beginning of
the Renaissance to the works of writers Giovanni _______________________
Boccaccio and Francesco Petrarch. They both wrote in _______________________
the everyday language of the people instead of Latin.

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Section 1

Some humanists focused on society. Baldassare

Do you think Machiavelli’s
Castiglione, (cah-steel-YOH-nay) an Italian aristocrat, advice about politics is
wrote a book describing how the perfect Renaissance controversial? Why or why
not?
man or woman should behave. Another Italian,
Niccolo Machiavelli, was inspired by the political _______________________
violence of his times to write The Prince. It advises _______________________
rulers to do whatever is necessary to keep in power.
_______________________
Scientists like Galileo Galilei and Nicholas
Copernicus suggested that the Earth was not the center _______________________
of the universe, which conflicted with the view of the
church. Galileo was arrested for expressing his views.

RENAISSANCE ART
The artwork of the Renaissance showed new levels of
expertise, and much of this works is still greatly
admired. During this period, wealthy people became
patrons of the arts and used art as status symbols. In
Florence, the ruling Medici family and especially
Lorenzo de Medici gave artists, intellectuals, and
musicians huge sums of money for their works.
Leonardo da Vinci achieved greatness in many
areas, among them painting, engineering, science, and Underline examples of
architecture. Two of his paintings became extremely Leonardo da Vinci’s
famous, Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He also painting, engineering,
came up with ideas for a flying machine, a tank, and a science, and architecture in
the passage.
machine gun. Among other things, he designed and
built canals and a machine to cut threads in screws.
During this period, artists wanted to paint the real
world as realistically as possible. They began to use What was a goal many
perspective, a technique for representing three- Renaissance painters and
dimensional objects on flat surfaces. Their artwork sculptors shared?
looked very different from that of the Middle Ages. A _______________________
painter and architect still admired today is Raphael. _______________________
He painted both religious and classical subjects.
Michelangelo Buonarotti was an accomplished
sculptor who was able to make very lifelike human
statues. His statue David is still unsurpassed. He also
painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and
created many other masterpieces in painting,
sculpture, and architecture.
As in other areas, Renaissance building design
reflected the renewed love of ancient Greek and
Roman ideas. The most famous architect was Donato
Bramante, who designed St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
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Section 2

MAIN IDEA
Renaissance ideas soon spread beyond Italy to northern Europe by means of
trade, travel, and printed material, influencing the art and ideas of the north.

Key Terms and People

Johannes Gutenberg German man credited with the invention of movable type in the
mid-1400s
Desiderius Erasmus priest and Christian humanist philosopher who wrote about the
need for a simple Christian life without the rituals and politics of the church
Sir Thomas More English humanist who wrote Utopia, a book that told about a perfect
but nonexistent society based on reason
William Shakespeare English playwright and poet; author of such famous works as
Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Christine de Pisan Italian-born woman who wrote the first important work focusing on
the role women played in society
Albrecht Dürer German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s, learning techniques of
realism and perspective, influencing later German Renaissance artists
Jan van Eyck Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life

Taking Notes
As you read the summary, take notes in a graphic organizer like this one.
In the boxes, list key facts about philosophers, writers, and artists.

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Section 2

Section Summary
THE RENAISSANCE SPREADS NORTH
In the 1200s and 1300s, most of Europe’s cities were
in Italy. By the 1500s, however, large cities had also
grown in northern Europe. These cities included
London, Paris, Amsterdam, and others. Trade, the
Why do you think the
exchange of artists and scholars, and the development Renaissance took longer to
of printing helped spread Renaissance ideas to the get to northern Europe?
newer cities. _______________________
Trade in northern Europe was dominated by the
_______________________
Hanseatic League, a merchant organization that
operated from the 1200s to the 1400s. The league
worked to protect members from pirates, and made
shipping safer by building lighthouses and training
ship captains. This group helped spread ideas as well
as goods. Ideas were also spread by Italian artists who
fled the fighting taking place in Italian cities, as well
as by scholars from the north who went to Italy for
education and then returned with humanist ideas.
In the mid-1400s, a German named Johannes
Gutenberg developed movable type, made of metal
letter plates locked into a wooden press. This made it
possible to quickly print text on both sides of a sheet
of paper. Until this time, the only way to produce a
book was by hand. Now books and other printed
material could be produced much more quickly and
cheaply. Soon, printers appeared in many other cities. Underline the ways that
Scholars had access to ideas more rapidly. Also, more movable type contributed
to the spread of ideas.
people were inspired to learn to read, which further
spread the ideas of the Renaissance.

PHILOSOPHERS AND WRITERS

Northern philosophers such as Desiderius Erasmus
combined humanism with Christian ideas to create
Christian humanism. Erasmus encouraged a pure and
simple Christian life, stripped of politics and ritual. He
also stressed the important of educating children. His
writings added to the growing discontent with the
Catholic Church.
Humanism was also introduced in England. One
English humanist was Sir Thomas More. He wrote
the famous book Utopia, which described a perfect
but nonexistent society based on reason. His book also

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criticized the real society and government of the time.

We still call an ideal society a utopia.
The greatest English writer of the Renaissance was
the playwright and poet William Shakespeare.
Shakespeare was inspired by ancient Greek and
Roman writers as well as more recent authors.
Shakespeare’s works displayed complex human
emotions and a deep understanding of language. His
use of language and choice of themes, however, made
How was Shakespeare’s
his plays appeal even to uneducated people. Through writing different from that
his plays, Shakespeare helped spread the ideas of the of the writers who
Renaissance to a mass audience. His dramatic plays influenced him?
were a shift from the religious morality plays that had _______________________
become popular during the Middle Ages. By the time _______________________
of his death in 1616, London was the scene of a
_______________________
thriving theater district.
Christine de Pisan, an Italian-born woman who
grew up in France, focused her writings on the role of
women in society. A poet, biographer, and moralist,
she encouraged education and equality for women,
and was greatly admired even in her own time.

ARTISTS
German artist Albrecht Dürer (DOOR-uhr) visited
Italy in the late 1400s. There, he learned the
techniques of realism and perspective. After returning
to Germany, he influenced many German Renaissance
painters with this new style. His work also had some
features that were unique to the northern Renaissance.
For example, like many northern European painters he
used oil paints. This allowed a great deal of detail to
be added to paintings, such as the texture of fabric, or How was northern
European painting similar
the tiny image of objects reflected in a mirror. to that of the Italian
In the area of the Netherlands known as Flanders, Renaissance? How was it
painters developed a unique style known as the different?
Flemish School. This style was perfected by painter _______________________
Jan van Eyck. His work often showed landscapes or _______________________
everyday domestic scenes. Van Eyck paintings
_______________________
contained symbolism such as a ray of light to stand for
God’s presence. _______________________
In the 1500s Flemish artist Pieter Brughel (BROY- _______________________
guhl) the Elder used Italian techniques. But he also
_______________________
painted scenes of everyday life, very different from
the mythological scenes of Italian paintings.
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Section 3

MAIN IDEA
Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called
the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics
across Europe.

Key Terms and People

Protestant Reformation a movement beginning in the 1500s to reform the Roman
Catholic Church, which led to a split of the church between Catholics and Protestants
indulgences exchange of money for forgiveness of sin
Martin Luther critic of the Roman Catholic Church whose theses sparked discussion
about its practices and beliefs and to the founding of Lutheranism
theocracy a government in which church and state are joined and whose officials are
considered to be divinely inspired
John Calvin important Protestant reformer whose writings became the basis
of Calvinism
predestination religious doctrine that states God has already determined who will be
saved and so nothing people do can change their fate
Henry VIII English king who broke with the Catholic Church in order to divorce his
first wife
annulled declared invalid based on church laws
Elizabeth I daughter of Henry VIII and queen who firmly established England
as Protestant

Taking Notes
As you read, take notes in a graphic organizer like this one. Write the
causes of the Protestant Reformation. Add more circles as needed.

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Section 3

Section Summary
CATHOLICISM IN THE 1400S
By the early 1500s the Protestant Reformation had
started. This was a movement against financial
corruption, abuse of power, and immorality in the
Catholic Church. At the time, the church made a
practice of selling indulgences to help raise money.
Indulgences were pardons issued by the pope to
reduce the time a soul spent in purgatory. Also, people
began to feel loyalty to their nation was more
important than loyalty to the church. What did Wycliffe and Hus
Two early challengers of the church were John dislike about the church?
Wycliffe and Jan Hus. Wycliffe believed that the _______________________
church should give up its earthly possessions. Hus
_______________________
preached against the immorality and worldliness of
the church. Wycliffe lost his teaching job, and Hus _______________________
was condemned to death for heresy. But their views
helped lead to reform.

MARTIN LUTHER
In 1517 German monk Martin Luther nailed his
criticisms of the church to the door of a church in
Wittenberg. He condemned the sale of indulgences, What were Martin Luther’s
which he did not believe had any power to forgive sin. beliefs?
He also criticized the pope’s power and the church’s _______________________
wealth. His writings were published and widely read
_______________________
and discussed. Luther believed that faith only, not
good works, get someone into heaven, and that Jesus, _______________________
not the pope, is the only head of the church. He also _______________________
translated the Bible into German so that people could _______________________
interpret it for themselves.
_______________________
In 1521 Luther was called before Emperor Charles
V. Luther refused to change his opinions, so Charles
declared the Edict of Worms, condemning Luther’s
writings. But Luther’s ideas continued to spread. By
1530, Lutheranism was a branch of Christianity.
When Charles tried to suppress Lutherans, princes in
his own parliament who were Lutherans issued a
protest. This is where the term Protestant comes from.

THE SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM

New Protestant leaders arose. Ulrich Zwingli founded
a church in Switzerland which had theocracy at its
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base. This means that church and state are joined and
leaders are believed to be inspired by God. Many,
including Luther, opposed Zwingli. The Catholic
Church went to war against this group.
John Calvin was a humanist and supporter of
Luther’s reforms. He is known for preaching the
doctrine of predestination. This is the belief that God
already knows who will be saved, and nothing can
change their fate. Calvinism became popular
throughout northern Europe. Switzerland became a
theocracy under Calvin’s leadership. Attending church
was required, and there were laws against feasting, Underline the names of the
dancing, and singing. Protestant sects described
here.
John Knox spread Calvinism in Scotland.
Eventually his Reformed Church replaced the Roman
Catholic Church there. Another group, called
Anabaptists, further divided from other Protestants in
their belief that adults should be rebaptised.

PROTESTANTISM SPREADS TO ENGLAND

In England, a young King Henry VIII was a devout
Catholic. But in 1525 he asked to have his marriage
annulled, or declared invalid by the church, because Why did Henry VIII break
his wife had not given him a son. The pope would not with the Catholic Church?
allow an annullment. Meanwhile, Henry had fallen in How did he do so?
love with another woman, Anne Boleyn. _______________________
Henry got Parliament to declare that England was
_______________________
no longer under the authority of the pope—that
instead, Henry led the English church. Parliament _______________________

declared Henry’s first marriage null and void. They _______________________

also passed the Act of Supremacy, which required _______________________
subjects to agree that Henry was head of the church.
_______________________
Henry had six wives in all, and two daughters and
one son. Protestantism continued to grow in England
under his son, Edward VI. But he died very young,
and Henry’s daughter Mary returned England to
Catholicism. She became known as Bloody Mary for
having Protestants burned at the stake. When she died,
her half-sister Elizabeth became queen. A committed
Protestant, Elizabeth drafted a new Supremacy Act in
1559, making England Protestant again. Elizabeth
persecuted Catholics, some of whom plotted to place
her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, on the
English throne.
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Section 4

MAIN IDEA
Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church. Their work
turned back the tide of Protestantism in some areas and renewed the zeal of
Catholics everywhere.

Key Terms and People

Counter-Reformation reform movement within the Catholic Church
Jesuits religious order which emphasized reform of the church, spirituality, service to
others, education, and the further spread of Catholicism; also called Society of Jesus
Ignatius of Loyola founder of the Jesuits whose search for spiritual peace led him to give
up his belongings and practice self-denial
Council of Trent meetings called by Pope Paul III to make a series of reforms to the
church and clarify important teachings, took place between 1545 and 1563
Charles Borromeo archbishop of Milan who implemented the reforms decreed by the
Council of Trent, such as building schools for priests
Francis of Sales French missionary who returned the French district of Savoy to the
Catholic church and founded a religious teaching order for women
Teresa of Avila Spanish nun who reformed the Carmelite order

Taking Notes
As you read the summary, take notes in a graphic organizer like this one on
the reforms, effects, and wars related to the Counter-Reformation.

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Section Summary
REFORMING THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
In response to the spread of Protestantism, some
Catholics worked to reform their church during the
Counter-Reformation. In the 1400s, Girolamo
Savonarola preached in Florence that churches should
melt down their gold and silver to feed the poor. The
pope praised Savonarola at first, but eventually had
him executed. Others reformed the church by Why do you think the pope
founding religious orders. Ignatius of Loyola opposed Savonarola’s
founded the Society of Jesus or Jesuits, who focused ideas but accepted the
on spirituality and service. Loyola ran the Jesuits like Jesuits’?
a military organization, establishing missions, schools _______________________
and universities. By 1700, the Jesuits operated 769 _______________________
colleges and universities. These helped the Catholic
_______________________
Church began to regain ground against Protestantism.
In 1545, Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent. _______________________
The council met over the next 18 years, addressing
problems like corruption of the clergy and the sale of
indulgences. The council rejected the emphasis of
Protestants on individual faith, arguing that the church
could help believers achieve salvation by using
mystery and ceremonies. The council also rejected
compromise between Catholics and Protestants. After
the Council, leaders put the reforms in place. Charles
Borromeo, archbishop of Milan, built a new school
for priests. Francis of Sales worked to return the
district of Savoy in France to Catholicism.
Women’s roles in the Catholic Church began to
change. They had lived in secluded convents, but by What did the Company of
Saint Ursula and the
the 1500s they began to help the poor and sick. New
Visitation of Holy Mary
orders arose. The Company of Saint Ursula taught order do?
girls, while the Visitation of Holy Mary order trained
_______________________
women to teach. Mary Ward of England began a
network of schools for girls. Teresa of Avila thought _______________________
the practices of her convent were too lax, so she made _______________________
her own strict rules. Later, she reformed the Carmelite
order to meet her own high standards.
Pope Paul III established the church court of Rome,
known as the Inquisition, to counter the Reformation.
The court heard cases against people accused of being
Protestants, practicing witchcraft, or just breaking the
law. The Inquisition used harsh methods such as

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torture and execution. People were also warned that

reading forbidden books would endanger their souls.

RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL EFFECTS

The Catholic Church’s changing policies caused a
renewed enthusiasm for the church, which then spread
the religion to North America. Meanwhile, religious
turmoil increased. Catholics persecuted non-Catholics, How did the Reformation
help the Catholic Church?
while non-Catholics persecuted Catholics and each
What problems did it cause
other. Many Protestant factions formed, often for society?
disagreeing with each others’ ideas. In Spain and
_______________________
Portugal, Jews and Muslims were forced to convert to
Catholic Christianity or leave Spain. In other areas of _______________________
Europe, Jews had to live in ghettos, parts of the city _______________________
surrounded by walls and gates that were closed at _______________________
night. Fear of witchcraft also increased at this time.
Leaders accused witches of causing hardships like bad
harvests. From 1580 to 1660, thousands of people,
mostly poor or women, were executed for witchcraft.
Over time, the Protestant Reformation indirectly
encouraged the formation of independent states and
nations by separating political power from churches.

RELIGIOUS WARS AND UNREST

In 1494 the Italian Wars began, in which France and
Spain vied for control of the Italian peninsula. What was the real
England and several popes also became involved significance of the Italian
before the wars ended in 1559. The real significance Wars?

of the Italian Wars was that troops returned home _______________________

carrying ideas they had been exposed to in Italy. Also, _______________________
artists from Italy fled to the north, bringing new
_______________________
techniques and styles with them.
In Germany, Emperor Charles V was Catholic but _______________________
many of the princes were Lutheran. They fought for
years with no clear winner, so in 1555 the Peace of
Augsburg was signed, giving each prince the right to
decide his subjects’ religion—either Catholic or
Do you think the Peace of
Lutheran. It was a small step for religious freedom. Augsburg was fair? Why or
In France, the Protestant minority fought for years why not?
against Catholics. The fighting ended when their _______________________
leader Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism. He
_______________________
also issued the 1598 Edict of Nantes, granting
religious toleration to Protestants. _______________________

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