Kingdom of Bohemia

The Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech: České

království),[a] sometimes referenced in English Kingdom of Bohemia
literature as the Czech Kingdom,[8][9][a] was a České království (Czech)
medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Königreich Böhmen (German)
Europe. It was the predecessor state of the modern Regnum Bohemiae (Latin)
Czech Republic.
1198–1918
The Kingdom of Bohemia was an Imperial State in
the Holy Roman Empire. The Bohemian king was a
prince-elector of the empire. The kings of Bohemia,
besides the region of Bohemia itself, also ruled other
lands belonging to the Bohemian Crown, which at
various times included Moravia, Silesia, Lusatia, and
parts of Saxony, Brandenburg, and Bavaria.
Royal coat of arms of
The kingdom was established by the Přemyslid Bohemia as a
dynasty in the 12th century by the Duchy of Bohemia, Top: Medieval royal banner
possession of Austria-
Bottom: Late state flag and
later ruled by the House of Luxembourg, the Hungary (1890)[1]
royal standard
Jagiellonian dynasty, and from 1526 the House of
Habsburg and its successor, the House of Habsburg- Medieval, royal shield of the King of Bohemia
as imperial Elector and Arch-Cupbearer:[2][3]
Lorraine. Numerous kings of Bohemia were also
elected Holy Roman Emperors, and the capital,
Prague, was the imperial seat in the late 14th century,
and again at the end of the 16th and the beginning of
the 17th centuries.

Shortly before the dissolution of the Holy Roman

Empire in 1806, the kingdom became part of the
newly proclaimed Habsburg Austrian Empire, and
subsequently the Austro-Hungarian Empire from
1867. Bohemia retained its name and formal status as
a separate Kingdom of Bohemia until 1918, known as
a crown land within the Austro-Hungarian Empire,
and its capital Prague was one of the empire's leading
cities. The Czech language (called the Bohemian
language in English usage until the 19th century)[10]
was the main language of the Diet and the nobility
until 1627 (after the Bohemian Revolt was The Kingdom of Bohemia (dark red) with other
suppressed). German was then formally made equal Bohemian Crown lands (light red) within the Holy
Roman Empire (1618)
with Czech and eventually prevailed as the language
of the Diet until the Czech National Revival in the
19th century. German was also widely used as the
language of administration in many towns after the
Germans immigrated and populated some areas of the
country in the 13th century. The royal court used the
Czech, Latin, and German languages, depending on
the ruler and period.

Following the defeat of the Central Powers in World

War I, both the Kingdom and Empire were dissolved.
Bohemia became the core part of the newly formed
Czechoslovak Republic.
The Kingdom of Bohemia (red) within Austria-
Hungary (1914)

History Status State of the Holy Roman

Empire (1198–1806)
Crown land of the
Bohemian Crown
13th century (growth) (1348–1918)
Although some former rulers of Bohemia had enjoyed Imperial elector
(1356–1806)
a non-hereditary royal title during the 11th and 12th
Crown land of the
centuries (Vratislaus II, Vladislaus II), the kingdom Habsburg monarchy
was formally established (by elevating Duchy of (1526–1804), of the
Bohemia) in 1198 by Přemysl Ottokar I, who had his Austrian Empire
status acknowledged by Philip of Swabia, elected (1804–1867), and
Cisleithania (1867–1918)
King of the Romans, in return for his support against
the rival Emperor Otto IV. In 1204 Ottokar's royal Capital Prague
status was accepted by Otto IV as well as by Pope and largest city
Innocent III. It was officially recognized in 1212 by Common languages Czech
the Golden Bull of Sicily issued by Emperor German
Frederick II, elevating the Duchy of Bohemia to Latin
Kingdom status and proclaiming its independence
Religion Latin Catholicism (official)[4]
which was also later bolstered by future king of
Bohemia and emperor Charles IV, with his golden Hussitism, later
Bohemian Reformed
bull in 1356. (Utraquism, Brethren)

Under these terms, the Czech king was to be exempt Lutheranism

Judaism (Jews)
from all future obligations to the Holy Roman Empire
Calvinism
except for participation in the imperial councils. The
Waldensianism
imperial prerogative to ratify each Bohemian ruler
Neo-Adamitism
and to appoint the bishop of Prague was revoked. The
king's successor was his son Wenceslaus I, from his Government Feudal monarchy
second marriage. Absolute monarchy
Parliamentary monarchy
Wenceslaus I's sister Agnes, later canonized, refused King
to marry the Holy Roman Emperor and instead • 1198–1230 Ottokar I (first)
devoted her life to spiritual works. Corresponding • 1916–1918 Charles III (last)
with the Pope, she established the Knights of the History
Cross with the Red Star in 1233, the first military
• Kingdom 1198
order in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Four other military established
orders were present in Bohemia: the Order of St. John • Hereditary royal 26 September 1212
title confirmed
 of Jerusalem from • Inauguration of the December 1310
c. 1160; the Order of Luxembourg
dynasty
Saint Lazarus from the • Became main part 7 April 1348
late 12th century; the of the Crown of
Teutonic Order from Bohemia
c. 1200–1421; and the • King confirmed 25 December 1356
Knights Templar from Elector
• King Ferdinand I, 16 December 1526
1232 to 1312.[11] Holy Roman
Emperor
Territories ruled by Ottokar
• Renewed Land 10 May 1627
II of Bohemia in 1273
Ordinance
imposed
The 13th century was the most hereditary
Habsburg
dynamic period of the succession to
Přemyslid reign over Bohemia. throne
German Emperor Frederick II's • Crown of Bohemia 1 May 1749
preoccupation with de facto dissolved
Mediterranean affairs and the • Dissolution of 31 October 1918
Austria-Hungary
dynastic struggles known as the
Great Interregnum (1254–73) Population
weakened imperial authority in • Around 1400[5][6] Approximately 2 million
The oldest
depiction of coat Central Europe, thus providing Currency Denarius[7]
of arms of opportunities for Přemyslid Bracteate
Bohemia, castle assertiveness. At the same time, Groschen
Gozzoburg in the Mongol invasions (1220– Thaler
Krems (13th 42) absorbed the attention of
century)
Kreutzer
Bohemia's eastern neighbors, Florin
Hungary and Poland. Crown

Přemysl Ottokar II Preceded by Succeeded by

(1253–78) married a
Duchy of First
German princess, Bohemia Czechoslovak
Margaret of Babenberg, Duchy of Republic
and became duke of Silesia
Austria. He thereby Duchy of
acquired Upper Austria, Jawor
Duchy of
Lower Austria, and part Brzeg
of Styria. He conquered Egerland
the rest of Styria, most of
Wenceslaus II as
Carinthia, and parts of Today part of Czech Republic
depicted in the Codex
Carniola. He was called Germany
Manesse Poland
"the king of iron and
Slovakia
gold" (iron because of his
conquests, gold because of his wealth). He campaigned as far as Prussia, where he defeated the pagan
natives and in 1256, founded a city he named Královec in Czech, which later became Königsberg (now
Kaliningrad).
In 1260, Ottokar defeated Béla IV, king of Hungary in the Battle of Kressenbrunn near the Morava river,
where more than 200,000 men clashed. He ruled an area from Austria to the Adriatic Sea. From 1273,
however, Habsburg king Rudolf began to reassert imperial authority, checking Ottokar's power. He also had
problems with rebellious nobility in Bohemia. All of Ottokar's German possessions were lost in 1276, and in
1278 he was abandoned by part of the Czech nobility and died in the Battle on the Marchfeld against Rudolf.

Ottokar was succeeded by his son King Wenceslaus II, who was crowned King of Poland in 1300.
Wenceslaus II's son Wenceslaus III was crowned King of Hungary a year later. At this time, the Kings of
Bohemia ruled from Hungary to the Baltic Sea.

The 13th century was also a period of large-scale German immigration, during the Ostsiedlung, often
encouraged by the Přemyslid kings. The Germans populated towns and mining districts on the Bohemian
periphery and in some cases formed German colonies in the interior of the Czech lands. Stříbro, Kutná Hora,
Německý Brod (present-day Havlíčkův Brod), and Jihlava were important German settlements. The
Germans brought their own code of law – the ius teutonicum – which formed the basis of the later
commercial law of Bohemia and Moravia. Marriages between Czech nobles and Germans soon became
commonplace.

14th century ("Golden Age")

Prague groschen issued between 1300 and 1547

Territories under the control of the

The 14th century – particularly the reign of Charles IV (1342–78) – is Přemyslid dynasty around 1301
considered the Golden Age of Czech history. In 1306, the Přemyslid
line died out and, after a series of dynastic wars, John, Count of
Luxembourg, was elected Bohemian king. He married Elisabeth, the daughter of Wenceslaus II. He was
succeeded as king in 1346 by his son, Charles IV, the second king from the House of Luxembourg. Charles
was raised at the French court and was cosmopolitan in attitude.

Charles IV strengthened the power and prestige of the Bohemian kingdom. In 1344 he elevated the bishopric
of Prague, making it an archbishopric and freeing it from the jurisdiction of Mainz, and the archbishop was
given the right to crown Bohemian kings. Charles curbed the Bohemian, Moravian, and Silesian nobility,
and rationalized the provincial administration of Bohemia and Moravia. He created the Crown of Bohemia,
incorporating Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia.

In 1355 Charles was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The next year he issued the Golden Bull of 1356,
defining and codifying the process of election to the Imperial throne, with the Bohemian king among the
seven electors. Issuance of the Golden Bull together with the ensuing acquisition of the Brandenburg
Electorate gave the Luxemburgs two votes in the electoral college.
Charles also made Prague into an Imperial capital.

Extensive building projects undertaken by the king included the

founding of the New Town southeast of the old city. The royal castle,
Hradčany, was rebuilt. Of particular significance was the founding of
Charles University in Prague in 1348. Charles intended to make Prague
into an international center of learning, and the university was divided Prague Castle, the ancient seat
into Czech, Polish, Saxon, and Bavarian "nations", each with one of Bohemian dukes and kings,
controlling vote. Charles University, however, would become the Roman kings and emperors, and
nucleus of intense Czech particularism. after 1918 the office of the
Czechoslovak and Czech
Charles died in 1378, and the Bohemian crown went to his son, presidents

Wenceslas IV. He had also been elected King of the Romans in 1376, in
the first election since his father's Golden Bull. He was deposed from the Imperial throne in 1400, however,
having never been crowned Emperor. His half-brother, Sigismund, was eventually crowned Emperor in
Rome in 1433, ruling until 1437, and he was the last male member of the House of Luxemburg.

15th century (Hussite movement)

The Hussite movement (1402–85) was primarily a religious, as well as national, manifestation. As a
religious reform movement (the so-called Bohemian Reformation), it represented a challenge to papal
authority and an assertion of national autonomy in ecclesiastical affairs. The Hussites defeated four crusades
from the Holy Roman Empire, and the movement is viewed by many as a part of the (worldwide) Protestant
Reformation. Because many of warriors of the crusades were Germans, although many were also
Hungarians and Catholic Czechs, the Hussite movement is seen as a Czech national movement. In modern
times it acquired anti-imperial and anti-German associations and has sometimes been identified as a
manifestation of a long-term ethnic Czech–German conflict.

Hussitism began during the long reign of Wenceslaus IV (1378–1419), a period of papal schism and
concomitant anarchy in the Holy Roman Empire. It was precipitated by a controversy at Charles University
in Prague. In 1403 Jan Hus became rector of the university. A reformist preacher, Hus espoused the anti-
papal and anti-hierarchical teachings of John Wycliffe of England, often referred to as the "Morning Star of
the Reformation". Hus' teaching was distinguished by its rejection of what he saw as the wealth, corruption,
and hierarchical tendencies of the Catholic Church. He advocated the Wycliffe doctrine of clerical purity and
poverty, and insisted on the laity receiving communion under both kinds, bread and wine. (The Catholic
Church in practice reserved the cup, or wine, for the clergy.) The more moderate followers of Hus, the
Utraquists, took their name from the Latin sub utraque specie, meaning "under each kind". The Taborites, a
more radical sect, soon formed, taking their name from the town of Tábor, their stronghold in southern
Bohemia. They rejected church doctrine and upheld the Bible as the sole authority in all matters of belief.

Soon after Hus assumed office, German professors of theology demanded the condemnation of Wycliffe's
writings. Hus protested, receiving the support of the Czech element at the university. Having only one vote
in policy decisions against three for the Germans, the Czechs were outvoted, and the orthodox position was
maintained. In subsequent years, the Czechs demanded a revision of the university charter, granting more
adequate representation to the native Czech faculty. The university controversy was intensified by the
vacillating position of the Bohemian king Wenceslas. His favoring of Germans in appointments to councillor
and other administrative positions had aroused the nationalist sentiments of the Czech nobility and rallied
them to Hus' defense. The German faculties had the support of Zbyněk Zajíc, Archbishop of Prague, and the
German clergy. For political reasons, Wenceslas switched his support from
the Germans to Hus and allied with the reformers. On 18 January 1409,
Wenceslas issued the Decree of Kutná Hora: (as was the case at other major
universities in Europe) the Czechs would have three votes; the others, a
single vote. In consequence, German faculty and students left Charles
University en masse in the thousands, and many ended up founding the
University of Leipzig.

Hus' victory was short-lived. He preached against the sale of indulgences,

which lost him the support of the king, who had received a percentage of
such sales. In 1412 Hus and his followers were suspended from the
university and expelled from Prague. For two years the reformers served as
itinerant preachers throughout Bohemia. In 1414, Hus was summoned to
the Council of Constance to defend his views. Imprisoned when he arrived,
he was allowed no legal advocate for his defense; the council condemned
him as a heretic and relinquished him to an imperial secular court, which Kutná Hora, a medieval
decreed he be burned at the stake in 1415.[12] silver-mining centre, was
once the second most
Hus's death sparked the Hussite Wars, important town of the
decades of religious warfare. Sigismund, the kingdom.
pro-papal king of Hungary and successor to
the Bohemian throne after the death of
Wenceslas in 1419, failed repeatedly to gain control of the kingdom despite aid
by Hungarian and German armies. Riots broke out in Prague. Led by a Czech
yeoman, Jan Žižka, the Taborites streamed into the capital. Religious strife
pervaded the entire kingdom and was particularly intense in the German-
dominated towns. Hussite Czechs and Catholic Germans turned on each other;
many were massacred, and many German survivors fled or were exiled to the
rest of the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Sigismund led or instigated various
Jan Žižka, the leader of
crusades against Bohemia with the support of Hungarians and Bohemian
the Hussites
Catholics.

The Hussite Wars followed a pattern. When a crusade was launched against Bohemia, moderate and radical
Hussites would unite and defeat it. Once the threat was over, the Hussite armies would focus on raiding the
land of Catholic sympathizers. Many historians have painted the Hussites as religious fanatics; they fought
in part for a nationalist purpose: to protect their land from a King and a Pope who did not recognize the right
of the Hussites to exist. Žižka led armies to storm castles, monasteries, churches, and villages, expelling the
Catholic clergy, expropriating ecclesiastical lands, or accepting conversions.

During the struggle against Sigismund, Taborite armies penetrated into areas of modern-day Slovakia as
well. Czech refugees from the religious wars in Bohemia settled there, and from 1438 to 1453 a Czech
noble, John Jiskra of Brandýs, controlled most of southern Slovakia from the centers of Zólyom (today
Zvolen) and Kassa (today Košice). Thus Hussite doctrines and the Czech Bible were disseminated among
the Slovaks, providing the basis for a future link between the Czechs and their Slovak neighbors.

When Sigismund died in 1437, the Bohemian estates elected Albert of Austria as his successor. Albert died
and his son, Ladislaus the Posthumous – so called because he was born after his father's death – was
acknowledged as king. During Ladislaus' minority, Bohemia was ruled by a regency composed of moderate
reform nobles who were Utraquists. Internal dissension among the Czechs provided the primary challenge to
the regency. A part of the Czech nobility remained Catholic and loyal to the
pope. A Utraquist delegation to the Council of Basel in 1433 had negotiated a
seeming reconciliation with the Catholic Church. The Compacts of Basel
accepted the basic tenets of Hussitism expressed in the Four Articles of
Prague: communion under both kinds; free preaching of the Gospels;
expropriation of church land; and exposure and punishment of public sinners.
The pope, however, rejected the compact, thus preventing the reconciliation of
Czech Catholics with the Utraquists.

George of Poděbrady, later to become the "national" king of Bohemia,

emerged as leader of the Utraquist regency. George installed another Utraquist, The Hussite wagon fort
John of Rokycany, as archbishop of Prague and succeeded in uniting the more
radical Taborites with the Czech Reformed Church. The Catholic party was
driven out of Prague. After Ladislaus died of leukemia in 1457, the following year the Bohemian estates
elected George of Poděbrady as king. Although George was noble-born, he was not a successor of royal
dynasty; his election to the monarchy was not recognised by the Pope, or any other European monarchs.

George sought to establish a "Charter of a Universal Peace Union." He believed that all monarchs should
work for a sustainable peace on the principle of national sovereignty of states, principles of non-interference,
and solving problems and disputes before an International Tribunal. Also, Europe should unite to fight the
Turks. States would have one vote each, with a leading role for France. George did not see a specific role for
Papal authority.

Czech Catholic nobles joined in the League of Zelená Hora in 1465, challenging the authority of George of
Poděbrady; the next year, Pope Paul II excommunicated George. The Bohemian War (1468-1478) pitted
Bohemia against Matthias Corvinus and Frederick III of Habsburg, and the Hungarian forces occupied most
of Moravia. George of Poděbrady died in 1471.

After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule

Upon the death of the Hussite king, the Bohemian
estates elected the Polish prince Ladislaus Jagiellon as
king, who negotiated the Peace of Olomouc in 1479. In
1490, after the death of Matthias Corvinus, he was also
elected by the strongest Hungarian baron league as
king of Hungary, and the Polish Jagellonian line ruled
both Bohemia and Hungary [but separate line was in
Poland after Casimir]. The Jagellonians governed
Coat of arms of the Bohemia as absentee monarchs because the Hungarian
Austrian province of nobility insisted on them putting their capital into
Bohemia by Hugo
Hungary; their influence in the kingdom was minimal, The Bohemian Diet in
Gerard Ströhl
and effective government fell to the regional nobility. 1564
Czech Catholics accepted the Compact of Basel in
1485 and were reconciled with the Utraquists. The Bohemian estrangement from
the Empire continued after Vladislav [as II] had succeeded Matthias Corvinus of Hungary in 1490 and both
the Bohemian and the Hungarian kingdom were held in personal union. Not considered an Imperial State,
the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were not part of the Imperial Circles established by the 1500 Imperial
Reform.
In 1526, Vladislav's son, King Louis, was decisively defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Mohács
and subsequently died. As a result, the Turks conquered part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and the rest
(mainly present-day Slovakia territory) came under Habsburg rule under the terms of King Louis' marriage
contract. The Bohemian estates in 1526 elected Austrian Archduke Ferdinand, younger brother of Emperor
Charles V, to succeed Louis as king of Bohemia. Thus began almost four centuries of Habsburg rule for both
Bohemia and Hungary.

From 1599 to 1711, Moravia (a Land of the Bohemian Crown) was frequently subjected to raids by the
Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania). Overall, hundreds of thousands
were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed.[13]

The incorporation of Bohemia into the Habsburg monarchy against the resistance of the local Protestant
nobility sparked the 1618 Defenestration of Prague, the brief reign of the Winter King, and the Thirty Years'
War. Their defeat at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620 put an end to the Bohemian autonomy movement.

Defeat and dissolution

In 1740 the Prussian Army conquered Bohemian Silesia in the Silesian Wars and
forced Maria Theresa in 1742 to cede the majority of Silesia, except the
southernmost area with the duchies of Cieszyn, Krnov and Opava, to Prussia. In
1756 Prussian King Frederick II faced an enemy coalition led by Austria, when
Maria Theresa was preparing for war with Prussia to reclaim Silesia. The Prussian
army conquered Saxony and in 1757 invaded Bohemia. In the Battle of Prague
(1757) they defeated the Habsburgs and subsequently occupied Prague. More than
one quarter of Prague was destroyed and the St. Vitus Cathedral suffered heavy
Ströhl's unofficial
damage. In the Battle of Kolín, however, Frederick lost and had to vacate Prague
artwork of the Coat
and retreat from Bohemia. of arms of the
kingdom (with the
With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Bohemian kingdom Crown of Saint
was incorporated into the now two years old Austrian Empire and the royal title Wenceslas,
retained alongside the title of Austrian Emperor. In the course of the 1867 Austro- Bohemian Crown
Hungarian Compromise the provinces of Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia Jewels part)
became k. k. crown lands of Cisleithania. The Bohemian Kingdom officially ceased
to exist in 1918 by transformation into the Czechoslovak Republic.

The current Czech Republic consisting of Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia still uses most of the
symbols of the Kingdom of Bohemia: a two-tailed lion in its coat-of-arms, red-white stripes in the state flag
and the royal castle as the president's office.

Economy
Bohemia was among the first countries in Europe to become industrialized. Mining of tin and silver began in
Ore mountains in early 12th century. The German hospes had a major role in the industrial development of
the Czech Kingdom. In the late 12th and in the 13th century the Přemyslid rulers promoted the colonisation
of certain areas of their lands by German settlers from the adjacent lands of Bavaria, Franconia, Upper
Saxony and Austria during the Ostsiedlung migration. The new settlers not only brought their customs and
language with them, but also new technical skills and equipment that were adapted within a few decades,
especially in agriculture and crafts. In Silesia it had doubled (16% of the total area) by the beginning of the
11th century, 30% in the 16th century and the highest increase rates
in the 14th century, the total area of arable land increased seven – to
twentyfold in many Silesian regions during the Ostsiedlung. They
settled mostly the hills and mountains and started the mine works and
high qualities industry such as metal works, weapon industry and
beer making. Forest glass production was a common industry for
German Bohemians.[14][15][16]

Railway network of Bohemia in 1883

Lands of the Bohemian Crown

Bohemia proper (Čechy) with the County of Kladsko (Hrabství kladské)
was the main area of the Kingdom of Bohemia. The Egerland (Chebsko)
was ultimately obtained by King Wenceslaus II between 1291 and 1305;
given in pawn to Bohemia by King Louis IV of Germany in 1322 and
subsequently joined in personal union with Bohemia proper. In 1348
Charles IV created the Crown of Bohemia (Koruna česká), together
with the incorporated provinces:

the Margraviate of Moravia (Markrabství moravské), acquired

by Přemyslid and Slavník Bohemian rulers after the 955 Battle
of Lechfeld, lost in 999 to Poland and reconquered by Duke Bohemia and Lands of the
Bretislaus I in 1019/1029 (uncertain dating); Bohemian Crown in 1618

Upper Lusatia (Horní Lužice), incorporated by Charles' father

King John of Bohemia in 1319 (Bautzen Land) and 1329
(Görlitz), and Lower Lusatia (Dolní Lužice, former March of Lusatia), acquired by Charles IV
from the Wittelsbach duke Otto V of Bavaria in 1367. The Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II
ceded the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony by the 1635 Peace of Prague;
the Duchies of Silesia (Slezsko), acquired by the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin between King John
of Bohemia and King Casimir III of Poland. Queen Maria Theresa lost Silesia in 1742 to the
Prussian king Frederick the Great by the Treaty of Breslau, with the exception of Austrian
Silesia.
the northern part of the Upper Palatinate ("Bohemian Palatinate") at Sulzbach, incorporated
into the Bohemian crown by Charles IV in 1355. Charles exchanged parts of this territory for
Brandenburg in 1373, while his son Wenceslaus lost the rest in 1400 to the Electorate of the
Palatinate under King Rupert of Germany;
the Brandenburg Electorate, acquired in 1373 by Charles IV from the Wittelsbach duke Otto V
of Bavaria. Charles' son Emperor Sigismund granted Brandenburg to Frederick I of
Hohenzollern in 1415.[17]
at times were incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia these provinces:

the Duchy of Austria in 1251, the Duchy of Styria in 1261, the Egerland in 1266, the Duchy of
Carinthia with the March of Carniola and the Windic March in 1269, and the March of Friuli in
1272, all acquired by the Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia but lost to Rudolph of Habsburg
in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld;
The modern Czech Republic (Czechia) is the legal successor of the Crown of Bohemia, as stated in the
preamble to its Constitution.

Administrative division

Kraje/Kreise of Bohemia (pre-1833)

Prior to 1833, Bohemia was divided into seven to sixteen district units,
known in Czech as Kraje (sg. Kraj) and in German as Kreise (sg. Kreis).
These included the following in different time periods:

Bechyňský kraj at Bechyně (German: Beching)

Boleslavský kraj at Mladá Boleslav (German: Jung-Bunzlau)
Čáslavský kraj at Čáslav (German: Czaslau, Tschaslau)
Chrudimský kraj at Chrudim
Hradecký kraj at Hradec Králové (German: Königgrätz) Administrative divisions of
the County of Kladsko at Kladsko (German: Glatz); lost to Bohemia in 1712
Prussia following the First Silesian War (1740–42)
Kouřimský kraj at Prague (Czech: Praha, German: Prag);
named for Kouřim (German: Kaurzim, Kaurzin, Kaurim)
Litoměřický kraj at Litoměřice (German: Leitmeritz)
Loketský kraj at Loket (German: Elbogen)
Plzeňský kraj at Plzeň (German: Pilsen)
Podbrdsko or Berounský kraj at Beroun (German: Beraun)
Prácheňsko or Prácheňský kraj at Písek (German: Prachens;
named after Prácheň castle)
Rakovnický kraj at Rakovník (German: Rakonitz)
Slánský kraj at Slaný (German: Schlan)
Vltavský kraj at Vltava (German: Moldau)
Žatecký kraj at Žatec (German: Saaz)

Kraje/Kreise 1833–1849
According to Johann Gottfried Sommer Bohemia was divided into 16
district units between 1833 and 1849:

Berounský kraj (German: Berauner Kreis)

Bydžovský kraj at Nový Bydžov (German: Bidschower Kreis)
Budějovický kraj at České Budějovice (German: Budweiser
Kreis)
Boleslavský kraj (German: Bunzlauer Kreis)
Čáslavský kraj (German: Caslaver Kreis)
Chrudimský kraj (German: Chrudimer Kreis) Administrative divisions of
Loketský kraj (German: Elbogener Kreis) Bohemia in 1847
Kouřimský kraj (German: Kaurimer Kreis)
Klatovský kraj at Klatovy (German: Klattauer Kreis)
Hradecký kraj (German: Königgrätzer Kreis)
 Litoměřický kraj (German: Leitmeritzer Kreis)
Plzeňský kraj (German: Pilsener Kreis)
Prácheňský kraj at Písek (German: Prachiner Kreis); named after Prácheň castle)
Rakovnický kraj (German: Rakonitzer Kreis)
Táborský kraj (German: Taborer Kreis)
Žatecký kraj (German: Saazer Kreis)

Okresy/Bezirke 1849–1954
In 1849 the number of Kreise/Kraje was reduced to seven. They were then subdivided into political districts
(German: politischer Bezirk or Bezirkshauptmannschaft ('district captaincy'), pl. politische
Bezirke/Bezirkshauptmannschaften; Czech: Okres), which took over most of the political functions of the
Kreise/Kraje. Prague became a statutory city, administered directly by the kingdom. A total of 79 districts
existed during this period.[18]

City of Prague
Prager Kreis – 8 political districts:
Smichow · Eule · Carolinenthal · Rakonitz · Schlan · Melnik · Przibram · Horzowic
Budweiser Kreis – 9 political districts:
Budweis · Krumau · Kaplitz · Neuhaus · Tabor · Mühlhausen · Pilgram · Beneschau · Wotitz
Pardubitzer Kreis – 11 political districts:
Pardubitz · Kolin · Schwarz-Kosteletz · Kuttenberg · Ledetsch · Deutsch-Brod · Chotieborg ·
Chrudim · Hohenmauth · Leitomischl · Landskron
Gitschiner Kreis – 16 political districts:
Gitschin · Königgrätz · Königinhof · Trautenau · Braunau · Reichenau · Senftenberg ·
Neustadt · Horzic · Hohenelbe · Podiebrad · Neubidschow · Turnau · Semil · Jungbunzlau ·
Nimburg
Böhmisch-Leippaer Kreis – 10 political districts:
Böhmisch-Leippa · Reichenberg · Friedland · Gabel · Tetschen · Außig · Schlukenau ·
Rumburg · Dauba · Leitmeritz
Egerer Kreis – 12 political districts:
Eger · Falkenau · Plan · Tachau · Carlsbad · Luditz · Graßlitz · Joachimsthal · Saaz ·
Kaaden · Brüx · Teplitz
Pilsner Kreis – 13 political districts:
Pilsen · Rokitzan · Kralowitz · Klattau · Przestiz · Bischofteinitz · Tauß · Schüttenhofen ·
Winterberg · Prachatitz · Pisek · Strakinitz · Brzeznitz

Kraje/Kreise 1854–1868
In 1854 the political districts were abolished and the previous more
centralised administrative structure largely restored. However, 13 new
Kraje/Kreise were established in place of the old ones. These
Kraje/Kreise were subdivided into between twelve and 20 Bezirke (207
in total, plus the capital city of Prague); these acted merely as
administrative units of the Kraje/Kreise rather than taking on powers of
their own. Prague remained a statutory city, as well acting as the
administrative centre of the Prager Kreis/Pražský kraj. The city of
Administrative divisions of
Reichenberg was a Stadtbezirk (city district) subordinate to the
Bohemia in 1858
Bunzlauer Kreis, as well as the seat of Landbezirk Reichenberg; the two
were counted together as a single Bezirk.[19]
 Name (German) Name (Czech) Area (square Austrian miles) Population Districts (Bezirke, Okresy)

Prag (English: Prague) Praha 0.2 67,260 1

Budweiser Kreis Budějovický kraj 78.9 260,597 15

Bunzlauer Kreis Boleslavský kraj 62.4 385,910 17

Chrudimer Kreis Chrudimský kraj 58.4 332,455 12

Časlauer Kreis Čáslavský kraj 68.6 340,267 14

Egerer Kreis Chebský kraj 75.7 342,017 19

Jičiner Kreis Jičínský kraj 51.7 318,855 16

Königgrätzer Kreis Hradecký kraj 51.6 333,153 13

Leitmeritzer Kreis Litoměřický kraj 55.0 386,401 19

Pilsner Kreis Plzeňský kraj 86.0 358,603 18

Piseker Kreis 77.4 288,088 13

Prager Kreis Pražský kraj 101.6 443,378 20

Saazer Kreis Žatecký kraj 54.9 219,441 15

Taborer Kreis Táborský kraj 80.5 329,680 16

Total 902.9 4,406,105 208

11 of the Kraje/Kreise had a single district court (Kreisgericht). These were located in the administrative
centre of the Kraj/Kreis, except for the Čáslavský kraj/Časlauer Kreis, whose district court was located at
Kutná Hora/Kuttenberg. The Bunzlauer and Leitmeritzer Kreise (Boleslavský and Litoměřický kraje) each
had two district courts: Jung-Bunzlau and Reichenberg for the Bunzlauer Kreis; Leitmeritz and Böhmisch-
Leipa for the Leitmeritzer Kreis.[19]

Okresy/Bezirke 1868–1954
In 1868 the Kraj/Kreis system was abolished and the political
districts re-established.[20] In 1868 Bohemia was divided into 89
political districts, each of which was constituted from between one
and four of the 1854 administrative districts.[21] This would grow
to 104 districts by 1913.

1868 districts:

Asch (Czech: Aš)

Außig (Czech: Ústí nad Labem)
Beneschau (Czech: Benešov) Districts of Bohemia in 1893
Bischofteinitz (Czech: Horušův Týn)
Blatna (Czech: Blatná)
Böhmisch Brod (Czech: Český Brod)
Böhmisch Leipa (Czech: Česká Lípa)
Braunau (Czech: Broumov)
Brüx (Czech: Most)
Budweis (Czech: Budějovice)
Časlau (Czech: Čáslav)
Chotěboř
Chrudim
Dauba (Czech: Dubá)
Deutsch Gabel (Czech: Německé Jablonné)
Deutschbrod (Czech: Německý Brod)
Eger (Czech: Cheb)
Falkenau (Czech: Falknov)
Friedland (Czech: Frýdlant)
Gablonz an der Neiße (Czech: Jablonec nad Nisou)
Graslitz (Czech: Kraslice)
Hohenelbe (Czech: Vrchlabí)
Hohenmauth (Czech: Vysoké Mýto)
Hořowitz (Czech: Hořovice)
Jičin (Czech: Jičín)
Joachimsthal (Czech: Jáchymov)
Jungbunzlau (Czech: Mláda Boleslav)
Kaaden (Czech: Kadaň)
Kaplitz (Czech: Kaplice)
Karlsbad (Czech: Karlovy Vary)
Karolinenthal (Czech: Karlín)
Klattau (Czech: Klatovy)
Kolin (Czech: Kolín)
Komotau (Czech: Chomutov)
Königgrätz (Czech: Hradec Králové)
Königinhof an der Elbe (Czech: Dvůr Králové nad Labem)
Kralowitz (Czech: Kralovice)
Krumau (Czech: Krumlov)
Kuttenberg (Czech: Kutná Hora)
Landskron (Czech: Lanškroun)
Laun (Czech: Louny)
Ledeč
Leitmeritz (Czech: Litoměřice)
Leitomischl (Czech: Litomyšl)
Luditz (Czech: Žlutice)
Melnik (Czech: Mělník)
Mies (Czech: Stříbro)
Moldauthein (Czech: Týn nad Vltavou)
Mühlhausen (Czech: Milevsko)
Münchengrätz (Czech: Mnichovo Hradiště)
Neubydžow (Czech: Nový Bydžov)
Neuhaus (Czech: Jindřichův Hradec)
Neustadt an der Mettau (Czech: Nové Město nad Metují)
Pardubitz (Czech: Pardubice)
Pilgram (Czech: Pelhřimov)
Pilsen (Czech: Plzeň)
Pisek (Czech: Písek)
 Plan (Czech: Planá)
Poděbrad (Czech: Poděbrady)
Podersam (Czech: Podbořany)
Polička
Polna (dissolved in 1884; Czech: Polná)
Prachatitz (Czech: Prachatice)
Prague (statutory city; German: Prag; Czech: Praha)
Přestitz (Czech: Přeštice)
Příbram (Czech: Příbram)
Rakonitz (Czech: Rakovník)
Raudnitz (Czech: Roudnice nad Labem)
Reichenau an der Kněžna (Czech: Rychnov nad Kněžnou)
Reichenberg (statutory city and seat of the Bezirkshauptmannschaft; Czech: Liberec)
Rumburg (Czech: Rumburk)
Saaz (Czech: Žatec)
Schlan (Czech: Slaný)
Schluckenau (Czech: Šluknov)
Schüttenhofen (Czech: Sušice)
Selčan (Czech: Sedlčany)
Semil (Czech: Semily)
Senftenberg (Czech: Žamberk)
Smichow (Czech: Smíchov; district seat: Prague)
Starkenbach (Czech: Jilemnice)
Strakonitz (Czech: Strakonice)
Tabor (Czech: Tábor)
Tachau (Czech: Tachov)
Taus (Czech: Domažlice)
Tepl (Czech: Teplá)
Teplitz-Schönau (Czech: Teplice-Šanov)
Tetschen (Czech: Děčín)
Trautenau (Czech: Trutnov)
Turnau (Czech: Turnov)
Wittingau (Czech: Třeboň)
Districts established after 1868:

Brandeis an der Elbe (after 1908; Czech: Brandýs nad Labem)

Dux (after 1896; Czech: Duchcov)
Elbogen (before 1913 part of the Falkenau district;[22] Czech: Loket)
Humpoletz (from 1910; Czech: Humpolec)
Kamenitz an der Linde (from 1905; Czech: Kamenice nad Lipou)
Kladno (from 1893)
Königliche Weinberge (from 1884; Czech: Královské Vinohrady)
Kralup an der Moldau (before 1913 part of the Schlan district;[22] Czech: Kralupy nad Vltavou)
Neupaka (from 1903; Czech: Nová Paka)
Marienbad (from 1902; Czech: Mariánské Lázně)
Nachod (before 1899 part of the Neustadt an der Mettau district; Czech: Náchod)
 Neudek (from 1910; Czech: Neydek)
Preßnitz (from 1902; Czech: Přísečnice)
Rokitzan (from 1896; Czech: Rokycany)
Warnsdorf (from 1908; Czech: Varnsdorf)
Žižkov (from 1898)

Demographics

1910 census

Population by religion
Religion Number %

Latin Catholics 6,475,835 95.66

Lutherans 98,379 1.45

Jewish 85,826 1.26

Calvinists 78,562 1.16

Old Catholics 14,631 0.21

Greek Catholics 1,691 0.02

Moravian Church 891 0.01

Greek Orthodox 824 0.01

Anglicans 173 0.00

Unitarians 20 0.00
Muslims 14 0.00

Armenian Catholics 10 0.00

Lipovans 9 0.00
Armenian Orthodox 8 0.00

Mennonites 4 0.00

Others 1,467 0.02

Nonbelievers 11,204 0.16

Total 6,769,548 100.00

 Population by language
Language Number %

Czech (together with Slovak) 4,241,918 62.66

German 2,467,724 36.45

Polish 1,541 0.02

Ruthenian 1,062 0.01

Slovenian 292 0.00

Croatian (together with Serbian) 190 0.00

Italian (together with Ladin) 136 0.00

Hungarian 48 0.00
Romanian 33 0.00

Others (mostly Romani) 56,604 0.83

Total 6,769,548 100.00

Language distribution by district (1910)

Linguistic distribution in Bohemia

in 1910

District Czech Area

Population German % Czech % Other %
(Bezirk) name (km²)

Asch Aš 141.83 44,896 41,265 91.9% 5 0.0% 3,626 8.1%

Ústí nad
Aussig 355.78 117,834 108,512 92.1% 6,392 5.4% 2,930 2.5%
Labem

Beneschau Benešov 883.60 68,657 127 0.2% 68,394 99.6% 136 0.2%

Horušův
Bischofteinitz 628.96 49,342 38,024 77.1% 11,154 22.6% 164 0.3%
Týn
Blatna Blatná 680.72 47,563 12 0.0% 47,523 99.9% 28 0.1%

Böhmisch Český
470.87 48,038 59 0.1% 47,915 99.7% 64 0.1%
Brod Brod

Böhmisch Česká
640.60 73,493 70,507 95.9% 2,180 3.0% 806 1.1%
Leipa Lípa
Brandeis an Brandýs
der Elbe nad 303.67 41,928 409 1.0% 41,385 98.7% 13 0.0%
(since 1908) Labem

Braunau Broumov 407.78 56,642 42,224 74.5% 13,583 24.0% 835 1.5%
Brüx Most 336.60 101,759 75,342 74.0% 25,056 24.6% 1,361 1.3%
Karlovy
Karlsbad 242.12 78,762 77,107 97.9% 210 0.3% 1,445 1.8%
Vary

Časlau Čáslav 603.26 64,224 237 0.4% 63,876 99.5% 111 0.2%

Budweis Budějovice 1,015.27 120,659 24,929 20.7% 95,317 79.0% 413 0.3%
Chotěboř Chotěboř 539.07 46,790 284 0.6% 46,427 99.2% 79 0.2%

Chrudim Chrudim 398.94 41,660 30 0.1% 41,580 99.8% 50 0.1%

Dauba Dubá 430.43 25,392 24,379 96.0% 931 3.7% 82 0.3%

Německý
Deutschbrod 589.83 50,395 11,506 22.8% 38,809 77.0% 80 0.2%
Brod

Dux (since
Duchcov 369.85 84,388 61,572 73.0% 21,420 25.4% 1,396 1.7%
1896)

Eger Cheb 455.34 69,062 64,030 92.7% 161 0.2% 4,871 7.1%
Elbogen
Loket 207.62 41,758 40,385 96.7% 457 1.1% 916 2.2%
(since 1913)

Falkenau Falknov 291.59 54,237 52,626 97.0% 904 1.7% 707 1.3%

Friedland Frýdlant 401.06 50,680 48,665 96.0% 335 0.7% 1,680 3.3%
Gablonz an Jablonec
210.11 98,991 90,939 91.9% 6,568 6.6% 1,484 1.5%
der Neisse nad Nisou

Deutsch Německé
261.07 31,503 30,927 98.2% 322 1.0% 254 0.8%
Gabel Jablonné

Graslitz Kraslice 171.66 39,216 38,649 98.6% 1 0.0% 566 1.4%

Hohenelbe Vrchlabí 359.65 45,550 43,275 95.0% 1,555 3.4% 720 1.6%

Vysoké
Hohenmauth 553.25 68,241 705 1.0% 67,407 98.8% 129 0.2%
Mýto

Hořowitz Hořovice 581.83 74,915 1,041 1.4% 73,690 98.4% 184 0.2%
Humpoletz
Humpolec 312.24 27,607 16 0.1% 27,564 99.8% 27 0.1%
(since 1910)

Jičin Jičín 620.96 69,166 545 0.8% 68,476 99.0% 145 0.2%

Joachimsthal Jáchymov 202.09 18,662 18,408 98.6% 9 0.0% 245 1.3%

Mláda
Jungbunzlau 568.34 76,989 1,258 1.6% 75,372 97.9% 359 0.5%
Boleslav

Kaaden Kadaň 466.50 42,598 42,100 98.8% 264 0.6% 234 0.5%

Kamenitz an
Kamenice
der Linde 453.20 36,171 8 0.0% 36,113 99.8% 50 0.1%
nad Lipou
(since 1905)
Kaplitz Kaplice 905.77 53,796 50,840 94.5% 2,848 5.3% 108 0.2%

Karolinenthal Karlín 207.64 69,184 3,538 5.1% 65,169 94.2% 477 0.7%

Kladno (since
Kladno 286.34 80,785 1,412 1.7% 79,172 98.0% 201 0.2%
1893)
Klattau Klatovy 871.74 78,383 17,211 22.0% 60,923 77.7% 249 0.3%

Kolin Kolín 489.25 73,311 45 0.1% 73,119 99.7% 147 0.2%

Komotau Chomutov 504.00 74,774 71,537 95.7% 2,058 2.8% 1,179 1.6%
 Hradec
Königgrätz 459.53 74,125 721 1.0% 73,131 98.7% 273 0.4%
Králové
Dvůr
Königinhof an Králové
375.86 69,791 18,017 25.8% 51,260 73.4% 514 0.7%
der Elbe nad
Labem

Königliche
Královské
Weinberge 344.93 182,381 8,565 4.7% 172,305 94.5% 1,511 0.8%
Vinohrady
(since 1884)

Kralowitz Kralovice 657.84 35,242 6,178 17.5% 29,015 82.3% 49 0.1%

Kralupy
Kralup an der
nad 216.86 32,217 24 0.1% 32,070 99.5% 123 0.4%
Moldau
Vltavou

Krumau Krumlov 759.24 61,068 45,161 74.0% 15,729 25.8% 178 0.3%

Kutna
Kuttenberg 550.84 64,037 205 0.3% 63,709 99.5% 123 0.2%
Hora
Landskron Lanškroun 472.22 68,709 26,830 39.0% 41,721 60.7% 158 0.2%

Laun Louny 358.08 44,699 311 0.7% 44,304 99.1% 84 0.2%

Ledeč Ledeč 651.72 49,839 16 0.0% 49,790 99.9% 33 0.1%

Leitmeritz Litoměřice 628.10 90,740 71,439 78.7% 18,397 20.3% 904 1.0%

Leitomischl Litomyšl 491.86 50,775 14,699 28.9% 36,014 70.9% 62 0.1%

Luditz Žlutice 498.24 28,906 28,232 97.7% 562 1.9% 112 0.4%
Marienbad Marianske
322.25 31,993 31,656 98.9% 14 0.0% 323 1.0%
(since 1902) Lazne

Melnik Mělnik 413.39 43,137 72 0.2% 42,892 99.4% 173 0.4%

Mies Stříbro 877.91 73,109 59,864 81.9% 12,938 17.7% 307 0.4%
Týn nad
Moldauthein 254.65 17,008 6 0.0% 16,990 99.9% 12 0.1%
Vltavou

Mühlhausen Milevsko 608.86 37,694 52 0.1% 37,627 99.8% 15 0.0%

Mnichovo
Münchengrätz 438.86 39,021 2,620 6.7% 36,250 92.9% 151 0.4%
Hradiště
Nachod (since
Náchod 233.32 59,330 320 0.5% 58,685 98.9% 325 0.5%
1899)

Nový
Neubydžow 491.16 57,905 103 0.2% 57,733 99.7% 69 0.1%
Bydžov

Neudek (since
Neydek 242.34 36,314 35,898 98.9% 5 0.0% 411 1.1%
1910)
Jindřichův
Neuhaus 711.23 52,409 22,293 42.5% 30,017 57.3% 99 0.2%
Hradec

Neupaka
Nová Paka 221.64 64,628 2,661 4.1% 61,860 95.7% 107 0.2%
(since 1903)

Nové
Neustadt an
Město nad 445.13 49,634 5,644 11.4% 43,747 88.1% 243 0.5%
der Mettau
Metují
Pardubitz Pardubice 785.86 102,055 751 0.7% 100,996 99.0% 308 0.3%

Pilgram Pelhřimov 729.50 52,347 32 0.1% 52,253 99.8% 62 0.1%

Pilsen Plzeň 659.71 156,069 11,763 7.5% 143,591 92.0% 715 0.5%
Pisek Písek 973.62 79,096 289 0.4% 78,644 99.4% 163 0.2%
Plan Planá 561.25 34,285 34,092 99.4% 73 0.2% 120 0.4%

Poděbrad Poděbrady 693.79 82,610 167 0.2% 82,299 99.6% 144 0.2%

Podersam Podbořany 579.17 43,787 42,280 96.6% 1,350 3.1% 157 0.4%
Politcka Polička 320.42 34,727 9,904 28.5% 24,788 71.4% 35 0.1%

Prachatitz Prachatice 1,094.39 74,058 36,127 48.8% 37,740 51.0% 191 0.3%

Prag Praha 105.10 223,741 18,853 8.4% 202,067 90.3% 2,921 1.3%
Preßnitz
Přísečnice 56.51 17,501 16,878 96.4% 45 0.3% 578 3.3%
(since 1902)

Přestitz Přeštice 517.65 45,298 134 0.3% 45,101 99.6% 63 0.1%

Příbram Příbram 707.63 67,392 114 0.2% 67,193 99.7% 85 0.1%

Rakonitz Rakovník 646.44 51,551 845 1.6% 50,642 98.2% 64 0.1%

Roudnice
Raudnitz nad 459.29 53,629 165 0.3% 53,311 99.4% 153 0.3%
Labem

Rychnov
Reichenau an
nad 412.89 53,056 138 0.3% 52,802 99.5% 116 0.2%
der Kněžna
Kněžnou
Reichenberg Liberec 320.24 130,012 118,232 90.9% 8,485 6.5% 3,295 2.5%

Rokitzan
Rokycany 711.00 59,659 347 0.6% 59,106 99.1% 206 0.3%
(since 1896)

Rumburg Rumburk 84.81 29,817 29,220 98.0% 71 0.2% 526 1.8%

Saaz Žatec 403.25 49,452 46,089 93.2% 2,953 6.0% 410 0.8%

Schlan Slaný 549.41 86,720 148 0.2% 86,407 99.6% 165 0.2%

Schluckenau Šluknov 190.84 57,590 55,656 96.6% 92 0.2% 1,842 3.2%

Schüttenhofen Sušice 817.05 53,295 21,379 40.1% 31,760 59.6% 156 0.3%

Selčan Sedlčany 744.93 54,051 34 0.1% 53,963 99.8% 54 0.1%

Semil Semily 313.61 63,046 677 1.1% 62,259 98.8% 110 0.2%
Senftenberg Žamberk 600.04 58,710 27,726 47.2% 30,581 52.1% 403 0.7%

Smichow Smíchov 489.22 167,830 5,310 3.2% 161,403 96.2% 1,117 0.7%

Starkenbach Jilemnice 338.14 49,204 10,848 22.0% 38,243 77.7% 113 0.2%
Strakonitz Strakonice 863.29 73,903 69 0.1% 73,737 99.8% 97 0.1%

Tabor Tábor 978.55 79,540 36 0.0% 79,405 99.8% 99 0.1%

Tachau Tachov 621.80 43,441 43,152 99.3% 26 0.1% 263 0.6%

Taus Domažlice 492.16 48,680 8,515 17.5% 39,946 82.1% 219 0.4%

Tepl Teplá 388.51 26,559 26,478 99.7% 9 0.0% 72 0.3%

Teplitz- Teplice-
197.30 102,888 86,679 84.2% 12,851 12.5% 3,358 3.3%
Schönau Šanov
Tetschen Děčín 602.83 120,400 115,413 95.9% 1,490 1.2% 3,497 2.9%

Trautenau Trutnov 516.23 85,514 65,694 76.8% 18,968 22.2% 852 1.0%
Turnau Turnov 330.73 48,186 2,571 5.3% 45,479 94.4% 136 0.3%
Warnsdorf
Varnsdorf 79.38 39,339 37,619 95.6% 599 1.5% 1,121 2.8%
(since 1908)
Wittingau Třeboň 800.78 48,825 1,375 2.8% 47,383 97.0% 67 0.1%

Žižkov (since
Žižkov 237.99 102,514 1,633 1.6% 100,333 97.9% 548 0.5%
1898)

TOTAL 6,703,089 2,453,704 36,6% 4,189,853 62,5% 59,511 0,9%

See also
Holy Roman Empire
portal

List of Bohemian monarchs

Crown of Saint Wenceslas
History of the Czech lands
Kingdom Come: Deliverance

Notes
a. In Czech, české means both 'Bohemian' and 'Czech'. German: Königreich Böhmen; Latin:
Regnum Bohemiae

References
1. Hugo Gerhard Ströhl: Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns. Erste Auflage,
Wien 1890, S. VIII.
2.

From the Roll of

Arms of Austria-
Hungary in Ströhl's Page from an
Wappenrolle armorial showing the
Österreich-Ungarns arms of Emperor
(1890), Tafel III. Frederick III,
Ungarn, Böhmen, c. 1415–1493.
Dalmatien, Kroatien.
 3.
4. Horák, Záboj (2017). Religion and Law in the Czech Republic. Kluwer
Law International B.V. p. 277. ISBN 978-9041187789.
5. Brady, Thomas A.; Brady, Thomas A. Jr. (2009). German Histories in the
Age of Reformations, 1400–1650 (https://books.google.com/books?id=r
QJkfTDUhsMC). Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-521-
88909-4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230115063349/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=rQJkfTDUhsMC) from the original on 15
January 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2021. "The Luxemburg project halted
under Charles IV's elder son, Wenceslas (r. 1363–1419 in Bohemia,
1376–1400 in Germany), who inherited a Bohemian kingdom endowed
with a population of some 2 million" Page from an
6. Fudge, Thomas A. (2018). The Magnificent Ride: The First Reformation armorial showing
in Hussite Bohemia (https://books.google.com/books?id=NetTDwAAQB arms of Kaiser
AJ). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-88633-8. Archived (https://web.archive. Maximilian I
org/web/20230115063334/https://books.google.com/books?id=NetTDw c. 1508–1519
AAQBAJ) from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
"Around 1400 the population of Bohemia was about 2 million"
7. Czech denarius (http://kramerius.nkp.cz/kramerius/MShowMonograph.do?id=17769) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20200606022905/http://kramerius.nkp.cz/kramerius/MShowMono
graph.do?id=17769) 6 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. National Library of the Czech
Republic.
8. Bradshaw, George (1867). Bradshaw's illustrated hand-book to Germany (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=YmYDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA223). London. p. 223. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
9. Chotěbor, Petr (2005). Prague Castle : Detailed Guide (2nd complemente ed.). Prague:
Prague Castle Administration. pp. 19, 27. ISBN 80-86161-61-7.
10. Šitler, Jiří (12 July 2016). "From Bohemia to Czechia" (https://www.radio.cz/en/section/letter/fro
m-bohemia-to-czechia). Radio Prague. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2019090407044
0/https://www.radio.cz/en/section/letter/from-bohemia-to-czechia) from the original on 4
September 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
11. "Rytířské řády a Čechy" (http://www.valka.cz/clanek_11869.html). 29 November 2006.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210811095940/https://www.valka.cz/clanek_11869.ht
ml) from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
12. Fathers, Council (5 November 1414). "Council of Constance 1414-18 Council Fathers" (https://
www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum16.htm). Papal Encyclicals.
13. Košťálová, Petra (2022). Chmurski, Mateusz; Dmytrychyn, Irina (eds.). "Contested Landscape:
Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia. An Imagology Study on the Ottoman Border
Narrative" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27185958). Revue des études slaves. 93 (1).
OpenEdition: 110. doi:10.4000/res.5138 (https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fres.5138). ISSN 2117-
718X (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2117-718X). JSTOR 27185958 (https://www.jstor.org/sta
ble/27185958).
14. Weinhold, Karl (1887). Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien. Stuttgart:
J. Engelhorn
15. Charles Higounet.(1986) Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter [Aus dem Französischen von
Manfred Vasold]. Berlin : Siedler, 405 p. , cartes, plans, illustrations.
16. Prinz, Friedrich (2002). Böhmen und Mähren (in German). Berlin: Siedler. ISBN 3-88680-773-
8. OCLC 66743141 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/66743141).
17. Agnew, Hugh (2004). The Czechs and the lands of the Bohemian crown (https://books.google.
com/books?id=Vxaq_7TSWI4C&q=Brandenburg+bohemian+crown&pg=PA33). Hoover
Institution Press. p. 33. ISBN 0817944931. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022100505
2955/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vxaq_7TSWI4C&q=Brandenburg+bohemian+crown
&pg=PA33) from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
18. Gesetz vom 9. August 1849, RGBl. 352/1849: "Erlaß der Ministeriums des Innern vom 9.
August 1849, womit die in Folge Allerhöchster Entschliesung vom 4. August 1849 genehmigte
Organisirung der politischen Verwaltungsbehörden für das Kronland Böhmen kundgemacht
wird, und sie Maßregeln zu deren Durchführung festgesetzt werden" (https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-
content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1849&page=745&size=45). Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das
Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 9 August 1849. Retrieved 4 November 2023 – via ÖNB-
ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
19. Gesetz vom 9. October 1854, RGBl. 274/1854: "Verordnung der Ministerien des Innern, der
Justiz und der Finanzen vom 9. October 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche
Organisirung des Königreiches Böhmen" (https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datu
m=18540004&seite=00001019). Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich (in
German). 9 October 1854. Retrieved 4 November 2023 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts-
und Gesetztexte Online.
20. Gesetz vom 19. Mai 1868, RGBl. 44/1868: "Gesetz vom 19. Mai 1868, über die Einrichtung der
politischen Verwaltungsbehörden in den Königreichen Böhmen, Dalmatien, Galizien und
Lodomerien mit den Herzogthümern Auschwitz und Zator und dem Großherzogthume Krakau,
den Erzherzogthümern Oesterreich unter und ob der Enns, den Herzogthümern Salzburg,
Steiermark, Kärnthen, Krain, Bukowina, der Markgrafschaft Mähren, den Herzogthümern Ober-
und Nieder-Schlesien, der gefürsteten Grafschaft Tirol und dem Lande Vorarlberg, der
Markgrafschaft Istrien, der gefürsteten Grafschaft Görz und Gradiska und der Stadt Triest mit
ihrem Gebiete" (https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1868&page=104).
Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich. 19 May 1868. Retrieved 4 November 2023
– via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
21. Gesetz vom 10. Juli 1868, RGBl. 101/1868: "Verordnung des Ministers des Innern vom 10. Juli
1868, die Durchführung des Gesetzes vom 19. Mai 1868 (Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt Nr. 44) in
Böhmen, Dalmatien, Oesterreich unter und ob der Enns, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Bukowina,
Mähren, Schlesien, Tirol und Vorarlberg, Istrien, Görz und Gradiska betreffend" (https://alex.on
b.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1868&page=315&size=45). Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für
das Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 10 July 1868. Retrieved 4 November 2023 – via ÖNB-
ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
22. Kundmachung vom 24. Oktober 1913, RGBl. 226/1913: "Kundmachung des Ministeriums des
Innern vom 24. Oktober 1913, betreffend die Errichtung neuer Bezirkshauptmannschaften in
Böhmen mit dem Amtssitze in Kralup und Elbogen" (https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid
=rgb&datum=1913&page=870&size=45). Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich
(in German). 24 October 1913. Retrieved 4 November 2023 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische
Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.

Bibliography
Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma Oldřich; et al. (2009). A History of the Czech lands. Prague: Karolinum
Press. ISBN 978-80-246-1645-2.
Bobková, Lenka (2006). 7. 4. 1348 – Ustavení Koruny království českého: český stát Karla IV
[Founding of the Crown of Bohemian Kingdom: Czech State of Charles IV] (in Czech). Praha:
Havran. ISBN 80-86515-61-3.
Agnew, Hugh LeCaine (2004). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (https://arch
ive.org/details/czechslandsofboh00agne). Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0-8179-
4492-3.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bohemia&oldid=1267724448"