BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “SMART PARKING SYSTEM WITH RFID AND
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION ” is the Bonafide work of

ABISHEK S 713323EC002

DHARANEESH K 713323EC011

GOWTHAM M 713323EC015

JAIKRISHNA R 713323EC020

Who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.S.JEBARANI EVANGELINE,ME.,Ph.D., Mr.K.K.RAJKUMAR .ME,(Ph.D)
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Electronics And Department of Electronics And
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
SNS College of Engineering SNS College of Engineering
Coimbatore-641107. Coimbatore-641107.

Submitted for the Viva-Voice examination held at SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,held

on…………………...

Internal Examiner External Examiner

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our heart-felt and sincere thanks to the Management of SNS College of
Engineering for providing us with all sorts of support for the completion of this project.

We record obligation to Dr.S.N. Subbramanian, Chairman, Dr.S. Rajalakshmi

Correspondent , SNS Institutions, Dr.S. Nalin Vimal Kumar, Technical Director,
Dr.V.P.Arunachalam, Director, SNS Technical Institutions and Dr.S. Charles, Principal for
their guidance and sustained encouragement for the successful completion of this project.

We are highly grateful and wholeheartedly express our gratitude to Dr.S. Jebarani
Evangeline, Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering for her expert guidance, suggestions and active encouragement for the fulfillment
of the project work.

We record our deep sense of indebtedness to our Project guide Mr.K.K. Rajkumar for her
unstinted support and guidance throughout this project. Her continuous motivation and minute
to minute guidance with timely assistance rendered us to come out successfully with flying
colors in the project.

We also express our gratitude to other faculty members, non-teaching staff members,
parents, and friends for providing their moral support for completion of the project successfully.

ii
 ABSTRACT

Traditional parking methods have become ineffective due to the increasing need for parking
spaces in urban areas, particular in busy regions like malls. Drivers frequently waste time looking
for open places, which causes traffic jams, higher fuel use, and pollution in the environment. Manual
payment methods in parking lots also lead to inefficiencies and delays. This concept recommends a
Smart Parking System that uses WC and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology to
improve parking management and the mall client experience.

Triple microcontrollers the Arduino Nano, ESP32, and Raspberry Pi Pico are used in the system.
At the entrance, the ESP32 is in charge of showing the availability of parking spaces in real time.
The Arduino Nano, which monitors parking space occupancy, is in communication with it. The
NRF24L01 wireless module facilitates data transfer between these microcontrollers.

The system's RFID-based payment technique is one of its main features. An RFID scanner
recognizes the car and registers the entry time as soon as it enters the parking lot. To determine how
long parking will require, the RFID tag is checked one more after the car leaves. This information
is processed by the RPP, which also handles the payment transaction and computes the parking price.

The system is flexible and dependable, making it appropriate for usage in expansive parking lots
such as shopping centers. The system provides an updated answer to urban parking issues by
automating parking slot monitoring and payment, minimizing errors, reducing human intervention,
and increasing overall efficiency.

Keywords:RFID(Radio Frequency Identification),RPP(Raspberry Pi Pico),WC(Wireless

Communication).

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITTLE PAGE

NO . NO
ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENT iv

LIST OF FIGURES vi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 1
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 3
1.4 METHODOLOGY 3
2 LITERTURE SURVEY 5
3 EXISTED SYSTEM 8
3.1 ADVANTAGES 9
3.2 LIMITATIONS 9
3.3 DISADVANTAGES 10
4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 12
4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM 12
4.2 TECHNOLOGY OF THE SYSTEM 13
4.2.1 ENTRY SECTION 13
4.2.2 PARKING SLOT MANAGEMENT 14
4.2.3 EXIT SECTION 15
4.3 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM 15
4.3.1 REAL TIME SLOT DISPLAY 15
4.3.2 RFID-BASED VEHICLE TRACKING 16
4.3.3 AUTOMATED PAYMENT SYSTEM 17
4.3.4 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 18
4.3.5 USER FRIENDLY INTERFACE 18
4.3.6 SCALABILITY AND EXPANDABILITY 19
4.3.7 ENHANCED USER EXPERIENCE 19

iv
 4.4 ADVANCED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM 20
PROTOCOL
4.4.1 ENTRY PROCESS 20
4.4.2 PARKING SLOT MANAGEMENT 20
4.4.3 EXIT PROCESS 21
4.5 SYSTEM HARDWARE COMPONENTS 22
4.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM 23
4.7 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 24
5 MODULE DESCRIPTION 26
5.1 PREPROCESSING UNIT 26
5.2 EMBEDDING UNIT 27
5.3 POSTPROCESSING UNIT 27
6 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 29
6.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 29
6.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 29
7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 30
8 CONCLUSION 32
8.1 FUTURE SCOPE 32
REFERENCES 34

APPENDIX 35

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE NAME PAGE

NO NO

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS 13

4.3.1 PARKING AVAILABILITY DISPLAY 16

4.3.2 RFID-BASED VEHICLE TRACKING 17

7.1 PROJECT RESULT 30

vi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Parking management has become extremely difficult as a result of urbanization and the sharp rise
in car ownership, especially in places with heavy traffic like malls. Traditional parking systems, which
depend on manual procedures, are ineffective and lead to traffic jams, delays, and annoyance for
vehicles. The need for smooth payment processes and real-time parking spot monitoring puts additional
load on these systems. Smart parking systems, which make use of cutting-edge technology like RFID,
wireless connectivity, and microcontrollers, have surfaced as a solution to these problems.

The goal of the Smart Parking System with RFID and Wireless Communication project is to offer
a parking solution that is automated, effective, and easy to use. The technology will simplify operations,
lessen traffic, and enhance customer happiness in shopping mall parking facilities by combining
wireless communication, automatic payment, and real-time slot monitoring.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The goal of the Smart Parking System with RFID and Wireless Communication project is to offer
a parking solution that is automated, effective, and easy to use. The technology will simplify operations,
lessen traffic, and enhance customer happiness in shopping mall parking facilities by combining
wireless communication, automatic payment, and real-time slot monitoring.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

Theprimary objective of the project is to address the inefficiencies of traditional parking systems
by developing a Smart Parking System that leverages advanced technologies. This system aims to
deliver a seamless parking experience for drivers while enhancing operational efficiency for parking
facility managers. By combining real-time monitoring, automated billing, and wireless communication,
the project sets out to create a scalable and user-friendly solution tailored for shopping malls but
adaptable to other high-traffic environments.

1. AUTOMATING SLOT MONITORING

Automating the slot monitoring procedure to give drivers real-time information regarding parking
spot availability is one of the project's main objectives. Properly tracking slot occupancy is challenging
with traditional parking systems since they mostly rely on manual procedures or outdated technology.

1
This frequently leads to needless time wasted looking for open spots, which increases traffic and upsets
drivers.

The system uses sensors and ESP32 and Arduino Nano microcontrollers to monitor parking spaces
in order to solve this problem. Utilizing infrared (IR) or ultrasonic sensors, the Arduino Nano
determines each slot's occupancy state. Then, using the NRF24L01 wireless module, it wirelessly
transmits this information to the ESP32 microcontroller. The ESP32 at the parking facility's entrance
shows the number of open spots in real time, making it easy for cars to find empty spots.In addition to
improving the user experience, this automation lowers traffic inside the building, increasing operational
effectiveness all around.

2. STREAMLINING PAYMENT PROCESSES

Simplifying the payment procedures, which are frequently a major roadblock in traditional parking
systems, is another important goal of the project. Particularly during busy times, manual payment
methods are prone to mistakes, hold-ups, and inefficiency, which results in lengthy lines and unhappy
customers.

The suggested method automates the invoicing process by utilizing RFID technology. Every
automobile has a special RFID card that is read when it enters and exits. The Raspberry Pi Pico
microcontroller determines the parking period at check-out and logs the vehicle's entry time during
check-in. The technology automatically calculates the parking fees based on the amount of time spent
in the parking facility. Transactions will be quicker and more accurate as a result of the removal of the
requirement for manual involvement. The system's automated payment procedures reduce human
mistake while also improving customer convenience, making it more dependable and effective.

3. ENHANCING COMMUNICATION

In a smart parking system to operate well, components must be able to communicate with one
another. Errors and delays in parking management are frequently caused by traditional systems' lack of
integration and real-time data sharing.

The NRF24L01 wireless module, which guarantees low-latency communication between

microcontrollers, is used in the project to overcome this difficulty. While the Raspberry Pi Pico handles
payment data from RFID readers, the Arduino Nano provides the ESP32 microcontroller with real-time
slot occupancy data. Accurate synchronization across the system is ensured by this smooth data
transfer, allowing for effective and flawless operations.The technology uses wireless communication
instead of complicated wiring, which lowers installation costs and makes system maintenance easier.

2
4. SCALABILITY

Though the idea was first intended to be implemented in malls, its modular construction allows it
to be highly customized for use in other high-traffic areas, including public parking lots, office
buildings, and airports. Standard microcontrollers and communication modules, which are readily
expandable to accommodate greater facilities, are used to accomplish scalability.

For example, adding more sensors and microcontrollers to the system will allow for the integration
of more parking spaces. The system is appropriate for establishments of different sizes because the
payment module may be expanded to accommodate increased transaction volumes.The system's
flexibility guarantees that it will continue to be an affordable and long-lasting solution that can satisfy
the expanding needs of urban parking.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope defines the boundaries and potential applications of the system to revolutionize mall
parking infrastructure.

1. PRIMARY FOCUS

The system is designed to tackle inefficiencies in shopping mall parking, such as slot unavailability,
manual billing, and congestion. By automating processes, the project will enhance user satisfaction and
improve operational efficiency.

2. BROADER APPLICATIONS

While the prototype targets malls, the system can be implemented in large-scale parking facilities
like airports and train stations, offering the same benefits. The modular design ensures easy scalability.

3. LONG TIME GOALS

The system lays the groundwork for future enhancements, including AI-based slot prediction,
mobile app integration, and cloud-based monitoring.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

The methodology outlines a systematic approach to designing, developing, and implementing the
smart parking system, starting with analyzing limitations of traditional systems. It incorporates
hardware components like ESP32, Arduino Nano, Raspberry Pi Pico, RFID readers, and sensors for
monitoring slots. Software development utilizes C/C++ and Python for integration and communication.

3
1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

The process begins by analyzing the limitations of traditional systems, such as inefficient slot tracking,
delayed payments, and poor communication between components. A comprehensive requirement analysis is
conducted to ensure the system addresses these challenges.

2. SYSTEM DESIGN

• ESP32 for real-time display of slot availability.

• Arduino Nano to monitor slot occupancy via sensors and communicate data wirelessly.

• Raspberry Pi Pico to process billing information from RFID scanners.

3. HARDWARE SELECTION

• RFID Readers and Cards for vehicle identification and tracking.

• NRF24L01 Module for wireless communication between microcontrollers.

• Ultrasonic or IR Sensors for monitoring individual parking slots.

4. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

• C/C++ for microcontroller logic.

• Python for integrating RFID data on Raspberry Pi Pico.

5. TESTING AND DEBUGGING

Each component is individually tested for functionality. Integration tests ensure seamless
communication between all modules. The system is then stress-tested in simulated scenarios to evaluate
performance under high load.

6. DEPLOYMENT

The system is deployed in a mall environment. User feedback is collected to assess efficiency,
reliability, and ease of use.

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERTURE SURVEY

Zeydin pala et.al proposed a Smart Parking System using RFID technology and a central database
to streamline parking management. This system uses unique RFID tags to register vehicles and store
information such as parking history. RFID readers record the vehicle's identification, registration, and
barrier lift times for access during check-in. At check-out, the system updates records, calculates
parking duration, and determines fees. The hardware components include computers, RFID readers,
tags, and barriers, while software ensures smooth operations and data management. Additionally, the
system offers extra features like parking reports and citywide car tracking, enhancing convenience and
efficiency for both users and administrators [1].

Patrono et.al introduced a Smart Parking System (SPS) that combines advanced technologies such
as wireless sensor networks (WSN), NFC, UHF RFID, and mobile applications to automate parking
management. The system collects data from multiple parking lots and sends it to a central server for
analysis. This server manages payment processes and monitors parking occupancy to ensure that only
authorized vehicles use designated spaces. The system's architecture includes components like WSN,
a Smart Gateway (SG), a Central Server (CS), and mobile applications for both drivers and traffic
officials. WSN nodes, including routers, coordinators, and RFID-integrated reader nodes, communicate
through a multi-hop network to exchange information efficiently. The primary objectives of this system
are to enhance parking efficiency, automate fee collection, and improve enforcement by providing
traffic officials with real-time alerts [2].

Qisheng Wu et.al proposed a Smart Parking Management System that combines RFID technology
with an online platform to enhance parking efficiency. The system comprises subsystems for entry,
placement, display, and exit control, simplifying parking distribution, fee management, and user
assistance. Using the concept of "one car, one card, one parking space," it accommodates fixed, special,
and temporary users with ease. Through an online management platform, users can access real-time
parking availability updates, aiding in better travel planning. Terminals within the parking lot guide
drivers to their designated spots and display available spaces. This system reduces urban traffic
congestion, lowers vehicle emissions, and minimizes the time spent searching for parking. By
transforming traditional parking management into a smarter, more sustainable, and user-friendly
process, it enhances urban mobility and positively impacts the environment [3].

5
 Ashwini Gaikwad et.al proposed a Parking Navigation System based on RFID and infrared (IR)
sensors to create an energy-efficient parking management solution. The system utilizes a wireless
sensor network (WSN) and employs a Dijkstra-based routing algorithm to minimize energy
consumption by determining the most efficient data transfer route from sensor nodes to a central server.
Infrared sensors monitor parking spots, sending data to the server to indicate whether spaces are
occupied or vacant. Users can access this information through a mobile application connected to the
server’s database of available parking spaces. Vehicles are identified using RFID tags, and an automated
boom barrier manages entry to parking zones based on this identification. The hardware includes a
microcontroller for system control, an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) for processing sensor data,
and components like the ULN2803 to power the barrier motor and the MAX232 for serial
communication. The software comprises a mobile application for user interaction and a Windows-based
server for managing parking data. This system offers a streamlined approach to parking, combining
energy efficiency and automation for better user experience and operational control [4].

Manideep Goud et.al proposed a Smart Car Parking System based on RFID technology to improve
parking management using communication and sensor technology. Their system uses distant sensors to
monitor parking spots and transmits the information to a network that notifies drivers of availability.
The system includes a GSM-based reservation and security module, which allows drivers to book
parking spots and receive a password for secure entry and exit. Infrared sensors detect parking spot
availability, and only authorized users with reservations are granted access by the security module.
Although effective, the GSM-based reservation system may face challenges during periods of high
demand, potentially limiting its effectiveness. The CPF framework uses sensor hubs with sequential
link communication to transmit data to a central hub, which wirelessly relays the information. However,
this method has scalability limitations and high implementation costs. To improve upon this, the
proposed system integrates hybrid sensor nodes in each parking space that gather and send occupancy
data to a central server. This implementation facilitates more efficient parking management and guides
drivers to available spots using LED displays and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), offering a more
reliable and scalable solution [5].

Minal Barhate and et.al proposed an RFID-based automated parking system designed to improve
user comfort, security, and efficiency. The system utilizes RFID tags and scanners to automate access
control and vehicle tracking. RFID readers at entry and exit points use vehicle tags to open or close
gates and transmit information about parking space availability to a central server. Some versions of
the system also integrate additional features such as robotic arms, obstacles, and cameras to enhance
security and functionality. Simulation results demonstrate that the system can efficiently manage high

6
traffic volumes, reduce congestion, and optimize parking space usage. This innovative approach aims
to revolutionize parking management and encourage further advancements in the field [6].

Andrew Mackey et.al proposed a Smart Parking System based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
beacons to enhance parking management. The system uses BLE beacons to enable communication
between vehicles and parking infrastructure, providing real-time information about parking space
availability and facilitating vehicle tracking. The Bluetooth-enabled system improves user convenience
by guiding drivers to vacant spots more efficiently. It automates access control, reducing the need for
manual intervention and improving security. The integration of BLE technology allows for energy-
efficient operation, making it a viable solution for large-scale parking facilities. Simulation results
demonstrate that the system can handle high traffic volumes, reduce congestion, and optimize parking
space utilization. This innovative approach has the potential to revolutionize parking management and
drive further advancements in smart city technology [7].

7
 CHAPTER 3

EXISTING SYSTEM

Common parking systems manage parking spaces and payments mostly through manual processes.
Due to their lack of automation and real-time monitoring, these systems are ineffective at managing the
growing demand for parking spots in busy places like malls. Drivers frequently have trouble finding
open slots, leading to traffic jams, irritation, and delays. Usually, payments are made by hand, which
can lead to lengthy lines and mistakes during peak hours. Operational inefficiencies are further
exacerbated by the fact that communication between the different parts of these systems is either
nonexistent or poorly integrated.

1. MANUAL TICKETING

In these systems, drivers receive paper tickets upon entering the parking facility. These tickets act
as proof of entry and are later used for billing when exiting. While this method is straightforward and
easy to implement, it is highly susceptible to human errors such as lost tickets or incorrect data entry,
leading to billing inaccuracies and delays.

2. SLOT SEARCH

Drivers are required to manually search for available parking spaces, which can be timeconsuming
and frustrating, especially in large or crowded parking areas. This lack of guidance often results in
increased congestion within the facility as vehicles circulate in search of vacant spots, contributing to
inefficiencies and higher fuel consumption.

3. BASIC SENSORS

Some traditional systems incorporate basic sensors to indicate slot availability. However, these
sensors are usually rudimentary and lack precision, providing inaccurate or delayed updates.
Consequently, the information on slot occupancy is unreliable, further complicating the parking process
for users.

4. BILLING PAYMENT

Payments in traditional systems are handled manually, either by queuing at a counter or interacting
with a parking attendant. This process is especially problematic during peak hours, leading to long wait
times and user dissatisfaction due to the slow and cumbersome payment procedure.

8
5. LACK OF INTEGRATION

Traditional parking systems operate in silos, with no seamless communication between different
components such as entry gates, slot monitors, and payment terminals. This isolation prevents the
system from functioning cohesively, resulting in fragmented operations and increased likelihood of
operational delays and errors.Overal,these features highlight the inefficiencies inherent in traditional
parking systems, underscoring the need for more advanced, integrated solutions.

3.1 ADVANTAGES

1. LOW INITIAL COST

Traditional systems are cost effective to set up, requiring only basic infrastructure such as entry/exit
gates, ticket dispensers, and payment counters. This makes them suitable for facilities with limited
budgets or lower traffic volumes.

2. ESAE OF USE

These systems are straightforward and familiar to most users, eliminating the need for specialized
training or technical knowledge. Drivers can quickly understand and navigate the system, making it
accessible to all.

3. LOW DEPENDENCY ON TECHNOLOGY

Traditional systems are not reliant on advanced technology, which reduces the risk of technical
failures. They function consistently without concerns about software glitches, network issues, or
hardware malfunctions.

4. SIMPLER MAINTENANCE

With fewer components and minimal reliance on technology, maintaining these systems is easier
and more cost-effective. Basic repairs can be carried out without the need for highly specialized tools
or expertise, ensuring continuous operations with minimal downtime.

3.2 LIMITATIONS

1. TIME CONSUMING OPERATIONS

Manual ticketing and the lack of automated slot monitoring result in delays. Drivers often spend
considerable time searching for available parking spaces, which is particularly problematic during peak
hours, leading to dissatisfaction.

9
2. INEFFICIENT SLOT UTILIZATION

The absence of real-time monitoring prevents optimal allocation of parking spaces. This results in
some areas being overcrowded while others are underused, reducing overall efficiency.

3. CONGESTION AND TRAFFIC

The delay caused by slot searching and manual processes contributes to traffic jams within parking
facilities. This congestion is especially problematic in shopping malls and large complexes with
multiple entry and exit points.

4. HUMAN ERRORS

Reliance on manual operations increases the likelihood of errors, such as incorrect charges or
mismanagement of tickets. These errors undermine the reliability and effectiveness of the system.

5. SCALABILITY ISSUES

Traditional systems are difficult to scale for large facilities. Expanding capacity requires significant
investment in additional infrastructure, which is not always feasible.

3.3 DISADVANTAGES

1. TIME CONSUMING OPERATIONS

One of the most significant drawbacks is the reliance on manual ticketing and slot searching. Drivers
spend considerable time navigating parking areas in search of vacant slots, especially during peak
hours. This not only causes frustration but also leads to inefficiencies in managing vehicle flow within
the facility.

2. INEFFICIENT SLOT UTILIZATION

Without real-time monitoring, parking spaces are poorly managed. Drivers are often unaware of
available spaces, resulting in overcrowded areas while other sections remain underused. This imbalance
reduces the effective utilization of available resources.

3. CONGESTION AND TRAFFIC

The time spent searching for parking slots adds to congestion within the facility, causing bottlenecks
at entry and exit points. This issue is particularly pronounced in large facilities like shopping malls and
airports, where multiple vehicles enter and exit simultaneously.

10
4. HUMAN ERRORS

Manual ticketing and payment processes are prone to mistakes, such as mischarges or misplaced
tickets. These errors can lead to customer dissatisfaction and require additional time and effort to
resolve.

5. SCALABILITY ISSUES

Traditional parking systems are not designed for scalability. Accommodating more vehicles in larger
facilities requires extensive infrastructure upgrades, which are costly and time-intensive. This makes
traditional systems unsuitable for expanding urban areas.

11
 CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

In urban areas environments, parking management has become an important issue, especially in
shopping malls where a large volume of vehicles and a shortage of parking spaces lead to inefficiency
and congestion. The goal of this suggested system is to provide a smart parking solution that addresses
these problems by combining wireless connection, RFID technology, and automation based on
microcontrollers. By automating car entry and leave, showing real-time slot availability, and computing
parking fees based on stay duration, the system seeks to optimize the parking process.

4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM

This smart parking system is designed to make parking in malls easier, faster, and more efficient by
using advanced technologies. The system combines three microcontrollers Raspberry Pi Pico, ESP32,
and Arduino Uno to handle different tasks in the parking process. These microcontrollers work together
using NRF2401 wireless communication modules to exchange data, and EM-18 RFID readers to
identify vehicles through RFID cards. Together, these components create a well-connected and efficient
network that automates parking management.

1. REAL-TIME SLOT DISPLAY

At the entrance of the parking lot, a screen displays the real-time number of available parking slots.
This helps drivers decide whether to enter or look for parking elsewhere. The system tracks free and
occupied slots, instantly updating the display as vehicles enter or leave, providing accurate and up to
date information.

2. RFID-BASED VEHICLE ENTRY AND EXIT LOGGING

RFID cards are used to identify vehicles, and EM-18 readers scan them at the entrance and departure.
By allocating slots when a car arrives and recording the time it departs, the system keeps track of when
vehicles enter and exit. This provides accurate monitoring and error-free parking procedure
management.

3. AUTOMATED PAYMENT SYSTEM

The length of the vehicle's stay is used by the system to determine parking fees. For example, the
fee would be ₹30 if the cost was ₹10 per hour and the car park was used for three hours. Drivers can
see the amount owed by viewing the calculated costs that are displayed at the exit. The payment process

12
is streamlined by this automated procedure, which does away with the need for manual calculations or
cash handling.

Fig.4.1 Block Diagram Of Hardware Components

4.2 TECHNOLOGY OF THE SYSTEM

The proposed smart parking system is designed with three main sections Entry Section, Parking Slot
Management, and Exit Section. These sections work together seamlessly using advanced components
such as microcontrollers, RFID readers, and wireless communication modules. The architecture ensures
smooth operation and reliable management of parking activities.

4.2.1 ENTRY SECTION

The entry section handles the initial interaction between the vehicle and the parking system. It is
responsible for scanning vehicle information, updating slot availability, and guiding drivers to park
efficiently.

1. RFID-BASED VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION

An EM-18 RFID reader at the entrance scans RFID cards assigned to each vehicle, containing unique
IDs linked to their details. When scanned, the Arduino Uno automatically records the vehicle's ID and
entry time, eliminating manual data entry and reducing human error.
13
2. DATA TRANSMISSION TO CENTRAL SYSTEM

The Arduino Uno transfers the recorded vehicle details to the Raspberry Pi Pico, which serves as
the central system. The Raspberry Pi Pico updates its database to log the new vehicle entry accurately.

3. PARKING SLOT AVAILABILITY UPDATE

The Raspberry Pi Pico updates its database by decreasing the count of available parking slots. This
updated count is then sent to the ESP32 using the NRF2401 wireless communication module.

4. REAL-TIME SLOT DISPLAY

The ESP32 updates and displays the number of available slots on an screen at website the entrance,
providing drivers with instant information. This helps them decide whether to enter or seek parking
elsewhere, reducing congestion, especially when slots are limited.

4.2.2 PARKING SLOT MANAGEMENT

This section handles the monitoring and updating of slot occupancy in real-time. It ensures that
parking availability data is always accurate and up-to-date.

1. CENTRAL DATABASE FOR SLOT OCCUPANCY

The Raspberry Pi Pico serves as the central database, continuously monitoring and updating the
status of all parking slots, whether occupied or free, to maintain an accurate, live record.

2. REAL-TIME UPDATES VIA WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Using the NRF2401 wireless module, the Raspberry Pi Pico communicates with the ESP32,
ensuring that any changes in slot occupancy are instantly reflected on the entrance display.

3. AUTOMATED PARKING SLOT ALLOCATION

When a vehicle enters, the slot count decreases by one, and the updated count is sent to the ESP32
for real-time display. When a vehicle exits, the slot count increases by one, and the new count is
transmitted to the ESP32, ensuring accurate information for incoming drivers.

4. ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY

Automating slot management ensures that the actual and displayed slot availability match, providing
drivers with accurate information. This reduces frustration and saves time by preventing confusion
about available spaces.

14
4.2.3 EXIT SECTION

The exit section is responsible for completing the parking process by logging vehicle departure,
calculating charges, and ensuring smooth exits.

1. RFID-BASED EXIT LOGGING

An EM-18 RFID reader at the exit scans the vehicle’s RFID card as it leaves. The Arduino Uno then
retrieves the vehicle's entry details from the central system to process the exit information.

2. PARKING DURATION CALCULATION

The system calculates the parking duration by subtracting the entry time from the exit time. For
example, if a vehicle entered at 10:00 AM and exited at 12:30 PM, the total duration would be 2 hours
and 30 minutes.

3. AUTOMATED PAYMENT SYSTEM

The system calculates parking charges based on the duration using a predefined rate, such as ₹10
per hour. This automatic calculation ensures accuracy and efficiency without manual intervention.

4. DISPLAY OF CHARGES

The calculated charges are displayed on a screen at the exit for the driver’s reference, ensuring
transparency and minimizing disputes by providing clear and accurate billing information.

5. INTEGRATION WITH DIGITAL PAYMENTS

The system can include a digital payment gateway for cashless transactions, allowing drivers to pay
via smartphones or cards, further enhancing convenience and streamlining the payment process.

4.3 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM

The characteristics ensuring effectiveness, ease, and a user-friendly experience are available in the
suggested smart parking system. Through the use of cutting-edge technology like RFID and wireless
connectivity, the system offers smooth parking management designed specifically for retail settings.

4.3.1 REAL-TIME SLOT DISPLAY

1. LIVE COUNT OF PARKING SLOTS

The system continuously monitors parking slot occupancy and provides a real-time count of
available slots. This data is displayed on website screens at the entrance, allowing drivers to instantly
know if parking space is available.

15
2. DECISION-MAKING FOR DRIVERS

Drivers can make informed decisions before entering the parking lot, saving time and avoiding
congestion. For instance, if the display shows "Slots Available: 0," drivers can quickly seek alternative
parking options instead of entering a full lot.

3. INSTANT UPDATES

The slot count is dynamically updated as vehicles enter or exit, ensuring that the information is a
always accurate and eliminating any confusion about available spaces.

Fig.4.3.1 Parking Availability Display

4.3.2 RFID-BASED VEHICLE TRACKING

1. UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION FOR EVERY VEHICLE

Each vehicle is assigned an RFID card with a unique identification number, ensuring precise
identification. This is crucial for accurately tracking the vehicle’s entry, exit, and parking duration.

2. AUTOMATIC LOGGING OF ENTRY AND EXIT

When a vehicle enters, the EM-18 RFID reader scans the card, and the system automatically logs
the entry time. At the exit, the RFID reader scans the card again to record the exit time. This automation
eliminates manual record-keeping, reducing human errors.

16
3. ENHANCED SECURITY

The system’s RFID tracking adds a layer of security by ensuring that only vehicles with valid RFID
cards can access the parking facility.

4. EASY INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEMS

The RFID-based tracking system can be integrated with additional features like security cameras or
alarms for enhanced parking lot security.

Fig.4.3.2 Rfid-Based Vehicle Tracking

4.3.3 AUTOMATED PAYMENT SYSTEM

1. ACCURATE CHARGE CALCULATION

The system automatically calculates parking charges based on the vehicle's stay duration. For
example, if the rate is ₹20 per hour and the vehicle stays for 3 hours, the system computes the charge
as ₹60, eliminating the need for manual intervention.

2. TRANSPARENT BILLING PROCESS

Charges are displayed on a screen at the exit, ensuring transparency in the billing process. Drivers
can verify the amount before proceeding with the payment, offering clarity and reducing disputes.

3. ERROR-FREE PROCESSING

Charges are displayed on a screen at the exit, ensuring transparency in the billing process. Drivers
can verify the amount before proceeding with the payment, offering clarity and reducing disputes. By
automating the payment calculation, the system eliminates errors that often occur with manual billing.

17
This enhances driver satisfaction and reduces disputes over parking charges, ensuring a smoother
experience for all users.

4. DIGITAL PAYMENT OPTIONS

The system can support cashless transactions, enabling drivers to pay via mobile apps, credit/debit
cards, or digital wallets. This feature adds convenience, particularly in high-traffic areas, where quick
payments are essential for smooth operations.

4.3.4 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

1. SEAMLESS DATA EXCHANGE

The system uses the NRF2401 wireless communication module to enable seamless data exchange
between the Raspberry Pi Pico, ESP32, and Arduino Uno. This ensures efficient transmission of
information, including slot availability, vehicle details, and parking charges, across the entire system.

2. SIMPLIFIED INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

By eliminating the need for complex wiring, the wireless communication setup simplifies
installation and reduces maintenance costs. It also enhances scalability, allowing for easy integration
of additional components with minimal effort.

3. REAL-TIME COMMUNICATION

The wireless modules enable real-time transmission of updates, such as slot availability changes,
ensuring drivers consistently receive accurate and up-to-date parking information.

4. RELIABILITY IN LARGE PARKING AREAS

Wireless communication is robust enough to handle data exchange even in large parking lots,
making the system suitable for malls with high vehicle turnover.

4.3.5 USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACE

1. CLEAR AND INFORMATIVE DISPLAYSA

The system includes LED or LCD screens that clearly display information, such as available parking
slots at the entrance and parking charges at the exit, ensuring drivers have concise and accessible
updates.

18
2. HASSLE-FREE INTERACTION FOR DRIVERS

Drivers experience a seamless process from entry to exit without needing to interact with parking
staff or manually input details. The system efficiently guides them, ensuring a stress-free parking
experience.

3.MULTILINGUAL SUPPORT

The system's interface supports multiple languages, making it accessible to a diverse group of
drivers. For example, messages like "Available Slots: 5" or "Parking Fee: ₹30" can be displayed in
English, Hindi, or regional languages for better inclusivity.

4. INTUITIVE DESIGN

The user interface is intuitive and straightforward, making it easy for even first-time users to
understand. Clear icons and labels help drivers quickly interpret the displayed information without
confusion.

4.3.6 SCALABILITY AND EXPANDABILITY

1. FLEXIBLE SYSTEM DESIGN

The system's modular design enables easy integration of additional features, such as advanced
sensors for precise slot detection, online booking options for reserving slots in advance, and integration
with mall management systems for centralized control and enhanced functionality.

2. SUITABLE FOR VARIOUS PARKING SIZES

The system's scalability allows it to adapt to various parking lot sizes, accommodating larger
facilities or downsizing for smaller ones. This flexibility ensures it suits a wide range of applications.

4.3.7 ENHANCED USER EXPERIENCE

1. TIME SAVINGS

Drivers save time by accessing real-time slot availability and using automated payment methods.
This streamlined process minimizes vehicle queues at both the entrance and exit, ensuring smoother
traffic flow.

19
4.4 ADVANCED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEMS PROTOCOL

With the use of automation and real-time data updates, the smart parking system is intended to
simplify the parking procedure. The Entry Process, Parking Slot Management, and Exit Process are its
three primary stages. A thorough description of each stage is provided below, emphasizing the part that
each component plays in ensuring effectiveness.

4.4.1 ENTRY PROCESS

1. VEHICLE ARRIVAL AND RFID SCANNING

When a vehicle arrives at the mall’s parking area, the driver scans their RFID card using the EM-18
RFID reader installed at the entrance. The RFID card, assigned to the driver, contains a unique ID that
identifies the vehicle in the system.

2. DATA LOGGING AND ENTRY TIME RECORDING

The RFID reader sends the scanned data to the Arduino Uno, which logs the vehicle’s entry time
and ID. This data is stored in the system for future reference and billing purposes.

3. SLOT AVAILABILITY UPDATE

The Raspberry Pi Pico, acting as the system’s central database, reduces the available parking slot
count by one upon successful entry logging. This ensures the database always reflects the current slot
availability.

4. REAL-TIME SLOT DISPLAY

The updated slot count is transmitted to the ESP32 via the NRF2401 wireless module. The ESP32
updates the website at the entrance, showing the number of free parking slots in real time. Drivers can
view this information and decide whether to enter the parking lot based on slot availability.

4.4.2 PARKING SLOT MANAGEMENT

1. CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF SLOT OCCUPANCY

The Raspberry Pi Pico continuously monitors the parking slot status, keeping track of vehicle entries
and exits. This ensures that the system maintains an accurate count of available slots at all times.

20
2. DYNAMIC SLOT COUNT ADJUSTMENT

Whenever a vehicle enters or exits the parking lot, the slot count is automatically adjusted. If a
vehicle enters, the count decreases; when a vehicle exits, the count increases. This dynamic adjustment
prevents errors and ensures data accuracy.

3. COMMUNICATION AND REAL-TIME UPDATES

The Raspberry Pi Pico communicates the updated slot count to the ESP32 using the NRF2401
wireless module. This ensures that the entrance display always provides real-time information,
enhancing the drivers’ experience and reducing confusion.

4. CENTRALIZED DATABASE MANAGEMENT

By maintaining a centralized database, the system can efficiently synchronize slot availability data
across all components. This eliminates the possibility of discrepancies and provides reliable
information for both entry and exit processes.

4.4.3 EXIT PROCESS

1. RFID SCANNING AT EXIT

When a vehicle exits the parking lot, the driver scans their RFID card again at an EM-18 RFID
reader installed at the exit. This provides the system with the vehicle's unique ID, linking it to the
recorded entry data.

2. RETRIEVAL OF ENTRY DATA AND PARKING DURATION CALCULATION

The Arduino Uno retrieves the entry data from the Raspberry Pi Pico and calculates the total parking
duration by subtracting the entry time from the current time. This calculation is automated, ensuring
precise results.

3. AUTOMATIC PAYMENT CALCULATION

The system calculates the parking charges based on a predefined rate structure. For example, if the
rate is ₹10 per hour and the vehicle stays for 3 hours, the total charge will be ₹30. This eliminates
manual errors and ensures fairness in billing.

4. DISPLAY OF PARKING CHARGES

The calculated charges are displayed on an exit screen, allowing the driver to view the total amount
due. This transparent system ensures that drivers understand the charges before making payment.

21
5. SLOT AVAILABILITY UPDATE

Once the vehicle exits and the payment is processed, the Raspberry Pi Pico updates the slot count
by increasing it by one. This updated count is sent to the ESP32 and displayed at the entrance, ensuring
real-time availability information for incoming drivers.

4.5 SYSTEM HARDWARE COMPONENTS

1. RASPBERRY PI PICO

The Raspberry Pi Pico is responsible for maintaining the parking slot database and managing the
real-time updates for slot availability. It communicates with the ESP32 using the NRF2401 module to
ensure accurate data transfer. Its low power consumption and cost-effectiveness make it an ideal choice
for slot management in the system.

2. ESP-32

The ESP32 handles the display of available parking slots at the entrance. It receives real-time data
from the Raspberry Pi Pico via the NRF2401 module. With its Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, the
ESP32 is also prepared for future IoT integrations, making it a versatile and powerful microcontroller
for the system.

3. ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno processes the vehicle entry and exit data, calculating the parking duration and
charges. It is a versatile and beginner-friendly microcontroller, widely used in many projects for
handling basic control functions like data logging and calculation.

4. NRF2401 WIRELESS MODULE

The NRF2401 module facilitates wireless communication between the Raspberry Pi Pico, ESP32,
and Arduino Uno. It offers a compact design and low power consumption, making it an efficient and
effective solution for ensuring seamless data exchange between the system’s microcontrollers.

5. EM-18 RFID READER

The EM-18 RFID reader is used to scan RFID cards for vehicle identification at both the entrance
and exit points. It provides simple and reliable operation, ensuring that the system can accurately track
the vehicles' entry and exit times for billing purposes.

22
4.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM

1. TIME EFFICIENCY

The system significantly reduces the time drivers spend searching for parking spaces by providing
real-time slot availability at the entrance. This helps minimize traffic congestion in and around the
parking area. With quick identification of free slots, the overall parking process becomes faster and
more streamlined, enhancing the convenience for users.

2. AUTOMATION

The system automates critical functions such as vehicle tracking, slot management, and payment
calculation. RFID technology ensures that vehicles are accurately identified, while automated billing
calculates charges without manual errors. This eliminates human intervention, reduces labor costs, and
improves accuracy and reliability across all operations.

3. SCALABILITY

The modular design of the system makes it highly scalable. It can be easily expanded to manage
larger parking lots by adding more RFID readers or increasing the database capacity. Furthermore, the
system can accommodate future functionalities, such as online booking, mobile app integration, and
dynamic pricing models, ensuring it remains versatile and future ready.

4. RELIABILITY

By leveraging wireless communication through the NRF2401 module, the system ensures fast and
stable data exchange between microcontrollers. This reduces the chances of data loss or inaccuracies,
making the system reliable even in high-traffic scenarios. The use of robust and proven hardware
components further enhances the overall dependability of the system.

5. AFFORDABILITY

The system integrates affordable components, such as Raspberry Pi Pico, Arduino Uno, ESP32, and
NRF2401 modules, to create a budget-friendly solution. Despite its low cost, the system offers
advanced features like real-time updates, automation, and scalability. This makes it a cost-effective
choice for parking management in malls and other commercial spaces.

23
6. COST-EFFECTIVENESS

The system uses affordable components like Raspberry Pi Pico, ESP32, and Arduino Uno, providing
advanced features at a lower cost. Its budget-friendly nature makes it suitable for deployment in a
variety of parking facilities.

7. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

By displaying real-time slot availability, the system prevents unnecessary vehicle movement within
the parking lot. This not only eases congestion but also helps in better managing the flow of traffic
around the facility.

8. EASY MAINTENANCE

The system’s modular design simplifies maintenance. Faulty components can be replaced
individually without disrupting the entire setup, and software updates can add new functionalities or
improve existing ones.

4.7 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

1. MOBILE APP INTEGRATION

Mobile app integration would allow drivers to reserve parking slots in advance and receive
notifications about their parking duration and charges. This enhancement would add convenience and
streamline the parking experience.

2. IOT SENSORS

Incorporating IoT-enabled sensors would enable real-time detection of parked vehicles, improving
the accuracy of slot availability updates. This would reduce the reliance on manual data updates,
making the system more efficient.

3. PAYMENT GATEWAYS

Integrating digital payment systems such as UPI, credit cards, or digital wallets would enable
cashless transactions at the exit. This would enhance convenience for drivers, eliminating the need for
cash handling and speeding up the exit process.

24
4. DATA ANALYTICS

By collecting parking data, the system could perform analytics to optimize parking lot usage and
identify peak hours. This data could help in better planning and management of the parking facility,
improving overall efficiency.

5. ADVANCED SLOT DETECTION

Utilizing advanced technologies like cameras or ultrasonic sensors would provide live updates on
slot occupancy, further enhancing the system's ability to track available spaces in real time. This would
improve accuracy and reduce any manual intervention needed.

25
 CHAPTER 5

MODULE DESCRIPTION
To guarantee optimum performance, scalability, and smooth component integration, the Smart
Parking System is built using a modular architecture. The system is divided into four main sections
using this modular approach: the extraction segment, postprocessing unit, embedding unit, and
preprocessing unit. Every module is designed to carry out particular functions, guaranteeing that the
system functions effectively and can be expanded in the future. An extensive description of each
module and its function inside the Smart Parking System may be found below.Each module and its
function inside the Smart Parking System are explained in detail below.

5.1 PREPROCESSING UNIT

Smart Parking System is built on top of the preprocessing unit. Its main duty is to gather and prepare
data so that only correct and trustworthy information enters the system.

1. SENSOR DATA COLLECTION

• The unit integrates sensors like infrared (IR) or ultrasonic sensors to monitor the occupancy
status of parking slots. These sensors detect whether a slot is vacant or occupied by
measuring distance or interrupting IR signals.
• Real-time updates from these sensors form the backbone of the parking availability system.

2. VEHICLE REGISTRATION

• RFID readers positioned at the entry gates capture vehicle-specific details using RFID tags
assigned to drivers.
• The readers log essential information such as vehicle IDs and entry timestamps, which are
crucial for automating billing and slot tracking.

3. DATA CLEANING

• Raw data from sensors and RFID readers often contain noise or errors. The preprocessing
unit filters out inaccuracies, ensuring only valid data enters subsequent modules.

4. REAL-TIME UPDATES

• Processed data is immediately transmitted to other modules for real-time system operation.

26
5.2 EMBEDDING UNIT

The embedding unit is the system’s central communication hub. It integrates the data collected in
the preprocessing unit with other system components to ensure seamless operation.

1. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

• Utilizing the NRF24L01 wireless module, this unit facilitates real-time communication
between sensors, microcontrollers, and the central processing system.
• The module ensures low-latency and reliable data transmission, even in high-traffic
environments.

2. DISPLAY UPDATES

• The ESP32 microcontroller drives digital displays at the parking entrance, providing drivers
with up to-date information on slot availability.
• This ensures that drivers can make informed decisions before entering the parking facility,
reducing unnecessary congestion.

3. DATA SYNCHRONIZATION

• The embedding unit ensures all components, including Arduino Nano, Raspberry Pi Pico, and
sensors, are synchronized.
• Accurate synchronization minimizes data conflicts and ensures real-time responses across the
system.

4. INTEGRATION OF COMPONENTS

• The unit serves as the bridge between hardware (sensors, microcontrollers) and software
(processing algorithms), ensuring a cohesive system architecture.

5.3 POSTPROCESSING UNIT

The postprocessing unit focuses on computation, user interaction, and system management. It
processes the data collected and synchronized by earlier modules, translating it into actionable outputs
for users and system administrators.

1. FEES CALCULATION

• The postprocessing unit calculates parking fees based on the entry and exit timestamps logged
by the RFID system.

27
 • Using pre-defined billing algorithms, it automates the fee computation process, eliminating
manual errors.

2. PAYMENT INTERFACE

• The unit offers user-friendly payment interfaces, displaying charges on digital screens.
• Drivers can complete transactions via cashless methods, such as mobile wallets or card
payments, for a faster and more convenient experience.

28
 CHAPTER 6

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

6.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

• Raspberry Pi Pico: Central control unit for managing parking slot data and
communication.
• ESP32: Displays parking slot availability on website screens at the entrance.
• Arduino Uno: Logs vehicle entry and exit times, calculates parking duration.
• EM-18 RFID Reader: Scans RFID cards for vehicle identification at entry and exit points.
• NRF2401 Wireless Module: Facilitates real-time communication between
microcontrollers.
• Website Displays: Show slot availability and parking charges to drivers.
• Power Supply: Provides consistent power to all components.
• Cables and Connectors: Ensure proper connections between hardware components.

6.2 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

• Microcontroller Firmware: Manages tasks like slot management, vehicle tracking, and
charge calculation.
• NRF2401 Wireless Communication Protocol: Ensures seamless data transfer between
microcontrollers.
• Programming Languages: C/C++ for microcontrollers and Python for Raspberry Pi Pico.
• Programming IDE:Arduino IDE(Arduino).
• Programming IDE:Thonny IDE(Respberry Pi Pico).

29
 CHAPTER 7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Smart Parking System project aimed to develop an automated solution for efficient parking
management. By integrating RFID, microcontrollers (Raspberry Pi Pico, Arduino Uno, ESP32), and
wireless communication, the system tracks vehicle entry/exit, updates parking availability in real-time,
and automates payment calculations. Testing showed the system significantly reduced congestion,
minimized errors, and improved efficiency in parking space management. The system's scalability and
modularity were also confirmed, allowing for easy future enhancements like mobile app integration.
Overall, the project successfully demonstrated the potential of smart technologies in enhancing urban
parking solutions.

Fig 7.1 Project Result

30
1. EFFICIENCY AND TIME SAVING

The Smart Parking System enhances efficiency by reducing the time drivers spend searching for
parking. With real time slot availability displayed on screens at the entrance, drivers can immediately
see how many spaces are left, enabling them to make quick decisions. The automation of vehicle entry
and exit processes further speeds up the overall parking experience.

2. ACCURATE VEHICLE TRACKING

RFID technology plays a critical role in ensuring accurate vehicle identification. When a vehicle
enters or exits, the RFID card is scanned, and the system logs entry and exit times without requiring
manual input. This automatic tracking eliminates the chances of errors in record keeping and ensures
the system is reliable.

3. REAL-TIME SLOT AVAILABILITY UPDATES

The system updates the parking slot count in real-time as vehicles enter and exit. The Raspberry Pi
Pico monitors the status of each parking slot and sends updates to the ESP32, which then displays the
available spaces. This continuous monitoring provides drivers with up-to-date information, preventing
confusion and improving parking flow.

4. AUTOMATED CHARGE CALCULATION

The parking charges are automatically calculated based on the duration of the vehicle’s stay,
ensuring accurate billing. For example, if the parking rate is ₹10 per hour and a vehicle parks for 3
hours, the charge is automatically computed and displayed at the exit. This reduces human error and
makes the billing process quicker and more efficient.

5. FUTURE SCALABILITY AND INTEGRATION

One of the significant advantages of the system is its scalability. The modular design allows for
easy expansion or integration of additional features like mobile app integration for slot reservations,
IoT sensors for more precise vehicle detection, or even digital payment systems for cashless
transactions. This flexibility makes the system adaptable to a wide variety of parking environments
and ensures that it can evolve with new technologies.

31
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

The Smart Parking System project successfully provides an efficient solution for managing parking
spaces in urban areas. By incorporating RFID technology, microcontrollers (Raspberry Pi Pico,
Arduino Uno, ESP32), and wireless communication (NRF2401), the system automates parking
operations, improving the parking experience for both drivers and parking lot operators.

At the core of the system, RFID technology is used to identify vehicles at the entrance and exit.
Each vehicle is assigned an RFID card, and when the card is scanned by the EM-18 RFID readers, the
system automatically logs entry and exit times, reducing human errors in manual record-keeping. The
Raspberry Pi Pico acts as the central hub, maintaining a real-time database of parking slot availability
and updating it as vehicles enter and exit.

The system ensures that parking slot availability is continuously updated and displayed on ESP32-
powered screens at the entrance. This allows drivers to make informed decisions, avoiding unnecessary
congestion. Additionally, the system automatically calculates parking charges based on the duration of
stay, eliminating manual calculations and ensuring accuracy. Transparent charge display on the exit
screen builds trust and minimizes disputes.

With the integration of wireless communication, the system avoids the need for complex wiring,
making it easier to scale and maintain. Future upgrades, such as IoT sensors for better slot detection
and mobile app integration for advanced features like reservation and real-time updates, can further
enhance the system.In conclusion, the Smart Parking System is an efficient, automated solution that
reduces congestion, enhances user experience, and ensures accurate billing. It has the potential for
expansion and can adapt to future advancements in technology, making it a valuable solution for urban
parking challenges.

8.1 FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of the Smart Parking System presents several exciting opportunities for
enhancement, focusing on improving functionality, convenience, and scalability.

1. MOBILE APP INTEGRATION

• Allow drivers to reserve parking slots in advance.

• Provide real-time notifications about parking availability.
• Display parking charges and payment options.

32
2. IOT SENSORS

• Integrate IoT sensors for precise, real-time vehicle detection.

• Reduce dependency on manual updates and increase slot management accuracy.

3.ADVANCED PAYMENT SOLUTIONS

• Incorporate digital payment gateways (UPI, credit/debit cards, digital wallets).

• Enable seamless cashless transactions at the exit.

4. DATA ANALYTICS

• Collect parking data to identify usage patterns and peak hours.

• Use insights to optimize parking lot operations and improve space utilization.

5. AUTONOMOUS PARKING MANAGEMENT

• Implement autonomous vehicle technology for self-parking.

• Utilize sensors and cameras for automated vehicle parking and slot allocation.

The Smart Parking System has the potential to transform urban parking management by integrating
emerging technologies. With innovations like mobile app integration, IoT sensors, advanced payment
solutions, and data analytics, the system can enhance efficiency and user convenience. Additionally,
incorporating autonomous parking management could further streamline the process. By continuously
adapting to technological advancements, this system can improve parking availability, reduce
congestion, and provide a seamless, future-ready solution for urban areas facing parking challenges.

33
 REFERENCE

1] R. Sharma and P. Gupta, "A smart parking management system using RFID and IoT," Int. J.
Adv. Res. Comput. Sci., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 50-58, 2019.

2] F. Pires and T. Pinto, "A cost-effective parking management solution using IoT and machine
learning," Proc. Int. Conf. IoT Big Data Anal., pp. 98-105, 2019

3] Y. Zhang and H. Li, "Development of a real-time parking monitoring system using IoT," Int. J.
IoT Wirel. Commun., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 12-19, 2019.

4] A. Kapoor, IoT and Embedded Systems: Design and Implementation, Wiley & Sons, 2019.

5]S. Lee and H. Kim, "A review on IoT-based smart parking systems," Sensors Actuators A: Phys.,
vol. 302, 2020.

6] Zeydin PALA and Nihat " INAN,Smart Parking Applications Using RFID Technology " J.
Embedded Syst. Appl.,2021.

7] R. Kumar and G. Sharma, "Enhancing parking management with IoT and cloud computing," J.
Cloud Comput. Appl., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 50-60, 2021.

8] R. Joshi and K. Sharma, "RFID-based vehicle tracking and parking management," J. Embedded
Syst. Appl., vol. 9,2021

9] S. Mahesh and P. Rao, "Smart parking system for urban management," Int. J. Autom. Comput.,
vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 74-85, 2023.

10] F. Pires and T. Pinto, "A cost-effective parking management solution using IoT and machine
learning," Proc. Int. Conf. IoT Big Data Anal., pp. 98-105, 2023.

11] S. Khan, "Future of smart parking systems," Tech Innovations, Mar. 15, 2023.

34
 APPENDIX

USING PROGRAM FOR ESP-32

#include <SPI.h>

#include <nRF24L01.h>

#include <RF24.h>

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <AsyncTCP.h>

#include <ESPAsyncWebServer.h>

#include <RTClib.h>

#define CE_PIN 9

#define CSN_PIN 10

RF24 radio(CE_PIN, CSN_PIN);

const byte address[6] = "00001";

AsyncWebServer server(80);

RTC_DS3231 rtc;

int availableSlots = 4;

int totalSlots = 4;

const float hourlyRate = 2.0;

struct CarInfo {

String uid;

String driver;

String vehicle;

float balance;

35
 DateTime entryTime;

bool isParked;

};

CarInfo carDatabase[] = {

{"A1B2C3D4", "John", "AB1234", 50.0, DateTime(), false},

{"E5F6G7H8", "Emma", "CD5678", 30.0, DateTime(), false},

{"I9J0K1L2", "Mike", "EF9101", 20.0, DateTime(), false},

{"M3N4O5P6", "Lucy", "GH2345", 40.0, DateTime(), false}

};

const int carCount = sizeof(carDatabase) / sizeof(carDatabase[0]);

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200);

WiFi.begin("Your_SSID", "Your_PASSWORD");

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(1000);

Serial.println("Connecting to WiFi...");

Serial.println("Connected to WiFi!");

radio.begin();

radio.openReadingPipe(1, address);

radio.setPALevel(RF24_PA_LOW);

radio.startListening();

if (!rtc.begin()) {

Serial.println("Couldn't find RTC!");

while (1);

36
 }

server.on("/", HTTP_GET, [](AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {

String html = generateHTML();

request->send(200, "text/html", html);

});

server.begin();

void loop() {

if (radio.available()) {

CarInfo incomingCar;

radio.read(&incomingCar, sizeof(incomingCar));

if (incomingCar.isParked && !carDatabase[findCarIndex(incomingCar.uid)].isParked) {

carDatabase[findCarIndex(incomingCar.uid)] = incomingCar;

availableSlots--;

Serial.println("Vehicle Entered: " + incomingCar.driver);

simulateRFIDScan("A1B2C3D4", false); // Simulated exit

delay(10000); // Wait 10 seconds

int findCarIndex(String uid) {

for (int i = 0; i < carCount; i++) {

if (carDatabase[i].uid == uid) {

return i;

37
 }

return -1; // Return -1 if car is not found

void simulateRFIDScan(String uid, bool isEntry) {

for (int i = 0; i < carCount; i++) {

if (carDatabase[i].uid == uid) {

if (!isEntry && carDatabase[i].isParked) {

DateTime exitTime = rtc.now();

carDatabase[i].isParked = false;

float duration = (exitTime - carDatabase[i].entryTime).totalseconds() / 3600.0;

float charge = duration * hourlyRate;

carDatabase[i].balance -= charge;

if (carDatabase[i].balance < 0) carDatabase[i].balance = 0; // Avoid negative balance

availableSlots++;

radio.write(&carDatabase[i], sizeof(carDatabase[i]));

Serial.println("Vehicle Exited: " + carDatabase[i].driver);

Serial.println("Parking Fee: $" + String(charge, 2));

Serial.println("Remaining Balance: $" + String(carDatabase[i].balance, 2));

break;

String generateHTML() {

String html = "<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Parking System</title>";

38
 html += "<style>table {width: 50%; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse;}";

html += "th, td {border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;}";

html += "th {background-color: #f2f2f2;}</style></head><body>";

html += "<h1 style='text-align: center;'>Mall Parking System</h1>";

html += "<h2 style='text-align: center;'>Entry Data</h2>";

html += "<table><tr><th>Driver Name</th><th>Vehicle Number</th><th>Balance

($)</th><th>Status</th></tr>";

for (int i = 0; i < carCount; i++) {

html += "<tr><td>" + carDatabase[i].driver + "</td>";

html += "<td>" + carDatabase[i].vehicle + "</td>";

html += "<td>" + String(carDatabase[i].balance, 2) + "</td>";

html += "<td>" + (carDatabase[i].isParked ? "Parked" : "Exited") + "</td></tr>";

html += "</table>";

int occupiedSlots = totalSlots - availableSlots;

html += "<h2 style='text-align: center;'>Slot Availability</h2>";

html += "<table><tr><th>Total Slots</th><th>Available Slots</th><th>Occupied

Slots</th></tr>";

html += "<tr><td>" + String(totalSlots) + "</td>";

html += "<td>" + String(availableSlots) + "</td>";

html += "<td>" + String(occupiedSlots) + "</td></tr>";

html += "</table>";

html += "</body></html>";

return html;

39
USING PROGRAM FOR RESPERRY PI PICO

#include <SPI.h>

#include <Wire.h>

#include <RF24.h>

#define CE_PIN 9

#define CSN_PIN 10

RF24 radio(CE_PIN, CSN_PIN);

int totalSlots = 4;

int availableSlots = 2;

int occupiedSlots = 2;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

radio.begin();

radio.openReadingPipe(1, 0x0000000001LL);

radio.startListening();

void loop() {

if (radio.available()) {

char receivedData[12] = "";

radio.read(receivedData, sizeof(receivedData));

Serial.print("Received Data: ");

Serial.println(receivedData);

if (occupiedSlots < totalSlots) {

availableSlots--;

occupiedSlots++;
40
 }

String slotData = "Total: " + String(totalSlots) + ", Available: " + String(availableSlots) + ",
Occupied: " + String(occupiedSlots);

radio.stopListening();

radio.write(slotData.c_str(), slotData.length());

radio.startListening();

USING PROGRAM FOR ARDUINO UNO

#include <Wire.h>

#include <SPI.h>

#include <RF24.h>

#define CE_PIN 9

#define CSN_PIN 10

RF24 radio(CE_PIN, CSN_PIN);

String rfidUid = "";

unsigned long entryTime = 0;

unsigned long exitTime = 0;

float feePerHour = 5.00;

float totalFee = 0;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

radio.begin();

radio.openReadingPipe(1, 0x0000000001LL);

radio.startListening();

41
}

void loop() {

if (radio.available()) {

char receivedData[12] = "";

radio.read(receivedData, sizeof(receivedData));

rfidUid = String(receivedData);

Serial.print("Received UID: ");

Serial.println(rfidUid);

entryTime = millis();

Serial.print("Entry Time: ");

Serial.println(entryTime);

if (millis() - entryTime > 10000) {

exitTime = millis();

totalFee = calculateFee(entryTime, exitTime);

Serial.print("Exit Time: ");

Serial.println(exitTime);

Serial.print("Total Fee: $");

Serial.println(totalFee);

radio.stopListening();

String feeMessage = "Fee: " + String(totalFee);

radio.write(feeMessage.c_str(), feeMessage.length());

radio.startListening();

42
float calculateFee(unsigned long entry, unsigned long exit) {

unsigned long parkingDuration = (exit - entry) / 1000;

return (parkingDuration / 3600.0) * feePerHour;

43