1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Sleep is often an overlooked yet crucial aspect of an athlete's training and

performance regimen. For swimmers, who require peak physical endurance,

strength, and mental clarity, adequate sleep is fundamental to success. However,

with demanding schedules, early practices, and the pressure to constantly

improve, many swimmers face sleep deprivation. This essay explores the various

effects of insufficient sleep among swimmers, highlighting the negative impact on

physical performance, mental health, recovery, and overall well-being. In recent

years, there has been an increased attention towards the importance of sleep

and its essential role in athletic performance, cognition, health and mental well-

being. Many of these studies examine “elite athletes” (e.g., Olympians,

professionals, and/or players recruited to national and varsity teams) and some

focus on athletes in general. Despite all the efforts expended, by any definition,

numerous athletes still experience inadequate sleep (Lucidi, Lombardo, Russo,

Devoto & Violani, 2007; Samuels., 2008; Swinbourne, Gill, Vaile & Smart., 2016).

Compared to non-athletes, athletes tend to sleep less on average (Leeder,

Glaister, Pizzoferro, Dawson & Pedlar, 2012). Furthermore, athletes’ quality of

sleep appears to be lower than their non-athlete peers (Bleyer, Barbosa,

Andrade, Teixeira & Felden., 2015; Tsunoda & al., 2015). Additionally, it has

been suggested that certain types of athletes are more prone to developing sleep

difficulties such as sleep apnea. According to George, Kab & Levy (2003) and
 2

Albuquerque & al., (2010), National Football League (NFL) players have higher

rates of obstructive sleep apnea, which has tremendous deleterious impacts on

health and daytime sleepiness. Notably, there is increasing evidence.

The strength and conditioning field are always progressing to enhance

optimal performance in athletes, but there may be a vital component to

maximizing performance that is commonly overlooked. Sleep is vital for recovery

and optimal performance in athletes (Rae, 2017). The problem is that many

athletes are not achieving the recommended amount of sleep per the National

Sleep Foundation (NSF) guidelines, which negatively impacts recovery and

performance (Burke, 2020; Patel, 2020).

A 2015 report found that almost a third of student athletes reported sleep

difficulties (Riegler et al., 2021). Without enough sleep and subsequent recovery,

athletes will not be able to perform to the best of their abilities. Poor sleep quality

and quantity can lead to decreased psychomotor vigilance, reaction times, fine

motor skills, time to exhaustion, and ability to recover (Knufinke et al., 2018; Mah

et al., 2011; Dattilo et al., 2020; Rae et al., 2017). To demonstrate how important

sleep can be, Mah et al. (2011) showed that extended time in bed (TIB) was

associated with improved performance outcomes in shooting accuracy, sprint

times, and psychomotor vigilance.

A case study of NBA Star, Andre Iguadala, showed significant

improvements in performance outcomes in the court when achieving eight or

more hours of sleep compared to less than eight hours of sleep (Burger, 2016).

Eight hours of sleep per night meets NSF guidelines for adults (Hirshkowits et al.,
 3

2015). Due to the importance of sleep on recovery and performance, there are

recommendations for athletes that are not achieving proper sleep quality and

quantity (Dattilo et al., 2020). Recommendations include minimizing screen time

at the end of the night, ingesting melatonin at bedtime, avoiding alcohol during

key restorative periods, avoiding caffeine consumption after 5:OO PM, and doing

Mental Skills Training to combat pre-competition anxiety (Jones et al., 2018,2021;

Cheikh et al., 2018; Drake et al., 2013; Lastella et al., 2014,2015).

Based on this information, the purpose of this study is to identify the sleep

quality of the second year BSED students major in Physical Education enrolled

this sy 2024-2025.

Research Objectives

The study aims to determine the sleep quality and the athletic performance

outcomes of 2nd year BPED students of Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges.

1. to assess the sleep quality of the athletes based on the standards.

2. To determine the athletic performance of the athletes.

3. To propose an intervention program base on the result of the study.

Review of Related Literature

In a cohort of 317 Rio Olympic athletes from eleven different sports, poor

sleep quality was prevalent in more than 50% of the athletes following the

Olympic Games. This recapitulates the earlier results with a similar cohort, in

which up to 83% of athletes reach the cutoff indicating poor sleep. Of note, the

higher proportion with a score >5 occurred in the leadup to the Olympics and the

lower figure was recorded at the Games. Consequently, regardless of the type of
 4

sports, these results highlight the prevalence of poor sleep quality among athletes

(Drew & al., 2018).

Few studies have examined the prevalence of general fatigue and/or

sleepiness among athletes. Collegiate athletes report that they experience feeling

“tired, dragged out, or sleepy during the day” at least 3 days per week (as

measured by self-report). They reported an inability to maintain wakefulness at

least 3 times per week (by self-report) (Turner et.al, 2019)

Demonstrated that the relation between elite sport participation and

insomnia symptomology is poorly systematized. Daytime impairment – a key part

of insomnia diagnosis – can reflect a wide variety of experiences including

fatigue, emotional fluctuation, and psychomotor and/or neuropsychological

performance, which all are important for elite athletes. Given this particular

sensitivity to performance impairment and high levels of sleepiness (which is not

common in insomnia), there arise some challenges in insomnia assessment

among elite athletes.

Traditional insomnia models might poorly discriminate insomnia per se in

this non-traditional population The multifaceted demands of elite sport including a

high level of training volume, pre-competition anxiety circadian challenges (jet

lag) can all predispose and precipitate sleep disturbance, these are leading to or

facilitating symptomology of insomnia (Gupta, et al 2017).

These results from elegantly demonstrated that following a sleep

restriction, physical performances would require a higher physiological demand,

ultimately leading the athletes to exhaustion faster than they should have been.
 5

However, in a separate study there was no significant change in mean or

maximal power in anaerobic tests after a 3:00am bedtime, compared to a

10:30pm bedtime. Subsequent studies by Mougin showed that following 4-hours

sleep restriction, the maximum work rate developed by the participants was

reduced by 15 watts for cyclists in a 30-minute exercise at 75% of maximum

power. In agreement with some of the previous results, the average and

maximum power of an anaerobic test decreases among students, football players

following a single 4-hour sleep restriction.

The reasoning behind the decrease in resistance to exercise is the

alteration of the aerobic pathways, or in the perceptual change (impression of a

longer effort), since the physiological aspects remain predominantly unchanged.

Indeed, the increase in perceived effort accompanied by a reduction in generated

power supports the theory of neuromuscular fatigue at possibly indicating a

combination of central nervous system response and neural theory of sleep

(Edwards & Waterhouse, 2019; Horne & Pettitt, 2024; Martin, 2021; Mougin & al.,

2019; Mougin & al., 2021).

Adolescents sleeping fewer than 8 hours per night were more likely to

sustain an injury compared to students sleeping greater than 8-hours. These

results are in line with. This is interesting given that the results are replicated in a

population of athletes. Therefore, the hypothesis of combined effect of poor sleep

and a poor nutrition needs to be further explored in order to better understand the

mechanisms underlying injuries in athletes. Moreover, lack of sleep and poor

 6

sleep quality exacerbate depression and anxiety symptoms, which may also

increase injury risk.

In a study with anxiety symptoms where 2.3 times of the athletes were

more likely to have an injury. Given the strong association between poor sleep,

anxiety and depression symptoms, it can be speculated that insufficient sleep

may indirectly lead to an injury, Sleep deprivation can slow your reaction time to

stimuli, making it harder to respond to potential dangers, Sleep deprivation can

make it harder for athletes to adjust to situations during a game or practice, which

can increase the chances of injury, (Von Rosen, et.al 2019),

The strength and conditioning field are always progressing to enhance

optimal performance in athletes, but there may be a vital component to

maximizing performance that is commonly overlooked. Sleep is vital for recovery

and optimal performance in athletes. The problem is that many athletes are not

achieving the recommended amount of sleep per the National Sleep Foundation

(NSF) guidelines, which negatively impacts recovery and performance (Burke,

2020; Patel, 2020).

A 2015 report found that almost a third of student athletes reported sleep

difficulties Without enough sleep and subsequent recovery, athletes will not be

able to perform to the best of their abilities. Poor sleep quality and quantity can

lead to decreased psychomotor vigilance, reaction times, fine motor skills, and

time to exhaustion, The ability to recover to demonstrate how important sleep can

be showed that extended time in bed (TIB) was associated with improved

performance outcomes in shooting accuracy, sprint times, and psychomotor

 7

vigilance. A case study of NBA Star, Andre Iguadala, showed significant

improvements in performance outcomes on the court when achieving eight or

more hours of sleep compared to less than eight hours of sleep (Burger, 2016).

Eight hours of sleep per night meets NSF guidelines for adults (Hirshkowits et al.,

2015). D (Rae, 2017). (Riegler et al., 2021). Knufinke et al., 2018; Mah et al.,

2011; Dattilo et al., 2020; Rae et al., 2017).

The NSF recommends 8-10 hours of sleep for teenagers and 7-9 hours of

sleep for young adults and adults It could be hypothesized that athletes may need

more sleep than the average person due to the increased physical and mental

demands placed upon them in training sessions and during competition. Sleep

has an essential role in human health and is vital for physiological and cognitive

wellbeing. Unfortunately, sleep debt seems to be fairly common among

adolescents and college students. Sleep debt is the cumulative hours of sleep

that one is not getting and is also referred to as sleep deficit found that

adolescents' average total sleep time was 6.2 hours.

This is nearly 2 hours short of the NSF recommendations. stated that due

to increased demands put on student athletes to perform well in academic and

athletic pursuits, it is relatively easy for them to sacrifice sleep in order to dedicate

more time to academics, sports, or other pursuits. This can be counterproductive

because it can lead to an accumulation of sleep debt. While studied adolescents,

similar sleep habits can be found in college students and college athletes.

(Hirshkowits et al., 2015). (Simpson et al., 2016) (Simpson et al., 2016).

 8

It appeared though, that pre-competition stress affected salivary cortisol

levels the most, indicating that competition may alter the physiology of stress-

related hormones. This concurs with that pre-competition stress can have a major

impact on athletes and their sleep. In addition to this, a decrease in sleep quality

and duration has been associated with increased cortisol levels Also, when the

subjects were focused on training, changes in sleep duration showed a negative

relationship with the intense training group and cortisol, suggesting that a

decrease in sleep may be associated with an increased amount of weekly strain

The findings from this study showed that an increase in physical training in week

5, followed by competition stress in week 6, may have resulted in a delayed

fatiguing effect that was displayed in week 7 (Mishica et al., 2021). This

information is important to know, especially for strength, (Mishica et al., 2021)

Lastella et al. (2014, 2015) (Mishica et al., 2021).

The catabolic hormone cortisol shows increased levels present during

extended periods of wakefulness which can cause glycogen depletions, which

may have been the reason for participants having a reduction in muscle glycogen

This implies that athletes who participate in team sports that involve bursts of

intermittent sprinting can have decreased performance due to insufficient sleep,

even if they are meeting nutritional goals. Dattilo et al. (2020) found that there

were increased cortisol levels associated with the sleep deprivation protocol

group. Furthermore, increased cortisol levels increase the

cortisol/testosterone ratio, which is widely associated with impatient in physical

recovery and physical performance If these increases of cortisol were observed in

 9

chronically sleep restricted individuals, it is plausible to expect that muscle

physiology was altered, hampering exercise-induced muscular adaptations. It

seems that there is a connection between the findings of athletes. A delayed

fatiguing effect can cause decreases in performance if not addressed correctly.

This is highly applicable in a situation in which numerous games are played within

one week within minimal recovery time. If a coach wants their athletes to perform

optimally, overtraining should be avoided. (Skein et al., 2019).

Concluded that the athletes in their respective age groups each failed to

achieve the amount of sleep recommended by the NSF, putting them at risk of

sleep debt. Sleep debt is the accumulated loss of sleep over multiple nights. One

night of sleep debt could be total sleep deprivation, meaning no sleep in one

night, or it could be the loss of .5hr in one night. Mainly, it is the amount of sleep

not achieved under the NSF sleep recommendations.

However, while .5hr of sleep debt on one night may seem insignificant, it is

the accumulation of sleep debt over multiple nights that can have a detrimental

impact on performance. Even while knowing that sleep is important for

performance in general, athletes are commonly facing problems to achieve the

correct quantity and quality of sleep. The physiological processes that occur

during sleep are a fundamental aspect of an athlete's recovery and subsequent

ability to train and compete at maximal capacity (Mishica et al., 2021). Burke et

al. (2020) and Patel et al. (2020) both

The physiological processes that occur during sleep are a fundamental

aspect of an athlete's recovery and subsequent ability to train and compete at

 10

maximal capacity. It has been shown that sleep loss may negatively impact

athletic performance by decrees alertness, fine motor skills, hand-eye

coordination, reaction time, decision making, and overall recovery.

Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation include decreased attention,

executive functioning, psychomotor speed, psychomotor vigilance, and working

memory. Furthermore, healthy individuals reporting sleep debt had worse

performance on tasks including visual memory, reaction time, and visual motor

speed compared to individuals getting adequate amounts of sleep (Mishica et al.,

2021).

Physical activity and sleep quality are interlinked and can impact on

academic performance in many ways. Physical inactivity and deprivation of sleep

have impact on low academic performance. Sleep deprivation or sleeplessness is

condition in which a person cannot get enough sleep. Physical activity is a

movement produced by skeletal muscles and an adult must do 150 minutes low

to moderate intensity exercise or 75 minutes moderate to vigorous exercise to

stay healthy. Physical inactivity can make a person to have sedentary lifestyle. It

is important to increase efficiency of academics in students with increasing their

physical activity. Similarly sleep quality is also important, this includes no waking

up for no more than once per night. Sleep quality and duration is also an

important factor for academic performance (Kao HS, Zhu L, Chao AA, Chen HY,

Liu IC, Zhang M.)

Researches show that medical students have stressed themselves to

study and get best results. So, they study day and night for better performance.
 11

Less sleep at night causes day time sleepiness. Less sleep can affect student’s

mood and he feel less enthusiastic, less motivation to do work, more irritable, and

can have some symptoms of anxiety. Changes in mood can affect studies as well

may damage mental health. Students sacrifice their sleep during exam because

to give extra hours to study due to stress of their GPA, poor sleep may lead to

emotional burden, depression or anxiety of clinical level as well as other

psychosocial conditions. Actually, altered patterns of sleep are a main reason of

many mental health issues. Researches show poor sleep quality is also

associated with cognitive impairment and augmented reaction time and abridged

cognitive production hence, it is very important to check sleep quality of medical

students (Curcio G, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L, 2019).

There is quality evidence that the exercise may help in falling asleep more

quickly and improve sleep quality. Hence, it is very important to check sleep

quality and physical activity of medical students. Physical activity makes student’s

active and stress free but if they are physical inactive then they face stress,

anxiety and sleep difficulty. If They are healthy physically and mentally, they can

give best academic performance. Extremely poor quality of sleep leads to clinical

sleep issues such as insomnia or sleeplessness. In which individuals have

difficulty in falling asleep or maintaining their sleep. The clinical sleep issues such

as insomnia is also characterized with depressed mood irritability and energy

issues. It can be short term which may range up too few days or it may be long

term which rangers up to months.

 12

Search clinical sleep problems comes with underlying causes. These

causes may include hyperthyroidism, hard failure chronic stress for chronic pain.

Use of excess nicotine caffeine and alcohol are other reasons of sleeplessness.

Non-pharmacological means of treatment also include cognitive behavior therapy.

The population which has no active lifestyle, low impact physical activities are

recommended to increase activity level. Vigorous activities are not usually the

choice of advisors when the purpose of physical activity is to break inactivity. Low

impact physical activity has minimum impact on other systems including

cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system. Therefore, low impact physical

activities should be employed to increase physical activity level (Anwer S,

Alghadir A, Manzar MD, Noohu MM, Salahuddin M, Li H, 2019).

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2014 that included 254

students who performed swimming as physical activity which showed higher level

of general physical activity performed. The better the GPA was in boys, but in

girls, aerobic activity improved grades so the research was gender-dependent

and produced different results in males and females .409 undergraduate students

participated in a cross-sectional study in 2016 to assess the association between

physical activity and academic performance, It showed 193 out of 409 who were

found to be physically active and achieved higher CGPA showing a positive

association between these variables (Al-Drees A, Abdulghani H, Irshad M,

Baqays AA, Al-Zhrani AA, Alshammari SA, et al, 2020)

Another research showed that moderate physical activity has a long-term

positive impact on academic performance in a sample of 4755 students11. In

 13

2016, 285 Australian students became part of an extensive cross-sectional

survey which explained that moderate to vigorous physical activity improved

academic performance. A study explained the relation between academic

performance and sleep quality that was influenced by stress. The study was a

cross-sectional survey that included 144 participants 59% of them were stressed

(low performance means low sleep quality and high stress) so poor sleep quality

negatively affected their grades. In addition to sleep quality, sleep duration is also

important. Research was conducted by Megan L. Zeek using cross-sectional

study including 364 undergraduate students to find an association (Maher C,

Lewis L, Katzmarzyk PT, Dumuid D, Cassidy L, Olds T. 2019).

Sleep plays an important role in fostering both short-and long-term

developmental regulation of cognition, emotions and behavior, as proper

restitution is necessary for optimal neurocognitive and emotional functioning. In

particular, the association with neuro cognitive functions involving the prefrontal

cortex during childhood and early adolescence has attracted increased attention

as this constitutes a period of important neural maturation and brain growth and

reorganization. Subjective self- or parent-report of children’s difficulties initiating

and maintaining sleep have.

In addition to objective actigraphy or polysomnography recordings during

sleep, they also served as indices for sleep quality. It was been found to be more

strongly related to mental well-being and academic performance in students than

the measures of sleep duration. The concept of sleep quality implies that good
 14

sleep is also subjective, which objective measures of sleep cannot always assess

(Stormark, 2019).

At a time when several studies have highlighted the relationship between

sleep, learning and memory processes, an in-depth analysis of the effects of

sleep deprivation on student learning ability and academic performance would

appear to be essential (Curcio, 2019). Sleep schedules were correlated with

school and academic achievement. Nonetheless, some authors were able to

actively manipulate sleep in order to observe neurocognitive and behavioral

consequences, such as learning, memory capacity and school performance. The

findings strongly suggest that: (a)students of different education levels (from

school to university) are chronically sleep deprived or suffer from poor sleep

quality and consequent daytime sleepiness; (b) sleep quality and quantity are

closely related to student learning capacity and academic performance; (c) sleep

loss is frequently associated with poor declarative and procedural learning in

students; (d) studies in which sleep was actively restricted or optimized showed,

respectively, a worsening and an improvement in neurocognitive and academic

performance. In the past, efforts have been made to determine the influence of

sleep quantity and its deprivation, on functioning efficiency of human beings.

However, determination of sleeping patterns that could improve intellectual

performance has been largely neglected (Bodenarain, 2019).

Theoretical Framework
 15

In this research the teory of REM sleep was necessary for brain repair

through the stimulation of protein synthesis and NREM sleep restores bodily

processes which have deteriorated during the day Oswald (1980).

1. Restorative Sleep Theory (or Recovery Theory)

•This theory suggests that sleep is essential for the physical and mental

restoration of the body. During sleep, particularly deep sleep stages (slow- wave

sleep), key processes like tissue repair, muscle recovery, and the

release of growth hormones take place. These processes are essential

for an athlete's recovery and optimal performance.

• Sleep also plays a role in metabolic and immune system functioning, which is

critical for maintaining energy levels and avoiding illness or injury.

2. Cognitive Theory of Sleep

•This theory posits that sleep is crucial for cognitive functions such as memory

consolidation, learning, and problem-solving. In athletes, this can translate

into better motor skill learning, strategy development, and decisioning abilities.

Research shows that sleep enhances the consolidation of newly learned physical

tasks and complex motor skills.

• This theory posits that sleep is crucial for cognitive functions such as memory

consolidation, learning, and problem-solving. In athletes, this can translate

into better motor skill learning, strategy development, and decision-making

abilities. Research shows that sleep enhances the consolidation of newly

learned physical tasks and complex motor skills.

 16

• Inadequate sleep can impair cognitive processes such as reaction time,

attention, and the ability to focus, which can ultimately harm performance,

especially in sports requiring quick thinking or complex tactical decisions.

3. Circadian Rhythm Theory:

• Circadian rhythms are the body's natural cycles of wakefulness and sleepiness

that occur roughly every 24 hours. These rhythms can influence not only sleep

patterns but also performance, as athletes' optimal performance levels are often

aligned with their natural circadian peaks.

4. The Sleep-Deprivation Model: performance outcomes.

• Sleep deprivation has been shown to impair both physical and mental

performance. Lack of sleep can negatively affect an athlete's strength,

endurance, agility, and precision.

• This model underscores the cumulative negative effects of poor sleep,

highlighting that the impact of sleep deprivation is not just immediate but can also

impair recovery, leaving the athlete more vulnerable to fatigue, injury, and illness

in the long term.

5. The Sleep-Performance Interaction Model:

• This model focuses on the bidirectional relationship between sleep and

performance. On one hand, sleep quality directly influences deep sleep positively

impacting physical and cognitive performance

Significance of the Study

Poor quality and quantity of sleep lead to several negative effects in any

person. Mentally, sleep deprivation reduces the ability to react quickly and think
 17

clearly. People who are sleep deprived are more likely to make poor decisions

and take risks. A lack of sleep also increases irritability and risk for anxiety and

depression. Physically, a lack of sleep increases the risk for many medical

concerns, including type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney disease, and

stroke. It is apparent that many different aspects of a student athletes' life can

negatively impact sleep, there are also many things that athletes can do to

improve sleep. Giving the athletes extended sleep opportunities may be one

solution. Because of the many stressors put on athletes, and this will serve as

basis of the school coaches on improving the health and conditions of their

athletes.

For swimmers, sleep is just as crucial as physical training and proper

nutrition. To ensure optimal performance, athletes must prioritize sleep to

maximize recovery, maintain focus, prevent injury, and maintain a positive mental

state. Aiming for 7–9 hours of quality sleep per night is ideal for most athletes to

sustain peak performance levels, the effects of lack of sleep on swimmers are far-

reaching and can severely impact their performance, physical health, mental well-

being, and overall career longevity. Sleep is not merely a passive activity but an

essential part of an athlete’s training regimen that contributes to muscle recovery,

cognitive function, mood regulation, and immune health. Swimmers who neglect

their sleep are not only putting their athletic performance at risk but also their

long-term health. To achieve peak performance, it is crucial for swimmers to

prioritize sleep as an integral part of their training routine, ensuring that they get

the rest they need to excel in the pool and beyond.

 18

Definition of Terms

The given terms are defined operationally for better understanding.

Sleep Quality. Sleep quality refers to how well you sleep, focusing on the

restorative aspects of rest and the number of hours spent asleep. Good sleep

quality means waking up feeling refreshed and restored, without disturbances

throughout the night.

Athletic Performance Outcome. This refers to performance of the

student’s athletes as a result of their sleep quality. This also refer to how they

execute or accomplish their tasks.

 19

Chapter 2

METHOD

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, respondents

and sampling of the study, research instruments, the research procedure, and

statistical tool that the researcher will use in determining the impact of sleep

quality and the athletic performance of 2nd year BPED students of Ramon

Magsaysay Memorial Colleges.

Research Design

The researcher will use a descriptive survey in the study to determine the

sleep quality and the athletic performance of 2nd year BPED students of Ramon

Magsaysay Memorial Colleges. Descriptive research is the research design in

which the data are collected and analyzed using quantitative procedures.

Descriptive research refers to the scientific methodology in which observation of

the sampled population is carried out in its natural surroundings. Descriptive

research methods can include surveys, observational studies, and case studies.

The data collected can be qualitative or quantitative. (Nassaji, 2015).

The main aim of the survey research design is to understand the research

problem. When a researcher wants answers to the questions – why, what, how,

where, when, etc. Descriptive research helps a researcher gain a deeper

 20

knowledge of the research problem. Descriptive research is a quantitative

research methodology used to unveil in-depth knowledge of a phenomenon.

Researchers from various fields use descriptive research to accurately define the

population, market, or situation. Descriptive survey research is an approach of

descriptive research that blends quantitative and qualitative data to provide you

with relevant and accurate information. A time-efficient research method,

descriptive survey design engages the people at the center of the research

objective. n descriptive research, the research investigates more than one

variable. However, when you conduct this type of research, you cannot

manipulate the variables present, unlike in experimental research.

Descriptive research can only be conducted via survey, observation, and

case Study. As a researcher, you can only observe and collect valid & reliable

responses and analyze them. This research method, like market research, is best

used to understand concepts that can help you grow your business.

Understanding the ‘bits and pieces’ of your market, target population, branding,

offerings, and many more aspects in depth can strengthen and accelerate your

business growth. The descriptive research design involves quantitative research

to gain valuable insight into objectives. You can also leverage it for the purpose of

quantitative research. There are three ways Descriptive Research Design is

implemented to conduct market research.

Descriptive survey method Survey design method enables gathering vast

data from a heterogeneous audience. The survey design helps to analyze the
 21

frequencies and identify patterns in the survey responses. Descriptive survey

designs are used for the following purpose in market research:

 Understanding the demographic of a market or population (country-wise or

region-wise)

 Examining audiences’ opinion on the Company’s offering

 Gauging customer satisfaction with the company offering and customer support

Research Locale

This study will be conducted at the school of the Ramon Magsaysay

Memorial Colleges located on Pioneer Avenue, City of General Santos. It is a

private institution and licensed by CHED. It has four buildings within the campus,

two with three floors and the other with six (6) floors. It also has a separate

campus for Primary or Basic Education located in Barangay Lagao and

Secondary which is also located on Pioneer Avenue, General Santos city. It is

currently managed by Mr. Kristoffer Franz Mari R. Millado. This study is limited to

first-year students specializing in Filipino of the school Ramon Magsaysay

Memorial Colleges General Santos City. Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges

(RMMC) is a private higher educational institution in General Santos City. It was

established in 1957 as the Mindanao Vocational School (MVS). It first offered

technical and short-term courses, such as a one-year Collegiate Secretarial

course. In 1961, MVS obtained college status and became Magsaysay Memorial

Jr. College (MMC). For the next few years, MMC added several bachelor's

degree courses to the list of programs, such as BS in Education and BS in

 22

Commerce. Then, in 1978, the school was renamed in honor of the former

president of the Philippines, Ramon Magsaysay.

Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges is a training center recognized by

TESDA. In addition to this, the school is accredited by DepEd and CHED, and,

many of the undergraduate programs, have accreditations from the Philippine

Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation

(PACUCOA).

Facts of Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges:

RMMC is the first and only institution in Region XII to have programs

accredited by PCUCOA. It has Level III Accreditations for its Elementary and

Secondary Education programs and Level II Accreditations for its Liberal Arts,

Business Administration, Criminology programs. Accountancy, Information

Technology, Office Administration, Computer Science, High School, and MA in

Education.

At RMMC, a full year consists of two semesters. each semester consists of

two terms and each term consists of three examinations, these are the prelim,

midterm and final. The class meets for one hour per subject depending on the

class schedule. that you took. The Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges are

called "Home of the best".

 23

Figure 1. Maps of the Republic of the Philippines and Study Areas

 24

Population and Sample

This study aims to know the quality of sleep quality and athletic

performance of 2nd year BPED students of Ramon Magsaysay Memorial

Colleges.

The respondent in this study are identified using the total enumeration method in

which the researcher chose to examine the entire population with a specific set of

characteristics. This method is also known as complete enumeration or census, a

statistical method in which every member of the population is included in the

study. According to Kothari (2004) in his book "Research Methodology: Methods

and Techniques," the total enumeration method is a technique where the data are

gathered from each unit of the population. It is often used when the size and

scope of the population is manageable, ensuring that the data collected is

complete and appropriate.

Research Instrument

A survey questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of

questions and other prompts designed to gather information from the

respondents. The researcher wants to use this method to get a detailed

perspective. The researcher will use a self-made questionnaire that will be

validated by her advisor and other expert teachers in the department of Bachelor

of Physical Education students to determine the sleep quality and athletic

performance of 2nd year Batchelor of Physical Education students of Ramon

Magsaysay Memorial Colleges. The researcher will prepare a valid questionnaire

that includes questions aimed at meeting the researcher's objectives. The said
 25

questionnaire was distributed personally to the respondents in order to gather the

necessary data.

Data Collection

These are the following steps that will be taken by the researcher to obtain

or gather data in this study. First, permission will be sought from the College of

Teacher Education to conduct a study within the Ramon Magsaysay Memorial

College. Next, the students will be informed that they will answer the

questionnaires that will be given.

Statistical Tools

Mean and ranking will be statistical tools to interpret the gathered data

regarding the quality of sleep and the athletic performance Bachelor of the

Physical Education students of Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges.

The value of the mean will be determined using the formula:

Where:
= is the mean

∫ ¿ is the number of occurrences

∑ ¿ is the sum of products of ∫ x
∑f = is the total number of occurrences

Ethical Considerations

In a quantitative study, there are several ethical considerations to address.

These issues and concerns might come out basically from the methodology that
 26

will be involved in this study. This study will follow the standards of the RMMC

Ethics and Review Committee for the guidelines of ethical consideration,

particularly in addressing the population and data, such as, but not limited to:

Voluntary Participation. The participants will be granted the option to

participate without any plan of repercussion reparations or loss of benefits.

Therefore, after the purpose and the benefits of the study will be shown to the

participating person, the rights of the participant to provide the body of knowledge

Will be carefully measured and foresighted upon. In this study, the participants

were not be forced to be part of the study. They are free to withdraw their

participation when they feel uncomfortable during the conduct of the study.

Privacy and confidentiality. Participants have the right to privacy that

should not be violated without informed consent to conform to the existing Data

Privacy Act 2012, an act protecting the fundamental human right of privacy. One

way of observing privacy and confidentiality in this quantitative research is to give

options to the respondents for not indicating their names on the survey

questionnaire. Besides, confidentiality and privacy will be attained by not

publishing the demographic data of the informants such as age, gender,

occupation, employment, and disease if there is any. Hence, their identity will be

kept confidential for safety purposes. Even their responses to the items in the

survey Questionnaire will be held and considered confidential.

Informed consent process. The prospective research respondents will

be fully informed about the objectives, methods, and benefits of the research as

comprehensively as possible within the framework of the study. Consent from the
 27

school administrator was sought and approved by the administrator to collect

data that will be used in the study. This will be done in written form stating all the

important details to be disclosed to the administrator. The names of the

respondents will not appear in the survey questionnaire and their answers will be

held confidentially and the participants will be fully aware that they could withdraw

at any time from participating in the study. Furthermore, any data that the

researcher will gathered will be protected and the release of any information

would follow through a strict informed consent process. The participants would

have a sense of control over their personal information to lessen their fear that

the data or information would be used in any other unintended manner.

Recruitment. The respondents will be informed of the reasons why they

had become part of the study. For the respondents to understand what the study

is all about; the researcher will explain the purpose of the study so that they could

further infer to the researcher and they could also view the essence of the study.

Apart from the letter, the researcher will give the rationale of the study and its

significance.

Risks. Research will be conducted only if there is an acceptable positive

benefit-risk ratio. In this study, the need to protect the participants from significant

harm is equally important. The study will prioritize the welfare of the respondents.

Furthermore, the respondents will not be put in harm since their identity will be

held confidential. Their security and safety were of the utmost concern. As the

researcher, there is a need to ensure that the respondents are physically,

emotionally, and socially ready. In answering the survey questionnaire, the

 28

researcher will make a way that the respondents will not feel discomfort or

awkward.

Benefits. This study would be beneficial to the respondents since the

results would serve as an eye-opener for the officials, school administrators, and

even teachers on creating programs and ways how to improve the work well-

being of the teachers in the school community to increase work engagement

which would lead to job satisfaction. This study will be conducted for a purpose:

to serve its internal and external stakeholders, most especially the learners.

Furthermore, to achieve beneficence in research, the researcher did all the

aspects that would not harm the lives of the respondents and, thus, would benefit

the further undertakings of the related studies. The most essential to all in

achieving benefits is the rise of important learning.

Plagiarism. The study has no trace or evidence of misinterpretation of

someone else’s work. The study will be subjected to plagiarism detectors like

Grammarly. As a researcher, there is a need to have positive character and

integrity, which are associated with moral virtues and values. The researcher

must have better knowledge about the paradigm of plagiarism to have a credible

research paper.

Fabrication. The study has no indication or cue of purposive

misinterpretation of what will be done. There was no making up of data and

results or purposefully putting forward conclusions that were not accurate. The

researcher employed and integrated theories that are related to the information

and other inferential concepts.

 29

Falsification. The study has no trace of purposefully misrepresenting the

work to fit a model or theoretical expectation and has no evidence of over-

claiming or exaggeration. Added to that, this study will not adhere to manipulating

the data, which involved formulating statements or disregarding important details,

maneuvering materials, tools, or methodologies that would mislead others.

Conflict of Interest (COI). The study had no trace of conflict of interest for

example, the disclosure of COI, which is a set of conditions in which professional

judgment concerning primary interest such as participants’ welfare or the validity

of the research tends to be influenced by a secondary interest such as financial

or academic gains or recognitions. Furthermore, the researcher has no control or

influence over the respondents, forcing them to be part of the study.

Deceit. The study has no trace of misleading the respondents about any

possible danger. There must be humongous protection for the rights of the

participants in any study, especially since they have attained higher education, so

balanced and appropriate principles shall be adhered to.

Permission from Organization/Location. The researcher of this study

will follow protocols. Upon receiving the approval from the panelists, the adviser,

and the committee of the RMMC ERC, the researcher will seek approval from the

College President for the conduct of the study through a formal letter.

Authorship. The researcher of the study is enrolled in Ramon Magsaysay

Memorial Colleges. The researcher had undergone a series of revisions on this

thesis based on the suggestions and recommendations made by the adviser who

guided the researcher throughout the completion of this paper. The refinement of
 30

the paper has been made possible through the guidance of researcher. The

researcher will also follow the standards of the RMMC Ethics Review Committee

for the guidelines of ethical consideration.