0

AIRPORT1S IN
INDIA
 Airports Authority of India

• It is a statutory body, under the jurisdiction of Ministry of

Civil Aviation, Government of India.
• It is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and
managing civil aviation infrastructure in India.
• Established : 1 April, 1995
• Jyotiraditya Scandia is the Minister of Civil Aviation in
India.

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

1. Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport Srinagar, Jammu and
• It is also known as Srinagar Airport Kashmir
2. Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport Amritsar, Punjab
3. Chandigarh International Airport Chandigarh
• It serves the union territory of Chandigarh, and the cities
of Mohali (in Punjab) and Panchkula (in Haryana).
4. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi
• It is the busiest airport of India in terms of passenger
traffic.
5. Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

6. Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport Lucknow, Uttar
• It was earlier known as Amausi Airport. Pradesh
7. Kushinagar International Airport Kushinagar, Uttar
Pradesh

8. Noida International Airport Noida, Uttar Pradesh

• under construction
• It is officially known as Noida International Greenfield
Airport. also known as Jewar Airport.
• Once completed, it is planned to be the country's largest
airport.
9. Gaya Airport Gaya, Bihar

10. Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport Patna, Bihar

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S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

11. Swami Vivekananda International Airport Raipur, Chhattisgarh

12. Biju Patnaik International Airport Bhubaneswar, Odisha

• also known as Bhubaneswar Airport

13. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Kolkata, West Bengal
• It is locally known as Kolkata Airport and Dum Dum Airport

14. Bagdogra International Airport Siliguri, West Bengal

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

15. Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport Guwahati, Assam

• It is also known as Guwahati Airport.
• It was formerly known as Borjhar Airport.

16. Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport Agartala, Tripura

• It is also known as Agartala Airport

17. Imphal International Airport Imphal, Manipur

18. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad, Gujarat

19. Vadodara Airport Vadodara, Gujarat

20. Surat International Airport Surat, Gujarat

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

21. Jaipur International Airport Jaipur, Rajasthan

22. Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar International Airport Indore, Madhya

Pradesh
23. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport Nagpur, Maharashtra

24. Navi Mumbai International Airport Navi Mumbai,

(under construction - 2024) Maharashtra
25. Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje International Airport Pune, Maharashtra
• It is the second busiest airport in the country.
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SL. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

26. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport Mumbai, Maharashtra

27. Dabolim International Airport Goa

28. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad, Telangana

29. Visakhapatnam International Airport Visakhapatnam,

Andhra Pradesh
30. Tirupati Airport Tirupati, Andhra
Pradesh
31. Vijayawada Airport Vijayawada, Andhra
Pradesh

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

32. Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru, Karnataka
33. Mangalore International Airport Mangaluru, Karnataka
34. Cochin International Airport Kochi, Kerala
• In 2015, Cochin International Airport became the world's
first fully solar powered airport

35. Trivandrum International Airport Thiruvananthapuram,

Kerala

36. Calicut International Airport Kozhikode, Kerala

• It is also known as Karipur Airport

37. Kannur International Airport Kannur, Kerala

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

38. Chennai International Airport Chennai, Tamil Nadu

39. Coimbatore International Airport Coimbatore, Tamil

Nadu
40. Tiruchirappalli International Airport Tiruchirappalli, Tamil
Nadu
41. Madurai International Airport Madurai, Tamil Nadu

42. Veer Savarkar International Airport Port Blair, Andaman

and Nicobar Islands
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When something is
important enough,
you do it even if
the odds are not in
your favour!
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Atomic &
Nuclear Power
Plants in India
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Introduction to Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear Power - Power produced by Nuclear Reactions

• Nuclear power is an efficient way of boiling water to create steam, this steam is used to
turn turbines, which creates electricity.
• Nuclear energy has smaller land footprint and the amount of waste it produces.
• Nuclear Reactions releases huge energy - fission and fusion
• Fission is the splitting of a heavy, unstable nucleus into two lighter nuclei, and
• Fusion - two light nuclei combine together (Sun, Atoms bombs)
• Three most relevant fissile isotopes are uranium-233, uranium-235 and plutonium-239.
• The architect of the Indian Atomic Energy programme, and the
father of nuclear research in India : Homi Jehangir Bhabha

Few Facts
• APSARA: The first experimental nuclear reactor (Research Reactor)
• At Trombay campus of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
• was indigenously built and commissioned in 1956.
• With APSARA, India became the first Asian country outside the erstwhile Soviet
Union, to have designed and built its own nuclear reactor.
• KAMINI: the first reactor in the world operating with 233U fuel.
• KAMINI (Kalpakkam Mini reactor) is at Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research
in Kalpakkam
• The first nuclear power project was commenced at Tarapur, Maharashtra, 1969.
• The first PHWR project is located at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan.
• The reactors are located on bank of Rana Pratap Sagar Lake on Chambal River.
• Pressurized heavy-water reactor (PHWR) is a nuclear reactor that uses heavy water
(deuterium oxide D2O) as its coolant and neutron moderator
• highest-capacity nuclear plant in India: Kudankulam Nuclear Power
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Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)

• fully owned company of the Government of India, Department

of Atomic Energy
• Started functioning from 17th September 1987.
• It is responsible for the generation of nuclear
power for electricity.
• Location : Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Chairman & Managing Director :
Shri Mukesh Singhal (in-charge)

Nuclear power in India

• Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source

of electricity in India after coal,
gas, hydroelectricity and wind power.

• India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in

7 nuclear power plants.

Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS)

Location : Narora, Uttar Pradesh

Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS)

Location : Gujarat
(proximity of Surat and Tapi river)

Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS)

Location : Rawatbhata, Rajasthan
(Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, Chambal River)

Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS)

Location : Tarapur, Maharashtra
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Kaiga Generating Station (KGS)

Location : Kaiga, Karnataka
(Proximity of Kali River)

Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS)

Location : Kalpakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station (KKNPS)

Location : Tirunelveli, TN

Nuclear Power Plants in India - Under Construction

Power Plant Location nine nuclear reactors by 2024 and

a new nuclear project, the first in
Madras (Kalpakkam) Tamil Nadu northern India

Kakrapar Unit 4 Gujarat

Gorakhpur Haryana

Rajasthan Unit 7 & 8 Rajasthan

Kudankulam Unit 3 & 4 Tamil Nadu

Power Plant Location

Kaiga Karnataka
Jaitapur Maharashtra
Nuclear Power Plants in Kovvada Andhra Pradesh
India - Planned Projects Kavali Andhra Pradesh
Gorakhpur Haryana
Mahi Banswara Rajasthan
Chutka Madhya Pradesh
Kudankulam Unit 5 & 6 Tamil Nadu
Madras Tamil Nadu
Tarapur Maharashtra
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BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN INDIA

Biosphere Reserve - INTRODUCTION

ž Biosphere reserves are sites established by countries and at times

recognized under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme to
promote sustainable development based on local community efforts and
sound science.
ž An ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural
interest.
ž Areas of terrestrial and coastal/ marine ecosystems.
ž Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected
region, but also to human communities who inhabit these regions, and
their ways of life.
ž Concept of Biosphere Reserves launched in 1971 as a part of United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)’s ‘Man
and Biosphere Programme’.
ž The National Biosphere Reserve Programme in India - initiated in 1986 -
to serve a wider base for conservation of entire range of living resources
and their ecological foundations in addition to
already established protected area network system.

Aims & Functions of Biosphere Reserves

Aim - to get a balanced relationship between mankind and nature

Functions:
Conservation - of biodiversity and cultural diversity
Development - Economic development that is socio-
culturally and environmentally sustainable
Logistics – supporting development through research,
monitoring, education and training
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Zones of Biosphere Reserves

Core Area
Buffer Zone
Transition Zone (Area of Co-
operation)

Core Zone
• It is the innermost
undisturbed ecosystem.
• Legally protected area
where human
intervention is strictly
prohibited.

Buffer Zone

• Area surrounding the core zone

• Only research and education
activities are permitted to
humans. These activities should
not obstruct the conservation
objectives of the core area.
• It includes restoration, limited
tourism, fishing, grazing, etc;
which are permitted to reduce its effect on the core zone.
• Human activities are less intensive in this zone as compared to the
transition zone.
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Transition Zone
• Peripheral area of a biosphere reserve
• Zone of cooperation where human
ventures and conservation are done in
harmony.
• Cropping, recreation, forestry, and human settlements are permitted

IMPORTANT FACTS

There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in India.

Of these, 12 are part of the World Network
of Biosphere Reserves.

v First BR: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (1986) in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka
v Largest BR: Gulf of Kachch in Gujarat
v Smallest BR: Dibru-Saikhowa in Assam
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1. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - 1986

• World Natural Heritage Site
• Location - Parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka
• UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2000
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ž Protected Areas:
1.Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Also Tiger
Reserve)
2.Wyanaad Wildlife Sanctuary
3.Bandipur National Park (Also Tiger Reserve)
4.Nagarhole National Park (Also Tiger Reserve)
5.Mukurthi National Park
6. Silent Valley

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity

Fauna - Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiri langur, Lion – tailed macaque
Rivers - Bhavani, Moyar, Kabini (tribuatries of Cauvery), Chaliyar, Punampuzha,
etc.

2. Gulf of Mannar 1989

ž First marine Biosphere Reserve in India
ž Location - Tamil Nadu (Indian part of Gulf of Mannar)
ž Large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive
Sea in the Indian Ocean with least depth of 5.8 m
(19 ft).
ž The Malvathu Oya (Malvathu River) of Sri Lanka
and the estuaries of Thamirabarani
River and Vaippar River
ž Protected Area –
Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park
UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2001
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Gulf of Mannar Biodiversity

Sea Cow (dugong), Sea Anemone, sea cucumbers, Sea turtles

Dugongs Sea Cucumbers

3. Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve 1989

ž Location - Andaman & Nicobar Islands
ž Great Nicobar is the southernmost island of
the Nicobar Islands Archipelago.
ž Encompasses a large part (some 85%) of the
island of Great Nicobar
ž Included in the list of Man and Biosphere
program of UNESCO in 2013
ž Protected Areas:
1. Campbell Bay National Park
2. Galathea National Park

Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity

Nicobar long-tailed Nicobar scrub fowl Nicobar tree shrew

macaque
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Salt water crocodile Edible-nest

swiftlet

4. Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve-2001

ž Location: southernmost end of the Western Ghats in

Kerala and Tamil Nadu
ž Protected Areas-
— Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary
— Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary
— Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary
— Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
ž Fauna- Bengal Tiger, Asian Elephant, and Nilgiri Tahr.

Part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2016

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5. Seshachalam Hills Biosphere Reserve- 2010

• Location – Southern Eastern Ghats in Seshachalam
Hill Ranges covering parts of Chittoor and Kadapa
districts, Andhra Pradesh
• Fauna - Slender loris

6. Sunderban - 1989

• World Natural Heritage Site

• Location - Part of delta of Ganges and
Brahamaputra river system in West
Bengal
• Sunderban - largest continuous
mangrove area (along with Bangladesh)
in the world
• Spans from Hooghly River in West
Bengal (India) to Baleswar
River (Bangladesh).

• Fauna - Royal Bengal tiger

• Protected Areas
• 1.Sundarban National Park /Sundarban Tiger Reserve
• 2.Sajnekhali Wildlife Sanctuary
• 3.Lothian Wildlife Sanctuary
• 4.Haliday Wildlife Sanctuary
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7. Simlipal Biosphere Reserve -1994

ž Location: Mayurbhanj district , Odisha
ž Protected Areas-
• Part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant
Reserve
• Similipal Tiger Reserve
• Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary
ž Part of the UNESCO World Network of
Biosphere Reserves since 2009
ž The biosphere reserve has the largest zone of Sal in all of India

Simlipal Biosphere Reserve -Biodiversity

ž Fauna- Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, gaur, and chausingha

8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve -

ž Location: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
ž Bilaspur district (Chhattisgarh), Anuppur and Dindori
(Madhya Pradesh)
ž Protected area - Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary
ž Fauna - Four horned antelope, Indian wild dog, Saras
crane, Asian white-backed vulture,
Sacred grove bush frog.
Part of the UNESCO World Network of
Biosphere Reserves since 2012
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9. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve - 1999

ž Location: Satpura Range of Madhya Pradesh

ž Satpura mountain ranges cross India from west to
east and Pachmarhi lies directly in its centre
ž Protected Ares:
— Bori Sanctuary
— Pachmarhi Sanctuary
— Satpura National Park
ž UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in
2009

Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve – Biodiversity

ž Rare & Endangered Fauna - Giant Squirrel and Spilornis cheela (Crested
serpent eagle)

10. Panna Biosphere Reserve- 1981

ž Location: Vindhya Mountain Range in Panna &
Chhatarpur districts of Madhya Pradesh
ž Ken River (tributary of Yamuna) flows through
the reserve
ž Ken-Betwa river interlinking project will be
located in it
ž Protected Areas –
— Panna National Park
— Ken Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary
Part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2020
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Panna Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity

ž Tiger, leopard, chital, chinkara, nilgai, sambhar and sloth bear
ž

11. Great Rann of Kutch Biosphere Reserve- 2008

• Location- Part
of Kutch, Morbi, Surendranagar and
Patan districts (Gujarat)

• Largest biosphere reserve in India

• Fauna - Indian wild ass

12. Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve- 2009

• Location : Western Himalayas region in Himachal Pradesh
• Protected Areas:
• Pin Valley National Park
• Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary
• Sarchu Wildlife Sanctuary
• Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary
• Fauna- Snow leopard
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13. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve 1988

ž World Natural Heritage Site
ž Location - Uttarakhand
ž River - Rishi Ganga
ž Protected Areas:
1. Nanda Devi National park
2. Valley of Flowers National Park

UNESCO designated it a biosphere

reserve in 2004

Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity

Endangered mammal species - Snow leopard, Himalayan black bear, brown bear,
Musk deer (State animal of Uttarakhand) and bharal/blue sheep

15. Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve- 1977

ž Location: Sikkim
ž UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2016,
becoming the first "Mixed Heritage" site
of India
ž The site is one of the world’s 34
biodiversity hotspots.
ž Part of the UNESCO World Network of
Biosphere Reserves since 2018
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Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve- Biodiversity

ž Musk deer, snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, dhole, sloth
bear, viverrids, Himalayan black bear, red panda.

Himalayan tahr Dhole Red Panda Viverrids

15. Manas Biosphere Reserve - 1989

ž UNESCO Natural World Heritage site
ž National park, a Project Tiger reserve, an
elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve
ž Location - Assam
ž River - Manas-Beki

Manas Biosphere Reserve Biodiversity

ž Assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden
langur and pygmy hog.
ž Manas is famous for its population of the wild water buffalo

pygmy hog Assam roofed turtle

hispid hare

golden langur
water buffalo
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16.Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve- 1997

• Location - Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia
district, Assam
• Smallest of all BR
• Bounded by the Brahmaputra and Lohit
Rivers in the north and Dibru river in the
south
• Largest salix swamp forest in north-eastern
India with a tropical monsoon climate with a
hot and wet summer and cool and usually dry winter

Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve- Biodiversity

• White-winged wood duck, water buffalo, black-breasted parrotbill,
tiger, capped langur

White-winged water buffalo black-breasted capped langur

wood duck parrotbill

17. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve- 1988

ž Location – on Tura Range, Garo Hills,
Meghalaya (Nokrek is the highest peak of the
Garo hills)
ž Rivers - Ganol, Dareng and Simsang
ž 90% of the Reserve is covered by evergreen
forest
ž Protected Area - Nokrek National Park

UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2009

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Nokrek Biosphere Reserve- Biodiversity

Asian elephant, Giant flying squirrel, Pig-tailed macaque, Hoolock gibbons (most
endangered apes in India)

Asian elephant Hoolock gibbons Pig-tailed macaque Giant flying squirrel

18. Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve - 1989

Location – district of West Siang, Upper Siang
and Dibang valley of Arunachal Pradesh
ž Protected Areas –
— Mouling National Park
— Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary
ž One of the world’s “Bio-Diversity Hot
spots”

Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve Biodiversity

Mishmi takin, red goral, musk deer, red panda, Gongshan muntjac

Mishmi takin red goral musk deer red panda Gongshan

muntjac
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BOOKS &
NEWSPAPERS
BY FAMOUS
PERSONALITIES
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Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher

“The Indian Struggle 1920- Book Subhas Chandra Bose

1942”
“An Indian Pilgrim - An Book
Unfinished Autobiography”
“Udbodhan” Magazine

“Prabuddha Bharata” English monthly journal Swami Vivekananda

“Raja Yoga” Book

“Karma Yoga” Book

• “Prabuddha Bharata” is India's longest-running English magazine. It was started by

Swami Vivekananda back in 1896.
• “Hicky's Bengal Gazette” was the first newspaper printed in Asia.

Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher

“Kesari” Marathi newspaper Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(Along with Chiplunkar
and Agarkar)

“Maratha” English newspaper

Bal Gangadhar Tilak
“Geeta Rahasya” Book
“Unhappy India” Book
“England's Debt to India” Book Lala Lajpat Rai
“Arya Samaj” Book
“The Discovery of India” Book
“An Autobiography” Book
Jawaharlal Nehru
“Glimpses of world Book
history”
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Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher

“Samvad Kaumudi” Bengali weekly

newspaper
“Mirat-ul-Akbar” Persian language journal
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
“The Precepts of Jesus, the Book
Guide to Peace and
Happiness”
“Banga-Dutta” Newspaper in four Raja Ram Mohan Roy
languages (Bengali, and Dwarkanath Tagore
English, Persian, Hindi)
“Indian Mirror” Newspaper Devendra Nath Tagore

“Rigvedadi Bhashya Bhumika” Book

Dayanand Saraswati
“Satyarth Prakash” Book

Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher

“Indian Opinion” Newspaper

“Nav Jeevan” Newspaper Mohandas Karamchand
“Harijan” Weekly English newspaper Gandhi
“Young India” Weekly English journal
“The Story of My Book
Experiments with Truth”
“Rast Goftar” Anglo-Gujarati paper Dadabhai Naoroji and
Kharshedji Cama
“Poverty and Un-British Book Dadabhai Naoroji
Rule in India”
“Sambad Prabhakar” Newspaper Ishwar Chandra Gupta
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Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher

“Mook Nayak” Marathi journal

“Bahishkrit Bharat” Marathi journal
“Janta” Newspaper
“Annihilation of Caste” Book B.R. Ambedkar

“The Buddha and His Book

Dhamma”

“The Untouchables” Book

“Riddles in Hinduism” Book

Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher

“New India” Daily newspaper Annie Besant

“The Independent” Newspaper Motilal Nehru

“New India” Weekly newspaper

“India's Struggle for Book Bipin Chandra Pal
Independence”
Founded by : Bipin Chandra
“Bande Mataram” English weekly newspaper Pal
Edited by : Sri Aurobindo

“Al-Balagh” Journal
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
“Al-Hilal” Urdu weekly newspaper
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Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher

“The Comrade” English weekly newspaper

Mohammad Ali Jauhar
“Hamdard” Urdu daily newspaper

“Bombay English-language newspaper

Chronicle” Sir Pherozeshah Mehta

“Hindustan Dainik” Hindi-language daily newspaper

Madan Mohan Malviya

“The Leader” English-language newspaper

“Hindustan Times” English daily newspaper

Sunder Singh Lyallpuri

Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher

“Som Prakash” Newspaper Started by : Ishwar Chandra

Vidyasagar

Edited by : Dwarakanath
Vidyabhushan

“Borno Porichay” Book Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

“Indian Mirror” Newspaper Devendranath Tagore
“The Bengalee” English language newspaper Girish Chandra Ghosh
“Amrita Bazar Newspaper Sisirkumar Ghosh and
Patrika” Motilal Ghosh
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Book Author or Publisher

“Wings of Fire: An Autobiography” A P J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari

“India 2020: A Vision for the New

Millennium”

A P J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan

“Mission India: A Vision For Indian
Youth”

“Advantage India: From Challenge to

Opportunity”
A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh
“Target 3 Billion”

Book Author or Publisher

“Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India”

“The Luminous Sparks”

“Inspiring Thoughts”
A P J Abdul Kalam
“Indomitable Spirit”

“Turning Points: A journey through challenges”

“My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions”

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Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher

“Why I am an Atheist” Book Bhagat Singh

“The Bandit Queen of Book Phoolan Devi

India”
“Atmakatha” Book Dr. Rajendra Prasad

“India Divided” Book

“My Times” Book J. B. Kripalani

“The Golden Threshold” Book Sarojini Naidu

“India Wins Freedom” Book Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

“A Nation in Making” Book Sir Surendranath Banerjea

Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher

“India for Indians” Book Chittaranjan Das

“Why socialism?” Book Jayaprakash Narayan

“Love and Death” Book Sri Aurobindo

“Hicky's Bengal Gazette” English weekly newspaper Founded by : James

Augustus Hicky

“Bengal Gazetti” Bengali weekly newspaper Edited by : Ganga Kishore

Bhattacharya

“The Indian War of Book Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

Independence 1857”
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Rabindranath Tagore Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

• Kal Mrigaya • Gora
• Post Master • Gitanjali • Bangadarshan
• Kabuliwallah • Dak Ghar • Anandamath
• Chitrangada • Aparichita
• Devi Chaudhurani
• Sonar Tari • Ghare Baire
• Durgeshnandini
• Manihara • Tota Kahini
• Chokher Bali • Shesher Kobita • Kapalkundala

• Birpurush • Gitabitan • Bishabriksha

Sukumar Ray Sarat Chandra

• Abol Tabol Chattopadhyay
• Pagla Dashu
• Srikanta
• HaJaBaRaLa
• Choritrohin
• Abak Jalpan
• Devdas
• Parineeta
Bibhutibhushan • Pother Dabi
Bandyopadhyay • Dena-Paona
• Pather Panchali • Baikunther
Will
• Chander Pahar
• Pallisomaj
• Aranyak
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Success is not final,

Failure is not fatal,
It is the courage to
continue that
counts!
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Capital

Currency
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Sl. Country Capital Currency
No. Eastern
1. Russia
(Northern Asia)
Moscow Russian ruble Asia
2. Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongolian tögrög

3. China Beijing (Peking) Renminbi or Yuan

4. Taiwan Taipei New Taiwan

dollar
5. North Korea P'yongyang Won

6. South Korea Seoul Won

7. Japan Tokyo Yen

Sl.
No.
Country Capital Currency
Central
8. Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni
Asia
9. Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Kyrgyzstani Som

10. Kazakhstan Nur-Sultan Tenge

11. Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan som

12. Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmenistani

manat

Sl. No. Country Capital Currency

13. Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee South Asia
14. Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum
15. India New Delhi Indian Rupee
16. Bangladesh Dhaka Taka
17. Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani rupee
18. Afghanistan Kabul Afghan afghani
19. Sri Lanka • Colombo Sri Lankan rupee
(executive and
judicial capital)
• Sri Jayewardenepura
Kotte (legislative
capital)
20. Maldives Malé Maldivian
Rufiyaa
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Sl. Country Capital Currency
No. South-East Asia
21. Myanmar Naypyidaw Kyat

22. Thailand Bangkok

Baht

23. Laos Vientiane Kip

24. Vietnam Hanoi Dong

25. Cambodia Phnom Penh Cambodian Riel

Sl. Country Capital Currency

No.

26. Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit South-East

Asia
27. Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar

28. Brunei Bandar Seri Brunei dollar

Begawan
29. Indonesia Jakarta Indonesian rupiah

30. East Timor Dili United States

Dollar
31. Philippines Manila Peso

Sl. Country Capital Currency

No.
32. Iran Tehran Iranian rial
South-West Asia
33. Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinar

34. Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar

35. Israel Jerusalem Israeli Shekel

36. Palestine Ramallah Israeli Shekel

37. Syria Damascus Syrian pound

Sl. Country Capital
SearchCurrency
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No.
South-West Asia
38. Turkey Ankara Turkish lira

39. Cyprus Nicosia Euro

40. Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound

41. Armenia Yerevan Armenian dram

42. Azerbaijan Baku Azerbaijani manat

43. Georgia Tbilisi Georgian lari

Sl. Country Capital Currency

No. South-West
44. Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal
Asia
45. Qatar Doha Qatari riyal

46. Yemen Sanaa Yemeni rial

47. Oman Muscat Omani rial

48. United Arab Abu Dhabi United Arab

Emirates Emirates Dirham

49. Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar

50. Kuwait Kuwait-City Kuwaiti dinar

Sl. No. Country Capital Currency

1. Spain Madrid Euro Europe

2. United Kingdom London Pound sterling

3. Finland Helsinki Euro

4. Norway Oslo Norwegian

krone
5. Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone

6. Germany Berlin Euro

7. Greece Athens Euro

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Sl. No. Country Capital Currency

8. Austria Vienna Euro

Europe
9. Belgium Brussels Euro

10. Belarus Minsk Belorussian

ruble
11. Croatia Zagreb Croatian
kuna
12. Czech Republic Prague Koruna

13. France Paris Euro

14. Hungary Budapest Hungarian

forint

Sl. No. Country Capital Currency

15. Ireland Dublin Euro

Europe
16. Italy Rome Euro

17. Netherlands Amsterdam Euro

18. Portugal Lisbon Euro

19. Russia Moscow Russian

ruble
20. Sweden Stockholm Krona

21. Switzerland Berne Swiss franc

Sl. No. Country Capital Currency

22. Ukraine Kiev Hryvnia

Europe
23. Bulgaria Sofia Lev

24. Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc

25. Poland Warsaw Zloty

26. Romania Bucharest Romanian

Rupee

27. Serbia Belgrade Serbian Dinar

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Sl. Country Capital Currency
No. North
1. Canada Ottawa Canadian dollar America
2. United States of America Washington D.C United States
Dollar
3. Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso
4. Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemalan
quetzal
5. Nicaragua Managua Nicaraguan
córdoba
6. Panama Panama City Balboa and U.S.
dollar
7. Cuba Havana Cuban Peso
8. The Bahamas Nassau Bahamian dollar
9. Jamaica Kingston Jamaican dollar
10. Barbados Bridgetown Barbados dollar

Sl.
No.
Country Capital Currency
South
1. Argentina Buenos Aires Peso America
2. Peru Lima Peruvian sol
3. Chile Santiago Chilean Peso

4. Brazil Brasilia Brazilian real

5. Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan Peso

6. Paraguay Asuncion Paraguayan guaraní

Sl. Country Capital Currency

No. South
America
7. Bolivia La Paz (executive and Boliviano
legislative);
Sucre (constitutional and
judicial)
8. Colombia Bogota Colombian Peso

9. Ecuador Quito U.S. dollar

10. Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar

11. Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar

12. Venezuela Caracas Venezuelan bolívar

13. Trinidad and Port-of-Spain Trinidad and

Tobago Tobago dollar
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Sl. No. Country Capital Currency

1. Algeria Algiers Algerian dollars

Africa
2. Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwean
dollar
3. Djibouti Djibouti City Djiboutian franc

4. Egypt Cairo Egyptian pound

5. Eritrea Asmara Nakfa

6. Ethiopia Addis Ababa Ethiopian birr

7. Ghana Accra Ghanaian cedi

Sl. No. Country Capital Currency

Africa
8. Kenya Nairobi Kenyan shilling

9. Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar

10. Libya Tripoli Libyan dinar

11. Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy ariary

12. Mali Bamako CFA franc

13. Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian rupee

14. Morocco Rabat Moroccan dirham

Sl. No. Country Capital Currency

15. Mozambique Maputo Mozambican

Africa
metical

16. Niger Niamey CFA franc

17. Nigeria Abuja Naira

18. Rwanda Kigali Rwandan

franc
19. Seychelles Victoria Seychellois
rupee
20. Somalia Mogadishu Shilling
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Sl. Country Capital Currency
No.
21. South Africa • Pretoria (executive) South
Africa
• Cape Town African rand
(legislative)
• Bloemfontein
(judicial)
22. Sudan Khartoum Sudanese
pound
23. South Sudan Juba South
Sudanese
pound

24. Uganda Kampala Ugandan

shilling

Sl. Country Capital Currency

No.
Oceania
1. Australia Canberra Australian dollar

2. Fiji Suva Fiji dollar

3. Kiribati Tarawa Australian dollar

4. New Zealand Wellington New Zealand dollar

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What is the capital of Philippines? Which of the Country-Capital-
Currency is correct?
• Kuala Lumpur
• Manila • Kenya - Nairobi - Shilling
• Vientiane • Brazil - Brasilia - Real
• Jakarta • Kiribati - Tarawa - Australian Dollar
• None of these • Pakistan - Islamabad - Pakistani
Rupees
• All are correct
What is the currency of Argentina?

• Peso Bandar Seri Bagwan is the capital of

• Euro _______
• Franc
• Brunei
• Dollar
• Belgium
• Sol
• Botswana
• Bogota
Which of the statement is/are
correct? • Bahrain

a. Argentina is a North American

country
b. Capital of Australia is Canberra
c. Rupiah is capital of Indonesia
d. Shilling is currency of Mauritius

• a, b and d is correct.
• b and c is correct.
• a and d is correct.
• All are correct.
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CITIES ON THE
BANKS OF
RIVERS
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Ganga basin covers 11 states & UTs
The Ganga River
1. Uttarakhand
2. Uttar Pradesh
3. Bihar
4. Jharkhand
5. West Bengal
6. Chhattisgarh
7. Madhya Pradesh
8. Rajasthan
9. Delhi (UT)
10. Haryana
11. Himachal Pradesh

Uttarakhand (Panch Prayag)

on the confluences of Dhauliganga
Vishnuprayag
River and Alaknanda River
on the confluences
Nandaprayag of Nandakini River and Alaknanda
River
on the confluences of Pindar
Karnaprayag
River and Alaknanda River
on the confluences of Mandakini
Rudraprayag
River and Alaknanda River
Devprayag on the confluences of Bhagirathi
River and Alaknanda River

Uttarakhand
Badrinath Alaknanda River
Haridwar Ganges River
Rishikesh Ganges River
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Uttar Pradesh

Mirzapur Ganges River

Kannauj Ganges River

Varanasi Ganges River

Kanpur Ganges River

Etawah Yamuna River

Agra Yamuna River

Mathura Yamuna River

Uttar Pradesh
Allahabad At confluence of Ganga,
Yamuna and Saraswati River
Ayodhya Saryu River
Jaunpur Gomti River
Lucknow Gomti River
Gorakhpur Rapti River

Bihar
Falgu (Neeranjana)
Gaya
River
Patna Ganges River
Munger Ganges River
Muzaffarpur Burhi Gandak River

West Bengal
Kolkata Hooghly River
Howrah Hooghly River
Farakka Ganges River
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Madhya Pradesh
Gwalior Chambal River
Ujjain Shipra River
Rajasthan
Kota Chambal River
Dholpur Chambal River
Delhi
New Delhi Yamuna River

• It is a trans-boundary river. Brahmaputra River

• It originates in China, then
flows into India and then
into Bangladesh.
• Passes through states :
1. Arunachal Pradesh
2. Assam

Assam
Dibrugarh Brahmaputra River
Guwahati Brahmaputra River
Lakhimpur Brahmaputra River
Sadiya Lohit River
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Indus River
• It is a trans-boundary river.
• It originates in Tibet, then
flows to India and then to
Pakistan.
• Passes through states :
1. Ladakh
2. Jammu and Kashmir
3. Punjab
4. Himachal Pradesh

J&K and Ladakh

Leh Indus River
Srinagar Jhelum River
Himachal Pradesh
Kullu Beas River
Manali Beas River
Punjab
Ludhiana Sutlej River

Mahanadi River
• Passes through states
:
1. Chhattisgarh
2. Odisha
Odisha
Cuttack Mahanadi River
Chhattisgarh
Raipur Mahanadi River
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Godavari
•
River
Passes through states :
1. Maharashtra
2. Telangana
3. Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Nashik Godavari River
Telangana
Ramagundam Godavari River
Kumbh Mela - Prayag, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nasik.
Andhra Pradesh
Rajahmundry Godavari River

Krishna River
• Passes through states :
1. Maharashtra
2. Karnataka
3. Telangana
4. Andhra Pradesh

Maharashtra
Mahabaleshwar Krishna River
Karnataka
Raichur Krishna River and Tungabhadra River
Hampi Tungabhadra River
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Andhra Pradesh
Vijayawada Krishna River
Machilipatnam Krishna River
Guntur Krishna River
Amaravati Krishna River
Srisailam Krishna River
Kurnool Tungabhadra River

Cauvery River
• Passes through states :
1. Karnataka
2. Tamil Nadu

Karnataka
Mysore Kaveri River
Srirangapatna Kaveri River

Tamil Nadu
Tiruchirappalli Kaveri River
Thanjavur Kaveri River

Narmada River
Passes through states :
1. Madhya Pradesh
2. Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh
Jabalpur Narmada River
Narmadapuram / Hoshangabad Narmada River
Maheshwar Narmada River
Omkareshwar Narmada River
Amarkantak Narmada River
Gujarat
Bharuch Narmada River
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Miscellaneous
City River State
Ahmedabad
Sabarmati River Gujarat
Gandhinagar

Vadodara Vishwamitri River Gujarat

Surat Tapi River Gujarat

Rajkot Aji and Nyari Rivers Gujarat

City River State

Rourkela Brahmani River Odisha

Hyderabad Musi River Telangana

Nellore Penna River Andhra Pradesh

Thiruvananthapuram Karamana River Kerala

Madurai Vaigai River Tamil Nadu

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Classical Dances
of India

Bharata Natyashastra
• It is believed to have been written by Bharata Muni.
• The Natyasashtra is the foundational treatise for
classical dances of India.
• As per Natya Shastra, there are two basic aspects of
Indian classical dance : Tandava and Lasya
1. Tandava (movement & rhythm) : This is symbolic to
the male aspects of dance.
2. Lasya (grace, bhava, rasa & abhinaya) : It is symbolic to
the feminine features of dance.

This ‘guru-shisya parampara’ forms the core of Indian classical art form.

As per Nandikeshwara’s famous treatise on dance, “Abhinaya

Darpan”, an act has been broken into three basic elements :
• Nritta : It refers to the basic dance steps, performed
rhythmically but devoid of any expression or mood.
• Natya : It means dramatic representations and refers to
the story that is elaborated through the dance recital.
• Nritya : It refers to the sentiment and the emotions
evoked through dance. It includes the mime and the
different methods of expression including mudras in the
dance.
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• There are nine rasas or emotions that are expressed

through the dance.
• शृंगार रस, रौद्र रस, वीर रस, वीभत्स रस, हास्य रस, करुण रस,
अद्भुत रस, भयानक रस, शांत रस
• The nine rasas are : Love, Heroism, Anger, Disgust,
Wonder, Comedy, Tragedy, Horror and Tranquility.
• These moods and expressions are expressed through
the use of mudras (a combination of hand gestures
and body postures).
• There are 108 fundamental mudras, a combination of
which is used to depict a particular emotion.

Sangeet Natak Akademi has recognised 8 classical dance forms :

• Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Manipuri, Kathak
and Sattriya.
The Ministry of Culture has recognised 9 classical dance forms :
• Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Manipuri,
Kathak, Sattriya and Chhau.

Sangeet Natak Akademi Minister of Culture

• India's national academy of • Shri G.K Reddy
music, dance and drama. • Constituency :
• It is the first national academy Secunderabad
of the performing arts set up (Telangana)
by the Republic of India.

9 classical dance forms

1. Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu)
2. Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh)
3. Kathakali (Kerala)
4. Mohiniattam (Kerala)
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5. Odissi (Odisha)
6. Manipuri (Manipur)
7. Kathak
8. Sattriya (Assam)
9. Chhau (Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal)

Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu)

• “Bharat” is derived from Bharat Muni and “Natyam”
means “Dance” in Tamil language.
• However, it is also believed that “Bharata” is related to
‘Bhava’, ‘Raga’ and ‘Taal’.
• Origin - temple dancers or ‘devadasis’ in Tamil Nadu.
• Hence it was also referred to as ‘Dashiattam’.

• With the decline of the Devadasi system, the art too

became nearly extinct.
• However, the efforts of E. Krishna Iyer, a prominent freedom fighter,
revived this dance form.
• Rukmini Devi Arundale, another famous proponent of Bharatnatyam, is
remembered for giving global recognition to the dance.
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Tanjor quartet
• In the early nineteenth century, four dance
teachers of Thanjavur, known as the ‘Tanjor
quartet’ defined the elements of a
Bharatnatyam recital.
• Under them, Bharatnatyam also came to be
known as Tanjore natyam.

Important Features
• It is considered as the oldest classical dance form.
• Bharatnatyam is often referred to as the ‘fire dance’, as it is the
manifestation of fire in the human body. Most of the movements in
Bharatnatyam resemble to that of a dancing flame.
• The music of Bharatanatyam belongs to the Carnatic system of southern
India.

Famous proponents
• Yamini Krishnamurthy,
• Lakshmi Viswanathan,
• Padma Subramaniam,
• Mrinalini Sarabhai,
• Mallika Sarabhai
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Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh)

• “Kuchipudi” derives its name from the Andhra
village of Kusselavapuri or Kuchelapuram.
• With the advent of Vaishnavism, the dance
form became a monopoly of the male Brahmins
and began to be performed at temples.
• Stories of Bhagavat purana became a central
theme of the recitals.
• The dance form gained prominence under the
patronage of the Vijayanagar and Golconda
rulers.

Important Features
• Most of the Kuchipudi recitals are based on stories of Bhagwata purana but
have a secular theme. There is a predominance of Shringaara ras.
• Each principal character introduces itself on the stage with “daaru”, which
is a small composition of dance and song, specifically choreographed for
the revelation of each character.
• The Kuchipudi dance style is a manifestation of the earthly elements in the
human body.
• A Kuchipudi recital is generally accompanied with Carnatic music; Violin and
Mridgangam being the principal instruments. The recital is in Telugu
language.
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Famous proponents
• Radha Reddy and Raja Reddy,
• Yamini Krishnamurthy,
• Indrani Rehman

Kathakali (Kerala)
• ‘Katha’ meaning story and ‘Kali’ meaning drama.
• Origin : Two forms of dance-drama, Ramanattam and
Krishnattam, evolved in the temples of Kerala, narrating
episodes from Ramayana and Mahabharata.
• These folk drama traditions latter became the source of
Kathakali.

Important Features

• It was revived in the 1930s by the famous Malayali poet

V. N. Menon under the patronage of Mukunda Raja.
• Kathakali is essentially an all-male troupe performance.
• There is minimal use of props in the Kathakali recital -
very elaborate facial make up along with a head gear is
used for different characters.
• Most Kathakali recitals are a grand representation of the
eternal conflict between good and evil.
• It draws its themes from the stories narrated in the epics and the puranas.
It is also called as the ‘ballad of the east’.
• The language used for Kathakali songs is Manipravalam, i.e., a mixture of
Malayalam and Sanskrit.
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Important Features
Different colours have their own significance :
• Green indicates nobility, divinity and virtue.
• Red patches beside the nose indicate royalty.
• Black colour is used to indicate evil and
wickedness.
• Yellow colour is for saints and women.
• Completely Red painted face indicates evil
• White beard indicates beings with higher
consciousness and divinity.

Famous proponents
• Guru Kunchu Kurup,
• Gopi Nath,
• Kottakal Sivaraman,
• Rita Ganguly

Mohiniattam (Kerala)
• ‘Mohini’ meaning beautiful woman and ‘attam’ means
dance.
• Mohiniattam or the Dance of an Enchantress is essentially a
solo dance performance by women.
• It was revived by the famous Malayali poet V. N. Menon
along with Kalyani Amma.
• Mohiniattam combines the grace and elegance of
Bharatnatyam with the vigour of Kathakali.
• Mohiniattam generally narrates the story of the feminine
dance of Vishnu.
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Important Features
• Costume is of special importance in Mohiniattam, with
white and off-white being the principal colours and
presence of gold coloured brocade designs.
• The element of air is symbolised through a
Mohiniattam performance.
• ‘Atavakul or Atavus’ is the collection of fourty basic
dance movements.
• Musical instruments used are : Manjira (cymbals),
veena, drums, flute, etc.

Famous proponents
• Sunanda Nair,
• Kalamandalam Kshemavathy,
• Madhuri Amma,
• Jayaprabha Menon etc.

Odissi (Odisha)
• “Odissi” derives its name from the ‘Odra nritya’
mentioned in Natya Shastra.
• It was primarily practised by the ‘maharis’ and
patronised by the Jain king Kheravela.
• The caves of Udayagiri-Khandagiri provide some of
the earliest examples of Odissi dance.
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Important Features
• The dancers create intricate geometrical shapes and
patterns with her body. Hence, it is known as ‘mobile
sculpture’.
• Odissi dance is accompanied by Hindustani classical music
and instruments generally used are Manjira (Cymbals),
Pakhawaj (Drums), Sitar, Flute, etc.
• The dance form symbolises the element of water.
• The lyrics of Gita Govinda, written by Jayadeva, is used along
with compositions of some local poets.
• The woman dancer wears an elaborate hair-style, silver
jewellery, long necklace etc.

Famous proponents
• Guru Pankaj Charan Das,
• Guru Kelu Charan Mohapatra,
• Sonal Mansingh,
• Sharon Lowen (USA),
• Myrla Barvie (Argentina).

Manipuri (Manipur)

• The mythological origin is from the celestial dance

of Shiva and Parvati in the valleys of Manipur
along with the local ‘Gandharvas’.
• The dance form also traces its origin to the festival
of Lai Haraoba where many dances were
performed.
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• However, the dance gained prominence with the advent of Vaishnavism in

15th century. Then, Krishna became the central theme of this dance form.
• In the modern times, Raja Bhag Chandra of Manipur in 18th century tried to
revive Manipuri dance.
• Rabindranath Tagore brought back the dance form into limelight when he
introduced it in Shantiniketan.

Important Features
• Manipuri dance is unique in its em phasis on devotion.
• It is performed generally by females.
• The faces are covered with a thin veil and facial
expression is of lesser importance, Hand gestures and
gentle movement of feet are important.
• The females wear unique long skirts.
• The drum – pung – is an intricate element of the recital.
Flute, Khartals (wood clapper), dhols ,etc also
accompany music.
• Compositions of Jayadeva and Chandidas are used extensively.

Famous proponents
• Jhaveri sisters : Nayana, Suverna, Ranjana and
Darshana,
• Guru Bipin Singha etc.
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Kathak
• “Kathak” derived its name from the “Kathika” meaning
“the story-tellers”.
• The story-tellers who recited verses from the epics,
with gestures and music.
• Origin : The Ras Leela of Brajbhoomi.
• The classical style of Kathak was revived by Lady Leela
Sokhey in the twentieth century.
• Kathak is generally accompanied with dhrupad music.
Taranas, thumris and ghazals were also introduced
during the Mughal period.

Different Gharanas
• Lucknow : Reached its peak under the reign of Nawab Wajid Ali Khan. It
puts more importance on expression and grace.
• Jaipur : Initiated by Bhanuji, it emphasised fluency, speed and long
rhythmic patterns.
• Raigarh : It developed under the patronage of Raja Chakradhar Singh. It is
unique in its emphasis on percussion music.
• Banaras : It developed under Janakiprasad. It sees a greater use of
floorwork and lays special emphasis on symmetry.

Famous Proponents
• Birju Maharaj,
• Lacchu Maharaj,
• Sitara Devi,
• Damayanti Joshi etc.
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Sattriya (Assam)
• “Sattriya” is derived from the Vaishnava
monasteries known as “Sattras”, where it was
primarily practised.
• Sattriya dance in modern-form was introduced
by the Vaishnava saint Shankaradeva in the 15th
century A.D in Assam.
• The songs composition of Shankaradeva are
known as ‘Borgeets’.
• It is inspired from Bhakti Movement.
• The focus of the Sattriya recitals is the
devotional aspect of dance and narrates
mythological stories of Vishnu.

Important Features
• The dance is generally performed in group by male monks known as
‘Bhokots’ as part of their daily rituals or even on festivals.
• Costumes (male dancers) : Dhoti, and ‘Paguri’ (turban).
• Costumes (female dancers) : traditional Assamese jewellery, ‘Ghuri’ and
‘Chador’ made in Pat silk.
• Waist cloth is worn by both men and women.

Important Features
• Khol (drum), Cymbals (Manjira) and flute form the major accompanying
instruments of this dance form.
• In the modern times, Sattriya dance has evolved into two separate streams
:
i. The Gayanbhayanar Nach and
ii. The Kharmanar Nach.
iii. Ankia Naat :
iv. It is type of Sattriya.
v. It involves play or musical-drama.
vi. It is also called ‘Bhaona’.
vii. It involves stories of Lord Krishna.
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Chhau Dance
• Sangeet Natak Academy recognises 8 classical dances, while Ministry of
Culture recognises Chhau also in that list.
• Semi classical with martial, tribal and folk traditions
• Originates from Chhaya meaninig shadow. Vigorous martial movements.
Usually mask in used and based on mythological stories. 3 main styles:
• Mayurbhanj Chhau – Odisha (mask not used)
• Saraikella Chhau – Jharkhand
• Purulia Chhau – West Bengal
• Got inscribed in UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural
Heritage of Humanity in 2010
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Major Dams
of India
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Dam
A barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water
Reservoirs created by dams - suppress floods, provide water for irrigation,
electricity, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability

Highlights on some important Dams in India:

Tehri Dam
Highest Dam in India River: Bhagirathi River
(Uttarakhand)
Hirakud
Longest Dam in India River: Mahanadi
Dam (Odisha)
Kallanai Dam
Oldest Dam in India River: Kaveri
(Tamil Nadu)

JAMMU & KASHMIR

Uri Dam/ उरी ब ाँध
River: Jhelum

Dulhasti Dam
Salal Dam
Baglihar Dam
River: Chenab
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HIMACHAL PRADESH

Bhakra Dam
River: Sutlej

Koldam Dam
Sutlej

Nathpa Jhakri Dam /

Sutlej river

HIMACHAL PRADESH

Pong Dam Pong Dam

Beas river

Chamera Dam
Nathpa Jhakri
Ravi Dam

PUNJAB
Ranjith Sagar Dam (Thein
Dam/ थीन ब ांध)

On border of Punjab and

Jammu and Kashmir
Ravi River

Nangal Dam
River: Sutlej
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The Bhakra Nangal Dam
•India's 2nd tallest at 225 m.
•Bhakra Dam – Himachal; Nangal Dam - Punjab

•Reservoir of Bhakra Dam - Gobind Sagar

•Described as "New Temple of Resurgent India" by Jawaharlal Nehru

•Nangal dam is another dam downstream of Bhakra dam.

•Sometimes both the dams together are called Bhakra-Nangal dam

though they are two separate dams.

UTTARAKHAND
Tehri Dam
River: Bhagirathi
Tallest Dam in India
Height: 260.5 meters
Koteshwar Dam
Bhagirathi River

UTTARAKHAND
Lakhwar-Vyasi Dam
Yamuna River

RamgangaDam
(Kalagarh Dam)
DHAULIGANGA DAM
Ramganga River
TEHRI DAM
Jamrani Dam
Gola River

(Lakhwar-Vyasi Dam project -

biggest hydroelectric dam
complex on the Yamuna River)
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UTTAR PRADESH
Rihand Dam/
Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Dam
Rihand River (tributary of the Son River)

Reservoir in UP & MP border

Rani Laxmibai Dam

Rani Laxmibai dam (Rajghat Dam)
Rihand Dam Matatila Dam
Betwa River
Matatila Dam/

ODISHA
Hirakud Dam (Longest Dam in India)
River: Mahanadi
(Total Length: 25.79 km
Length of Main Dam:4.8 km)

Indravati Dam – Indravati River

(tributary of Godavari)
Kapur Dam – Kapur river
Rengali Dam – Brahmani river
Haldia dam – Haldia river

JHARKHAND
Tilaiya Dam
Tilaiya Dam and Maithon Dam
River - Barakar
(a tributary of Damodar river) Panchet Dam
Maithon Dam

Panchet Dam- Damodar river

Konar Dam - Konar River (a tributary of Damodar river)

Tenughat Dam – Damodar River

Damodar valley multipurpose project four dams:
Tilaiya and Maithon (on Barakar River), Konar (Konar River), and Panchet (Damodar River).
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RAJASTHAN

Bisalpur Dam
Bisalpur Dam/बीसलपुर ब ांध Banas River
Banas River

Ranapratap Sagar Dam Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam

Chambal River Mahi river

Jaswant Sagar
Luni River
Rana Pratap Sagar dam,
Jawahar Sagar Dam
Chambal River

Chambal is a tributary of Yamuna

Chambal Valley Development Project:

consisted of three dams, namely, Gandhi Sagar in
Madhya Pradesh,
Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar in Rajasthan
for power production and the Kota Barrage in
Rajasthan for irrigation.

MADHYA PRADESH
Gandhi Sagar Dam
Gandhi Sagar Dam
Chambal River
Indra Sagar Dam
Narmada River
Indra Sagar Dam
Bansagar Dam
Son River
(Tributary of Ganga)
Omkareshwar Dam
Narmada River Tawa Dam
(upcoming world's largest floating 600 MW solar Tawa River
(tributary of Narmada)
energy project to be constructed)
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Daudhan Dam
• Daudhan dam will be built on Ken river inside
the Panna Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh.

• Construction of the Daudhan dam will result

into the submergence of 10% of the critical
tiger habitat of MP’s Panna Tiger Reserve
that will adversely affect the tiger conservation
efforts.

• Submergence by Daudhan and Makodia

reservoirs will result into the displacement of
20,000 people of the Bundelkhand region and
will give rise to rehabilitation issues.

GUJARAT
Sardar Sarovar
River: Narmada

Ukai Dam & Kakrapar Dam

River: Tapti

Kadana Dam Mahi River

Karjan Dam Karjan River (Tributary of
Narmada)
Sipu Dam Sipu River
(Tributary of Banas)

MAHARASHTRA
Koyna Dam Koyna River (tributary of Krishna)
Ujani Dam Bhima River
Jayakwadi Dam Godavari River
Bhatsa Dam Bhatsa & Chorna Rivers
Aruna Dam Aruna River
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TELANGANA Pochampad Dam
(Sri Ram Sagar Project)
Godavari River
Pochampad dam

Nagarjuna Sagar,
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
Srisailam Dam
River: Krishna

Nizam Sagar Dam,

Singur Dam
Manjira River
(tributary of Godavari)

Nagarjuna Sagar & Srisailam straddles the border between Telangana and
Andhra Pradesh.

ANDHRA PRADESH

Polavaram Project
(upcoming)
Godavari

Srisailam Dam Nagarjuna Sagar,

Srisailam Dam
Somasila Dam River: Krishna

Somasila Dam
Nagarjuna Sagar & Srisailam straddles the
border between Telangana and Andhra Pennar River
Pradesh.
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Karnataka Krishna Raja Sagara Dam

Kaveri River
Almatti Dam
Tungabhadra Dam
Tunga Bhadra Dam Tungabhadra River

Basava Sagar Dam,

Almatti Dam
(Lal Bahadur Shastri Dam)
Krishna River
Krishna Raja Sagara Dam
Supa Dam – Kali Nadi
Hidkal Dam - Ghataprabha

Kerala Idduki Dam

River: Periyar
Biggest Arch Dam of India

Mullaperiyar Dam
River: Periyar

Banasura Sagar Dam

River: Kabini
(tributary of Cauvery)
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TAMIL NADU Kallanai Dam
(Oldest Dam in India)
River: Cauvery

Mettur Dam
River Cauvery
Mettur Dam
Kallanai Dam
Bhavanisagar Dam,
Pillur Dam
Bhavani River
(tributary of Cauvery)

Sholayar Dam
Sholayar River

Dam State River

Dudhawa Dam Chhattisgarh Mahanadi

Hasdeo Bango Dam Chhattisgarh Hasdeo

Nagi Dam & Nakti Dam Bihar Nagi & Nakti

respectively
Kohira Dam Bihar Kohira
Mayurakshi reservoir West Bengal Mayurakshi
project
Rangit Dam Sikkim Rangit river
(tributary of Teesta)
Arunachal Pradesh Ranganadi Dam Ranganadi
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Major
Deserts in
the World
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Desert & Types
• A place that receives less than 10 inches (25 centimetres) of rain per year is considered a desert.
• Deserts cover more than one-third of the Earth's land area, and they are found on every continent.
• Types of Deserts:
• Polar
• Sub-Tropical
• Cold Winter
• Coastal

Sub Tropical Deserts

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Ten largest deserts
Rank Desert Area (km2) Type
1 Antarctica Desert (Antarctica) 1,42,00,000 Polar
2 Arctic Desert (Arctic) 1,39,00,000 Polar
3 Sahara Desert (Africa) 92,00,000 Subtropical
4 Arabian Desert (Middle East) 23,30,000 Subtropical
5 Gobi Desert (Asia) 12,95,000 Cold Winter
6 Patagonian Desert (South America) 6,73,000 Cold Winter
7 Great Victorian Desert (Australia) 6,50,000 Subtropical
8 Kalahari Desert (Africa) 5,60,000 Subtropical
9 Great Basin Desert (North America) 4,92,000 Cold Winter
10 Syrian Desert (Middle East) 4,90,000 Subtropical

Antarctica Desert (polar)

• Largest desert on earth
• 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice
• The research stations scattered across the
continent – the largest being McMurdo Station
• It’s covered by a permanent ice sheet that
contains 90% of the Earth’s fresh water

Source: Worldatlas.com

Arctic Desert (polar)

• Second largest desert on Earth
• During the summer months sun doesn’t sets
for a period of 60 days.
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Sahara Desert (subtropical)

• 3rd largest overall
• Largest hot desert in world
• Location: Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, Egypt,
Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
• Rivers – Nile, Niger

Arabian Desert (subtropical)

• Largest in Asia
• World’s second largest subtropical desert
• Rich in natural resources, such as oil and sulphur
• It is bordered to North by the Syrian Desert, to East
by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, to the
southeast and south by the Arabian Sea and
the Gulf of Aden, and to the west by the Red Sea

Gobi Desert (cold winter)

• 2nd largest desert in Asia

• Largest Non-Polar Cold Desert
• Location: China and Mongolia
• Extremely high temperatures during
summer and frigid temperatures during
winter
• River: Yellow River

Patagonian Desert (cold winter)

• Continent: South America

• Location: Argentina and Chile
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Great Victorian Desert (subtropical)
• Continent: Australia

• The Great Victoria desert is a World

Wildlife Fund Ecoregion

Kalahari Desert (subtropical)

• Continent: Africa
• Location: Botswana, Namibia and South Africa
• Land of famous San people(hunters)
• Famous for diamond mining
• River: Okavango (Orange river)
• Kalahari means great thirst.

Great Basin desert (cold winter)

• Continent: North America
• Location: United states
• The Great Basin Desert boasts some
of the darkest night skies in the
United States and is designated as
International Dark Sky Park.

Syrian Desert (subtropical)

• Continent: Asia
• Location: Syria, Iraq and Jordan
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Other Important
Deserts
(Continent-wise)
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ASIA
• Arabian (subtropical)
• Gobi (cold)
• Taklamakan Desert (cold)
• Thar (subtropical)
• Syrian (subtropical)
• Karakum (continental climate)
• Kyzylkum (continental climate)
Karakum Desert (black sand) is in Turkmenistan

Kyzylkum Desert (red sand) is in Uzbekistan & Kazakhstan

Africa
• Sahara Desert (subtropical)
• Kalahari Desert (subtropical)
• Namib Desert (Coastal)

North America
• Great Basin Desert (cold)
• Chihuahuan Desert (subtropical)
• Sonoran Desert (subtropical)
• Mojave Desert (subtropical)

South America

• Patagonian Desert (cold)

• Atacama Desert (coastal)
• Driest non polar desert in world
• Continent: South America
• Location: Chile
• The soil here is compared to planet Mars
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Australia (subtropical deserts)
• Great Victorian Desert
• Great Sandy Desert
• Gibson Desert
• Tanami Desert
• Simpson Desert

Key Points

Polar Largest – Cold Winter Largest - Subtropical Largest –

• Antarctica • Gobi Desert • Sahara
• Arctic • Patagonian • Arabian

• Driest Non-Polar: Atacama

• Largest Non-Polar – Sahara
• Coldest Non-Polar - Gobi
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FESTIVALS OF INDIA

In Gujarat the next day after Diwali is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram
Samvat calendar.
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FESTIVALS OF LADAKH
Hemis Festival
– Hemis is the largest monastery (gompa) located in Ladakh
– Hemis Festival is celebrated to commemorate the birth anniversary
of Padmasambhava who is known as the founder of Tibetan
Buddhism
– Celebrated for two days in the fifth month of the year, also called
Tibetan lunar month
– Saka Dawa Festival/
Buddha Purnima or Vesak Day
• Tak - Tok Festival

Dosmoche festival
• also known as the "Festival of Scapegoat”
• being celebrated for peace and prosperity in the coming Ladakhi new year
• Celebrated in February; 28th and 29th day of the 12th month of the Tibetan
lunar calendar every year

Sindhu Darshan Festival

• held in Leh every year in June on the full moon day of Guru Purnima.

Nomadic Festival
• Ladakh Lieutenant Governor RK Mathur inaugurated a 2-Day Ladakh
Nomadic Festival at Korzok Phu, Changthang
region of eastern Ladakh.
• The festival is organised by Ladakh Cultural
Academy in collaboration with Ladakh
Tourism Department.
• It aims to highlight the distinctive culture of
Changthang region.
• The Changthangi is a breed of cashmere goat native to Ladakh, reared by
the nomads of the region for fine-grade Pashmina wool.
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FESTIVALS OF JAMMU & KASHMIR

Tulip Festival
• Srinagar hosts the great Tulip Festival
every year
• Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden in
Kashmir is Asia's largest tulips garden.

Shikara Festival
• Celebrated once in a year on Dal Lake in
Kashmir
• Kashmir's government began this festival in
2016.
• Shikaras are painted and dressed beautifully.
• Shikaras participate in Shikara Race, Dragon Boat Race and Canoe Polo
Match.

Gurez festival
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Aharbal Festival
• Kulgam district administration and the
Department of Tourism, Jammu & Kashmir
organized the 1st ever Aharbal Festival at
Kulgam, J&K to promote tourism in Kashmir,
particularly at the Aharbal waterfall.
• Aharbal falls, also known as “Niagara Falls”
of Kashmir, is a hill station in the southwestern part of Kashmir Valley in the
Jammu and Kashmir.

FESTIVALS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

Kullu Dussehra
• One of the most significant festivals in Himachal
Pradesh.
• Grand fair is organised in October in the Kullu valley.
• Fair commences on Vijaya Dashmi and continues for
the next seven days

Losar
• Religious festival of Buddhists in Himachal Pradesh
• The new year according to the Tibetan calendar.
• Phagli
• To usher in spring from mid Jan onwards
• Worship of Shiv, Naga and goddess Hadimba
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Halda
• One of the beautiful festivals in Himachal Pradesh
closely resembles Diwali, the festival of lights.
• 2-day grand carnival celebrated in the secluded
region of Lahaul valley.
• It is dedicated to Shiskar Apa, the Goddess of
wealth.

Chaitraul Festival
• Celebrated in Sirmaur Area in the month of Chaitra on a bright fortnight of
moon.
• Also known as festival of pictures - walls in the house are cleared, painted
and decorated with figures of male animals and crops symbolising plenty.

FESTIVALS OF PUNJAB

Hola Mohalla
• An annual event at Anandpur Sahib that spans
three days.
• Celebrations include displays of bravery and
military prowess by the Nihang Sikhs.

Gurupurab
• A celebration related to the lives of the Sikh Gurus, typically their birth or
death anniversary.
• A number of gurupurabs are observed through the year, with Guru Nanak
Dev Ji’s birth anniversary being amongst the major celebrations.

Baishakhi
• Also called Vaisakhi - marks the first day of
the month of Vaisakha
• Marks the end of peak winter & beginning
of Punjabi New Year, birth of the Khalsa
• A harvest festival of northern India
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Lohri
• Marks the end of peak winter; celebrates the harvest of crops.
• It is a popular festival in Punjab and Jammu.

FESTIVALS OF HARYANA

Pinjore Heritage Festival

• a two-day winter festival held every year in the
last week of December
• showcases exquisite cultural heritage of the
state and region with cultural performances,
dance and music competitions, craft bazar, food
court and evening performances.

International Gita Mahotsava

• The weeklong festival is celebrated at Kurukshetra during Novermber/
December

FESTIVALS OF UTTARAKHAND

Phool Dei
• Is the harvest festival of Uttarakhand that is celebrated in the month of
Chaitra (March-April) in the Hindu calendar.
• On this occasion, girls decorate their houses with flowers.

Harela
• in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand and some regions of Himachal
Pradesh.
• celebrated thrice every year - during Chaitra Navratri (March-April), Sharad
Navratri (September) and Shravan Harela, in the rainy season (July).
Kandali
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• This unique festival coincides with the blooming of the kandali flower,
which blooms once every 12 years (it last bloomed in 2011). Celebrated
between August and October.

• Anduri Utsav or the butter festival

– held in Raithal in Uttarkashi district every year to thank Lord Krishna
for protecting cattle from evil forces while they were grazing in the
open meadows

• Bhitauli
– A festival dedicated to married women of the state
– Bhitauli is celebrated in the month of March or April.

• Egaas/Igas or Igas Diwali

– is celebrated 11 days after Diwali. Folklore says that the news of Lord
Rama's return to Ayodhya from exile reached the hilly regions of
Kumaon and Garhwal 11 days late.

• Ghee Sankranti festival

– is held in August. Mostly celebrated in villages by farmers, it marks
the harvesting season. Dishes are made with ghee (clarified butter).

• Chhipla Jaat is a festival that is celebrated in August, once in three years

• Janopunya
– Celebrated along with Raksha Bandhan.
– On this day, people change their janeu (sacred thread worn across
the body by Hindu men).
– Hilljatra
– is associated with paddy transplantation, which is held during the
rainy season.

• Khatarua
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– A special festival of the pastoral and agricultural community in the

Kumaon region observed in mid-September to mark the onset of
autumn and winter.
– large quantities of fire-wood and dry grass are stacked at cross-roads
or open grounds and bonfires are lit in the evening.

FESTIVALS OF UTTAR PRADESH

Ganga Festival, Varanasi : October- November.

KHICHDI
• Makar Sankranti is called Khichdi in Uttar Pradesh
• It is a harvest festival and involves ritual bathing.

Buddha Mahotsav, Shilpotsava, Kajari Mahotsav

The state government had in 2018 organized the One

Kushinagar,
Banana Festival District One Product (ODOP) scheme to promote
Uttar Pradesh
traditional enterprise.

FESTIVALS OF MADHYA PRADESH

Bhagoria Haat Festival

• Tribal Festival of Malwa Region
• Young girls and boys try to entice each other
and if both like each other, then they put red
powder on their partner’s face.

Malwa Utsav
one of the biggest, largest and most spectacular
events in Madhya Pradesh. Dance and music
performances are the most integral part of the
festival.
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OTHER FESTIVALS
• Khajuraho Dance Festival
• Lokrang Festival
• Nagaji Fair
• Tansen Music Festival
• Pachmarhi Utsav
• Jal Mohotsav
• Bhagoria Haat Festival - by the Bhil tribe of Madhya Pradesh.

Mandu Festival
• The three-day famous “Mandu Festival” began at the historic town of
Mandu in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh
on February 13, 2021.
• During the festival, the newly constructed
Dino Adventure Park and Fossils Museum
were inaugurated in Mandu. The Dinosaur
Park is the first modern fossil park in India
which has 24 eggs and other fossils of
dinosaurs on display.

Name of Festival Purpose Date Held at

97th World Sangeet Tansen To celebrate Tansen December 25 to Gwalior,
festival December 30 Madhya Pradesh

FESTIVALS OF RAJASTHAN

Gangaur
• Celebrated by females and dedicated to Lord Shiva and Parvati as the
symbol of love and successful marriage.

Rajasthan International Folk Festival

• An annual music and art festival organized to promote traditional folk
music and arts held at Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur
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Bundi Festival - celebrated in the month of Kartik (Oct-Nov)

Summer Festival - Held in Mount Abu every year

Camel Festival: bBkaner

elephant Festival: Jaipur
• held on the day of Holi festival, usually in the month of March.
The festival features Elephant polo and Elephant Dance.

KITE FESTIVAL: Jaipur

MATSYA FESTIVAL - Alwar

Name of Festival Purpose Organized by/date Held at

JKK, RUDA (Rural Non-

To present the beauty of Jawahar Kala
24th Lokrang Agriculture Development
folk arts of their different Kendra (JKK) in
2021 Agency), and Art and Culture
regions Jaipur, Rajasthan
Department

The Maru Mahotsav

Theme: New Year, New Hope, 13th to 16th Jaisalmer,
or Jaisalmer Desert
New Celebration Feb 2022 Rajasthan
Festival

FESTIVALS OF GUJARAT

Uttrayan/International Kite Festival

• Celebrated around Makar Sankranti to mark the transit of Sun northwards
from tropic of Capricorn to tropic of Cancer.

Rann Utsav – at Kutch

Uttarardh – Modhera Dance Utsav
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Panch Mahotsav – at Panchmahal

NAVRATRI
Saputara Monsoon Festival

FESTIVALS OF MAHARASHTRA

Gudi Padwa - Maharashtrian New Year

Marabats and Badgyas (मराबात और बड़ज्ञस) – Nagpur – around Aug/Sept

• directly confront social evils and criticise their perpetrators through a
procession with effigies
• Marabat and Badgyas are female and male representations respectively.
• In the evening a festival of toy bulls, called ‘Tanha Pola’, is celebrated by
children.

Khandoba Festival/ Champa Shashthi

Six-day festival for worshipping Lord Shiva.
Prayers are offered to Khanderao or Khandoba
(incarnation of Lord Shiva).

FESTIVALS OF GOA

Feast of Saint Francis Xavier

• 3rd December marks the anniversary of St Francis Xavier’s death, when
thousands gather at the Basilica of Bom Jesus.
• This annual festival, known as the Feast of St Francis Xavier or Goinchea
Saibache Fest, (Lord of Goa Festival), is the biggest of all the Christian
festivals in Goa
.
Feast of Three Kings
• celebrated as an ode to the ‘Our Lady of The Mount’, a statue of Virgin
Mary with infant Jesus in her hand, viewed to be the protector of the
people.
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Sao Joao Festival

• Celebrated on 24th June every year amongst the Catholic community and is
dedicated to St. John the Baptist

SHIGMOTSAV/ Shigmo festival (a spring festival celebrated)

FESTIVALS OF BIHAR

Bihula – Eastern Bihar, maily Bhagalpur

• People worship Devi Mansa for the welfare of their families.

Chhath Pooja
• Sun God, along with His wife Usha, is worshipped to thank them for
bestowing life on Earth.

Madhushravani
• Mainly celebrated by the Maithil Brahmins of Bihar. It marks the arrival of
Monsoon in the region.

JANAKI NAUMI / Sita Navami - birth anniversary of Goddess Sita.

FESTIVALS OF JHARKHAND

Hal Punhya
• begins with the fall of winter. The first day of Magh month, known as
"Akhain Jatra" or "Hal Punhya", considered as the beginning of ploughing.

Rohini
• a festival of sowing seeds in the field. Farmers starts sowing seeds from this
day
Tusu Parab or Makar
• harvest festival held during the winter - celebrated in Jharkhand, West
Bengal and Odisha.
• It is also for the unmarried girls.
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Karam/ Karma
• vibrant youth festival in Jharkhand's tribal area.
• worship of Karam devta, the god of power, youth and youthfulness.

Sarhul
• main festival of the tribal population of Jharkhand. The verbal meaning of
Sarhul is worship of the Sal tree.
• can also be redefined as worship of nature in which local people worship
Sita as `Dhartimata`.

Bhagta Parab
• the tribal festival comes between spring and summer.
• Bhagta Parab is best known as the worship of Budha Baba.

Sohrai
• known for the care of domestic animals such as cows and buffaloes
• celebrated immediately after diwali, on the new moon day.

FESTIVALS OF CHATTISGARH

Bastar Dussehra
• It is the longest celebrated Dussehra in the world. It is celebrated for 75
days from August to October.

Madai festival
• by people belonging to the Gond Tribe

Bhagoriya Festival
• a festival of the Bhil tribe and is celebrated in the Jhabua district of
Chhattisgarh.

OTHER FESTIVALS:
• Bhoramdeo Festival (last week of
March)
• Chakradhar Festival
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• Rajim Lochan Mahotsa

• Hareli
• First fruit Festival
• Earth Festival

Goncha Festival
• Also popularly known as the Chariot Festival
• celebrated at a time when Hindus celebrate
Rath Yatra.
• Generally falls in the month of July

Pola Festival
• It is a festival of the state of Maharashtra and
Chhattisgarh which celebrated by the farmers
by the worship of the bull.

Navakhana Festival
• Newly harvested rice is offered to the family
deity on the 9th day (Navami ) of Bhadrapad
month.

National Tribal Dance Festival 2021

• Chhattisgarh has observed the annual 2nd
National Tribal Dance Festival 2021 at
Raipur’s Science College ground as a part of
the tourism development plan of the state. It
was inaugurated by the Chief Minister (CM)
of Jharkhand Hemant Soren and CM of
Chhattisgarh Bhupesh Baghel. The event was
clubbed with Chattisgarh’s Rajyotsava (state foundation day- November 1,
2021).
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SAMPLE PYQ

______ festival in the Bastar region is celebrated along with the worship of the
local goddess, Kesharpal Kesharpalin Devi.
1. Phool Dei
2. Harela
3. Madai
4. Khatarua

FESTIVALS OF ODISHA
Jagannath Puri Rath Yatra
• It is also known as Gundicha Yatra, Chariot
festival, Dasavatara or Navadina Yatra.
• The festival is dedicated to Lord Jagannath, his
sister Subhadra and his elder brother Balabhadra.
• on the second day in bright fortnight of
Aashaadha month, during June/July.

Chhau Festival
• Primarily attached to the Chhau dance of
Mayurbhanj District.
• The festival usually happens in March/April.

Dhanu Yatra
• The largest open air theatre in the world
• This eleven-day long folk theatre is essentially
based on Krishna Leela and Mathura Vijay.
• It falls in the month of Pousa(Dec/Jan) which
is called Dhanu

Budi Thakurani Yatra

• The biennial Maa Budi Thakurani Yatra is held during the month of Chaitra
(March /April) and is the main festival of Ganjam.
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• The festival is celebrated with the concept that

after her marriage, the Goddess returns to her
paternal home

‘Eco Retreat’ festival

• A luxury camping festival

Raja PaRba
• Three days long festival at the onset of the rainy
season.
• the first day is called Pahili Raja, second day is called
Raja Sankanthi and third day is called Basi Raja.
• Raja Parba (festival) is also one of the few festivals in
the country which celebrates menstruation and
conveys the message of empowerment against the societal taboos.

NuAkhai Festival
• Nuakhai or Navkhana is the harvesting festival to welcome the new rice of
the season.
• held in the months of August and September.

Baliyatra Festival (Boita Bandana ritual)

• The word Baliyatra literally means voyage to
Bali.
• Each year during Kartik Purnima, particularly in
Cuttack, people observe the ritual of ‘Boita
Bandana’ by floating paper/cork boats, in
ponds, rivers and other water bodies.
• The festival is the maritime tradition that is
celebrated as a testament to the maritime trade history of Kalinga,
tradesmen and mariners known as sadhabas travelled on boitas (boats) to
trade with distant island nations that share borders with the Bay of Bengal
like Indonesia, Java, Sumatra and Bali.
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FESTIVALS OF WEST BENGAL

Durga Pooja
• One of the oldest traditions of the Hindu
community in Bengal, celebrated in the month of
October.
• They worship Goddess Durga during the festival.
Women put red powder on each other’s faces.

‘Dol Utsav’ or ‘Dol Jatra’

• In West Bengal & Odisha, Holi is known by the
name of "Dol Jatra", "Dol Purnima" or the
"Swing Festival".
• The festival is dedicated to Lord Krishna and
Radha and celebrated on full moon day.
• It also marks the last festival of the year as per
the Bengali calendar.

Other Festivals

Festival Purpose/Theme Organized by/date Held at

To celebrate science and
‘Vigyan Sarvatra technology (S&T) and display the Vigyan Bhavan,
22nd to 28th Feb 2022
Pujyate’ country’s scientific legacy and New Delhi
technology prowess.

5th edition of Ganga To celebrate the glory of the river 1st-3rd November
Delhi
Utsav 2021 Ganga. 2021

International Mango Two-day festival showcasing

July every year Delhi
Festival mangoes
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FESTIVALS OF INDIA (Part 2)

SOUTHERN & NORTH-EASTERN STATES

FESTIVALS OF TELANGANA

Bonalu (1st state festival)

• Hindu festival dedicated to Goddess Mahakali.

Batukamma Panduga (2nd state festival)

• Nine days long floral festival which starts on the
first day of Navratri and ends on Durgashtami.

Peerla Panduga (Muharram)

• celebrated by Hindus and Muslims
• celebrated across the Sufi shrines called as
Ashurkhana.

Name of Festival Purpose/Theme Organized by/date

Medaram Jatara 2022
To honour the Goddesses 16th to 19th Feb 2022. It is
Festival/
Sammakka and Saralamma celebrated by Koya Tribe
Sammakka Sarakka Jathara

Nagoba Jatara
• It is the second biggest tribal carnival, celebrated by Gonds for 10 days.
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Ugadi (Telugu New Year)

Kakatiya Festival

Deccan Festival
• an annual celebration in Hyderabad that goes on for a span of 5 days. It is
also known as the Hyderabad festival

FESTIVALS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

Brahmotsavam
• Nine days long festival celebrated at the
Venkateshwara Temple, Tirupati.

Ugadi (Telugu New Year)

• Ugadi or Yugadi, also known as
Samvatsarādi, is the New Year's Day for the
states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and
Karnataka in India. It is observed on the
first day of the Hindu lunisolar calendar
month of Chaitra.

Ratha Saptami
• festival that marks the birth of the Sun God.
• In Tirumala, it is celebrated with a procession, of
the idols of Lord Malayappa Swamy and his
consorts, through the streets.

NAGULA CHAVITHI (Festival of Snakes)

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• is celebrated on the fourth day after Deepavali in Andhra Pradesh.On this

day,women and children feed milk to the snakes on the hills.

FESTIVALS OF KARNATAKA

Gombe Habba (festival of dolls)

• celebrated during Dasara/Navaratri each year.
• Dolls are set up in multiple levels, usually around 9,
representing 9 days of Navratri.

Gowri Habba
• celebration dedicated to Gowri, mother of Lord Ganesha.
• Gowri Habbà is celebrated one day prior to Ganesha
Chaturthi. The two festivals together are often referred
to as Gowri Ganesha Habba.

Mysore Dasara
• state festival of Karnataka, commonly called ‘Nadahabba’.
• Spans over a period of ten days.
• The festival celebrates the victory of Goddess
Chamundeshwari who killed the demon Mahishasura on the
day of Vijay Dashmi

Karaga
• One of the oldest festivals of Karnataka & auspicious festival
of the Thigala community
• Karaga is celebrated in honour of Goddess Shakti at the
famous Dharmarayaswamy temple in Bangalore.
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Basavanagudi Kadalekai Parishe

• Popularly known as the groundnut festival,
welcomes the first yield of the groundnut
crop.

Kaveri Sankaramana
• an auspicious festival of Kodavas, is celebrated
on the first day of Tula or Tholyar month of the
Hindu calendar (mid-October).
• This festival celebrates the birth of River Kaveri
at Talakaveri located on Brahmagiri hills in
Kodagu.
• Theerthodbhava (phenomenon involving the appearance of holy water at
fountain head of the pond located in Talakaveri).

Vairamudi Brahmotsava
• It is 10-day annual festival centered on
CheluvaNarayana Swamy temple in Melukote,
a sacred temple town in Mandya district.

ShravanaBelagola MahaMastakabhisheka
• Is a once in 12 year celebration involving
worshipping Gomateshwara (Bahubali) statue.
• Last Mahamasthakabhisheka was held in 2018 and
the next one will be held in 2030.
• Maha Mastakabhisheka celebrations last about 9
days.
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Bhoota Kola - Bhootha Aradhane (devil worship)

• is very common in the coastal towns of Karnataka.

Kambala (buffalo race event)

• popular in Coastal Karnataka districts.
• Karnataka Kambala buffalo jockey Srinivas Gowda’s
run draws comparison with Usain Bolt

Nagamandala / Nagaradhane
• a multi-day festival and worship program in honour of
the snake god.
• People of Dakshina Kannada

Udupi Paryaya Utsava

• Udupi Paryaya Utsava is a biennial festival held in the
temple town of Udupi in Coastal Karnataka. The
colourful Paryaya Festival, where officiating priests
from one of the Ashta Mathas hand over their
responsibilities to other pontiffs

Vitla Pindi
• also known as Mosaru Kudike is a popular festival
in Udupi city, Coastal Karnataka.
• recalls childhood antics of Lord Krishna and is
celebrated during Srikrishna Janmastami
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Hampi Utsav
• Celebrated over three days in the first week of
November. This festival, also called the Vijay Utsav

Chalukya Utsava
• annual cultural and heritage festival held in historic
cities of Badami and Aihole in north Karnataka. Chalukya
Utsava is celebrated as a two or three days event, usually
early February.

Kanakagiri Utsava
• annual festival held at Kakakagiri Lakshminarasimha
Swamy temple in Koppala district. Celebrated
during February-March month

Lakkundi Utsava
• annual festival held in the town of Lakkundi, in
February/March every year.

Pattadakallu Dance festival

• usually held in the month of January.
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FESTIVALS OF KERALA

Onam
• State Festival Of Kerala
• harvest festival of Kerala that falls in the
Malayali month of Chingam (September). It is
celebrated to commemorate the Vamana
avatar of Lord Vishnu and homecoming of King
Mahabali.

Vishu
• New year of Kerala

Thrissur Pooram

Kerala Boat Festival

Theyyam Festival
• 800-year-old festival flaunts folk dances and ar
•
Attukal Pongala
• The festival has been appreciated in the Guinness Book of World Records,
for hosting the largest gathering of women for the religious purpose.

Makaravilakku
• occurs on the famous Hindu festival, Makar Sankranti. On this day, people
of Kerala worship Lord Ayyappa’s idol. The whole program is organized at
the Ayyappa Temple located in Sabarimala.

Thiruvathira:
• popular as Arudhra Darisanam and is
celebrated in Kerala and Tamil Nadu in
a grand way.
• It is believed that on this day Goddess
Parvati met Lord Shiva and he
accepted his partner.
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Arattu Of Lord Padmanabhan (Alpasi Utsavam)

• Arattu means holy bath; Celebration of the annual bathing ritual of deities
in the Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple.
Ambalapuzha Arattu:
• The Grand Lord Krishna Festival
• celebrated for 10 days at Sree Krishnaswamy Temple in Alappuzha.

FESTIVALS OF TAMIL NADU

Pongal (Pongal is the name of a dish)

• The most famous festival in Tamil Nadu. It is
the harvest festival that lasts for four days
and is celebrated in the middle of January.
• Bhogi - first day - honours Lord Indra
• Thai Pongal - second day - symbolises the
birth of a new tamil month
• Mattu Pongal - celebrated as a thanksgiving
to the bulls. Jallikattu event is conducted as
part of Mattu Pongal
• Kaanum Pongal - final day - treated as the
“sightseeing day”.

Jallikattu (or sallikkattu),

• A traditional event in which a bull is released and multiple human
participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull’s back

Arubathumoovar Festival
• at the Kapaleeswarar temple, Chennai

Chittirai Festival (Madurai)

• takes place for 12 days and is celebrated to
commemorate the wedding of Lord
Sundareswarar with Goddess Meenakshi.
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Kanthuri Festival
• celebrated during July and August, at the Nagore
Dargah.
• The State government has been providing free
sandalwood for the festival since 2013.

Saral Vizha Festival

• celebrates the rainy season at Courtallam Water Falls.

Karthigai Deepam
• celebrated on the full moon day in the tamil
month of Karthigai, most homes light clay
lamps and place them all around.
• at the Tiruvannamalai Temple a huge fire
(Maha Deepam) is lit on top of a 2668 feet
high holy mountain

Mahamaham Festival, Kumbakonam

• Celebrated every 12 years in the Mahamaham
Tank that’s located in Kumbakonam.
• Held in the calendar month of Magha, it is said to
be equivalent to attending the Kumba Mela. The
festival is held over a 10-day period.

Mamallapuram Dance Festival

• from early January to February for a period of four weeks.

Natyanjali Festival
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• an annual festival commemorating Lord Shiva, began in 1981. Held in the

12th Century Chidambaram Temple

Thaipusam
• Thaipusam is a festival celebrated by the Tamil devotees of Lord Kartikeya
(Lord Murugan), the son of Lord Shiva and Devi Parvati.

Oonjal Festival (Festival of the Swing)

• is a ten-day festival held at the Meenakshi Amman Temple, Madurai.

Thyagaraja Festival, Thiruvaiyaru

• in memory of the telugu saint-composer Thyagaraja

Puthandu/ Puthuvarudam/ Chithirai Thirunal/ Tamil New Year

• The first day of the year in the Tamil calendar falls in the month of Chittirai-
usually the 14th of April.

Val Vil Ori Festival (vizha)

• celebrated in Kollihills during the month of August every year.

Float Festival – Madurai

• between mid January and mid February.

Velankanni festival
• annual festival in honour of Mother Mary, who is known as Annai
Velankanni in Tamil.
• The annual 11-day festival will be held at the Our Lady of Good Health
Churches

FESTIVALS OF SIKKIM
Losar
• Losar is the Tibetan New Year which falls in the month of February
• Two days prior to Losar, the Gutor Chaam is performed at Rumtek
monastery depicting the battle between good and evil and the ritualized
destruction of evil.
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Sonam Lochar
• Sonam Lochar is an important festival of Tamang community. The festival
falls in the month January – February

Saga Dawa
• Celebrated by Buddhist communities living in Sikkim
• Celebrated on the full moon of the 4th month of the Tibetan calendar
called Saga Dawa or the Month of Merits [celebrated as Buddha Purnima in
the rest of India]
• Celebrated to commemorate the birth, enlightenment and death of Buddha

Tendong Lho Rum Faat

• Tendong Lho Rum Faat is one of the oldest festivals of the Lepchas and is
usually held in August.

Guru Rimpoche’s Thunkar Tshechu

• The birth anniversary of Guru Padmasambhava, the patron saint of Sikkim
• It falls on the tenth day of the fifth Tibetan month.

Pang-Lhabsol
• This festival is unique to Sikkim and commemorates the consecration of
Mount Khangchendzonga as the guardian deity of Sikkim.

Sakewa
• one of the most significant cultural and religious festivals for the Kirat
Khambu Rai community in Sikkim. Celebrated as a homage to Mother Earth

Kagyed Dance/ Kagyed Chham

• One of the most popular Buddhist festivals, marked by masked monks and
lamas performing some rigorous dance moves, symbolizing destruction of
all the evil and negative forces

Losoong Festival
• also called Namsoong by the Lepchas in the Sikkimese
• is a harvest festival mostly celebrated in December by Lepchas and Bhutias.
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Tamu Lochar
• one of the traditional festivals of the Gurung Community. It marks the
beginning of the Gurung New Year

FESTIVALS OF ASSAM

FESTIVAL MONTH DETAILS

Rabha Hajong January on the bank of Chandubi Beel in Kamrup. Rabha and
Chandubi Festival Hajong are main communities of the region.

Junbeel Mela January From 15thCentuary AD. It is the only fair in India where
barter system is alive.

Me-dam-me-phi January celebrated by the Ahom people - the festival of ancestor

worship

Karbi Youth February Karbi Cultural Society organises Karbi Youth Festival at
Festival Diphu every year, where showcases Karbi ethnic culture.
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FESTIVAL MONTH DETAILS

Sanken Festival/ April -

Sangkran festival

Karam Puja Aug – Sept Karam, the god of power, and youthfulness. The
Karam festival is an agricultural festival celebrated by
different tea tribes of Assam.

Felcon Festival Oct-Nov In Umrangsu

Assam Tea Festival Nov In Jorhat. Jorhat has the world famous Teklai
Experimental Centre.

Judima Festival Dec In Haflong

Dehing Patkai Dec -

Festival

Assam Majuli Festival

• One of the modern festivals
• Held in Majuli - the largest river island in the
world
• Located on the river Brahmaputra in Assam
• It has been a center of Vaishnavite culture in
Assam since the 16th century.

Assam Elephant Festival/

Kaziranga Elephant festival
• For the purpose of conservation and safeguard of
Asiatic elephants.
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Bihu Festival
– Traditionally associated with changing seasons & harvest
– Assamese celebrate Bihu thrice in
a year:
1. Bohag or Rongali Bihu -
Celebrated in Spring to
mark the beginning of
Assamese New Year (April)
2. Kati or Kongali Bihu
3. Maagh or Bhogali Bihu -
marks the end of the harvesting season

Ambubachi Mela
– Most important festival of Kamakhya Temple of Guwahati.
– Also known as Mahakumbh of the East
– Ambubachi Mela is associated with Fertility rituals and alleged
“Tantrik means”.
– Belief: Devi Kamakhya (Mother
Shakti) goes through her annual
cycle of menstruation during this
time stretch.
– Doors of the Temple remain
closed for
three days in June.
– Belief: Mother Earth becomes unclean for three days.
– During this time any kind of farming work is not taken on

North East Festival

• 9th edition of North East Festival concludes
in Guwahati
• The popular annual North East Festival was
supposed to be organised at the Jawharlal
Nehru Stadium in Delhi, but it got cancelled
and the organisers shifted to a smaller
version in Guwahati.
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FESTIVALS OF MEGHALAYA

• Nongkrem Dance Festival / Shad Nongkrem

– Important festival of Khasi tribe of Meghalaya.
– Celebrated in November

• Wangala Festival
– Also called festival of "The Hundred Drums”
– Celebrated by the Garo tribe
– Post-harvest festival, marks beginning of
Winter
– Garos give thanks to ‘Misi Saljong’ the sun god,
for blessing people with a rich harvest

• Bob Dylan festival

– For several decades now, Shillong has hosted an informal celebratory
concert every year on his birthday: 24 May.

Mangona or Chugana –
• Post-funeral ceremony of the Garos.
Ahaia Festival – Garo Tribe
Seng Kut Snem – Khasi Community in
Meghalaya

Cherry Blossom Festival 2021

• India International Cherry Blossom Festival in Shillong,
Meghalaya, takes place in mid-November
• The annual festival coincides with the actual blooming of
the Himalayan cherry blossom flowers.
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FESTIVALS OF TRIPURA

FESTIVAL MONTH DETAILS

Garia Puja April

Pilak Festival February/March Pilak Archaeological Site

Khayerpur, Old Agartala, West

Kharchi Festival July
Tripura

Every year in the month At Rudrasagar Lake, near

Neermahal Festival
of August and December Agartala

Kharchi Puja
– Originally began as a festival of the Royal Family of Tripura
– Hindu festival performed for 10
days in July or August
– Celebrated in honour of Lord
Shiva who had order the people
to worship 14 other deities
– These 14 deities housed in Puran
Haveli in Agartala
– People trek to this temple
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FESTIVALS OF MIZORAM

Festivals in Mizoram rotate around the operations of Jhum. Kut are the traditional
festivals of Mizoram. Some of those important ones are:

Chapchar Kut
• A spring festival (March)
• Celebrated after the clearing of the forests for
jhum cultivation
• named after bamboo that has been cut and is
drying.

Mim Kut (Maize Festival)

• After the harvest of the maize crop is over (August-Sept)
Pawl Kut
greatest of all the festivals celebrated in the state of Mizoram. Celebrated once all
the harvests are over (December or January).

FESTIVALS OF MANIPUR

Sangai Festival
• Annual Cultural Festival in November.
• Started in 2010
• Named after State animal Sangai – brow
antlered deer found only in Manipur

Cheiraoba Festival (Manipuri New Year)

• Celebrated in April
• Worship of domestic deity ‘Sanamahi’

Heikru Hitongba
• a boat race celebrated in September
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Gang-Ngai
• Celebrated for five days in December/January,
• an important festival of the Kabui Nagas.

Lui-Ngai-Ni
• seed sowing festival of the Nagas in Manipur & Nagaland in February.

Yaosang (premier festival of Manipur)

• Celebrated for five days commencing from the full moon day of Phalguna
(February/March), Yaoshang is the.
• Yaoshang to Manipur is what Diwali in north India.

Kang Chingba (Ratha Yatra of Manipur)

• One of the biggest Hindu festivals in
Manipur
• Similar to Jagannath Puri Rath Yatra
• Enacts journey of Lord Jagannath
with brother Balabhadra & sister
Subhadra
• 8 day long celebration in July;
• Rath Yatra begins from Sri
Govindajee Temple in Imphal
• ‘Kang’ means massive chariot on which the idols are taken on yatra
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Organized
Name of Festival Purpose Held at
by/date

To promote a unique kind of

lemon fruit and support lemon
farmers. The festival was held
8th Kachai January 14,
under the theme of ‘Organic Manipur
Lemon Festival 2022
Kachai Lemon for Safe
Environment and Rural
Transformation’.

Celebrated by
‘Nata- To mark important occasions in
the Imphal,
Sankirtana’ person’s life such as from birth to
Government Manipur
Festival death.
of India

PRACTICE PYQ
In which of the following Indian states is the Lai Haraoba festival celebrated?
1. Karnataka
2. Goa
3. Kerala
4. Manipur
• Lai Haraoba means ‘Festivity of the Gods’ or merry making of Gods.
• observed by the Meitei community in the honour of Umang Lai deity of
the state.
• Meiteis are the majority ethnic groups of the state of Manipur.
• The community is spread across Assam, Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Myanmar and Bangladesh.
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FESTIVALS OF NAGALAND

• Hornbill Festival
– Major agricultural festival of Nagaland
– Begins on 1st December each year
– Attended by all major tribes in Nagaland

• Lui-Ngai-Ni Festival
– Post harvest festival Celebrate by Naga Tribes in Nagaland and
Manipur

• Sekrenyi
– By Angami tribe in February.

Tsukhenyie festival
• harvest festival of Chakhesang tribe in
March.

Aoleang
• harvest festival of Konyak tribe in April

Naknyulum
• by Chang tribe in July
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Mim Kut
• Post harvest festival of Kuki tribe, in January.

Tokhu Emong
• Post harvest festival of Lotha tribe, in November.

Tuluni
• Harmony festival by Sumi tribe during July

FESTIVALS OF NAGALAND
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FESTIVALS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH

• Siang River Festival (December)

• Ziro Festival of Music
• Dree Festival
• Solung
• Losar Festival – celebrated as Tibetan New Year.
• Murung of Apatanis
• Torgya Festival or Dung-gyur festival
• Reh of Idu Mishmi
• Mopin of Galos
• Chalo Loku
• Boori Boot
• Monpa Festival

Ziro Festival of Music

• Hosted by Apatani people in Ziro Valley
• Biggest and most happening outdoor
festivals in Arunachal Pradesh.
• This four-day festival is for all music lovers
to enjoy both international and local
music artists

Dree Festival
• fertility festival of the Apatanis held
annually on July 5.
• Unique feature: cucumber is distributed to
all attendees as a symbol of good harvest
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‘Solung’ festival Arunachal Pradesh

• SOLUNG is a socio-cultural festival

of the the Adi community
• The festival is celebrated in first
week of September every year

• Solung festival celebrated for

better and rich harvests
• `Solung` also called the `festival of refreshment`
• `Ponung` is the dance associated and organised with the Solung festival. It
is also known as `Solung-Ponung`.

To chases out evil spirits

Torgya 31st January 2022- Tawang Monastery,
which usher in diseases
Festival 1st February 2022 Arunachal Pradesh
and misfortunes.
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First in India
Females
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IN THE GOVERNMENT

1. First Woman President Pratibha Patil

2. First Woman Prime Minister Indira Gandhi

3. First Woman Governor Sarojini Naidu (Uttar Pradesh)

4. First Woman Chief Minister Sucheta Kripalani (Uttar Pradesh)

5. First Woman Union Minister Rajkumari Amrit Kaur (Ministry of

Health)

6. First Woman Speaker of Lok Sabha Smt. Meira Kumar

(15th Lok Sabha)

7. First Woman Actress to be a member of Rajya Nargis Dutt

Sabha

8. India's First full-time Woman Finance Minister

Nirmala Sitharaman
9. India's First full-time Woman Defence Minister

AWARD ACHIEVERS

10. First Indian Woman to get Nobel Prize Mother Teresa

(Nobel Peace Prize, 1979)

11. First Indian Woman to get Bharat Ratna Indira Gandhi (1971)

12. First Indian Woman Musician to get M. S. Subbulakshmi (1998)

Bharat Ratna
13. First Indian Woman to get Jnanpith Ashapoorna Devi (1976)
Award (Bengali Language)
14. First Indian Woman to get Booker Prize Arundhati Roy (1997)
Novel : “The God of Small
Things”
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15. First Indian Woman to get Amrita Pritam (1956)
Sahitya Akademi Award Sunehure (Poetry) in Punjabi
16. First Indian Woman to get Oscar Bhanu Athaiya (1983)
Award (55th Academy Awards for costume
design in the film “Gandhi”)
17. First Indian Woman to become Reita Faria (1966)
“Miss World”
18. First Indian Woman to become Sushmita Sen (1994)
“Miss Universe”
19. First Indian Woman to get Ashok Neerja Bhanot (1987)
Chakra (Awarded posthumously)

War Time Gallantry Awards: Peace Time Gallantry Awards:

• Param Vir Chakra, Mahavir Chakra, Vir Chakra • Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Shaurya Chakra

OFFICE HOLDERS
20. First Woman IAS Officer Anna Rajam Malhotra (1951)

21. First Woman IPS Officer Kiran Bedi

22. First Woman Chairperson of UPSC Rose Millian Bathew Kharbuli (1992-
1996)

JUSTICE DEPARTMENTS

23. First Female Supreme Court Judge Justice Fathima Beevi

24. First Female Judge in India
25. First Female High Court Judge Anna Chandy

26. First Female Advocate in India Cornelia Sorabji

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MILITARY DEPARTMENTS

27. First Woman Fighter Pilot of IAF Bhawana Kanth, Mohana Singh,
Avani Chaturvedi
28. First Woman Rafale fighter jet pilot Shivangi Singh
29. First Woman Air Marshal in IAF Padmavathy Bandopadhyay
(Padma Shri)
30. First Woman IAF Officer to go to war Gunjan Saxena (Kargil war, 1999)
31. First Indian Woman Flight Engineer Hina Jaiswal
32. First woman Flight Test Engineer Aashritha V Olety

33. First Woman Jawan in the Indian Army Shanti Tigga

34. First Woman Lieutenant General of Indian Army Dr. Punita Arora
35. First Woman Indian Army Officer to Lead BRO Major Aaina Rana
Unit
36. First Woman to be conferred with the Sword of Captain Divya Ajith
Honour prize by the Indian Army Kumar
37. First Woman to become Director General of Police Kanchan Chaudhary
(DGP) of a State Bhattacharya

Challenging the Limits

38. First Indian Woman to Climb Mount Everest Bachendri Pal

(1984)
First Female Amputee to scale Mount Everest
(India’s as well as World’s first)
First female amputee to climb Mount Vinson (the highest Arunima Sinha
39. peak of Antarctica) (2013)
She also climbed Mount Kosciusko (Australia), Mount Elbrus
(Russia), Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa), Mount Aconcagua
(South America)
40. First Indian Woman Mountaineer to scale the Seven Premlata
Continental Peaks Agrawal
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41. First Indian Woman to go to space Kalpana Chawla

42. First Indian Woman swim across the English Arati Saha (1959)
Channel
43. First Indian Woman to have walked across Sucheta Kadethankar
the Gobi desert (1600 km)
44. First Indian Woman to make a solo motorbike Roshni Sharma
trip from Kanyakumari to Kashmir

Sports

45. First Indian Woman to win a Medal at the Deepa Malik (2016)
Paralympics (Silver)

46. First Indian Woman to win a Paralympic Gold Avani Lekhara (2021)
First Indian Woman to win 2 Paralympic Medals

47. First Indian Woman to win a Grand Slam Title Sania Mirza
First Indian Woman to win a WTA Singles Event

48. First Indian Woman Cricketer to score a Century in Harmanpreet Kaur

T20 Internationals (2018)
49. First Indian to win a gold medal at the IAAF World Hima Das (2019)
Under-20 Athletics Championships nicknamed Dhing Express

50. First Indian Woman Shooter to win a Gold at the Rahi Sarnobat (2018)
Asian Games
51. First ever Woman to be appointed to the ICC GS Lakshmi (2021)
International Panel of Match Referees

IAAF: International Association of Athletics Federations

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MISCELLANEOUS
52. First Woman Driver in Indian Railways Surekha Yadav

53. First Indian Woman to fly an Aircraft

First Indian Woman to earn a Pilot’s License Sarla Thukral

54. First ever Woman pilot to cross the Atlantic Aarohi Pandit
Ocean and Pacific Ocean solo in a light sport
aircraft

55. First Woman Newsreader Pratima Puri

(in Doordarshan)
56. First Indian Woman President of the UN Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
General Assembly
57. First (Non-Indian) Woman President of INC Annie Besant (1917)

58. First Indian Woman President of INC Sarojini Naidu (1925)

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Hard work beats talent when

Talent doesn’t work hard!
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First in India
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History

1. First National Income • By Dadabhai Naoroji

calculation (Unofficial) • In 1867-1868
• Estimated per capita income to be Rs. 20
2. First National Income • National Income Committee headed by Professor PC
calculation (Official) Mahalanobis in 1949
• National Income of India was Rs. 8710 crore and Per
Capita Income was Rs. 225 in 1948-49
3. First Census (Unofficial) In 1872
• Lord Mayo
4. First Census (Official) In 1881
• By W.C. Plowden (Census Commissioner of India).
• Censuses undertaken uninterruptedly every ten years.

ISRO
5. First satellite (India + Russia) Aryabhata
• Launch date : 19th April, 1975
• Launch vehicle : C-1 Intercosmos
• Launch Site : Volgograd Launch Station
(Russia)
6. First Lunar Mission Chandrayaan 1
• Launch date : 22 October 2008
• Launch vehicle : PSLV - C11
• Launch Site : Satish Dhawan Space Centre,
Sriharikota
7. First Solar Mission Aditya-L1
• To be launched in 2022 by ISRO

8. First Multipurpose satellite INSAT-2A

built by India • Launch date : July 10, 1992
• Launch vehicle : Ariane 4
• Launch Site : French Guyana

9. First Educational Satellite EDUSAT / GSAT-3

• Launch date : September 20, 2004
• Launch vehicle : GSLV-F01
• Launch Site : SHAR, Sriharikota

INSAT: Indian National Satellite

GSAT: Geostationary Satellite
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Movies
10. First Silent Movie Raja Harishchandra
• In 1913
• Directed and produced by Dadasaheb Phalke

11. First Talkie Movie Alam Ara

• In 1931
• Directed by Ardeshir Irani

12. India’s First Coloured Movie Kisan Kanya

• In 1937
• Directed by Ardeshir Irani

13. First 3D Film My Dear Kuttichathan (Malayalam)

• In 1984
• Directed by Jijo Punnoose
• Later dubbed in Hindi as Chhota Chetan

National Park-Wildlife Sanctuary-Biosphere Reserve

14. First National Park Hailey National Park
• Established in : 1936
• Location : Uttarakhand
• Renamed as Jim Corbett National Park

15. First Marine Wildlife Sanctuary Established in : 1980

Location : Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat

16. First Marine National Park Established in : 1982

Location : Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat

17. First Biosphere Reserve Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

Established in : 1986
Location : Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka

Expressways & Railways

18. First passenger Train Bombay’s Bori Bunder station to

Thane
• 34 km
• In 1853
19. Hospital on Wheels Jeevanrekha Express / Lifeline Express
(Initiative by : Indian Railways + • Started running in 1991
Health Ministry + Impact India
Foundation)
20. India's First 6-lane wide expressway Mumbai to Pune
21. India's first 8-lane wide expressway Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway
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Miscellaneous
22. First Indigenous Submarine INS Kalvari (1967)

23. First Indigenous Aircraft INS Vikrant (2013)

Carrier Indian Ship • The name ”Vikrant” means "Courageous“
• Builder : Cochin Shipyard Limited

24. First UNESCO World Heritage Agra Fort (1983) in Uttar Pradesh
Site
Taj Mahal (1983) in Uttar Pradesh

Ajanta Caves (1983) in Maharashtra

Ellora Caves (1983) in Maharashtra

25. First Post Office Opened Calcutta General Post Office (1774)

26. First High Court Calcutta High Court (1862)

27. First Panchayat Nagaur, Rajasthan (2nd Oct, 1959)

28. First Lokayukta Office Maharashtra (1972)

29. First Atomic Reactor Apsara (1956)

By Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC)
30. First Atomic Power Station Tarapur Atomic Power Station in
Maharashtra (1969)

31. First dam Kallanai Dam

• Also known as the Grand Anicut
• On Kaveri river in Tamil Nadu

32. First News Paper Hicky's Bengal Gazette

33. First Classical Language Tamil (declared in 2004)

34. First Asian Games New Delhi in 1951

35. First Woman Court In Malda, West Bengal
• India's first special court to deal with crimes against
women
• All the staff and government lawyers are women

Six languages in India - Tamil, Telugu, Sanskrit, Kannada, Malayalam and Odia have been given the
status of classical language
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Miscellaneous
36. First State to implement Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh
MGNREGA (on 2nd February 2006)
37. Jana Gana Mana first time sung Calcutta Session of the Indian National
Congress (1911)
38. Vande Matram first time sung Calcutta Session of the Indian National
Congress (1896)
39. First Bank Bank of Hindustan (1770)
40. First Open University Andhra Pradesh Open University (1982
in Hyderabad)
(Renamed as B.R. Ambedkar Open University or
Telangana Open University)

MGNREGA: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.

NREGA Act passed in 2005
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Transformation doesn’t happen overnight.

It calls for persistence.
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FOLK
DANCES
IN INDIA
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LADAKH
• Jabro - Done by Changpas. Integral part of Losar (Tibetan New Year)
• Cham - Component of Buddhist celebrations in Ladakh
• Shondol - Royal dance of Ladakh; (Guinness book of world records as the largest Ladakhi
dance on the occasion of the annual Naropa Festival.)
• Spao, Koshan, Lharna, Surahi Dance

JABRO CHAM SHONDOL

JAMMU AND KASHMIR
• Rauf – by women folk of the Kashmir valley
• Damali/Dhambali - By men; Fading away except special occasions of few Sufi saints
• Dumhal - By men of Wattal tribe
• Hikat
• Hafiza, Kud, Mandjas

RAUF DAMALI DUMHAL

HIMACHAL PRADESH
• Charba - during Dussehra
• Chham - by Buddhist monks
• Thoda - based on martial arts, dance of archery
• Nati, Dangi, Chapeli, Jhora, Jhali, Jhamakhra
• Namgen

NATI DANGI
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UTTARAKHAND
• Bhotia Dance, Dandala, Chamfuli, Dhusaka and Dhurang, Badra Nati
• Chholia Dance - by boys and men at marriage processions
• Pandava dance - during Dussehra and Deepawali
• Tharu dance - to welcome newly-married couple
• Chanchari - related to Garhwal and Almora region
• Jhoda dance - specially during Holi
• Hurkiya baul - community dance during sowing season
• Shotiya, Langvir Nritya

Chholia Chanchari Pandava

PUNJAB
Bhangra
Giddha – Female counterpart of male bhangra
Jhoomar – by tibal Sikhs. Harvest dance. Movement of arms most important. Brought in India
by traders from Balochistan
Kikkli
Karthi, Sammi, Jindua, Dandass, Viyahula Giddha

Bhangra Giddha Kikkli

HARYANA
• Loor – by girls
• Phag – by agricultural folk
• Gugga – devotional – Gugga Pir
• Jhumar, Daph, Dhamal, Khoria
LOOR
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UTTAR PRADESH
• Raslila – around Radha Krishna and Gopis
• Nautanki, Kajri
• Dadra – semi classical form; popular in
coutesans of Lucknow region
• Charkula Raslila

MADHYA PRADESH
• Jawara – harvest dance, Bundelkhand region. Includes balancing Jawar basket on head.
• Matki – women solo dance – balancing earthen pots on head. Variants – Aada Nach, Khada
Nach
• Phul Pati – unmarried girls
• Grida, Charkula

Jawara Matki

RAJASTHAN
• Ghoomar – Initially by women of Bhil tribe
• Kalbeliya – moves similar to serpents. ‘Been’ popular instrument. Inscribed in 2010 on the
UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
• Terah Taali, Kachhi Ghodi, Chari, Gair, Kathputli, Neja, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Ghapal, Suisini,
Bhavai

Ghumar Kalbeliya Kachhi Ghodi

GUJARAT
• Garba – during Navratra; Garba
refers to ’Garbha Deep’ – earthern
pot with holes in which lamp is lit
and women dance around in a
circle
• Dandiya Ras – Sticks used; depicts
mock fight between Durga and
Mahishasur
Garba Dandiya Ras
• Bhavai , Tippani Juriun, Hudo
• Padhar dance
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MAHARASHTRA
• Lavani,
• Koli – by Koli fisher folk
• Lezim, Gafa, Nakata, Dahikala,
Dasavtar or Bohada
• Tamasha
Lezim Lavani

GOA
• Tarangamel – during Dussehra &
Holi. Use of rainbow like costumes
and colorful flags
• Fugdi – in Konkan region, during
festivals by women
• Dhangar – during Navratri
• Dekhni, Dhalo, Kunbi, Romta Mel,
Corredinho, Bhandap, Ghode
Modni, Ranmale, Goff, Dashavatara Fugdi Dekhni

BIHAR
Jat-Jatin – especially in Mithila region. Represents
affection and quarrel of married couple
Bidesia – on social evils
Jumari – similar to Gujarati garba
Fagua, Paniki, Bakho-Bakhain, Biraha
Sohar – on child birth
Jhijiya - for rain Jat-Jatin

JHARKHAND
Paika , Saraikella Chhau
Mundari Dance – usually to celebrate newly married, Mundari tribe
Damkach Jhumta, Damkach
Janani Jhumar – during cultivation
Mardana Jhumar – after harvest
Karam Naach – Kadam Tree worship, Chhota Nagpur Plateau
Jhika, Danga, Baroa
Jadopatiya

Mardana Jhumar Karam Naach Mundari Dance

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CHHATTISGARH
• Gaur Maria - men & women of Bison Horn Maria tribe. Imitates movement of Bison.
• Raut Naach – by Yadav community, during Diwali
• Panthi – by Satnami Community, devotees of Guru Ghasidas
• Saila, Sua, Gendi

Gaur Maria Raut Nacha Panthi

ODISHA
Chhau
• Sangeet Natak Academy recognises 8 classical dances,
while Ministry of Culture recognises Chhau dance also
in that list.
• Semi classical with martial, tribal and folk traditions
• Originates from Chhaya meaninig shadow. Vigorous
martial movements. Usually mask in used and based on
mythological stories. 3 main styles:
• Mayurbhanj Chhau – Odisha
• Saraikella Chhau – Jharkhand
• Purulia Chhau – West Bengal
• Got inscribed in UNESCO Representative List of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010

ODISHA

Paika – Martial folk dance of Southern Odisha. Word Paika signifies Battle
Danda-Jatra (Danda Nata) – one of oldest folk arts of India. Only by males. Pray Goddess Kali
and Lord Shiva during Danda period
Dalkhai – mostly during Dussehra
Munari, Savari, Ghumara, Jhumar
Nachni, Gotipua

Danda-Jatra Paika
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WEST BENGAL
• Gambhira, Kirtan Dance, Alkap,
Dhali, Jatra, Domni, Dhunachi,
Purulia Chhau
• Kalikapatadi, Nachni

Purulia Chhau Alkap

TELANGANA

• Perini Sivatandavam – typical war

dance by males
• Burrakatha/ Jangam Katha – dance
narration
• Chindu Bhagvatam
Perini Sivatandavam
• Dappu Nritya, Lambadi, Mayuri
• Gusadi – by Gondulu tribes
• Tholu Bommalata – shadow puppet
• Bathukamma

Lambadi

ANDHRA PRADESH
• Burrakatha/ Jangam Katha – dance narration
• Butta Bommalu – Butta means basket toys. Dancers wear toy like masks. West Godavari
district.
• Kolattam/ Kolannalu - Stick dance
• Andhra Natyam, Veera Natyam (veerabhadra)
• Mathuri – by Mathuri tribe of Adilabad district
• Garalu, Bathkampa (marriages), Bhamakalpam, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Dappubagham

Burrakatha Andhra Natyam

Kolattam
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KARNATAKA
• Yakshagana - traditional theatre form of dance drama based on mythological stories and
Puranas
• Dollu Kunitha – Kunitha means ritual dance. By shephard community called Kuruba
• Pata Kunitha – Mysore region. Religious dance by men. Use of long bamboo poles decorated
with ribbons (pata)
• Suggi Kunitha, Puja Kunitha (Bangalore)
• Veeragase, Bhootha Aradhane, Kamsale (Mysore)
• Bedara Vesha (Hunter dance), Bolak-aat

Yakshagan Kunitha

KERELA
Mudiyettu (मुडीयेट्टू )
• Ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala
• Based on mythological tale of a battle between the
goddess Kali and the demon Darika

UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible

Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010

युनेस्को की मानवता की अमूतत साांस्कृ ततक ववरासत

की प्रतततनति सूची

Mayilattam – Kerala & Tamil Nadu. Mayil means

peacock (peacock dance)
Kummi – Kerala & Tamil Nadu. By women during Mayilattam
Pongal & festivals. No music, dance on Rhythmic
clapping.
Kaikottikali – temple dance at Onam to celebrate
harvest
Padayani – martial dance in temples of South Kerala.
Padayani means rows of Infantry/soldiers. Dancers
wear huge masks (Kolam).
Kolkali-Parichakali – martial dance in South Kerala &
Lakshadweep. Kol- stick, Paricha – shield. Enact fight
sequence with mock weapons
Theyyam, Koodiyattam, Oppana, Ottam Thulal,Velakali Kummi
Thullal
Padayani
Margamkali (ancient Indian round dance of the St.
Thomas Christians community)
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TAMIL NADU
• Mayilattam, Kummi, Bommai Attam (Puppet Show)
• Thol Pavai Koothu – 400 year old art, Deerskin/goat skin puppets perform this dance
• Karakattam - Rain goddess Mariamman is praised
• Puliyattam (Tiger dance)
• Poikkal Kudirai Aattam (dummy horse dance)
• Kai Silambu Attam, Devaraattam, Parai Attam, Kavadi attam, Oyilattam
• Paampu attam (Snake dance)

Pavai Koothu Karakattam Parai Attam

PUDUCHERRY
Garadi dance : In this dance form, dancers make movements and postures of that of a monkey.

LAKSHADWEEP
Lava dance

SIKKIM
• Singhi Chham (Snow Lion Dance) – tribute to Kanchenjunga peak
• Chu Faat – Chu means snow range, Faat means worship
• Yak Chham, Richunma, Maruni

Singhi Chaam Yak Chham

ASSAM
• Bihu – men & women in group.
Rapid hand movement.
• Bagurumba (Butterfly dance) –
Bodo community
• Deodhani – worship of the snake
goddess Manasa
• Bhor Tal Nritya, Jhumur (tea
folks), Natpuja, Bichhua, Bihu Bagurumba
Hobjanai
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MEGHALYA
• Laho, Shad Suk Mynsiem, Baglaa, Nongkrem Dance, Wangala Dance (100 Drums)

Laho Nongkrem Wangala

TRIPURA
• Bijhu - Bijhu means 'Chaitra-Sankranti’-
denotes end of Bengali calendar year
• Garia – for happy harvest
• Lebang Boomani, Hojagiri, Hik-Hak Hojagiri

MIZORAM
• Cheraw Dance – very old, bamboo sticks used
• Zangtalam, Sarlamkai/Solakia, Chailam

Cheraw Dance
MANIPUR
• Thang Ta – Martial dance. Thang – Sword, Ta - spear
• Pung Cholom or Dhol Cholom (Drum Dance)
• Luivat Pheizak Dance
• Shim Lam Dance (fly dance)
• Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat

Luivat Pheizak Dance Shim Lam Dance Thang Ta Pung Cholom

NAGALAND
• Chang Lo (Sua Lua), Khamba
Lim
• Rangma (bamboo dance) – war
dance of Nagas
• Zeliang, Khaiva
• Aaluyattu Chang Lo Zeliang
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ARUNACHAL PRADESH
• Aji Lamu, Chalo, Hiirii Khaniing, Popir,
Ponung, Pasi Kongki, Rekham Pada, Roppi
• Bardo Chham, Ponu Yoksi, Lion & Peacock
Dance
Aji Lamu

Classical Dance Forms

List of Classical dances in India State of Origin

Kathak Uttar Pradesh
Odissi Odisha
Sattriya Assam
Manipuri Manipur
Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh
Mohiniyattam Kerala
Kathakali Kerala
Bharatnatyam Tamil Nadu

PYQ
Siddhendra Yogi, a doyen of the ______ dance form, was lauded as Adi
Guru.
1. Kuchipudi
2. Kathakali
3. Bharatanatyam
4. Kathak
Correct answer : 1. Kuchipudi

Which dance performed by Buddhists to ward off evil spirits, is a dance

form of Himachal Pradesh.
1.Chham
2. Natya
3. Dham
4. Gogra
Correct answer : 1.Chham
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PYQ
____ is a group folk dance of Sikkim performed in honour of Mount
Khangchendzonga, the guardian deity of the Sikkimese people.
1. Zo-Mal-Lok
2. Tendong Lo Rum Faat
3. Chu-Faat
4. Kinchum-Chu-Bomsa
Correct answer : 3. Chu-Faat

Which tribe of Pakistan performs a traditional dance form called 'Waziri

Dance'?
1. Sindhi
2. Baloch
3. Pashtun
4. Brahuis
Correct answer : 3. Pashtun

In which state is Ponu Yoksi, a sword-like instrument, used during

ceremonial dances performed by priests?
1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Himachal Pradesh
3. Arunachal Pradesh
4. Madhya Pradesh
Correct answer : 3. Arunachal Pradesh
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Statehood
Day of
Indian States
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State/Union Territory Statehood Day Formation
Tripura 21st January, 1972
Manipur 21st January, 1972
Meghalaya 21st January, 1972 • Meghalaya was carved out of Assam.
Uttar Pradesh 24th January, 1950
Himachal Pradesh 25th January 1971
Assam 26th January, 1950
West Bengal 26th January, 1950
• 2 Union Territories Dadra and Nagar
Dadra and Nagar Haveli &
26th January, 2020 Haveli and Daman and Diu were
Daman and Diu
merged to form one Union Territory.
Arunachal Pradesh 20th February, 1987 • Arunachal Pradesh was carved out of
Assam.
Mizoram 20th February, 1987 • Mizoram was carved out of Assam.

State/Union Territory Statehood Day Formation

Bihar 22nd March, 1912 • carved out of Bengal.
Rajasthan 30th March, 1949
Odisha 1st April, 1936 • carved out of Bengal.
Maharashtra 1st May, 1960 • carved out of Bombay State.
Gujarat 1st May, 1960 • carved out of Bombay State.
Sikkim 16th May, 1975
Goa 30th May, 1987
Telangana 2nd June, 2014 • carved out of Andhra Pradesh
• 29th and the youngest state
Previous : 01 Nov 1956
Tamil Nadu
Now : July 18
Jammu and Kashmir 31st October, 2019
Ladakh 31st October, 2019 • carved out of Jammu and Kashmir.

Tamil Nadu

• On November 1, 1956, Linguistic Reorganisation of States was done in the country following
which parts of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala went away from the then Madras State.
• So, the previous government had announced November 1 from 2019 as Tamil Nadu Day.
• Tamil Nadu observed its first formation day, 'Tamil Nadu Day' on November 1, 2019.
• MK Stalin announced that July 18 (when Tamil Nadu got its present name), should be the day
to be celebrated as the state’s formation day.
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State/Union Territory Statehood Day Formation
Puducherry 1st November, 1954
Andhra Pradesh 1st November, 1956 • The first State to be formed on
linguistic basis in the country on 1st
October, 1953.
• Andhra Pradesh was carved out of
Madras.
Karnataka 1st November, 1956 • Karnataka was carved out of Madras
Kerala 1st November, 1956 • Kerala was carved out of Madras
Madhya Pradesh 1st November, 1956
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1st November, 1956
Lakshadweep 1st November, 1956
Delhi 1st November, 1956
Haryana 1st November, 1966 • Haryana was carved out of Punjab
Punjab 1st November, 1966
Chhattisgarh 1st November, 2000 • Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya
Pradesh.

State/Union Territory Statehood Day Formation

Uttarakhand 9th November, 2000 • Uttarakhand was carved out of Uttar
Pradesh.
Jharkhand 15th November, 2000 • Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar.
Nagaland 1st December, 1963 • Nagaland was carved out of Assam.
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Year-wise
compilation
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State Statehood Day

Bihar 22nd March, 1912
Odisha 1st April, 1936
Rajasthan 30th March, 1949
Uttar Pradesh 24th January, 1950
Assam 26th January, 1950
West Bengal 26th January, 1950
Andhra Pradesh 1st November, 1956
Karnataka 1st November, 1956
Kerala 1st November, 1956
Madhya Pradesh 1st November, 1956
Previous : 01 Nov 1956
Tamil Nadu
Now : July 18

State Statehood Day

Maharashtra 1st May, 1960
Gujarat 1st May, 1960
Nagaland 1st December, 1963
Haryana 1st November, 1966
Punjab 1st November, 1966
Himachal Pradesh 25th January 1971
Tripura 21st January, 1972
Manipur 21st January, 1972
Meghalaya 21st January, 1972
Sikkim 16th May, 1975

State Statehood Day

Arunachal Pradesh 20th February, 1987
Mizoram 20th February, 1987
Goa 30th May, 1987
Chhattisgarh 1st November, 2000
Uttarakhand 9th November, 2000
Jharkhand 15th November, 2000
Telangana 2nd June, 2014
• 29th and the
youngest state in
Union of India.
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Union Territory Foundation Day
Puducherry 1st November, 1954
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1st November, 1956
Lakshadweep 1st November, 1956
Delhi 1st November, 1956
Chandigarh 1st November, 1966
Jammu and Kashmir 31st October, 2019
Ladakh 31st October, 2019
Dadra and Nagar Haveli & Daman and Diu 26th January, 2020
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FAMOUS ANCIENT
BOOKS & AUTHORS
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S. NO. BOOK AUTHOR
1. Malavikagnimitram
2. Ritu Samhara
3. Meghdootam
Kalidasa
4. Raghuvamsam
5. Abhigyan Shakuntalam
6. Kumārasaṃbhavam
7. Vikramōrvaśīyam
8. Arthashastra Chanakya / Kautilya / Vishnugupta
9. Mudrarakshasha Vishakhadutta
10. Debichandraguptam

S. NO. BOOK AUTHOR

11. Pancha-Siddhantika Varāhamihira
12. Brihat-Samhita
13. Brihat Jataka
14. Panchatantra Vishnu Sharma
15. Hitopadesha
16. Brahmasphuṭasiddhanta Brahmagupta
17. Ashtadhyayi Panini
18. Saundarananda Ashvaghosha
19. Buddhacharita
20. Sutralankara

S. NO. BOOK AUTHOR

21. Parishishtaparvan Hemachandra
22. Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Nagarjuna
23. Kama Sutra Vātsyāyana
24. Rajatarangini Kalhana
25. Mrichchhakatika Shudraka
26. Sushruta Samhita Sushruta
27. Amarakosha Amarasimha
28. Brihat Katha Gunadhya
29. Gathasaptasati / Sattasai Hala Satavahana
30. Kalpasutra Bhadrabahu
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S. NO. BOOK AUTHOR
31. Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi Firoz Shah Tughlaq
32. Tuzuk-e-Babari Babar
33. Babur-nama Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan
34. Humayun-nama Gulbadan Begum
35. Tarikh-i-Shershahi Abbas Khan Sarwani
36. Akbarnama Abul Fazl
37. Ain-i-Akbari Abul Fazl
38. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri / Jahangir-nama Jahangir
39. Khetakautukam Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan
40. Dwatrimshadyogavali

SL. NO. BOOK AUTHOR

41. Ramacharitmanas Tulsidas
42. Kavitawali
43. Gitawali
44. Sur Sagar Sur Das
45. Sur Saravali
46. Mahabhasya Patanjali
47. Nitisara Kamandaka
48. Harshacharita Banabhatta
49. Kadambari
50. Padmavat Malik Muhammad Jayasi

SL. NO. BOOK AUTHOR

51. Natyashastra Bharata
52. Aihole Inscription Ravikirti
53. Ratnavali Harshavardhana
54. Nagananda
55. Priyadarsika
56. Gitagovinda Jayadeva
57. Sangeeta Sara Tansen
58. Sutya Siddhant Aryabhata
59. Aryabhatia / Aryabhatiyam
60. Dashgeetika
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SL. NO. BOOK AUTHOR
61. Lilavati Bhaskara II
62. The Rihla Ibn Battuta
63. Badshahnama/Padshahnama Abdul Hamid Lahori
64. Prithviraj Raso Chand Bardai
65. Pavanaduta Dhoyin
66. Aryasaptasati Govardhana
67. Tughlaq-nama Amir Khusrau
68. Indica Megasthenes
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HISTORICAL
MONUMENTS
OF INDIA
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Jammu and Kashmir
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Charar-E-Sharif Budgam, Jammu and Zain-ul-Abidin -
Kashmir

Ladakh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Leh Palace Leh, Ladakh Sengge Namgyal also known as Lachen
(17th-century Namgyal Palkar Palace
dynasty King of Ladakh)
Mulbekh Kargil, Ladakh The students of great
Monastery Tibetan scholar Lotsawa
Rinchen Zangpo

Delhi
Monuments Built by Remarks

Feroz Shah Kotla Feroz Shah Tughlaq

Jama Masjid Shah Jahan • one of the largest

mosques in India.

Khirki Masjid Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah

(vazir of Feroz Shah Tughlaq)

Tughlaqabad Fort Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq

India Gate Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens • It was formerly known

as the All India War
Memorial.
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.

Monuments Built by Remarks

Purana Qila Construction began by • one of the oldest forts
Humayun and completed by in Delhi.
Sher Shah Suri
Qutub Minar Construction began by • UNESCO World
Qutubuddin Aibak and Heritage Site.
completed by Iltutmish • named after Khwaja
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar
Kaki (a sufi saint).

Humayun’s Tomb - • UNESCO World Heritage

Site since 1993.
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Delhi
Monuments Built by Remarks
Red Fort Shah Jahan • It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 2007.
Moti Masjid Aurangzeb • It is located within the Red Fort
complex.
Rashtrapati British Govt. • It is the official residence of the
Bhavan President of India.
• Current tenants : Ram Nath Kovind
(President of India) Savita Kovind (First
Lady of India)
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.

Uttar Pradesh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Agra Fort Agra Akbar • It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site since 1983.
Aram Bagh Agra Babur • It is the oldest Mughal Garden
in India.
Bada Imambara Lucknow Asaf-ud-daula • This imambara is the second
largest after the Nizamat
Imambara (Murshidabad, WB).
Chhota Imambara Lucknow Muhammad Ali
Shah
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Sati Burj Mathura Raja Bhagwan
Das
Deewan-E- Agra fort Shah Jahan • It was also known as the Shah Mahal.
Khas
Moti Masjid Agra Shah Jahan • within the Agra Fort complex.
Taj Mahal Agra Shah Jahan • ivory-white marble mausoleum on
the right bank of the river Yamuna.
• Tomb of Shah Jahan’s favourite wife,
Mumtaz Mahal.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 1983.
• It is one of the New 7 Wonders of the
World.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Uttar Pradesh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Fatehpur Sikri Agra, Uttar Akbar • Fatehpur Sikri is a town in
Pradesh the Agra District of Uttar
Pradesh
• UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 1986
Jama Masjid Agra, Uttar Akbar • It is a mosque in the Fatehpur
Pradesh Sikri in Uttar Pradesh
Buland Agra, Uttar Akbar (to • It means Door of Victory
Darwaza Pradesh commemorate • It is the entrance to Fatehpur
his victory over Sikri's Jama Masjid
Gujarat)

Bihar

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Nalanda Mahavihara Nalanda district, King Kumaragupta • UNESCO World
Bihar I Heritage Site
since 2016.

Pathar Ki Masjid Patna, Bihar Parviz Mirza (son

of Jahangir)
Sher Shah’s Tomb Sasaram, Bihar Designed by the
architect Aliwal
Khan

Rajasthan
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Adhai Din Ka Ajmer Qutubuddin • The word 'adhai' means two and a
Jhonpra Aibak half in Hindi and it is said that the
mosque was constructed in two and
a half days.
• It was designed by Abu Bakr of
Herat.
Ajmer Sharif Ajmer Humayun • It is the tomb of Khwaja Moin-ud-
Dargah din Chishti (the Sufi saint from
Persia).
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Rajasthan
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Hawa Mahal Jaipur Sawai Pratap
Singh
Nahargarh Fort Jaipur Sawai Jai Singh Sawai Jai Singh or Jai Singh II
Jaigarh Fort Jaipur Sawai Jai Singh
Vijaya Stambha Chittorgarh Rana Kumbha of to commemorate his victory over the
Mewar combined armies of Malwa and
Gujarat sultanates led by Mahmud
Khalji
Lohagarh Fort Bharatpur Raja Surajmal
Singh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Mehrangarh Fort Jodhpur Rao Jodha
Lake Palace Udaipur Maharana Jagat • located amidst the Lake Pichola.
Singh II • formally known as Jag Niwas.
• now transformed into a luxury
hotel.

• In the early 18th century, Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur constructed five Jantar
Mantar in total, in New Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura and Varanasi; they were
completed between 1724 and 1735.
• Jaipur Jantar Mantar is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2010.

Gujarat

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Rani ki Vav Patan Chalukya • It is a UNESCO World Heritage
rulers Site since 2014.
• It is inscripted on the back side of
the new Rs. 100 currency note
issued by RBI.
• On the banks of Saraswati River.

Champaner- Panchmahal • UNESCO World Heritage Site

Pavagarh since 2004.
Archaeological Park
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Gujarat
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Laxmi Vilas Vadodara • Maharaja Sayajirao • the largest private
Palace Gaekwad III home built till date
• Architect : Major Charles and four times the
Mant size of Buckingham
Palace
Haji Pir Dargah Kutch • The Dargah is
dedicated to a
Muslim saint Hajipir.

Maharashtra

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Ajanta Caves Aurangabad • There are a total of 29 caves.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site since 1983.
Ellora Caves Aurangabad • It is a group of 34 monasteries
and temples.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site since 1983.
Bibi Ka Maqbara Aurangabad Aurangzeb • It was built in the memory of
Aurangzeb’s wife Dilras Banu
Begum.

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Elephanta Cave Elephanta Rashtrakuta • It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Island, Raigarh rulers Site since 1987.

Gateway of India Mumbai British Govt. • to commemorate the landing

of King George V and Queen
Mary at Apollo Bunder on
their visit to India in 1911.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Mumbai Designed by • formerly known as Victoria

Terminus Frederick Terminus.
William Stevens • UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 2004.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Madhya Pradesh

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Bhimbetka Rock Raisen • It exhibits the earliest traces of human

Shelters life in India and evidence of Stone Age.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
(2003).
• It consists of seven hills and over 750
rock shelters distributed over 10 km

Jahangir Mahal Orchha Bir Singh • This palace is the symbol of friendship
Deo between the Bir Singh Deo and
Jahangir.
• During the first visit of Jahangir in
Orchha, this palace was built in his
honor
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Sanchi Stupa Sanchi Town in Raisen Ashoka • UNESCO World Heritage
Sites since 1989.
Gwalior Fort Gwalior Man Singh Tomar
Jai Vilas Gwalior Jayajirao Scindia
Mahal
Taj-ul Masjid Bhopal Sultan Shah Jehan • It means “Crown of
Begum of Bhopal Mosques”
• It is the largest
mosque in India and one
of the largest mosques in
Asia

West Bengal

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Victoria Memorial Kolkata British Govt. • It is dedicated to the memory
Hall of Empress Victoria.

Shaheed Minar Kolkata Designed by J. • Built-in 1848 to honor Sir

P. Parker David Ochterlony.
• It was later dedicated to
Indian freedom fighters.
Nizamat Murshidabad Nawab Siraj ud- • It is the largest imambara in
Imambara Daulah India.
• It is frequently mentioned as
the largest imambara in the
world.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Telangana
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Char - Minar Hyderabad Quli Qutub • It has been officially incorporated as
Shah the Emblem of Telangana for the state
of Telangana.
Makka Masjid Hyderabad Quli Qutub • It is one of the largest and important
Shah mosque in India.
• The name is derived from the Grand
Mosque in Mecca on which it is
modeled.
Golconda Fort Hyderabad
Falaknuma Hyderabad Nawab Sir Falak-numa means "Like the Sky" or
Palace Viqar-ul-Umra "Mirror of Sky" in Urdu.

Karnataka

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Lal Bagh Bengaluru Hyder Ali
Gol Gumbaz Vijayapura Architect Yaqut • It is the mausoleum (tomb) of the
of Dabul king Mohammed Adil Shah.
• It is considered the ‘Taj of the
south’.
• It is one of the largest domes ever
built.
Mysore Palace Mysore Designed by
Henry Irwin
Group of Vijayanagara • UNESCO World Heritage Site since
Monuments at 2012
Hampi

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Lord Vindhyagiri Hill, Chamundaraya • It is one of the tallest monolithic
Gometeshwara Shravanbelagol statues in the world.
Statue a • It is carved out of a single block of
granite.
• Height : 18 m
• It is visible up to 30 km away.
• It is dedicated to the Jain figure
Bahubali.
• It symbolises the Jain precepts of
peace, non-violence, sacrifice of
worldly affairs, and simple living.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Kerala

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Bolgatty Palace Bolgatty Dutch traders • It is one of the oldest
Island in Kochi existing Dutch palaces
outside Holland.
Anchuthengu Fort Kerala • The fort was the East
India Company's first
permanent post on the
Malabar Coast.

Bekal Fort Bekal, Kerala Shivappa • It is the largest fort in

Nayaka Kerala.

Goa
Monuments Remarks

Basilica of Bom Jesus • UNESCO as a World Heritage Site since 1986.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Cellular Jail Port Blair, Britishers • It is also known as Kala Pani or
Andaman Black Water.
• The prison was used by the
British government for the
purpose of exiling political
prisoners to the remote
archipelago.

“Optimism is the one quality more associated with

success and happiness than any other.”- Brian
Tracy
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

HISTORICAL
MONUMENTS
OF INDIA
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Jammu and Kashmir
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Charar-E-Sharif Budgam, Jammu and Zain-ul-Abidin -
Kashmir

Ladakh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Leh Palace Leh, Ladakh Sengge Namgyal also known as Lachen
(17th-century Namgyal Palkar Palace
dynasty King of Ladakh)
Mulbekh Kargil, Ladakh The students of great
Monastery Tibetan scholar Lotsawa
Rinchen Zangpo

Delhi
Monuments Built by Remarks

Feroz Shah Kotla Feroz Shah Tughlaq

Jama Masjid Shah Jahan • one of the largest

mosques in India.

Khirki Masjid Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah

(vazir of Feroz Shah Tughlaq)

Tughlaqabad Fort Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq

India Gate Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens • It was formerly known

as the All India War
Memorial.
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.

Monuments Built by Remarks

Purana Qila Construction began by • one of the oldest forts
Humayun and completed by in Delhi.
Sher Shah Suri
Qutub Minar Construction began by • UNESCO World
Qutubuddin Aibak and Heritage Site.
completed by Iltutmish • named after Khwaja
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar
Kaki (a sufi saint).

Humayun’s Tomb - • UNESCO World Heritage

Site since 1993.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Delhi
Monuments Built by Remarks
Red Fort Shah Jahan • It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 2007.
Moti Masjid Aurangzeb • It is located within the Red Fort
complex.
Rashtrapati British Govt. • It is the official residence of the
Bhavan President of India.
• Current tenants : Ram Nath Kovind
(President of India) Savita Kovind (First
Lady of India)
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.

Uttar Pradesh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Agra Fort Agra Akbar • It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site since 1983.
Aram Bagh Agra Babur • It is the oldest Mughal Garden
in India.
Bada Imambara Lucknow Asaf-ud-daula • This imambara is the second
largest after the Nizamat
Imambara (Murshidabad, WB).
Chhota Imambara Lucknow Muhammad Ali
Shah
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Sati Burj Mathura Raja Bhagwan
Das
Deewan-E- Agra fort Shah Jahan • It was also known as the Shah Mahal.
Khas
Moti Masjid Agra Shah Jahan • within the Agra Fort complex.
Taj Mahal Agra Shah Jahan • ivory-white marble mausoleum on
the right bank of the river Yamuna.
• Tomb of Shah Jahan’s favourite wife,
Mumtaz Mahal.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 1983.
• It is one of the New 7 Wonders of the
World.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Uttar Pradesh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Fatehpur Sikri Agra, Uttar Akbar • Fatehpur Sikri is a town in
Pradesh the Agra District of Uttar
Pradesh
• UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 1986
Jama Masjid Agra, Uttar Akbar • It is a mosque in the Fatehpur
Pradesh Sikri in Uttar Pradesh
Buland Agra, Uttar Akbar (to • It means Door of Victory
Darwaza Pradesh commemorate • It is the entrance to Fatehpur
his victory over Sikri's Jama Masjid
Gujarat)

Bihar

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Nalanda Mahavihara Nalanda district, King Kumaragupta • UNESCO World
Bihar I Heritage Site
since 2016.

Pathar Ki Masjid Patna, Bihar Parviz Mirza (son

of Jahangir)
Sher Shah’s Tomb Sasaram, Bihar Designed by the
architect Aliwal
Khan

Rajasthan
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Adhai Din Ka Ajmer Qutubuddin • The word 'adhai' means two and a
Jhonpra Aibak half in Hindi and it is said that the
mosque was constructed in two and
a half days.
• It was designed by Abu Bakr of
Herat.
Ajmer Sharif Ajmer Humayun • It is the tomb of Khwaja Moin-ud-
Dargah din Chishti (the Sufi saint from
Persia).
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Rajasthan
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Hawa Mahal Jaipur Sawai Pratap
Singh
Nahargarh Fort Jaipur Sawai Jai Singh Sawai Jai Singh or Jai Singh II
Jaigarh Fort Jaipur Sawai Jai Singh
Vijaya Stambha Chittorgarh Rana Kumbha of to commemorate his victory over the
Mewar combined armies of Malwa and
Gujarat sultanates led by Mahmud
Khalji
Lohagarh Fort Bharatpur Raja Surajmal
Singh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Mehrangarh Fort Jodhpur Rao Jodha
Lake Palace Udaipur Maharana Jagat • located amidst the Lake Pichola.
Singh II • formally known as Jag Niwas.
• now transformed into a luxury
hotel.

• In the early 18th century, Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur constructed five Jantar
Mantar in total, in New Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura and Varanasi; they were
completed between 1724 and 1735.
• Jaipur Jantar Mantar is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2010.

Gujarat

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Rani ki Vav Patan Chalukya • It is a UNESCO World Heritage
rulers Site since 2014.
• It is inscripted on the back side of
the new Rs. 100 currency note
issued by RBI.
• On the banks of Saraswati River.

Champaner- Panchmahal • UNESCO World Heritage Site

Pavagarh since 2004.
Archaeological Park
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Gujarat
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Laxmi Vilas Vadodara • Maharaja Sayajirao • the largest private
Palace Gaekwad III home built till date
• Architect : Major Charles and four times the
Mant size of Buckingham
Palace
Haji Pir Dargah Kutch • The Dargah is
dedicated to a
Muslim saint Hajipir.

Maharashtra

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Ajanta Caves Aurangabad • There are a total of 29 caves.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site since 1983.
Ellora Caves Aurangabad • It is a group of 34 monasteries
and temples.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site since 1983.
Bibi Ka Maqbara Aurangabad Aurangzeb • It was built in the memory of
Aurangzeb’s wife Dilras Banu
Begum.

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Elephanta Cave Elephanta Rashtrakuta • It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Island, Raigarh rulers Site since 1987.

Gateway of India Mumbai British Govt. • to commemorate the landing

of King George V and Queen
Mary at Apollo Bunder on
their visit to India in 1911.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Mumbai Designed by • formerly known as Victoria

Terminus Frederick Terminus.
William Stevens • UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 2004.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Madhya Pradesh

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Bhimbetka Rock Raisen • It exhibits the earliest traces of human

Shelters life in India and evidence of Stone Age.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
(2003).
• It consists of seven hills and over 750
rock shelters distributed over 10 km

Jahangir Mahal Orchha Bir Singh • This palace is the symbol of friendship
Deo between the Bir Singh Deo and
Jahangir.
• During the first visit of Jahangir in
Orchha, this palace was built in his
honor
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Sanchi Stupa Sanchi Town in Raisen Ashoka • UNESCO World Heritage
Sites since 1989.
Gwalior Fort Gwalior Man Singh Tomar
Jai Vilas Gwalior Jayajirao Scindia
Mahal
Taj-ul Masjid Bhopal Sultan Shah Jehan • It means “Crown of
Begum of Bhopal Mosques”
• It is the largest
mosque in India and one
of the largest mosques in
Asia

West Bengal

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Victoria Memorial Kolkata British Govt. • It is dedicated to the memory
Hall of Empress Victoria.

Shaheed Minar Kolkata Designed by J. • Built-in 1848 to honor Sir

P. Parker David Ochterlony.
• It was later dedicated to
Indian freedom fighters.
Nizamat Murshidabad Nawab Siraj ud- • It is the largest imambara in
Imambara Daulah India.
• It is frequently mentioned as
the largest imambara in the
world.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Telangana
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Char - Minar Hyderabad Quli Qutub • It has been officially incorporated as
Shah the Emblem of Telangana for the state
of Telangana.
Makka Masjid Hyderabad Quli Qutub • It is one of the largest and important
Shah mosque in India.
• The name is derived from the Grand
Mosque in Mecca on which it is
modeled.
Golconda Fort Hyderabad
Falaknuma Hyderabad Nawab Sir Falak-numa means "Like the Sky" or
Palace Viqar-ul-Umra "Mirror of Sky" in Urdu.

Karnataka

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Lal Bagh Bengaluru Hyder Ali
Gol Gumbaz Vijayapura Architect Yaqut • It is the mausoleum (tomb) of the
of Dabul king Mohammed Adil Shah.
• It is considered the ‘Taj of the
south’.
• It is one of the largest domes ever
built.
Mysore Palace Mysore Designed by
Henry Irwin
Group of Vijayanagara • UNESCO World Heritage Site since
Monuments at 2012
Hampi

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Lord Vindhyagiri Hill, Chamundaraya • It is one of the tallest monolithic
Gometeshwara Shravanbelagol statues in the world.
Statue a • It is carved out of a single block of
granite.
• Height : 18 m
• It is visible up to 30 km away.
• It is dedicated to the Jain figure
Bahubali.
• It symbolises the Jain precepts of
peace, non-violence, sacrifice of
worldly affairs, and simple living.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Kerala

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Bolgatty Palace Bolgatty Dutch traders • It is one of the oldest
Island in Kochi existing Dutch palaces
outside Holland.
Anchuthengu Fort Kerala • The fort was the East
India Company's first
permanent post on the
Malabar Coast.

Bekal Fort Bekal, Kerala Shivappa • It is the largest fort in

Nayaka Kerala.

Goa
Monuments Remarks

Basilica of Bom Jesus • UNESCO as a World Heritage Site since 1986.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Cellular Jail Port Blair, Britishers • It is also known as Kala Pani or
Andaman Black Water.
• The prison was used by the
British government for the
purpose of exiling political
prisoners to the remote
archipelago.

“Optimism is the one quality more associated with

success and happiness than any other.”- Brian
Tracy
Search on TG: @apna_pdf
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Nobel Prize
• Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist most
famously known for the invention of dynamite.
• The Nobel Prizes began in 1901.
• The Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology
or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

• In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) funded the establishment of the Prize in
Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.
• The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, began in 1969.
• The prize ceremonies take place annually.
• Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective
fields.

Facts on Nobel Prize

• Frederick Sanger is the only laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice, in
1958 and 1980.
• Linus Pauling is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes – the 1954
Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize.
• In 2014, Malala Yousafzai became the youngest Nobel laureate to win the Nobel Peace Prize, at the
age of 17

2021 Nobel Prize Winners

Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Literature
1. Syukuro Manabe 1. Abdulrazak Gurnah
2. Klaus Hasselmann
Nobel Peace Prize
3. Giorgio Parisi
1. Maria Ressa
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2. Dmitry Muratov
1. Benjamin List Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences
2. David W.C. MacMillan
1. David Card
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2. Joshua D. Angrist
1. David Julius 3. Guido W. Imbens
2. Ardem Patapoutian
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Abel Prize
• Prize awarded annually to one or more outstanding mathematicians.
• The Prize is awarded by The Norwegian Academy of Science and
Letters.
• It is named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel
(Norway’s greatest mathematician throughout the times).
• It was specifically intended to give the mathematicians their own
equivalent of a Nobel Prize.

Abel Prize laureates 2003 (1st Edition)

JEAN-PIERRE SERRE

Abel Prize laureates 2021

AVI WIGDERSON
And
LÁSZLÓ LOVÁSZ

S. R. SRINIVASA VARADHAN is an Indian

American mathematician who won
Abel Prize in 2007.

Oscar Awards

• The Academy Awards are popularly known as the Oscars.

• These are awards for artistic and technical merit in
the film industry.
• The awards are an international recognition of excellence
in cinematic achievements.
• Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts
and Sciences (AMPAS).
• The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was
founded in 1927.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

1ST ACADEMY AWARDS : 1929

• The first Academy Awards ceremony was a May 16, 1929 at the Roosevelt Hotel's Blossom
Room with 270 attendees.

ACTOR ACTRESS
EMIL JANNINGS Best Picture
JANET GAYNOR
Film : The Last Command Film: Wings
Film : 7th Heaven

93RD ACADEMY AWARDS : 2021

Venue : Union Station Los Angeles and the Dolby Theatre at the
Hollywood & Highland Center

ACTOR IN A LEADING ROLE ACTRESS IN A LEADING ROLE

ANTHONY HOPKINS FRANCES MCDORMAND
Film : The Father Film : Nomadland

BEST PICTURE DIRECTING

NOMADLAND Chloé Zhao
Film : NOMADLAND

ANIMATED FEATURE FILM INTERNATIONAL FEATURE FILM

SOUL ANOTHER ROUND

Indian Oscar Awards Winners

BHANU ATHAIYA
• The First Indian to win the Academy Awards.
• It was THE 55TH ACADEMY AWARDS in 1983
• Film : GANDHI
• She won the award for COSTUME DESIGN

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and

Sciences awarded Satyajit Ray an Honorary
Award in 1992 for Lifetime Achievement.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Indian Oscar Awards Winners

In the 81ST ACADEMY AWARDS of 2009 :

• FILM : SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE

• A.R. RAHMAN won the Academy Awards for Music (original
score)
• “Jai Ho” in "Slumdog Millionaire" [Music by A.R. RAHMAN;
Lyric by GULZAR] won the Academy Awards for Music (original
song)
• RESUL POOKUTTY (along with Ian Tapp and Richard Pryke)
won the Academy Awards for Sound Mixing.

FACTS ON INDIAN MOVIES IN OSCARS

• The Indian documentary "Writing With Fire" is nominated for Academy Awards 2022. Film's
directors, Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh.
• It tells the story of the fearless journalists of Khabar Lahariya, India's only rural women's newspaper.
• As of 2021, only three Indian films—Mother India (1957), Salaam Bombay! (1988) and Lagaan
(2001)—have been nominated for the award.

Pulitzer Prize
• The Pulitzer Prize administration awards prizes across 22
categories in journalism and the art, within the United
States.
• It is administered by Columbia University.
• It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will
of Joseph Pulitzer.
2021 Pulitzer Prizes
 The New York Times
 Category : Public Service
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MEGHA RAJAGOPALAN (of BuzzFeed News)
 She is an an Indian-origin journalist
 She (along with two contributors) has won the Pulitzer Prize, 2021
 Category : International Reporting
 She won the prize for innovative investigative reports that exposed a vast
infrastructure of prisons and mass internment camps secretly built by
China for detaining hundreds of thousands of Muslims in its restive
Xinjiang region.

NEIL BEDI (of Tampa Bay Times)

• He (along with one contributor) has won the Pulitzer Prize, 2021
• Category : Local Reporting

Magsaysay Awards

• The Ramon Magsaysay Award is an annual award established to spread

former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in
governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism
within a democratic society.
• The foundation gives the prize to Asians achieving excellence in their field.
• The prize was established in April 1957. First awarded in 1958.
• It has six categories, five of which were discontinued in 2009:
• Government Service (Until 2008)
• Public Service (Until 2008)
• Community Leadership (Until 2008)
• Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts (Until 2008)
• Peace and International Understanding (Until 2008)
• Emergent Leadership (2001–)
• Uncategorized (2009–)

Recepient Country
Vinoba Bhave India
Robert McCulloch Dick Philippines
Mochtar Lubis Indonesia 1958 awardees
Mary H. Rutnam Sri Lanka
Chiang Mon-Lin China
Operation Brotherhood Philippines
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Recepient Country
Watchdoc Media Mandiri Indonesia
Roberto Ballon Philippines
2021 awardees Firdausi Qadri Bangladesh
Steven Muncy Southeast Asia
Muhammad Amjad Saqib Pakistan

Few Indian Ramon Magsaysay Awardees

First Indian to win the Award :
Vinoba Bhave in 1958 (the first edition).

First Indian citizen Female to win the Award :

Mother Teresa in 1962.
First Indian Female to win the Award :
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay in 1966.
Ravish Kumar won the award in 2019.

International Booker Prize

The International Booker Prize (formerly known as the Man Booker
International Prize) is an international literary award hosted in
the United Kingdom.
Each year, the prize is awarded to the best novel of the year written in
English and published in the UK and Ireland.

2021 Winner:
Book - At Night all Blood is Black
Author - David Diop
Translated by Anna Moschovakis
Published by Pushkin Press

World Food Prize

World Food Prize - international award recognizing achievements of individuals who have advanced
human development by improving the quality, quantity, or availability of food in the world. Started in
1987.
Presented by: World Food Prize Foundation, with various sponsor companies

2021 Winner :
Dr. Shakuntala Haraksingh Thilsted

the first woman of Asian ancestry to be awarded

the prize.
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Golden Peacock Environment Management Award 2021

Golden Peacock Environment Management Award is a prestigious award that was instituted by the
World Environment Foundation in 1998. The award encourages the corporates to enhance their
environmental performances.

Winner: Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)

For adopting various environmental measures - upgrading of pollution control
facilities, water conservation efforts with aim to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge,
efficient handling of different solid wastes, carbon sequestration through
afforestation, eco-restoration of mined out area and etc.

SAIL has received the award for three consecutive years.

PETA India’s Awards 2021

PETA Progressive Business Concept Award 2021 -

Meghalaya Environment and Forest Minister James Sangma for
promoting vegan pineapple leather.

‘Person of the Year’ 2021 by PETA India –

Alia Bhatt

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) - American animal

rights organization

Legion of Merit (LOM)

The Legion of Merit (LOM) is a military award of the United States Armed
Forces that is given for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the
performance of outstanding services and achievements.

In 2020 Prime Minister Narendra Modi was awarded LOM for “his leadership
in elevating the U.S.-India strategic partnership,”

‘UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards’ 2021

Nizamuddin Revival Project, India’s project on the holistic urban revitalisation of the
historic Nizamuddin Basti community, in New Delhi has won the UNESCO Asia-
Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation 2021.
Nizamuddin Revival Project won these awards under 2 categories:
Award of Excellence
Special Recognition for Sustainable Development.
The settlement around the tomb of Noted Sufi saint Hazrat Nizamuddin
Auliya, who settled in a Delhi village Ghiyaspur located on the tributary of
River Yamuna, is known as the Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti.
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Important Inventions
& Discoveries
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Radio Guglielmo Marconi
Telephone Alexander Graham Bell
Electricity Benjamin Franklin
Electric Light Bulb Thomas Edison
Thermometer Galileo Galilei
Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel
Rocket Engine Robert Goddard
Helicopter Igor Sikorsky
Dynamite Alfred Nobel
Nuclear Reactor Enrico Fermi
Refrigerator William Cullen

Airplane Wright Brothers

Television John Logie Baird
Typewriter Christopher Latham Sholes
Transistor John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William
Shockley

Fountain Pen Lewis E. Waterman

Air Conditioners Willis Haviland Carrier (1902)
designed the first modern air-conditioning
system

Elevator Elisha G. Otis (1852)

Electric Fan Schuyler Skaats Wheeler (1882)
Car/automobile Karl Friedrich Benz (1885)

Rubber: (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear

Radio waves: Karl Jansky

Neutron: James Chadwick

Atomic theory: (modern) John Dalton

Atomic structure Rutherford

Hydrogen Henry Cavendish
Helium Jules Janssen
Oxygen Joseph Priestley
Ozone Christian Schönbein
2
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Aspirin Dr. Felix Hoffman
Chloroform Sir James Young Simpson
Neon Lamp Georges Claude

Polio Vaccine Jonas Edward Salk

Stethoscope Rene Laennec

Vitamin A Frederick Gowland Hpokins

Pacemaker Rune Elmqvist

Vaccination Edward Jenner

Vitamin Casimir Funk
Simple microscope Anton van Leeuwenhoek
First test tube baby Robert Edward and Patrick Steptoe
Chromosomes Hofmeister
Cancer Hippocrates
Blood group Karl Landsteiner
(ABO group)
5 kingdom classification R. H. Whittaker
DNA Structure James Watson and Francis Crick

Penicillin Alexander Fleming

Hormone William Bayliss
Insulin Frederick Banting and Charles H. Best
Cell Robert Hooke
Anthrax vaccine Pasteur
Virus Dmitri Ivanovsky & Martinus Beijerinck

Mitochondria Kolliker
Nucleus Robert Brown

X-ray Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1895)

Laser Theodore H. Maiman (1960)
Evolution Charles Darwin
Bacteria Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
BCG vaccine Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin
(bacille Calmette-Guerin)
Radioactivity Henry Becquerel
Radium Madam Curie
Photo electric effect Albert Einstein
Transformer Michael Faraday
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria Dr. Robert Koch
that causes tuberculosis (TB)
Malaria parasite Sir Ronald Ross
Homeopathy Samuel Hahnemann
Computer Charles babbage (1833)
Designed the first mechanical computer. (father of the
computer)
Microsoft Bill Gates and Paul Allen (1975)
World Wide Web Tim Berners Lee (1989)
Internet Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf (1973)
Email Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (1971)
Shiva Ayyadurai (1978)
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IMPORTANT
NATIONAL
DAYS
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DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK
5th National Maritime Day Theme 2021 - ‘Sustainable Shipping beyond COVID-19’
April To commemorate the maiden voyage of the first Indian flag merchant
vessel ‘S.S.LOYALTY’ from Mumbai to London, on the 5th April ,1919.
14th AprilAmbedkar Jayanti to commemorate the memory of B. R. Ambedkar, the first minister of
Law and Justice of India and the Father of the Indian Constitution.

21st National Civil Service Day to commemorate the day when first Home Minister of Independent
April India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel addressed the probationers of
Administrative Services Officers in 1947 at Metcalf House, Delhi, he
referred to civil servants as the ‘steel frame of India’.
24th AprilNational Panchayati Raj Day (National Local Self-Government day) is the national day of Panchayati
Raj System in India celebrated by Ministry of Panchayati Raj . Dr.
Manmohan Singh declared the first National Panchayati Raj Day on 24
April 2010.

DATE DAY THEME/ REMARKS

May 11 National Technology Day Theme 2021 – “Science and Technology for a Sustainable
future”
India successfully tested Shakti-I nuclear missile at
Pokhran on this day.
May 16 National Dengue Day Dengue viruses (chikungunya too) spread through bites
of Aedes species mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti or Ae.
Albopictus)
May 21 National Anti-Terrorism Day Commemorates death anniversary of Rajiv Gandhi (21st
May, 1991)
May 21 National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday in May)

DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK

27 June Micro-, Small and Medium- MSME 2021: key to an inclusive and sustainable recovery
sized Enterprises Day
29 June National Statistics Day Theme 2021- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)-2: End
(Birth anniversary of Prof. P C Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and
Mahalanobis. ) Promote Sustainable Agriculture.
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DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK
1 JULY National Doctors’ Day/ National Doctor's Day is observed to honour the legendary physician
राष्ट्रीय डॉक्टर दिवस and West Bengal's second Chief Minister, Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy
1 JULY National CA Day/ To commemorate the establishment of ICAI (Institute of Chartered
नेशनल चाटट डट एकाउं टें ट्स Accountants of India)- the second largest professional body of
दिवस Chartered Accountants in the world.
1 JULY GST Day (National)/GST दिवस Observed every year to mark the roll-out of the historic tax reform
23 JULY National Broadcasting Day/ On this day in 1927, Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) began
राष्ट्रीय प्रसारण दिवस organized radio broadcasting from Bombay station.
24 JULY National Income tax day/ Income tax was introduced for the first time in India on July 24, 1860,
आयकर दिवस by James Wilson to compensate for the losses incurred during the
First War of Independence in 1857.
26 JULY Kargil Vijay Diwas To pay tributes to the heroes of Kargil War. In 1999, the Indian armed
forces defeated Pakistan’s attempts to capture strategic heights in
Kargil in ‘Operation Vijay’

DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK

7 Aug National Handloom Day To commemorate the Swadeshi Andolan that began in 1905 on
this very day.
8 Aug August Kranti Diwas On 8 August 1942 at the All-India Congress Committee session in
(Quit India Day) Bombay, Gandhiji had launched the 'Quit India' movement.
12 Aug National Librarian Day In remembrance of Dr S.R Ranganathan, who was
awarded Padma Shri for his valuable contributions to Library
Science
20 Aug Sadbhavana Diwas To commemorate the birth anniversary of India’s youngest Prime
Minister, Rajiv Gandhi
20 Aug Akshay Urja Day To create awareness about the importance of renewable
resources of energy
29 Aug National Sports Day To commemorate the birth anniversary of hockey legend Dhyan
(Rashtriya Khel Divas ) Chand, who won gold medals in Olympics for India in 1928, 1932
and 1936.
30 Aug National Small Industry Day

DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK

1 to 7 Sept National Nutrition Week Theme 2021- feeding smart right from start

6-12 Sept Food Processing Week By Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) under Azadi
Ka Amrit Mahotsav
9 Sept Himalaya Diwas Celebrated in Uttarakhand since 2015. Theme 2021 -
Contribution Of Himalayas And Our Responsibilities
11 Sept National Forest Martyrs Day Observed to commemorate the Khejarli massacre in 1730
involving Maharaja Abhay Singh and Bishnoi community in
Khejarli village in Rajasthan.
14 Sept Hindi Day (राष्ट्रीय द ं िी दिवस) On 14 September 1949, Hindi was adapted as official language
in India.
15 Sept Engineer’s day in India To commemorate the birth anniversary of the greatest Indian
Engineer, Bharat Ratna Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya
25 Sept Antyodaya Diwas To mark the birth anniversary of Pandit Deendayal
Upadhyaya. Antyodaya means uplifting the poorest of the poor.
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DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK
1 Oct National Voluntary Blood To recognise and commemorate the immense contribution made
Donation Day by Dr Jai Gopal Jolly (known as Father of Transfusion Medicine in
India)
2 - 8 Oct Wild life Week -

8 Oct Indian Air Force Day Was officially established on 8 October 1932. Motto - नभः स्पृशं
िीप्तम ् "Touch the sky with Glory" (Taken from Bhagavad Gita)
10 Oct National Post Day Postal service was introduced in India in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie.
India has 23 postal circles and 9 postal zones. 6-digit PIN Code
system was introduced in India in 1972
27 Oct Infantry Day Observed as a remembrance of the first military event of
independent India, when the Indian Army repelled the first
Pakistani attack on the Indian soil on October 27, 1947, in the
Kashmir valley.
31 Oct National Unity Day - Rastriya Ekta It was introduced by the Government of India in 2014. The day is
Diwas celebrated to mark the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhai Patel.

DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK

2 Nov National Ayurveda Day Theme 2021 –'Ayurveda for Poshan’
by the Ministry of AYUSH on the day of Dhanvantari Jayanti
(Dhanteras) since 2016.
7 Nov National Cancer Awareness Day The National Cancer Control Programme was initiated in 1975 to
provide cancer treatment facilities in the country.

9 Nov National Legal Services Day To commemorate the enactment of the Legal Services
Authorities Act 1987 & formation of National Legal Services
Authority of India (NALSA).
11 Nov National Education Day To commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad, the first Education Minister of the country.

14-20 National Cooperative Week The celebration is conducted and organized by the National
Nov Cooperative Union of India.

15 Janjatiya Gaurav Divas Birth anniversary of the legendary tribal freedom fighter,
Nov (Tribal Pride Day) Bhagwan Birsa Munda. Started in 2021

DATE DAY THEME

16 Nov National Press Day To acknowledge and honour the Press Council of India.

17 Nov National Epilepsy Day Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of brain characterized by recurrent
‘seizures’ or ‘fits’.
18 Nov National Sapper's Day The Corps of Engineers of the Indian Army are also called the
Sappers. Four pillars of the Corps are Combat Engineers, the
Military Engineering Services, the Border Roads Organisation and
the Military Survey of India.

19 Nov National Integration Day/ To promote peace, unity, and integration between all of the
Quami Ekta Divas different segments of society
Commemorates Indira Gandhi’s Birthday
26 Nov Constitution Day of India Also known as National Law Day.
On 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted
to the Constitution of India, and it came into effect on 26 January
1950.
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DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK
2 Dec National Pollution Control To raise awareness about the importance of pollution control and
Day educate people on how to prevent pollution.
Observed in remembrance of those who lost their lives in the Bhopal
Gas tragedy (methyl isocyanate leaked out of the Union Carbide plant
on night of December 2-3 in 1984).
4 Dec Indian Navy Day Swarnim Vijay Varsh (50 years of 1971 war)
To respect the Indian Navy's counter-attack in Operation Trident during
the Indo-Pakistan war in 1971.
7 Dec Armed Forces Flag Day Also the Flag Day of India - dedicated towards collection of funds from
people of India for the welfare of the Indian Armed Forces personnel.

It has been observed annually in India on December 7 since 1949

8-14 All India Handicrafts Week -
Dec
14 Dec National Energy Conservation The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), under Ministry of Power
Day spearheads the celebrations every year.

DATE DAY THEME

16 Dec Vijay Diwas Bijoy Dibos or Vijay Diwas or ववजय दिवस or Victory Day is
commemorated in Bangladesh and India, to observe India’s victory
over Pakistan in War of 1971 for the liberation of Bangladesh from
Pakistan.
18 Dec Minorities Rights Day in In 1992 National Commission for Minorities was set up by the
India Government of India.
22 Dec National Mathematics Day to recognise and celebrate the works of Indian mathematical genius
Srinivasa Ramanujan.
23 Dec Kisan Diwas Commemorates birthday of the 5th Prime Minister of India, Choudhary
Charan Singh, also a farmer's leader
24 Dec National Consumer Rights Theme - "Tackling Plastic Pollution”
Day the formation of this day was held in 1986 under Consumer Protection
Act.
25 Dec Good Governance Day birth anniversary of former-Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
(India) सुशासन दिवस Theme of Good Governance Week 2021 – “Prashasan Gaon Ki Aur”
26 Dec Veer Bal Diwas marks the day on which Sahibzada Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Fateh
Singh Ji (younger pair of Sahibzade), sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji,
attained martyrdom.

DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK

1 Jan DRDO Day Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
9 Jan NRI (Non-Resident Indian) Day The day commemorates the return of Mahatma Gandhi from South
or Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas Africa to Mumbai on 9 January 1915.
11- 17 National Road safety week Theme 2022 - “Sadak Suraksha – Jeevan Raksha”.
Jan
12-Jan National Youth Day Theme 2022 – “It's all in the mind”.
(Vivekananda Jayanti)
14-Jan Armed forces veteran day initially called Armistice Day. celebrated to honour the sacrifice of our
veterans in serving the nation.
Field Marshal KM Cariappa, the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the
Indian Armed Forces retired on 14 January 1953.
15-Jan Indian Army Day In recognition of Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa's (then a Lieutenant
General) taking over as the first Commander-in-Chief of the Indian
Army in 1949.
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DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK
16 Jan National Startup Day Started in 2022

19-Jan National Disaster Response National Disaster Management Authority is the parent body of
Force (NDRF) Raising Day the NDRF. Located at 12 different locations in the country, there
are 12 NDRF battalions.

23-Jan Parakram Divas Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Jayanti

24-Jan National Girl Child Day Started by the Ministry of Women and Child Development and
the Government of India in 2008

DATE DAY THEME

25-Jan National Tourism Day Theme 2022 - Rural and Community Centric Tourism
25-Jan National Voters Day Theme 2022 - ‘Making Elections Inclusive, Accessible and Participative’
to mark the Foundation day of Election Commission of India (1950)
30-Jan Martyr’s day or In 1948, Gandhiji was assassinated by Nathuram Godse. It is also observed
Shaheed Divas to pay homage to the freedom fighters who laid their lives for the
country's independence.
Shaheed Diwas is also observed on 23 March to honour the martyrdom of
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev & Rajguru in 1931.

DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK

1 Feb Indian Coast Guard Day The interim Indian Coast guard was established on 1 February 1977
to prevent sea-borne smuggling of goods which were hampering
India's domestic economy.
10 Feb National De-Worming Day Initiative of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, to make every
child in the country worm free. First round of NDD was conducted
in February 2015
12 Feb National Productivity Day Celebrated by the National Productivity Council (NPC) under
the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to promote productivity
culture in India.
12-18 Feb National Productivity Week Theme: “Self Reliance Through Productivity”

DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK

13 Feb National Women's Day Sarojini Naidu’s Birth Anniversary

nickname 'Nightingale of India' or 'Bharat Kokila'

18 Feb Taj Mahotsav Theme 2022 "Jashn-e-Virasat”

annual 10-day (from 18 to 27 February) event at Shilpgram in Agra.

24 Feb Central Excise Day Celebrated to commemorate the legislation of the Central Excise and Salt
Act on 24 February 1944.

27 Feb National Protein Day Theme – Food Futurism.

to create awareness about protein deficiency and encourage people to
include this macronutrient in their diet

28 Feb National Science Day Theme - 'Integrated Approach in S&T for Sustainable Future’.
to mark the discovery of the Raman effect by Indian physicist Sir C. V.
Raman, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.
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DATE DAY THEME/ REMARK
4th National Safety Day Theme 2022 - “Nurture young minds - Develop safety culture”
March National Safety Day was first observed on the foundation day of the
National Safety Council in 1972.

10th CISF Raising Day On this day, in 1969, the CISF was set up. It is directly under the Union
March Central Industrial Security Ministry of Home Affairs and its headquarters are at New Delhi. The
Force (CISF) objective of the CISF is - Better protection and security of industrial
undertakings in both government and private sectors in the country.

16th National Vaccination Day The first dose of the Oral Polio Vaccine was administered in 1995 on this
March date, under the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) Global Polio Eradication
Initiative which had begun in 1988.
18th Ordnance Factories Day The production of India’s oldest Ordnance Factory, which is at Cossipore of
March (India) Kolkata, was started on the 18th of March, 1802.The day is celebrated by
displaying the rifles, guns, artillery, ammunition etc in exhibitions all over
India.
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Indian Folk Paintings

& Folk Art

Folk Paintings
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Folk Art & Handicrafts

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Folk Art & crafts & Traditions

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Important International Organizations

The South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

• Headquarters: Kathmandu, Nepal (The Secretariat of the Association was
set up in Kathmandu on 17 January 1987)
• Secretary General: Esala Ruwan
Weerakoon (Sri Lanka)
• Established in: 8 December, 1985 (in
Dhaka)
• Members: 8 countries -
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka
• Role: To promote the welfare of people of South Asia, strengthen collective
self-reliance, promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various
fields, and cooperate with international and regional organizations.

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation

(BIMSTEC)
• Headquarters : Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Secretary-General : Tenzin Lekphell (Bhutan)
• Established in : 6 June, 1997, through the Bangkok declaration.
• Members : 7 countries - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, and Thailand.
• Role : Technological and economical cooperation among south Asian and
South East Asian countries along the coast of the Bay of Bengal.
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ABOUT BIMSTEC
BIMSTEC initially had four-members :
1. Bangladesh
2. India
3. Sri-Lanka and
4. Thailand

Myanmar joined BIMSTEC in 1997.

Nepal and Bhutan joined BIMSTEC in
2004.

Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

• Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia
• Secretary-General: Lim Jock
Hoi (Brunei)
• Established in: 8 August, 1967 (in
Bangkok, Thailand)
• Members: 10 countries - Brunei,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, the Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
• Role: An economic union, promotes intergovernmental cooperation and
facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational,
and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in
Asia.

ASEAN initially had 5 members :

• Indonesia,
• Malaysia,
• Philippines,
• Singapore and
• Thailand
• Brunei joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984
• Viet Nam on 28 July 1995,
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• Laos and Myanmar on 23 July 1997 and

• Cambodia on 30 April 1999 - making up what is today the ten Member
States of ASEAN.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

• Headquarters : Beijing, China
• Secretary General : Mr. Zhang Ming
• Established in : 2001
• Members: 8
(China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India and
Pakistan) ; India and Pakistan joined SCO as full members in 2017
• Official languages : Russian and Chinese.
• Role : Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance.
Largest regional organisation in the world in terms of geographical
coverage and population

BRICS
Established in : 2006
Members : Brazil, Russia, India, China, South
Africa
Initially 4 members - Brazil, Russia, India, and
China (BRIC)
South Africa was invited to join BRIC in December 2010. After that the group
adopted the acronym BRICS.
1st BRIC summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia on 16 June 2009.
13th BRICS summit was held in New Delhi, India on September 9, 2021.
The theme for India’s Chairship was ‘BRICS @ 15: Intra-BRICS Cooperation for
Continuity, Consolidation and Consensus’.
14th BRICS summit will be held in China in June, 2022.
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New Development Bank (NDB)

• Headquarters : Shanghai, China
• President : Marcos Troyjo
• Established in : 2015 (by BRICS countries)
• Formerly referred to as the BRICS
Development Bank.
• Role : It is an International organization jointly founded by the BRICS
Countries.

• Members : Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Bangladesh and United
Arab Emirates
• Bangladesh - Membership date : September 16, 2021
• United Arab Emirates - Membership date : October 4, 2021
• Egypt and Uruguay are prospective members.
• [Prospective members have been admitted by NDB’s Board of Governors
and will officially become a member country once they deposit their
instrument of accession.]

Group of Seven (G-7)

• Established in : 1975
• Members : Canada, USA, UK, France, Germany,
Japan and Italy.
• G8 :- Canada, USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan,
Italy and Russia.
• Role : The heads of government of the member
states meet at the annual G7 Summit. The major
purpose of the G-7 is to discuss and deliberate on international economic
issues. It sometimes acts in concert to help resolve other global problems,
with a special focus on economic issues.
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How did G7 become G8 and G8 become G7?

• The G-7 was known as the ‘G-8’ for several years
after the original seven were joined by Russia in
1997.

• The other nations of the group decided to suspend

Russia from the G8 and the group became G7 again
in 2014.

G-20
• Established in : 1999
• Members : The G20 (Group of
20) is an international forum
which includes 19 of the
world’s largest economies and
the European Union.
• Role : The Group of Twenty,
or G20, is the premier forum
for international cooperation
on the most important aspects
of the international economic
and financial agenda.

European Union (EU)

• Members : 27
• The EU has 24 official languages.
• Role : The European Union plays important roles in
diplomacy, the promotion of human rights, trade,
development and humanitarian aid and working with
multilateral organisations.
• European Union – Brexit : On January 31, 2020, the
United Kingdom (U.K) formally left the European Union. U.K is the first
country to leave the E.U.
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Commonwealth of Nations

• Headquarters : London, United Kingdom

• Head : Queen Elizabeth II
• Secretary-General : Patricia Scotland
• Members : 54 (including India)
• Role : The main goal of the Commonwealth
organisation is to improve the well-being of all Commonwealth citizens and
to advance their shared interests globally.

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

• Headquarters : Philippines
• President : Masatsugu Asakawa
• Vice President : Ashok Lavasa
• Established in : 19 December, 1966
• Members : 68 countries (including
India)
• Role : To provide prosperity, inclusivity, resilience, and sustainability to Asia
and Pacific along with eradication of poverty.

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

• Headquarters : Beijing, China
• President : Jin Liqun
• Vice-president : Urjit Patel
• Established in : 2016
• Members : 105
• Role : An international development bank with the stated goal of improving
social and economic conditions throughout Asia.
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World Economic Forum (WEF)

• Headquarters : Cologny, Switzerland
• Executive Chairman : Klaus Martin Schwab
• Established in : 1971
• Role : it is an international NGO of public-
private partnership. The Forum engages the
foremost political, business, cultural and other
leaders of society to shape global, regional and
industry agendas.

International Cricket Council (ICC)

• Headquarters : Dubai, United Arab Emirates
• Chairman : Greg Barclay
• Established in : Founded as the Imperial Cricket
Conference in 1909,
Renamed as International Cricket Conference in 1965
Renamed as International Cricket Council in 1989.
• Members : 106 member nations
• Role : The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the
international governing body of cricket.

Interpol - International Criminal Police Organization

• Headquarters : Lyon, France
• Secretary General : Jürgen Stock
• Established in : 1923
• Members : 195 member countries (including India).
• Role : It is an international organization that facilitates
worldwide police cooperation and crime control.
• It is world's largest police organization.
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International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

• Headquarters : Gland, Switzerland
• President : Razan Al Mubarak
• Director General : Dr Bruno Oberle
• Established in : 1948
• Role : The IUCN is a global union composed
of both government as well as civil society
organisations. Its aim is to encourage
international cooperation and provide scientific knowledge and tools to
guide conservation action.

Amnesty International (AI)

• Headquarters : London, United
Kingdom
• Established in : 1961
• Role : Amnesty draws attention to
human rights abuses and it
campaigns for compliance
with international laws and standards. It works to mobilize public
opinion to generate pressure on governments where abuse takes place.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

• Headquarters : Paris, France
• Secretary-General : Mathias Cormann
• Established in : 1961
• Members : 38
• On 25/05/2021 Costa Rica became 38th
member of OECD.
• Role : The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) is an international organisation that works to build better policies
for better lives.
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

• Headquarters : Vienna, Austria
• Established in : 1960
• OPEC had its headquarters in Geneva,
Switzerland, in the first five years of its
existence. This was moved to Vienna,
Austria, on September 1, 1965.
• Secretary General : Mohammed Sanusi
Barkindo
• Members : 13
• Role : To coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its
Member Countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to
secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to
consumers

Mr Haitham Al-Ghais of Kuwait will be appointed as Secretary General of OPEC,

with effect from 1 August 2022, for a period of three years.

UN & INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

UNDP FAO, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU,

UNEP UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WIPO,
UNFPA WMO, WHO, World Bank
UN - Habitat
UNICEF
• CTBTO • UNAIDS • UNIDIR
WFP • IAEA • UNCTAD • UNITAR
• IOM • UNHCR • UNSSC
• OPCW • UNOPS • UNU
• UNFCC • UNRWA
C • UN-WOMEN
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LAKES OF
INDIA
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LAKES
The low lying areas of the earth’s surface where water
accumulates from various sources

Types of Lakes
• Freshwater Lakes
• Saltwater Lakes
• Glacial Lakes
• Crater Lakes
• Artificial Lakes

Types of Lakes
Oxbow Lakes Lagoon
when meandering rivers is Shallow body of water separated
from a larger body by reefs,
cut-off from mainstream barrier islands, etc.

Lakes in India
• Largest Freshwater Lake – Wular (J&K)
• Largest Freshwater Lake in North-East India – Loktak (Manipur)
• Largest Brackish Water Lake/Lagoon – Chilika (Odisha)
• Largest Artificial Lake – Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar -reservoir of Rihand Dam (U.P. & M.P.)
• Largest inland Salt water Lake – Sambhar (Rajasthan)
• Longest Lake – Vembanad (Kerala) 96.5 km
• Highest Lake - Cholamu or Tso Lhamo (Sikkim) 17,487 feet (Gurudongmar Lake 2nd
highest – 17,100 feet)
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Ramsar Sites
• For conservation of wetlands – Convention (संधि) in Ramsar, Iran
• Adopted – 2nd Feb 1971; Came into force in 1975
• As on 2022 – 49 Ramsar Sites in India
• Montreux Record – Register of those Ramsar sites where ecological changes have
occurred or are occurring – Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) & Loktak Lake (Manipur)

JAMMU AND KASHMIR

• Wular Lake
• Dal Lake
• Anchar Lake
• Barinag lake
• Sheshnag Lake
• Nagin Lake (jewel in the ring)
• Vishansar Lake
• Mansar Lake – Ramsar Site
• Gadsar Lake (lake of fishes)
• Manasbal Lake

Wular Lake
 Largest fresh water lake in India
Bandipora district in J&K
 Fed by the Jhelum River
 Lake basin formed as a result of tectonic activity
The lake's size varies seasonally 30 to 260 km2
Ramsar Site since 23 March 1990

Dal Lake
Second largest in Jammu and Kashmir
 Named the Lake of Flowers, Jewel in the crown of Kashmir or
Srinagar's Jewel
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LADAKH

• Tsomoriri Lake : Ramsar Site

• Tso Kar Lake : Ramsar Site
•Pangong Tso or Pangong Lake

Himachal Pradesh
Suraj Taal Freshwater (High Altitude) Bhaga River inflow

Maharana Pratap Sagar (Pong Dam Lake) Freshwater Ramsar site

It has a floating
Prashar lake Holomitic (Freshwater)
Island
It is designated
Renuka lake Freshwater
as the Ramsar site
Ghepan Lake Freshwater
Kareri Lake Freshwater
Chandra Taal Freshwater

Holomictic lakes are lakes that have a uniform temperature and density from top to bottom at a
specific time during the year, which allows the lake waters to completely mix.

UTTARAKHAND
Roopkund Lake - Skeleton lake mystery lake - notable for
hundreds of skeletons at the lake's edge found in 1942
Bhimtal Lake - largest lake in Kumaon region
Nainital Lake – Nainital - lake district of India
Devtal Lake
Malatal Lake
Sattal Lake

UTTAR PRADESH
• Fulhar Lake
• Belasagar / Bela Taal

PUNJAB
• Harike Lake : Ramsar Site
• Kanjli Lake : Ramsar Site
• Ropar Lake : Ramsar Site
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HARYANA
• Surajkund
• Damdama Lake
• Badkhal Lake
• Brahma Sarovar
• Blue Bird Lake

RAJASTHAN
Sambhar Lake - India's largest inland salt lake – Ramsar site
Lunkaransar Lake (natural)
Pachpadra Lake (natural)
Nakki Lake
Rajsamand Lake
Balsamand lake
Dhebar Lake/ Jaisamand Lake (India’s 2nd largest artificial lake)
Pushkar Lake
Didwana Lake
Udai Sagar Lake

Gujarat
Nal Sarovar Natural freshwater Ramsar Site
Situated in centre of
Hamirsar lake Artificial
Bhuj
During 14th century by
Kankaria lake Artificial
Muhammed Shah II
Pilgrimage site for
Narayan Sarovar Artificial freshwater
Hindus
Thol Lake Artificial Ramsar Site

Maharashtra
• Shiv Sagar Lake
• Venna Lake – Mahabaleshwar
• Salim Ali Lake
• Lonar Lake (Lonar crater)
• Notified National Geo-heritage Monument
• Located at Lonar in Buldhana district, Maharashtra
• Was created by an asteroid collision with earth impact during the Pleistocene Epoch

The water of Lonar Lake turned into pink colour recently, due to the Haloarchaea microbes present
in the salty water.
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• Kabar Tal/ Kanwar Taal : It the first Ramsar site in Bihar.

ASSAM
• Deepor Beel : Ramsar Site
• Chapanala Lake
• Haflong Lake
• Chandubi Lake

ODISHA

• Chilika Lake
• Victoria Sagar Lake
• Anshupa Lake
• Kanjia Lake

Chilika Lake
 Ramsar Site
Largest brackish water lagoon in India
It is the largest coastal lagoon in India
Spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha state on the east
coast of India

MANIPUR - Loktak Lake

Ramsar Site, also under Montreux Record
Largest freshwater lake in North-Eastern India.
Also called the only floating lake in the world due to the floating Phumdis.
Located on this phumdi - Keibul Lamjao National Park- the only floating national park
in the world
Park is the last natural refuge of endangered Sangai (state animal of Manipur)

Phumdi Sangai
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Cholamu Lake/ Tso Lhamo - (Highest lake of India)

Gurudongmar Lake
Khecheopalri Lake
Tsongmo Lake
Samiti Lake
South Lhonak glacial lake

ANDHRA PRADESH

Pulicat Lagoon
Second largest brackish water lagoon in India
Between Andhra Pradesh & Tamil Nadu

Kolleru Lake
Freshwater Lake
Ramsar Site
Located between Krishna and Godavari delta

Artificially constructed;
Nagarjuna Sagar Andhra Pradesh
Krishna river

Telangana

Hussain Sagar Artificial Gibraltar rock-island

Badrakali lake Artificial lake
Osman Sagar Artificial (dam reservoir on Musi River)
Himayat Sagar Artificial lake
Pakhal Lake Artificial lake

Karnataka

• Shanti Sagar/Sulekere lake (artificial)

• Agara Lake
• Ulsoor Lake
• Bellandur Lake
• Pampa Sarovar
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•Vembanad Lake (Ramsar site)
•Ashtamudi Lake (Ramsar Site)
•Periyar Lake
•Sasthamkotta lake (queen of lakes) - largest freshwater lake in
Kerala. (Ramsar Site)
•Vellayani Lake
•Veli Lake
•Kuttanad

Vembanad Lake
Ramsar Site
India’s longest lake
Largest lake/ brackish lagoon (Kayal) in Kerala
Kayal - Kerala backwaters - shallow lagoons or inlets of the sea,
lying parallel to the coastline.

TAMIL NADU

Kodaikanal Lake
Veeranam Lake
Kaliveli Lake
Chembarambakkam Lake
Berijam Lake
Pulicat
Second largest brackish water lagoon in India
Between Andhra Pradesh & Tamil Nadu

Other Lakes

Ramsar site; largest artificial

Bhojtal Madhya Pradesh
lake in India
Sala Lake Arunachal Pradesh High altitude lake
Umiam Lake / Artificial, by damming the
Meghalaya
Barapani Lake Umiam river
Tamdil / Tam Lake Mizoram Also called Lake of Mustard
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The Largest Lakes (surface area) by Continent
• Australia – Lake Eyre (salt lake)
• Africa – Lake Victoria, also the third-largest freshwater lake on Earth. It is one of the
Great Lakes of Africa.
• Antarctica – Lake Vostok (subglacial)
• Asia – Lake Baikal (if the Caspian Sea is considered a lake, it is the largest in Eurasia, but
is divided between the two geographic continents)
• Europe – Lake Ladoga, followed by Lake Onega, both located in northwestern Russia.
• North America – Lake Superior.
• South America – Lake Titicaca, which is also the highest navigable body of water on
Earth at 3,812 metres above sea level. The much larger Lake Maracaibo is a contiguous
body of water with the sea, so it is ignored.

“Belief creates the actual fact.”

— William James
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Maharatna &
Navratna
Companies in
India
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Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) in India
• The companies in which the share of the central government of India is 51% or more is known
as the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs).
• The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE), Ministry of Finance is the nodal department for all
the CPSEs and formulates policy pertaining to CPSEs.
• The Government of India categorizes CPSEs under three different categories :
1. Maharatna
2. Navaratna and
3. Miniratna (Category I and Category II)

Maharatna Companies
• There are total 11 Maharatna Companies in India.
Criteria to get Maharatna Status
a) Having Navratna status.
b) Listed on Indian stock exchange with minimum prescribed public shareholding under SEBI
regulations.
c) An average annual turnover of more than Rs 25,000 crore during the last three years.
d) An average annual net worth of more than Rs 15,000 crore during the last three years.
e) An average annual net profit after tax of more than Rs 5,000 crore during the last three
years.
f) Should have significant global presence/international operations.

The Maharatna CPSEs are:

1. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)

2. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)
3. Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL)
4. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC)
5. Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)
6. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
7. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)
8. Coal India Limited (CIL)
9. National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
10. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL)
11. Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFC)
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Maharatna Companies

S. No. Research Institute Location Head

1. Power Grid Corporation of Gurgaon, Kandikuppa Sreekant

India (PGCIL) Haryana (Chairman & MD)
2. Coal India Limited (CIL) Kolkata, West Pramod Agarwal
Bengal (Chairman)
3. Bharat Petroleum Mumbai, Arun Kumar Singh
Corporation Limited (BPCL) Maharashtra (Chairman & MD)
4. Hindustan Petroleum Mumbai, Mr. Mukesh Kumar Surana
Corporation Limited (HPCL) Maharashtra (Chairman & Managing
Director)

S. No. Research Institute Location Head

5. Steel Authority of India New Delhi Soma Mondal (Chairman)

Limited (SAIL)
6. Gas Authority of India New Delhi Shri Manoj Jain (Chairman &
Limited (GAIL) Managing Director)
7. Bharat Heavy Electricals New Delhi Dr. Nalin Shinghal (Chairman
Limited (BHEL) & Managing Director)
8. Oil and Natural Gas New Delhi Alka Mittal (First woman
Corporation Limited (ONGC) CMD)

S. No. Research Institute Location Head

9. National Thermal Power New Delhi Gurdeep Singh (Chairman &

Corporation (NTPC) MD)
10. Indian Oil Corporation New Delhi Shrikant Madhav Vaidya
Limited (IOCL) (Chairman)
11. Power Finance Corporation New Delhi Ravinder Singh Dhillon
Limited (PFC) (Chairman & MD)

• Govt. of India accorded ‘Maharatna’ status to the Power Finance Corporation Ltd (PFC) in
October, 2021.
• PFC has become the 11th public sector enterprise to get the ‘Maharatna’ status in the
country.
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Navaratna Companies
• There are total 13 Navaratna Companies in India.
Criteria to get Navaratna Status
• The CPSEs which are Miniratna I, Schedule ‘A’ and have obtained ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’
MOU rating in three of the last five years and have a ‘Composite Score’ of performance to be
60 or above in six identified performance parameters. The parameters are:
1) Net Profit to Net worth
2) Manpower Cost to total Cost of Production or Cost of Services
3) PBDIT to Capital employed (PBDIT is Profit before Deduction of Income Tax)
4) PBIT to Turnover
5) Earning Per Share
6) Inter Sectoral Performance

Navratna CPSEs are:

1. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
2. Engineers India Limited (EIL)
3. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
4. Shipping Corporation of India Limited (SCI)
5. Container Corporation of India Limited (CONCOR)
6. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)
7. National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO)
8. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC)
9. National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC)
10. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL)
11. Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (REC)
12. National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited (NBCC)
13. Oil India Limited (OIL)

Sl. No. Research Institute Location Head

1. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam New Delhi PK Purwar (CMD)

Limited (MTNL)
2. National Buildings Construction New Delhi P K Gupta
Corporation (NBCC) (Chairman & MD)
3. Rural Electrification New Delhi Sanjay Malhotra
Corporation (REC) (Chairman & MD)
4. Container Corporation of India New Delhi V. Kalyana Rama
(CONCOR) (Chairman & MD)
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Navaratna Companies

S. No. Research Institute Location Head

5. Oil India Limited (OIL) Duliajan, Shri Sushil Chandra Mishra

Assam (CMD)

6. National Aluminium Bhubaneswar, Sridhar Patra

Company (NALCO) Odisha, (Chairman & MD)
7. Shipping Corporation of Mumbai, Mrs H.K.Joshi
India (SCI) Maharashtra (Chairperson & MD)
8. National Mineral Hyderabad, Sumit Deb
Development Corporation Telangana (Chairman & MD)
(NMDC)

Sl. No. Research Institute Location Head

9. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited Visakhapatnam, Atul Bhatt

(RINL) Andhra Pradesh (Chairman & MD)
10. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Bangalore, Mrs Anandi
Karnataka Ramalingam CMD
(Additional Charge)
11. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Bangalore, Shri R Madhavan
(HAL) Karnataka (Chairman & MD)
12. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Tamil Nadu Shri. Rakesh Kumar
(NLC) India Limited (Chairman & MD)
13. Engineers India Limited (EIL) New Delhi Vartika Shukla
(Chairman & MD)

Miniratna Companies

• Category I : CPSEs should have made profit in the last three years continuously, the pre-
tax profit should have been Rs. 30 crore or more in at least one of the three years and
should have a positive net worth.
• There are total 61 Category I Miniratna Companies in India.
• Category II : CPSEs should have made profit for the last three years continuously and
should have a positive net worth.
• There are total 12 Category II Miniratna Companies in India.
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DREAMS
WON’T WORK
UNLESS YOU
DO!
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Major Mountain
Peaks
of the World
SEVEN SUMMITS
14 Eight Thousanders
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SEVEN SUMMITS
Highest Peaks of the Seven Continents

Mount Everest - Asia - Himalayas Mountains

• Highest Peak in the world (8848.86m above

sea level)
• Located in - Nepal-China border
• Parent range – Mahalangur Himal
• Local Names –
• Sagarmatha
• Chomolungma

Aconcagua – South America - Andes Mountains

• Highest Peak in Western Hemisphere

(6,959 m)
• Highest Peak outside Asia
• Highest Peak outside Himalaya &
Karakoram
• Located in Argentina, near Chile border
• Parent range - Andes - Longest mountain
range in world (7000 km)
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Mount McKinley – North America – Alaska Range

• Highest Peak in North America (6,194 m)

• Also called Mt. Denali
• Located in – Alaska
• Parent Range – Alaska Range
• Longest Mountain Range in North America –
Rocky Mountains

Mount Elbrus – Europe – Caucasus Mountains

• Highest peak in Europe (5,642 m)

• Located in - Russia
• Parent Range – Caucasus Mountains
• Caucasus Mountains form part of
the conventional boundary between
Europe and Asia.
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Mt. Kilimanjaro – Africa

• Highest peak in Africa (5,895 m)

• Located in - Tanzania
• Highest single free-standing mountain in the
world
• Parent Range – none

Vinson Massif – Antarctica - Ellsworth Mountains

• Highest peak in Antarctica (4,897 m)

• Parent Range – Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth
Mountains
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Mount Kosciuszko – Australia – Australian Alps

• Highest peak in Australian Mainland (2,228 m)

• Located in – New South Wales, Australia
• Parent Range – Snowy Mountains of the
Australian Alps

14 Eight Thousanders

• International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation recognises eight-thousanders as the

14 mountains that are more than 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) in height above sea level.

•All 14 are located in Himalaya or Karakoram ranges in Asia.

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Positioning of the14 Eight Thousanders

10 Highest Peaks in the World

Rank Mountain Range Country

1. Everest Himalayas Nepal/Tibet
2. K2 (Mount Godwin Austen) Karakoram POK/China
3. Kanchenjunga Himalayas India/Nepal
4. Lhotse Himalayas Nepal/Tibet
5. Makalu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet
6. Cho Oyu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet
7. Dhaulagiri Himalayas Nepal
8. Manaslu Himalayas Nepal
9. Nanga Parbat Himalayas POK
10. Annapurna Himalayas Nepal
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Other
Important
Mountains
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Longest Mountain Ranges In Asia

Rank Mountain Range Country Length (Km)

1 Kunlun Mountains China 3,000
2 Tian Shan China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan 2,900
3 Ural Mountains Russia 2,500
Nepal, Bhutan, China, India,
4 Himalaya 2,400
Pakistan
5 Lower Himalayan Range India, Nepal, Bhutan 2,400
6 Siwalik Range India, Nepal, Bhutan 2,400
Russia, China, Mongolia,
7 Altai Mountains 2,000
Kazakhstan
8 Zagros Mountains Iran, Iraq 1,800
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Important Mountains of North America
Range Countries Highest Point
Alaska Range US (Alaska) Denali (6,200m)
Brooks Range US (Alaska) Mount Isto (2,736 m)
Appalachian Mountains US Mount Mitchell (2,037m)
Cascade Range US / Canada Mount Rainier (4,392m)
Olympic Mountains US (Washington) Mount Olympus (2,432m)
Rocky Mountains Canada / US Mount Elbert (4,401m)

Sierra Madre Mexico Cerro Potosi (3,700m)

Sierra Nevada US (California and Nevada) Mount Whitney (4,421m)

White Mountains US Mount Washington (1,917m)

Range Countries
Alaska Range US (Alaska)
Appalachian
US
Mountains
Cascade Range US / Canada

Olympic Mountains US (Washington)

Rocky Mountains Canada / US

Sierra Madre Mexico

US (California and
Sierra Nevada
Nevada)
White Mountains US
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Important Mountains of Europe

Range Countries Highest Point

Mount Elbrus
Caucasus Mountains Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
(5,642m)
France, Switzerland, Italy,
Alps Mount Blanc (4,810m)
Austria, Germany, Slovenia

Pyrenees Spain and France Aneto (3,404m)

Corno Grande
Apennine Mountains Italy
(2,912m)
Balkan Mountains Bulgaria and Serbia Botev Peak (2,376m)
Black Forest Germany Feldberg (1493m)

Imp. Mountains of Africa

Range Countries Highest Point

Atlas Morocco, Mount Toubkal

Mountains Algeria, Tunisia (4,167m)

Thabana
Drakensberg South Africa Ntlenyana
(3,482m)

Ethiopian Mount Abuna

Ethiopia
Highlands Yosef (4,550m)

Nuba
Sudan Unknown
Mountains
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Major Ports in India

INTRODUCTION
• Ports are strategic geographical locations which are situated at the edge of
ocean, seas, rivers, or lakes, where ships load and discharge cargo and
passengers.
• Indian Ports handle around 95% of EXIM Cargo by volume and 68% by
value.
• 12 major ports and more than 200 non-major ports in the country.
• Out of the 200 minor ports, around 65 ports are handling cargo and the
others are “Port Limits” where no cargo is handled.
• Major ports are under the jurisdiction of the Government of India (Ministry
of Ports, Shipping and Waterways).
• Non-major ports come under the jurisdiction of the respective state
Governments’ Maritime Boards (GMB).

• The Major Ports are governed under Major Port Trusts Act 1963, except
Ennore port, which is administered under the Companies Act 1956.
• All the Non-Major Ports (minor ports) are governed under the IPA Act, 1908
• Major Ports may be:
• Seaports - located in the coastal region
• Inland ports - located on a navigable water channel (river, lake, canal
etc.)
• Cabinet Minister of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways - Sarbananda Sonowal
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Ports on Eastern Coast of India

West Bengal
• Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (Riverine)
Odisha
• Paradip Port (Natural)
Andhra Pradesh
• Visakhapatnam Port (Natural)
Tamil Nadu
• Kamarajar Port (Artificial)
• Chennai Port (Artificial)
• V. O. Chidambaranar Port (Artificial)
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Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port

(West Bengal)

• Also known as Kolkata Port.

• Oldest operating port in India
(constructed by British East
India Company).
• The only riverine Major Port in
India.
• Called the gateway to Eastern
India.
• It has two dock systems :
• Kolkata Dock System at
Kolkata
• Haldia Dock Complex at
Haldia
• Haldia Port is located at the
point where Hooghly river
meets Haldi river

Paradip Port (Odisha)

• The only major port of Odisha.
• Located in Jagatsinghpur
district of Odisha.
• At the confluence of river
Mahanadi and Bay of Bengal.
• Known as: India’s first major
post-Independence port on
the east coast. (1966).
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Visakhapatnam Port
(Andhra Pradesh)
• Visakhapatnam – also called Vizag –
is a historic port city.
• The Dolphin's Nose Hill to the north
of the entrance channel protects
the harbour from cyclones that
strike the east coast
• Known as: India’s deepest
landlocked port, India’s oldest
shipyard.

Chennai Port (Tamil Nadu)

• Old name - Madras Port.
• It is an artificial and all-weather.
• Known as: Largest port in the Bay
of Bengal, Gateway to South
India.

V. O. Chidambaranar Port
Tamil Nadu)
• Old name - Tuticorin Port.
• Artificial port, located in Gulf of
Mannar.
• Famous for pearl fishery in the Bay
of Bengal.
• Thus, Thoothukudi (or Tuticorin) is
also known as the pearl city.
• World’s largest evacuation mission by Indian Navy to repatriate the Indian
nationals abroad, ‘Samudra Setu’ under the ‘Vande Bharat’ Mission, was
carried out through V.O. Chidambaranar Port in 2020
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Kamarajar Port (Tamil Nadu)

• Old name - Ennore Port.
• First and only Corporatized Major Port (is registered as a company) under
the management control of Kamarajar Port Limited (KPL).
• This port is registered as a public company and 67% of its stake is owned by
Government of India.
• Was constructed to relieve pressure at Chennai Port

Ports on Western Coast of India

Gujarat
• Deendayal Port (Natural)
Maharashtra
• Mumbai Port Trust (Natural)
• Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
(Artificial)
Goa
• Mormugao Port (Natural)
Karnataka
• New Mangalore Port
(Natural)
Kerala
• Kochi Port (Natural)

Deendayal Port
• Old Name - Kandla Port.
• Situated in the Kandla Creek
on the Gulf of Kutch
• Constructed in the 1950s as the chief seaport serving western India, as after
the partition, Karachi port went to Pakistan
• India’s second busiest container Port after Mundra port (2020-21).
• India’s busiest Major Port (2020-21)
• The mainstay of Deendayal Port is crude oil imported for Essar Oil’s Vadinar
refinery. It accounts for half of the port’s cargo traffic.
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Mundra Port in Gujarat (Private Port)

• Owned and operated by Adani

Port and Special Economic Zone
Limited (APSEZ), India’s largest
private port operator
• India’s busiest container port in
2020-21, as per the Annual
Report 2021 of the Ministry of
Ports, Shipping and Waterways
• Known as: India’s largest private
port, India’s largest commercial
port, largest coal import
terminal.

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT)

Maharashtra
• Old name - Nhava Sheva.
• Situated along the eastern shore of Mumbai harbour off
Elephanta Island.
• This port is also the terminal of Western Dedicated
Freight Corridor.
• Known as: India’s largest container port, India’s top
container port, India’s largest artificial port.
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Mumbai Port (Maharashtra)

• In operation since 1873, Mumbai Port is India’s second oldest port (Kolkata
being the oldest)
• This port has 3 enclosed wet docks:
• Prince’s Dock
• Victoria Dock
• Indira Dock
• Tags: India’s largest port (by size),
India’s largest natural port, India’s
second oldest port.

Mormugao Port (Goa)

• It is situated on the estuaries of the Juari
river.
• It is a leading iron ore exporting port in
India.

New Mangalore Port (Karnataka)

• Situated on the backwaters of the
Netravati and Gurpur rivers off the coast
of Mangaluru
• It is referred as ‘Gateway of Karnataka’.
• 100% powered by solar energy

Cochin Port or Kochi Port (Kerala)

• It is known as the ‘queen of Arabian
sea’.
• It is a natural port.
• Located on the Willington Island
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Upcoming Major & PPP Ports

• Government has given in-principle approval for development of a Major
port at Vadhavan in Maharashtra, with the government holding 51 per
cent stake in the project.
• ‘Vizhinjam International Seaport Ltd (VISL)’, being developed by Adani
Group in collaboration with Kerala Government, will be operational by
December 2023
• In 2018-19 India invested approx. Rs. 10 Crore for development and
operations of Chabahar Port in Iran

Chabahar Port (Iran)

• Located in south-eastern Iran, on the Gulf
of Oman.
• Iran's only oceanic port
• Consists of two separate ports named:
• Shahid Kalantari and
• Shahid Beheshti
• Being close to Afghanistan and the
Central Asian countries
of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and others,
it has been termed the "Golden Gate" to
these landlocked countries.
• In October 2017, India's first shipment of wheat to Afghanistan was sent
through the Chabahar Port.
• In December 2018, India took over the port's operations.

Superlatives in Major Ports of India

• Oldest operating port - Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (150 years)
• Only riverine Major Port - Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port
• Gateway to South India - Chennai Port
• Largest port in the Bay of Bengal - Chennai Port
• Largest port in Arabian Sea - Mumbai Port
• First and only Corporatized Major Port - Kamarajar Port
• Busiest container port by cargo volume - Deendayal Port (2020-21)
• Largest container port of India - Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
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New Names of various Major ports

Old Name New Name State

Kolkata Port Dr. Syama Prasad West Bengal

Mukherjee Port
Ennore Port Kamarajar Port Tamil Nadu

Tuticorin Port V.O. Chidambaram Port Tamil Nadu

Kandla Port Deendayal Port Trust Gujarat

Nhava Sheva Jawaharlal Nehru Port Maharashtra

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NAME POSITION HOLD MEMORIAL LOCATION
Jawaharlal Nehru
(14 November 1889 – 27 May • 1st Prime Minister of India Shantivan Delhi
1964)
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(2 October 1904 – 11 January • 2nd Prime Minister of India Vijay Ghat Delhi
1966)
Indira Gandhi • The first and, to date, only Shakti Sthal Delhi
(19 November 1917 –
31 October 1984)
female prime minister of
India.
• (Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru)

Morarji Desai Ahmedabad

(29 February 1896 – 10 April • Prime Minister of India Abhay Ghat
1995) (Gujarat)

NAME POSITION HOLD MEMORIAL LOCATION

Choudhary Charan • Prime Minister of India Kisan Ghat Delhi
Singh
(23 December 1902 – 29 May
1987)
Rajiv Gandhi • The youngest Indian Prime Veer Bhumi Delhi
(20 August 1944 – 21 May
1991)
Minister at the age of 40.
(Son of Indira
Gandhi and Feroze Gandhi)
Chandra Shekhar • Prime Minister of India Jannayak Delhi
(1 July 1927 – 8 July 2007)
Sthal
P. V. Narasimha Rao • Prime Minister of India P.V. Ghat Delhi
(28 June 1921 – 23 December
2004)

NAME POSITION HELD MEMORIAL LOCATION

Atal Bihari • The first Indian prime Sadaiv Atal Delhi

Vajpayee minister not of the Indian
(25 December 1924 –
16 August 2018)
national congress to serve a
full term in office.
Inder Kumar Gujral • Prime Minister of India Smiriti Sthal Delhi
(4 December 1919 – 30
November 2012)

Gulzarilal Nanda • Acting Prime Minister of Narayan Ghat Ahmedabad

(4 July 1898 – 15 January 1998)
India (Gujarat)

Devi Lal • Deputy Prime Minister of Sangharsh Delhi

(25 September 1914 – 6 April
2001)
India Sthal
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NAME POSITION HOLD MEMORIAL LOCATION

Rajendra Prasad • 1st President of India Mahaprayan Patna(Bihar)

(3 December 1884 – 28
February 1963)
• 1st Minister of Agriculture Ghat
• 1st President of the
Constituent Assembly
Giani Zail Singh • First Sikh President of Ekta Sthal Delhi
(5 May 1916 – 25
December 1994)
India
Shankar Dayal • President of India Karma Bhumi Delhi
Sharma
(19 August 1918 – 26
December 1999)
K.R. Narayanan • President of India Uday Bhoomi Delhi
(27 October 1920 – 9
November 2005)

NAME POSITION HELD MEMORIAL LOCATION

A. P. J. Abdul • President of India Dr. A. P. J. Rameswaram,

Kalam • 1st Principal Scientific Abdul Kalam Tamil Nadu
(15 October 1931 – 27 July
2015)
Adviser to the Government Memorial
of India

Krishna Kant • Vice President of India Nigam Bodh Delhi

(28 February 1927 – 27 July
2002)
Ghat

NAME POSITION HELD MEMORIAL LOCATION

B.R. Ambedkar • Chairman of the drafting Chaitya Dadar

(14 April 1891 – 6
December 1956)
committee of the Constituent Bhoomi (Maharashtra)
Assembly.
• The first Law and Justice
Minister of independent
India

Mahatma • An Indian lawyer and Raj Ghat Delhi

Gandhi political ethicist
(2 October 1869 – 30
January 1948)

Jag Jivan Ram • First Labour Minister of India Samta Sthal Delhi
(5 April 1908 – 6 July
1986)
• Deputy Prime Minister of
India
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Before anything else, getting

ready is the secret of success.
-- Henry Ford
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Famous Musicians
& Instruments
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Sitar stringed instrument
Name Name
Buddhaditya Mukherjee Nikhil Banerjee
Ustad Bande Hassan Khan Shahid Parvez
Ustad Vilayat Khan Uma Shankar Mishra
Nishaat Khan Pt. Ravi Shankar
Hint
Jaya Biswas Anoushka Shankar
Debu Chaudhuri Shujaat Khan

Name
Veena stringed instrument Hint
S. Balachander

Bahauddin Dagar

Kalyanakrishna Bhagavatar

Doreswamy Iyengar

Asad Ali Khan

Name Name
Sarod stringed instrument
Ustad Amjad Ali Khan Sharan Rani Hint: Bollywood
Ustad Ali Akbar Khan Mukesh Sharma

Ustad Alauddin Khan Vasant Rai

Hafiz Ali Khan Biswajit Roy Chaudhury

Name Name Sarangi stringed instrument

Pandit Inderlal Ashique Ali Khan

Hint
Pandit Ramnarayanji Shakoor Khan

Aruna Narayan Kale Ustad Bendu Khan

Santosh Mishra
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Name Name
Violin stringed instrument
Dr. Smt. N. Rajam Malaikkottai Govindaswamy
Pillai
Vishnu Gobind Jog T. N. Krishnan

L. Subramaniam M. S. Gopalakrishnan

Sangeeta Shankar Lalgudi Jayaraman

Name Name
Tabla percussion instrument
Zakir Hussain Ustad Allarakha Qureshi

Ustad Shafat Ahmed Khan Kishan Maharaj Hint

Gudai Maharaj Faiyaz Khan

Swapan Chaudhury

Name Name Flute woodwind instrument

Pannalal Ghosh Rajendra Prasanna

Hint
Hari Prasad Rajendra Kulkarni
Chaurasia
Raghunath Seth Prakash Saxena

Sikkil Kunjumani Sikkil Neela

Name Shehnai wind instrument

Ustad Bismillah Khan

Daya Shankar Hint: Shaadi

Hari Singh
Ali Ahmed Hussain Khan
Shailesh Bhagwat
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Name Santoor stringed instrument
Pandit Shivkumar Sharma Hint

Tarun Bhattacharya
Bhajan Sopori
Rahul Sharma

Name Harmonium
Shri Purushottam Walawalkar stringed instrument

Appa Jalgaonkar

Name Jal Tarang

percussion
Jagdish Mohan instrument

Ghasiram Nirmal
Ram Swaroop Prabhakar

Name
Mandolin
U. Srinivas stringed instrument

Khagen Dey
Snehashish Mozumder

Name
Mridangam
Thakur Bhikam Singh percussion instrument
Palghat R. Raghu
T. K. Murthy
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman
Karaikudi Mani

Name Pakhavaj
Ustad Rehman Khan percussion instrument
Gopal Das
Chhatrapati Singh
Ramakant Pathak
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Others
Name Instrument
Vishwa Mohan Bhatt Mohan veena
Imrat Khan Surbahar
Annapurna Devi Surbahar
T. H. Vinayakram Ghatam
Jnan Prakash Ghosh Harmonium and Tabla
Abdul Latif Khan Sitar, Santoor, Tabla and Sarangi
Zia Mohiuddin Dagar Rudra Veena
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NATIONAL PARK - INTRODUCTION
❖ Protected natural habitats-established by central and state governments-according to the regulations
from the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
❖ Provide protection to the entire ecosystem, i.e. flora, fauna, landscape, etc. of that region.
❖ National parks are given a greater degree of protection, with human activity greatly restricted - only
certain areas can be visited

NATIONAL PARK - DEFINITION

According to the Indian Ministry of Environment & Forests, a national park is

"[a]n area, whether within a sanctuary or not, [that] can be notified by the state government to be
constituted as a National Park, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological
association or importance, needed to for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife
therein or its environment.

No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife
Warden of the state under the conditions given in CHAPTER IV, WPA 1972".

IMPORTANT FACTS ON NATIONAL PARKS

❖First National Park in India:
▪ Hailey National Park - Established in 1936
▪ Now known as Jim Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand)
❖Largest in India:
▪ Hemis National Park (Ladakh) - 4400 sq. km.
▪ Also National Park located in high altitude
❖Smallest in India:
▪ South Button Island National Park (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) – 0.03 sq. km.
❖States with largest number of National Parks:
▪ Madhya Pradesh – 11 (latest addition - Kuno National Park)
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IMPORTANT on TG:
FACTS ON@apna_pdf
NATIONAL PARKS

❖First Marine National Park in India:

▪ Marine National Park (Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat)
▪Around 6 Marine National Parks in India

❖ Floating National Park in the world –

Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur
(Loktak lake)

Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book –

KANHA or PENCH???

J&K and Ladakh

National Park (J&K) Area (km²)
9
City Forest (Salim Ali) National Park

Dachigam National Park 141

Kishtwar National Park 425

Area (km²)
National Park (Ladakh)

Hemis National Park 3350

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Dachigam National Park- Srinagar

The name of the park literally stands for "ten
villages" which could be in memory of the ten
villages that were relocated for its formation.

Hemis National Park - Ladakh

Snow leopards
(largest National park)
Kishtwar National Park -Kishtwar district
Himalayan snowcock and the brown bear

Uttarakhand
National Park of Himachal Total
Pradesh Area(km²)

Great Himalayan National Park 754.5

Pin Valley National Park 675

Inderkilla National Park 104

Khirganga National Park 710

In June 2014, the Great Himalayan National Park was
added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites
Simbalbara National Park 27.88

Uttarakhand
Area (km²)
Name of NP

Valley of Flowers National Park 87.50

Rajaji National Park 820

Nanda Devi National Park 630.33
Jim Corbett National Park 1318.5
Govind Pashu Vihar National Park 79.45

Galathea National Park 110

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Valley of Flowers
North Chamoli and Pithoragarh
declared a national park in 1982 and
now it is a World Heritage Site

Jim Corbett National Park:

1936- Hailey National Park , 1st of India
✔Bengal Tiger
✔The reserve was renamed in 1954–55
as Ramganga National Park and was again
renamed in 1955–56 as Corbett National Park,
✔one of the thirteen protected areas covered
by the World Wide Fund For Nature under
their Terai Arc Landscape Program
✔The park was the first to come under
the Project Tiger initiative

Uttar Pradesh

✔The Dudhwa National Park -

✔It is part of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve
✔Tigers, Indian rhinoceros, Leopards
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Bihar

Valmiki National Park

✔Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park is the 18th Tiger
Reserve of the country
✔It was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1978.
✔Valmiki National Park was established in the year 1990.

Jharkhand

Betla National Park

It was declared as a National Park in the year of 1986.
In the year of 1973, it was declared a wildlife sanctuary. The area was set up as the
Palamau Tiger Reserve in the year of 1974.
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West Bengal
Total
Name of National Park Area(km²)
The Sundarbans National Park is a national
park, tiger reserve, and biosphere reserve Buxa National Park 117.10
Designated as a Ramsar site since 2019
World Network of Biosphere Reserve (Man and Gorumara National Park 79.45
Biosphere Reserve) from 1989
Neora Valley National Park 159.89

Singalila National Park 78.60

Sunderban National Park 1330.10

Jaldapara National Park

215.51

Odisha

Total
Name of National Park Area(km²)

Bhitarkanika National
145
Park

Simlipal National Park 845.7

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Madhya Pradesh
Name Area
Kanha National Park 940 km2
Bandhavgarh National Park 437 km2
Madhav National Park 354 km2
Sanjay National Park 467 km2

Van Vihar National Park 4.45 km2

Panna National Park 543 km2

Satpura National Park 524 km2

Pench National Park 293 km2
Fossils National Park 0.27 km2

Dinosaur fossil park 108 km2

Kuno National Park 748 km2

Panna National Park

•Panna and Chhatarpur districts
•Award of Excellence in 2007 as the best Bandhavgarh National Park
maintained national park of India by the Ministry of Also Tiger reserve
Tourism of India White Tiger , leopard
•It is a UNESCO Designated Biosphere Reserve
status of which was given in October 2020
•highest density of tiger population in India
Kanha Tiger Reserve/ Kanha–Kisli
National Park
Largest (940 sq. km) in MP
Tiger, Leopard, sloth bear
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Chhatisgarh

National Park Total Area (km²)

Indravati (Kutru) National

1,258.37
Park

Kanger Valley National Park 200

Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay)

1,440.71
National Park

Rajasthan

National Parks Area (Km2)

Mukundra Hills (Darrah) 200.54

National Park

Desert National Park 3162

Keoladeo National Park 28.73

Ranthambhore National Park 282

Sariska National Park 273.8

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Gujarat

Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, also known

as Sasan Gir
✔It was established in 1965
✔Asiatic Lion

Maharashtra
Total
Name of National Park Area(km²)

Chandoli National Park 317.67

Gugamal National Park 361.28

Nawegaon National Park 133.88

Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli)

86.96
National Park

Tadoba National Park 116.55

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Andhra Pradesh

Total
National Park Area (In
km²)
Sri Venkateswara
353.62
National Park
Rajiv Gandhi National
2.40
Park
Papikonda National
1012.86
Park

Karnataka
Total
National Park
Area(km²)

Anshi National Park 417.37

Bandipur National Park 874.2

Bannerghatta National
260.51
Park
Kudremukh National
600.32
Park
Rajiv Gandhi
(Nagarahole) National 643.39
Park
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Nagarhole National Park was declared

the thirty seventh Project Tiger, Tiger
reserves of India in 1999
Tigers, Gaur, elephants, Indian leopards,
and deer Bandipur National Park established in 1974 as
a tiger reserve under Project Tiger

Kerala
Total
National Park
Area(km²)

Anamudi Shola National Park 7.5

Eravikulam National Park 97

Mathikettan Shola National

12.82
Park

Pambadum Shola National

1.318
Park
Periyar National Park and Wildlife
Sanctuary (PNP) - elephant reserve and a tiger Periyar National Park 350
reserve
Declared as the Periyar National Park in 1982. Silent Valley National Park 89.52
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Tamil Nadu
Total
National Park
Area(km²)

Guindy National Park 2.82

Gulf of Mannar Marine

6.23
National Park

Indira Gandhi
(Annamalai) National 117.1
Park

Mudumalai National Park 103.23

Mukurthi National Park 78.46

Assam
Area (km²)
Name of NP
Dibru-Saikhowa National
340
Park

Kaziranga National Park 858.98

Manas National Park 500

Nameri National Park 200

Rajiv Gandhi Orang National

78.81
Park

Dehing Patkai National

234.26
Park

Raimona National Park 422

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Kaziranga National Park

One-horned rhinoceros, elephant, wild
buffalo, wild boar, tiger, leopard
Manas National Park Two-thirds of the world's great one-horned
UNESCO World Heritage Site, Tiger Reserve, rhinoceroses, is a World Heritage Site
Elephant Reserve, Biosphere Reserve, and also
a Wildlife Sanctuary
Wild Buffalo

Sikkim
Khangchendzonga National
Park also Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve
The UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in July
2016, becoming the first "Mixed Heritage" site
of India.
It was recently included in the UNESCO Man
and the Biosphere Programme.
The park gets its name from the mountain , the
third-highest peak in the world.
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Manipur

Keibul Lamjao National Park - The only floating park in

the world, and an integral part of Loktak Lake.
This place is famous for Manipur brow-antlered deer
(Rucervus eldi eldi) also popularly known as the Sangai
deer.

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

National Park Area(km²)
Campbell Bay National Park 426.23
Galathea Bay National Park 110
Mahatama Gandhi Marine (Wandoor)
281.5
National Park
Middle Button Island National Park 0.44
Mount Harriett National Park 46.62
North Button Island National Park 0.44

Rani Jhansi Marine National Park 256.14

Saddle Peak National Park 32.54
South Button Island National Park 0.03
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NATIONAL PARKS STATE

Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh
Ntangki/Intanki National Park Nagaland
Murlen National Park Mizoram
Phawngpui National Park Mizoram
Kalesar National Park Haryana
Sultanpur National Park Haryana

Keep acquiring knowledge...

keep growing!
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National
Symbols
of India
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National Flag
of India

• The National Flag is a horizontal tricolor.

• The three colours are India saffron (kesaria), white and
India green in equal proportion.
• Saffron (at the top) symbolizes the strength and courage of
the country.
• White (in the middle) symbolizes peace and truth.
• Green (at the bottom) symbolizes the fertility, growth and
auspiciousness of the land.
• In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with
24 equally spaced spokes which represents the Ashoka
Chakra. It symbolizes the dynamism of a peaceful change.

• The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two

to three.
• The design of the National Flag was adopted by
the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July
1947.
• The flag is designed by Pingali Venkayya.
• By law, the flag is to be made of khadi or silk,
made popular by Mahatma Gandhi.
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National Anthem
of India

Jana-Gana-Mana

• Composed by : Rabindranath Tagore in Bengali

• First sung on : December 27, 1911
• First sung at : the Calcutta Session of the Indian National
Congress (1911)
• The original song consists of five stanzas.

• The Hindi version of the song was adopted as the National Anthem of India by the
Constituent Assembly on January 24, 1950.
• Only first stanza was taken as the full version of the National Anthem.
• The playing time of the National Anthem is approximately 52 seconds.
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National Song of India

Vande Mataram

• Composed by : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

• The song was a part of Bankimchandra's most famous Bengali novel
Anand Math (1882).
• First sung in : 1896
• First sung at : the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress
(1896)
• First sung by : Rabindranath Tagore
• The original Bande Mataram consists of six stanzas.

• On 24 January 1950, the Constituent Assembly of India has adopted

"Vande Mataram" as national song.
• Only first two stanzas were taken as the full version of the National
Song
• It was translated by Sri Aurobindo Ghosh.
• It has an equal status with Jana-gana-mana.
• On January 24, 1950, the President, Dr. Rajendra Prasad came up with
a statement in the Constituent Assembly, "the song Vande Mataram,
which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom,
shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal
status with it.“
• First Sessions of Parliament usually begin with Jana Gana Mana and
conclude with Vande Mataram.
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State
Emblem
of India

Lion Capital of Asoka at Sarnath

• The State Emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Asoka at
Sarnath.
• The actual Sarnath capital features the following things :
 There are four lions, mounted back to back, on a circular abacus.
They symbolize power, courage, confidence, and pride.
 The abacus rests on a bell-shaped lotus (in full bloom).
 The frieze of the abacus has sculptures of :
 an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion.
 They are separated by intervening Dharma Chakras.
 This is carved from a single block of sandstone.

• The State Emblem of India includes and

shows :
• Three lions mounted on the abacus (the fourth being hidden
from view)
• A dharma chakra in the centre of the abacus.
• A bull on the right
• A galloping horse on the left
• Outlines of Dharma Chakras on the extreme right and left.
• The motto Satyameva Jayate (meaning 'Truth Alone
Triumphs‘), written in Devanagari script below the profile of
the Lion Capital is part of the State Emblem of India
• The bell-shaped lotus was omitted.
• It was adopted the State Emblem of India by
the Government on 26th January, 1950.
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• The Ashoka Chakra (Ashoka wheel) on its base features in the

Few centre of the national flag of India.
• The bull represents hard work and steadfastness.
Facts • The horse represents loyalty, speed, and energy.

• The motto Satyameva Jayate is a quote

from Mundaka Upanishad.

• Dinanath Bhargava, the student of legendary painter

Nandalal Bose designed the National Emblem. He was
21-year-old at that time.

• In the State Emblem lies the official seal of the Government of India.
• It appears on all Indian currency as well.

National Name Scientific Name Picture

Symbols
National Lotus Nelumbo Nucifera
Flower Gaertn

National Fruit Mango Mangifera indica

National Tiger Panthera tigris

Animal

National Bird The Indian Pavo cristatus

peacock
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National Name Scientific Name Picture
Symbols
National Tree Indian fig tree Ficus bengalensis

National Indian Elephas maximus

Heritage Elephant indicus
Animal
National King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah
Reptile

National Ganges River Platanista gangetica

Aquatic Dolphin
Animal

National Symbols Name Picture

National River Ganga

National Calendar
• Based on the Saka Era
• Total number of days : 365
• First month : Chaitra
• Adopted as National Calendar on 22 March, 1957

The symbol of Indian Rupee

• The symbol is an amalgam of Devanagari "र" (ra) and the

Roman Capital "R" with two parallel horizontal stripes
running at the top representing the national flag and also
the "equal to" sign.
• The symbol, conceptualised and designed by Udaya Kumar,
a post graduate in Design from Indian Institute of
Technology Bombay.
• The Indian Rupee sign was adopted by the Government of
India on 15th July, 2010.
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Laying a strong
foundation plays a
crucial role in
building a strong
architecture!
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CITY NICKNAMES
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Uttarakhand
Sl. City Nickname
No.
Rishikesh Yoganagari
1
Yoga Capital of the World
2 Mussoorie Queen of the Hills
3 Nainital Lake city

Uttar Pradesh
Sl. City Nickname
No.
4 Varanasi The City of Temples
5 Lucknow The City of Nawabs
Leather City of the World (largest producer and exporter of
6 Kanpur leather in India)
Manchester of the East; Manchester of North India

Bihar

S. No. City Nickname

7 Muzaffarpur Land of Leechi
8 Gaya The City of Enlightenment

Jharkhand
S. No. City Nickname
10 Dhanbad Coal Capital of India (has some of the largest coal
mines in India)
Steel city of India
11 Jamshedpur
Pittsburgh of India
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West Bengal

Sl. No. City Nickname

12 Kolkata The City of Joy (City of Joy is a 1985 novel by Dominique Lapierre.
Calcutta is nicknamed "the City of Joy" after this novel)
13 Asansol Land of Black Diamond;
City of Brotherhood

Odisha

Sl. No. City Nickname

Sports Capital of India
14 Bhubaneshwar Temple city of India (preserves over 500 of
India's finest temples)
15 Cuttack Silver city of India

Rajasthan

Sl. No. City Nickname

16 Jaipur The Pink City
The Blue City
17 Jodhpur
The Sun City
The White City
18 Udaipur
The City of Lakes
The Brown City
19 Jaisalmer
The Golden city

Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh and Nainital in Uttarakhand also known as City of Lakes.

Gujarat
Sl. No. City Nickname
The Manchester of India
20 Ahmedabad
Boston of India
21 Surat Diamond city of India
22 Anand Milk Capital of India (for Amul dairy and
its milk revolution)
23 Ahmedabad India’s First World Heritage City
(UNESCO's World Heritage City list of 2017)
24 Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar Twin City
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Maharashtra
Sl. No. City Nickname
City of 7 Islands
25 Mumbai Gateway of India
Financial and Commercial Capital of India
Deccan Queen/The Queen of Deccan
26 Pune
Oxford of the East (by Jawaharlal Nehru)
Orange city
27 Nagpur Tiger Capital of India (it connects many Tiger
Reserves in India to the world)
28 Nashik Wine Capital of India
29 Jalgaon Banana City

Telangana

S. City Nickname
No.
City of Pearls (pearl processing and trading industry)
30 Hyderabad Hitech city
The City of Nizams
31 Hyderabad and Twin city
Secunderabad

Tuticorin or Thoothukudi in Tamil Nadu is also known as Pearl City due to pearl fishing.

Andhra Pradesh

Sl. No. City Nickname

32 Visakhapatnam or Vizag The City of Destiny
33 Guntur Chilli Capital or Chilli City of India
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Karnataka
S. No. City Nickname
34 Bangaluru The Silicon Valley of India, IT capital of India
TecHalli
Garden city of India
Space city
Science city
Scotland of India (largest Coffee producer district of India)
35 Coorg or Kodagu
Coffee Cup of India
36 Mysore Sandalwood city (hub of a sandalwood cottage industry)
Rome of the East
37 Mangalore
Ice cream capital of India

Shillong in Meghalaya is known as Scotland of East.

Kerala

S. No. City Nickname

38 Kochi Queen of Arabian Sea (was the centre of Indian spice
trade)
39 Kollam Cashew Capital of the World
40 Thiruvananthapuram Evergreen city of India (by Mahatma Gandhi)
41 Thrissur Gold capital of India (largest businesses of gold)
42 Kozhikode or Calicut City of Spices
43 Alappuzha or Alleppey Venice of the East
44 Kasaragod Land of Seven Languages
(Saptha Bhasha Sangama Bhoomi)
45 Kannur City of Looms and Lores (handlloom industries and the
presence of unique ritual and folk arts practice in religious places)
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Tamil Nadu

Sl. No. City Nickname

Detroit of India (hub of automobile
manufacturing facilities for leading carmakers)
46 Chennai Banking Capital of India
Health Capital of India
47 Kodaikanal Princess of Hill stations
Manchester of South India
48 Coimbatore Pump City of India (fulfils more than 40% of motors
and pumps requirements of the country)

Sl. No. City Nickname

Athens of the East
The City of Festivals;
49 Madurai
Cultural capital of Tamil Nadu
City of Jasmine
50 Erode Turmeric City of India (Yellow City)
51 Kumbakonam Cambridge of South India (important centre
of education in the late 19th century)

52 Thoothukudi Pearl City (due to the pearl fishing)

(Formerly : Tuticorin)

Others

Sl. No. City Nickname

53 Shillong (Meghalaya) Scotland of East
54 Panipat (Haryana) City of Weavers (biggest center for quality
blankets and carpets in India)
55 Dibrugarh (Assam) Tea City of India
56 Tezpur (Assam) City of Blood (myth involving a fierce battle
fought between Hari (Lord Krishna) and Hara (Lord
Shiva in the form of Banasura)
58 Amritsar (Punjab) The Golden Temple City
59 Pondicherry Paris of the East
60 Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) City of Lakes
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Try harder than yesterday if you want a

better tomorrow!
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

NICKNAMES
OF
EMINENT
PERSONALITIES
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

1. Frontier Gandhi
2. Badshah Khan

Dadabhai Naoroji
1. Grand Old man of India

Jawaharlal Nehru
1. Chacha,
2. Pandit ji

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

first deputy Prime Minister of India
1. Iron Man of India
2. Bismarck of India

Indira Gandhi
1. Iron Lady of India
2. Priyadarshini
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Lal Bahadur Shastri
1. Man of Peace

Bhagat Singh
1. Prince of Martyrs,
2. Sahid-e-Azam

Mohammad Ali Jinnah

1. Quaid-i-Azam
(Arabic: “Great Leader”)

Subhash Chandra Bose

1. Netaji,
2. Patriot of Patriots
3. Prince of Patriots

Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah

1st elected PM of J&K after its accession to India.
1. Lion of Kashmir

Sarojini Naidu
1. Nightingale of India
2. Bharat Kokila

Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya

1. Mahamana
(founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha)
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Raja Ram Mohan Roy

1. Morning Star of India Renaissance
(founder of the Brahmo Samaj)

Dayanand Saraswati
1. Martin Luther of India
(founder of the Arya Samaj)

Chitta Ranjan Das

1. Desh bandhu

Jatindra Mohan Sengupta

1. Deshpriya

Charles Freer Andrews

1. Deenabandhu

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Founding Father & the first Prime Minister of
Bangladesh
1. Banga Bandhu

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

1. Desh Ratna,
2. Ajatshatru
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
1. CR,
2. Rajaji

Chandra Shekhar
1. Young Turk

Karpoori Thakur
(Ex-CM of Bihar)
1. Jananayak

Jayaprakash Narayan
1. Loknayak

Ashutosh Mukherjee
1. Banglar Bagh/The Bengal
Tiger

Tanguturi Prakasam
1. Andhra Kesari
(First CM of Andhra State)

Dr. Srikrishna Singh

1. Bihar Kesari
(First CM of Bihar )
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Lal-Bal-Pal
• Lala Lajpat Rai
Punjab Kesari
• Bal Ganghadhar Tilak
Lokmanya
• Bipin Chandra Pal
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Historical
Characters
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

S. NO. EMINENT PERSONALITIES NICKNAMES

1. Shah Jahan Prince of Builders

2. Muhammad bin Tughlaq The wise fool

3. Mahakavi Kalidas Shakespeare of India

4. Valmiki Adi Kavi

5. Lord Buddha Enlightened One

6. Chanakya/Kautilya Machiavelli of India

7. Tipu Sultan Tiger of Mysore

8. Samudra Gupta Napoleon of India

(Given by Historian A V Smith)

9. Amir Khushro Parrot of India; Tota-e-Hind

 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Sportspersons
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
S. NO. EMINENT PERSONALITIES NICKNAMES
1. Dhyanchand Magician of Hockey
2. Sunil Gavaskar Little Master
3. Sachin Tendulkar Master Blaster
4. Kapil Dev Haryana Hurricane
5. Saurav Ganguly Prince of Kolkata
6. Saurav Ganguly Dada
7. Milkha Singh Flying Sikh
8. Saina Nehwal Steffi Saina

S. NO. EMINENT PERSONALITIES NICKNAMES

9. PT Usha Udanpari
10. PT Usha Golden Girl
11. PT Usha Sprint Queen
12. PT Usha Payyoli Express
13. Hima Das Dhing Express
14. Zaheer Khan Baroda Express
15. Javagal Srinath Mysore Express
16. Shoaib Akhtar Rawalpindi Express

S. NO. EMINENT PERSONALITIES NICKNAMES

17. Rahul Dravid The Wall

18. Mary Kom Magnificent Mary

19. Karnam Malleswari Iron Lady of Indian sport

20. Vishwanathan Anand The Lightning Kid
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Miscellaneous
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
S.NO. EMINENT PERSONALITIES NICKNAMES

1. Rabindranath Tagore Vishwa Kavi

2. Rabindranath Tagore Kaviguru

3. Rabindranath Tagore Gurudev

4. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhay Sahitya Samrat

5. Sarat Chandra Chattopadhay Kathasilpi

6. Kazi Nazrul Islam Bidrohi Kobi/Rebel Poet

7. Swar Kokila Lata Mangeshkar

8. Lady with the Lamp Florence Nightingale

9. Anugrah Narayan Sinha Bihar Vibhuti

S. NO. EMINENT PERSONALITIES NICKNAMES

10. Salim Ali Bird man of India

11. Verghese Kurien Milkman of India

12. Jadav Payeng Forest Man of India

13. Rajendra Singh Waterman of India

14. Ripu Daman Bevli Plogman of India

15.
Tushar Kanti Ghosh Grand old man of Indian Journalism

16. Tushar Kanti Ghosh The dean of Indian journalism

17. Jamnalal Bajaj Fifth son of mahatma gandhi
18. Hiuen Tsang Prince of Pilgrims
(Chinese traveller)
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Fear, Uncertainty
and Discomfort
are your
compass towards
Growth.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Old Names &

New Names
Cities, Countries, Railway Stations,
Ports, Rivers, etc.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Places

Sl. No. Old Name New Name Location

1. Pataliputra Patna Bihar
2. Kashi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh
3. Allahabad Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh
4. Cawnpore Kanpur Uttar Pradesh
5. Saket Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh
6. Panjim Panaji Goa
7. Bhojpal Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
8. Hoshangabad Narmadapuram Madhya Pradesh
Sl. No. Old Name New Name Location
9. Cochin Kochi Kerala
10. Calicut Kozhikode Kerala
11. Palghat Palakkad Kerala
12. Trivandrum Thiruvananthapuram Kerala
13. Aleppey Alappuzha Kerala
14. Bombay Mumbai Maharashtra
15. Poona Pune Maharashtra

Sl. No. Old Name New Name Location

16. Tuticorin Thoothukudi Tamil Nadu
17. Cape Comorin Kanya Kumari Tamil Nadu
18. Madras Chennai Tamil Nadu
19. Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal
20. Karnavati Ahmedabad Gujarat
21. Baroda Vadodra Gujarat
22. Pragjyotisha / Assam
Assam
Kamrupa
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Sl. No. Old Name New Name Location
23. Mangalore Mangaluru Karnataka

24. Mysore Mysuru Karnataka

25. Bangalore Bengaluru Karnataka

26. Belgaum Belagavi Karnataka

27. Bijapur Vijayapura Karnataka

28. Hubli Hubballi Karnataka

Countries
Sl. No. Old Name New Name
1. East Pakistan Bangladesh
2. Ceylon Sri Lanka
3. Burma Myanmar
4. Siam Thailand
5. Persia Iran
6. Mesopotamia Iraq
7. Nippon Japan

Railway Stations
S. No. Old Name New Name Location
1. Jhansi Railway Station Virangana Lakshmibai Uttar Pradesh
Railway Station
2. Mughalsarai railway Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Uttar Pradesh
station Station
3. Dandupur ailway station Maa Barahi Devi Dham Uttar Pradesh
4. Manduadih Railway Banaras Railway Station Uttar Pradesh
Station
5. Faizabad Railway Ayodhya Cantt Railway Uttar Pradesh
Junction Station
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Sl. No. Old Name New Name Location
6. Miyon ka Bara railway Mahesh Nagar Railway Jodhpur, Rajasthan
station Station
7. Patalpani Railway Tantya Mama railway Madhya Pradesh
Station station
8. Habibganj Railway Rani Kamlapati Railway Madhya Pradesh
station Station
9. Kevadiya Station Ekta Nagar Railway Gujarat
Station
10. Haveri Railway station Mahadevappa Mailara Karnataka
Railway Station

Ports
Sl. No. Old Name New Name Location
1. Ennore Port Kamarajar Port Tamil Nadu
2. Madras Port Chennai Port Tamil Nadu
3. Tuticorin Port V. O. Chidambaranar Port Tamil Nadu
4. Kandla port Deendayal port Gujarat
5. Kolkata port Shyamaprasad Mukherjee port West Bengal

Stadiums

S. No. Old Name New Name Location

1. Sardar Patel Stadium / Motera Narendra Modi Cricket Stadium Gujarat
Stadium
2. Mohali International Hockey Olympian Balbir Singh Senior Mohali, Punjab
Stadium International Hockey Stadium
3. Feroz Shah Kotla stadium Arun Jaitley Stadium New Delhi
4. Army Sports Institute stadium Neeraj Chopra Stadium Pune,
Maharashtra
5. Maharani Usharaje Trust Holkar Stadium Indore, Madhya
Cricket Ground Pradesh
6. Ekana International Cricket Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Lucknow, Uttar
Stadium Vajpayee Cricket Stadium Pradesh
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Rivers

Sl. No. Old Name New Name

1. Sindhu Indus
2. Vitasta Jhelum
3. Asikini Chenab
4. Parusni Ravi
5. Vipasa Beas
6. Sutudri Sutlej

Miscellaneous
S. No. Old Name New Name
1. Ministry of Human Resource and Ministry of Education
Development
2. Ministry of Shipping Ministry of Ports, Shipping and
Waterways
3. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna
Award
4. Kakori Kand Kakori Train action
5. Mumbai-Karnataka region Kittur Karnataka
6. Hyderabad-Karnataka region Kalyana Karnataka
7. Howrah-Kalka Mail Netaji Express

Sl. No. Old Name New Name Location

8. Majherhat bridge Jai hind bridge Kolkata, West

Bengal

9. Ayodhya airport Maryada Purushottam Shriram Uttar Pradesh

International Airport

10. Rohtang tunnel Atal Tunnel Himachal Pradesh

11. Chenani Nashri tunnel Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee J&K

Tunnel, also known as Syama
Tunnel
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Sl. No. Old Name New Name Location

12. Rajiv Gandhi Orang Orang National Park Assam

National Park

13. Mount Harriet Mount Manipur Andaman and

Nicobar Islands

14. Gorewada International Balasaheb Thackeray Gorewada Nagpur,

Zoo International Zoological Park Maharashtra
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Don’t let your can nots & have nots

interfere with what your cans & haves!
Search on TG: @apna_pdf

(WETLANDS)
 Search
Ramsar on TG: @apna_pdf
Convention: Introduction

•Intergovernmental treaty established by UNESCO - provides the

framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their
resources.

•Adopted on 2nd February 1971 in Ramsar, Iran

•Came into force from 21st December, 1975.

 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Wetland
• Lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems
where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the
land is covered by shallow water

• Wetlands must have one or more of the

following three attributes:
1) at least periodically, the land supports
predominantly hydrophytes;
2) the substrate is predominantly undrained
hydric soil; and
3) the substrate is saturated with water or
covered by shallow water at some time during
the growing season of each year.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf

Wetlands as per the Ramsar Convention

Wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether
natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is
static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine
water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres.

For example, marine and coastal areas; Estuaries; Lakes and

rivers; Marshes and peatlands; Groundwater and human-made
wetlands such as rice paddies, shrimp ponds, and reservoirs.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
OBJECTIVES OF THE CONVENTION

•Designation of wetlands for inclusion in the list of Wetlands of

International Importance.

•Maintenance & sustainable use of the Ramsar wetlands.

•Promotion of International Cooperation with regard to trans

boundary wetlands, shared water systems, and shared species.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
The Ramsar Sites Criteria
Group A : Sites containing representative, rare or unique wetland types

Criterion 1:- Wetland must contain a representative, rare or unique example of

natural or near natural wetland type found within the appropriate bio-geographic
region.

Group B: Sites of international importance for conserving biological diversity

Criterion 2:- The wetland must support vulnerable, endangered, or critically

endangered species or threatened ecological communities.

Criterion 3:- The wetland must support populations of plant and or animal species
important to maintain the biodiversity of a particular bio-geographic region.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
The Ramsar Sites Criteria
Criterion 4:- The wetland must support plant and or animal
species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge
during adverse conditions.

Criterion 5:- The wetland must support 20,000 or more water

birds.

Criterion 6:- The wetland must regularly support 1% of the

individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of water
bird.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
The Ramsar Sites Criteria

Criterion 7:- The wetland must support a significant proportion of

indigenous fish subspecies, species or families, life-history stages

Criterion 8:- The wetland must be an important source of food for

fishes, spawning ground, nursery.

Criterion 9:- The wetland must support 1% of the individuals in a

population of one species of wetland dependent non-avian animal
species.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Important facts about Ramsar sites
vTamil Nadu has the largest number of Ramsar Sites in India
with 14 Indian Wetlands.

vChilika Lake (Odisha) and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan)

were recognized as the first Ramsar Sites of India [Designation
date : 01.10.1981]

vMontreux Record is maintained as part of the Ramsar List. It

includes those sites where changes in ecological character have
occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of
technological developments, pollution or other human
interference.
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
New Ramsar Sites in India - 2021
üIn April 2021:
§Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat
§Wadhvana Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat
§Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat
§Haiderpur Wetland in Uttar Pradesh

üIn May 2021:

§Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary in Haryana
§Sultanpur National Park in Haryana

üIn June 2021:

§Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Ramsar Sites in India
रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स) Date of
S. No. Name of Site State Designation
1 Hokera Wetland होकेरा वेटल-ड Jammu and Kashmir 8.11.2005

2 Wular Lake वल
ु र झील Jammu & Kashmir 23.3.1990

3 Surinsar-Mansar Lakes सू8रंसार-मानसर झील< Jammu and Kashmir 8.11.2005

4 Tsomoriri Lake =सो-मोर>र> Ladakh 19.8.2002

!सो कार आ@भूBम
5 Tso Kar Wetland Complex Ladakh 17.11.2020
प8रसर
6 Chandertal Wetland चं@ताल वेटल-ड Himachal Pradesh 8.11.2005
7 Pong Dam Lake पFग बांध झील Himachal Pradesh 19.8.2002
8 Renuka Wetland रे णुका वेटल-ड Himachal Pradesh 8.11.2005
9 Asan Conservation Reserve आसन संरKण 8रजवM Uttarakhand 21.7.2020
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Ramsar Sites in India (Uttar Pradesh)
Date of
S. No. Name of Site रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स)
Designation
10 Upper Ganga River ऊपर> गंगा नद>, 8.11.2005
(Brijghat to Narora Stretch) Qजघाट से नरौरा Tखंचाव
11 Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary नवाबगंज पKी अभयारXय 19.9.2019

12 Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary पावMती अरगा पKी अभयारXय 2.12.2019

13 Saman Bird Sanctuary समन पKी अभयारXय 2.12.2019

14 Samaspur Bird Sanctuary समसपुर पKी अभयारXय 3.10.2019

15 Sandi Bird Sanctuary साXडी पKी अभयारXय 26.9.2019

16 Sarsai Nawar Jheel सरसई नावर झील 19.9.2019

17 Sur Sarovar सुर सरोबर 21.8.2020

 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Ramsar Sites in India (Uttar Pradesh)
Date of
S. No. Name of Site रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स)
Designation
18 Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary ब"खरा व'यजीव अभयार-य 29.06.2021

19 Haiderpur Wetland है दरपुर वेटल-ड 13.04.2021

 Search on TG:
Ramsar @apna_pdf
Sites in India
रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स) Date of
S. No. Name of Site State Designation

20 Beas Conservation Reserve [यास संरKण 8रजवM Punjab 26.9.2019

21 Harike Lake ह8रके झील Punjab 23.3.1990

22 Kanjli Lake कंजल> झील Punjab 22.1.2002

Keshopur-Miani Community
23 केशोपुर Bमआनी क]यु^नट> 8रजवM Punjab 26.9.2019
Reserve
24 Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary नांगल व_यजीव अभयारXय Punjab 26.9.2019

25 Ropar Lake रोपड़ झील Punjab 22.1.2002

26 Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary BभXडावास व_यजीव अभयारXय Haryana 25.05.2021

25.05.2021
27 Sultanpur National Park सa
ु तानपरु नेशनल पाकM Haryana

28 Keoladeo Ghana NP केवलादे व राbc>य उeयान Rajasthan 1.10.1981

 Search on TG:
Ramsar @apna_pdf
Sites in India
रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स) Date of
S. No. Name of Site State Designation

29 Sambhar Lake सांभर झील Rajasthan 23.3.1990

30 Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary नालसरोवर पKी अभयारXय Gujarat 24.09.2012

31 Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary Tखजाfदय व_यजीव अभयारXय Gujarat 13.04.2021

32 Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary थोल झील व_यजीव Gujarat 05.04.2021

अभयारXय
33 Wadhvana Wildlife Sanctuary वाधवाना वेटल-ड व_यजीव Gujarat 05.04.2021
अभयारXय

34 Bhoj Wetlands भोज वेटल-ड Madhya Pradesh 19.8.2002

35 Bhitarkanika Mangroves Bभतरक^नका म-gोव Orissa 19.8.2002

36 Chilka Lake hचBलका झील Orissa 1.10.1981

 Search on TG:
Ramsar @apna_pdf
Sites in India
रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स) Date of
S. No. Name of Site State Designation

37 Kabartal Wetland काबर तल Bihar 21.07.2020

38 Sunderbans Wetland सुंदर वन डेaटा West Bengal 30.1.2019

39 East Kolkata Wetlands पव

ू M कलकiा वेटल-.स West Bengal 19.8.2002

40 Deepor Beel द>पोर बील Assam 19.8.2002

41 Loktak Lake लोकतक झील Manipur 23.3.1990

42 Rudrasagar Lake j@सागर झील Tripura 8.11.2005

43 Lonar Lake लोनार झील Maharashtra 22.7.2020

44 Nandur Madhameshwar नंदरू मधमेkवर Maharashtra 21.6.2019

45 Kolleru Lake कोलेj झील Andhra Pradesh 19.8.2002

 Search on TG:
Ramsar @apna_pdf
Sites in India
रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स) Date of
S. No. Name of Site State Designation
46 Asthamudi Wetland अbटमड
ु ी वेटल-ड Kerala 19.8.2002

47 Sasthamkotta Lake स&थमकोlटा झील Kerala 19.8.2002

48 Vembanad Kol Wetland वे]बनाड-कोल वेटल-ड Kerala 19.8.2002

49 Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird mवाइंट कैBलमेरे व_यजीव Tamil Nadu 19.8.2002
Sanctuary और पKी अभयारXय
 Search
Tso Kar Wetland , Ladakh on TG: @apna_pdf
Designation date:17-11-2020

High-altitude wetland complex, consisting of two principal waterbodies, Startsapuk Tso, a

freshwater lake of about 438 hectares to the south, and Tso Kar itself, a hypersaline lake of
1800 hectares to the north.
§It is situated in the Changthang region of Ladakh.
§It is called Tso Kar, meaning white lake, because of the white salt efflorescence found on the
margins due to the evaporation of highly saline water.
 Search onWetland
Tso Kar TG: @apna_pdf
, Ladakh

• Endangered saker falcon (Falco cherrug) and Asiatic wild

dog or dhole (Cuon alpinus laniger)

• One of the most important breeding areas in India for the

black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis).
 Search
Lonar Lake, Maharasthra on TG: @apna_pdf
Designation date: 22-07-2020

•Created by a meteorite collision impact during the Pleistocene Epoch.

•Water in the lake is both saline and alkaline.
•The colour of Lonar lake water turned pink due to a large presence of 'Haloarchaea' microbes
 Search
Keetham lake, Uttar Pradesh on TG: @apna_pdf
Designation date: 21-08-2020

•Sur Sarovar, also known as Keetham Lake, is a human-made reservoir; originally created to
supply water to the city of Agra in summer.
•Threatened species include the vulnerable greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga), sarus crane
(Grus antigone) and catfish Wallago attu.
 Search
Kabartal Wetland (Bihar) on TG: @apna_pdf
Designation date: 21-07-2020

•Kanwar Jheel, covers parts of Indo-Gangetic plains in the northern Bihar.

•Five critically endangered species (3 of vultures, 2 of waterbirds) :
•the red-headed vulture, white-rumped vulture and Indian vulture (Gyps indicus)
•the sociable lapwing and Baer’s pochard
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Asan Conservation Reserve (Uttarakhand)
Designation date: 21-07-2020

•It is a 444-hectare stretch of the Asan River running down to its confluence with the Yamuna
River in Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
•Critically endangered red-headed vulture, white-rumped vulture and Baer’s pochard
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Search on TG: @apna_pdf
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Designation date:29.06.2021
Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary
(Uttar Pradesh)

• Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary is a freshwater marsh in the Sant Kabir Nagar district.
• It is the largest natural floodplain wetland of eastern Uttar Pradesh.
• The wetland is internationally important for its birdlife as it supports over 80 species.
• It provides a wintering ground for over 25 species that migrate on the Central Asian Flyway.
Haiderpur Wetland Search on TG: @apna_pdf
Designation date:13.04.2021

(Uttar Pradesh)

• Haiderpur Wetland is located within the boundaries of Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary.

• Haiderpur Wetland provides habitat for numerous animal and plant species, including more
than 30 species of plants, over 300 species of birds including 102 waterbirds, more than 40
fish and more than ten mammal species.
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Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary Designation date:25.05.2021
(Haryana)

• Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary is a human-made freshwater wetland, and is the largest

wetland in Haryana State.
• Over 250 species use the Sanctuary throughout the year as a resting and roosting site.
• The Site supports more than ten globally threatened species including the endangered
Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus), steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Pallas’s fish eagle
(Haliaeetus leucoryphus) and black-bellied tern (Sterna acuticauda).
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Sultanpur National Park Designation date:25.05.2021
(Haryana)

• The shallow lake at the core of the Sultanpur National Park is fed by the overflow from
neighbouring canals and fields, and replenished by saline groundwater.
• The wetland harbours a rich plant and animal life: it supports more than 220 species of
resident, winter migratory and local migratory waterbirds at critical stages of their life cycles.
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Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary Designation date:13.04.2021
(Gujarat)

• Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary is a freshwater wetland near the coast of the Gulf of Kutch.
• The sanctuary is now part of Marine National Park, Jamnagar, Gujarat.
• More than 180 plant species are present, including the critically endangered Indian bdellium-
tree (Commiphora wightii), commonly called guggal.
• The Site contributes to the maintenance of hydrological regimes, erosion protection and
nutrient cycling.
 Search
Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary on TG: @apna_pdf
Designation date:05.04.2021

(Gujarat)

• Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary is on the Central Asian Flyway and more than 320 bird species
can be found, making up some 57% of all the bird species of Gujarat.
• The area falls within the administrative jurisdiction of Mehsana district of Gujarat state.
 Search
Wadhvana Wildlife Sanctuary on TG: @apna_pdf
Designation date: 05.04.2021

(Gujarat)

• Wadhvana Wetland is located in Dabhoi Tehsil (Taluka), Vadodara district, Gujarat.

• The wetland is internationally important for its birdlife as it provides wintering ground to
migratory waterbirds, including over 80 species that migrate on the Central Asian Flyway.
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The Ramsar Convention works with the collaboration of the
following organizations:

üInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

üBirdlife International
üInternational Water Management Institute (IWMI).
üWetlands International
üWildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)
üWWF International
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Ramsar Sites 2022

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Introduction to Ramsar Convention
• Intergovernmental treaty established by UNESCO - provides the framework
for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.

• Adopted on 2nd February 1971 in Ramsar, Iran. Came into force from 21st
December, 1975. February 2 is celebrated as the International Wetlands
Day

• India is one of the Contracting Parties to Ramsar Convention, signed it on

1st Feb 1982.
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Introduction to Indian Ramsar Sites
• India has a total 75 Ramsar sites, covering an area of 13,26,677 hectares.

• India’s first Ramsar site were Chilika Lake in Odisha and Keoladeo National Park in
Rajasthan.

• Vembannur Wetland Complex (Tamil Nadu) with 19.7 hectares is the smallest
Ramsar Wetland site in India. Renuka wetland in Himachal Pradesh has an area of
20 hectares.

• Tamil Nadu has maximum Ramsar sites (14), followed by UP (10)

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Year wise designation of 75 Ramsar sites (source: PIB)
S. No. Year of No of site Sites designated upto Area covered
Designation designated 2013 in Ha
(As per date of and
designation) after 2014 to till date
1 1981 2 26 633871
2 1990 4 (1981 to 2013)
3 2002 13
4 2005 6
5 2012 1
6 2019 11 49 692807
7 2020 5 (2014 to 2022)
8 2021 14
9 2022 19
Total 75 75 1326678
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5 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (26 July, 22)
th
 Search on TG: @apna_pdf
5 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (26 July, 22)
th

S.No Name of wetland आ"# भ&ू म का नाम State/UT

1 Karikili Bird Sanctuary कर#$कल# प(ी अ+यार.य

2 Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve प/ल#करनई माश4 5रजव4

Forest फॉरे ;ट Tamil Nadu

3 Pichavaram Mangrove =पचवरम म?@ोव

4 Pala wetland पाला आC4 भFू म Mizoram

5 Sakhya Sagar साHय सागर Madhya Pradesh

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10 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (3 Aug, 22)
rd
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10 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (3 Aug, 22)
rd

S.No Name of wetland आ"# भू&म का नाम State

1 Satkosia Gorge सतको%सया गॉज, Odisha

2 Nanda Lake नंदा झील Goa

3 Ranganathituu BS रं गना4थतु बी एस Karnataka

4 Sirpur wetland %सरपरु आ;, भ%ू म Madhya Pradesh

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10 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (3 Aug, 22)
rd

S.No Name of wetland आ"# भ&ू म का नाम State

5 Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary वेदाKथंगल प(ी अ+यार.य

Udhayamarthandapuram Bird
6 उदयमाथOदपरु म प(ी अभयार.य
Sanctuary
Koonthankulam Bird
7 कूनथनकुलम प(ी अ+यार.य
Sanctuary Tamil Nadu
Gulf of Mannar Marine मKनार कQ खाड़ी समC
ु #
8 बायो;फQयर 5रजव4
Biosphere Reserve
9 Vembannur Wetland Complex वेUबKनरू वेटल?ड कॉUWलेXस

10 Vellode Bird Sanctuary वेलोड प(ी अ+यार.य

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11 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (13 Aug, 22)
th
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11 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (13 Aug, 22)
th

S.No. Name of wetland आ"# भू&म का नाम State/UT

1 Tampara Lake टाUपरा झील

2 Hirakud Reservoir ह#राकंु ड जलाशय

Odisha
3 Ansupa Lake अंसप
ु ा झील

4 Yashwant Sagar यशवंत सागर Madhya Pradesh

5 Thane Creek ठाणे ^Qक Maharashtra

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11 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (13 Aug, 22)
th

S. No. Name of wetland आ"# भू&म का नाम State/UT

6 Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary _च`ांगडु ी प(ी अ+यार.य

7 Suchindram Theroor स_ु चKCम थेaर वेटल?ड कॉUWलेXस

Wetland Complex
Tamil Nadu
8 Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary वडुवरु प(ी अ+यार.य

9 Kanjirankulam Bird कांजीरं कुलम प(ी अ+यार.य

Sanctuary
10 Hygam Wetland हाइगम वेटल?ड कंजवcशन 5रजव4
Conservation Reserve Jammu &
11 Shallbugh Wetland शालबग
ु वेटल?ड कंजवcशन 5रजव4 Kashmir
Conservation Reserve
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Important info about the newly added wetlands
• Sakhya Sagar Lake is an integral part of the Madhav National Park in
Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh.

• Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary (कूनथनकुलम प?ी अAयारBय)

• man-made wetland & is the largest reserve for breeding water birds in South India.

• Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve

• This is the first Marine Biosphere Reserve in South & South -East Asia.

• Vembannur Wetland Complex

• human-made inland tank, believed to have been constructed during Pandyan king
Veeranarayana.
• forms the southernmost tip of peninsular India.
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Important info about the newly added wetlands
• Hirakud Reservoir is the largest earthen dam in Odisha
• Ansupa Lake is the largest freshwater lake of Odisha and is an oxbow lake
formed by River Mahanadi
• Vaduvur bird sanctuary is a large human-made irrigation tank
• Thane Creek has been declared as Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary.
• Hygam Wetland falls within the River Jhelum basin in Baramulla district.
• Shallabug Wetland Conservation Reserve is in Srinagar
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Important Ramsar sites around the world
• World’s first Ramsar Site - Cobourg Peninsula in Australia, designated in 1974.

• World’s largest Ramsar Site - Rio Negro in Brazil (1,20,000 km2)

• Country with maximum Ramsar Sites - United Kingdom (175 sites)

• Largest area under the Ramsar Convention protection - Bolivia (1,48,000 km2)
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Identify the incorrect option:
A) Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary – Tamil Nadu
B) Nanda Lake – Goa
C) Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve – Tamil Nadu
D) Satkosia Gorge – Tamil Nadu

Ans: D
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Sirpur wetland is located in which state?
A) Madhya Pradesh
B) Karnataka
C) Goa
D) Tamil Nadu
Ans: A
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Udhayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary is in which state?
A) Karnataka
B) Odisha
C) Kerala
D) Tamil Nadu
Ans: D
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Which is the first Ramsar Wetland from Goa?
A) Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary
B) Pala wetland
C) Nanda Lake
D) Ansupa Lake
Ans: C
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Which state has the largest number of Ramsar Wetlands in India?
A) Karnataka
B) Tamil Nadu
C) Uttar Pradesh
D) Maharashtra
Ans: B
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Research
Centers in
India
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S. No. Research Institute Location

1. Central Potato Research Institute Shimla, Himachal

Pradesh
2. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) New Delhi
3. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) New Delhi
• It is commonly known as the Pusa Institute.
• The institute was originally located in Pusa, Bihar
4. Defence Research and Development Organisation New Delhi
(DRDO)
5. National Highways Authority of India Dwarka, New Delhi
6. Indian Council of Historical Research New Delhi

S. No. Research Institute Location

7. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) New Delhi

8. National Institute of Malaria Research New Delhi

9. India Meteorological Department New Delhi

10. Archeological Survey of India New Delhi

11. Indian Meteorological Department New Delhi

S. No. Research Institute Location

12. National Brain Research Centre Gurgaon, Haryana

13. International Solar Alliance Gurugram, Haryana

14. National Dairy Research Institute Karnal, Haryana

15. Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun,

Uttarakhand

Anand in gujarat is known as the Milk Capital of India

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S. No. Research Institute Location

16. Indian Institute of Pulses Research Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

17. National Sugar Institute Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

18. Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

19. Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

20. National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

S. No. Research Institute Location

21. Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Dhanbad, Jharkhand

22. Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums Ranchi, Jharkhand

(Formerly Indian Lac Research Institute)

23. Uranium Corporation of India Jharkhand

24. National Rice Research Institute Cuttack, Odisha

25. Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata, West Bengal

S. No. Research Institute Location

26. Zoological Survey of India Kolkata, West Bengal

27. Geological Survey of India Kolkata, West Bengal

28. Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute Tonk, Rajasthan

29. Institute for Plasma Research Gandhinagar, Gujarat

30. Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Bhavnagar, Gujarat

Institute
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S. No. Research Institute Location

31. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Trombay, Mumbai,

Dr. Ajit Kumar Mohanty (Director) Maharashtra
32. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, Maharashtra
33. Central Institute for Cotton Research Nagpur, Maharashtra
34. National Environmental Engineering Nagpur, Maharashtra
Research Institute
35. India Security Press Nashik, Maharashtra
36. National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa

S. No. Research Institute Location

37. Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics Hyderabad, Telangana

38.. Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajahmundry, Andhra

Pradesh
39. Central Power Research Institute Bengaluru, Karnataka

40. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Bengaluru, Karnataka

Chairman : S. Somanath

41. Directorate of Cashew Research Puttur, Karnataka

S. No. Research Institute Location

42. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi, Kerala

43. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Thiruvananthapuram,

Kerala
44. Central Coir Research Institute Alappuzha, Kerala

45. Central Leather Research Institute Chennai, Tamil Nadu

• Leather City : Kanpur

• Leather Research Institute : Chennai
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You are the artist

of your own life.
Do not hand the
brush to anyone
else.
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Slogans by
Famous
Personalities
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“Brothers and sisters of

America”

Swami Vivekananda

“Vedon Ki Or Lauto”
(Go back to the Vedas)

“India for the Indians”

Dayanand Saraswati

“Jai Hind”

“Dilli Chalo”
Tum Mujhe Khoon Do,
Main Tumhe Azadi
Doonga
(Give me blood and I will
give you freedom!)
Subhas Chandra
Bose “Freedom is not given - it is
taken”

“Aaram haram hai”

Purna Swaraj/Full self-

governance
“Who lives if India dies”
Jawaharlal Nehru
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“Maaro Firangi Ko”

Mangal Pandey

“Bharat Chhoro” While Gandhi gave the clarion call of

(Quit India) Quit India, the slogan was coined by
Yusuf Meherally, a socialist and
trade unionist who also served as
“Hey Ram” Mayor of Mumbai.

“Do or Die”

“There is no salvation for India

unless you strip yourself of this
jewellery and hold it in trust for
your country men in India” Mahatma Gandhi

“Satyameva Jayate”

• It is a part of a mantra from

the Hindu scripture Mundaka Upanishad.
• It is inscribed in the Devanagari script at the
base of the Lion Capital of Ashoka and forms
an integral part of the Indian national
Madan Mohan Malviya emblem.

“Sarfroshi Ki Tamanna Ab
Hmare Dil Me Hai”

Ramprasad Bismil
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“Swaraj is my birth right
and I shall have it”

Bal Gangadhar
Tilak

“Jai Jawaan, Jai Kisan”

Lal Bahadur Shastri

“Nobody holds any patent rights in

the fundamental ideas of a
Constitution”

BR Ambedkar

“I believe separate electorates

will be suicidal to the minorities”

Govind Ballabh
Pant

“Inquilab
Zindabad”

Given by or coined by :
Maulana Hasrat Mohani
Shouted by or popularized by :
Real name : Syed Fazl-ul-Hasan
Bhagat Singh
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“Simon, go back”

“Every blow on my body will prove a nail in the coffin of

the British Empire”/ “A blow to sticks on my head will
prove to be the nail of the casket of the British rule”

Lala Lajpat Rai

in 1928 Yusuf Meherally had

coined the slogan “Simon Go
Back”.

“Shramev Jaiyte”
Indira Gandhi

“Jai Jagat”

Vinoba Bhave

“Kam Adhik Batain Kam”

Sanjay Gandhi

“Sampurn Kranti”

Jaiprakash Narayan
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“Kar Mat Do”

(Don’t give tax)

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel

“Hindi, Hundu Hindustan”

Bhartendu
Harishchandra

“Desh Bachao, Desh

Banao”

P.V. Narsimha Rao

“Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai

Vigyan”

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

“Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai

Vigyan, Jai Anusandhan”

Narendra Modi
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“Dushman ki goliyon ka hum samna

karenge, azad hee rahein hain, azad
hee rahenge”

“If your blood does not rage, it is

water that flows in your vein”

“Aisi jawaani kisi kaam ki nahi jo

Chandrashekhar apni matrbhoomi ke kaam na aa
Azad sake”

Songs

• “Vande Matram” : Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

• “Jana Gana Mana” : Rabindra Nath Tagore
• “Ekla chalo re” : Rabindra Nath Tagore
• “Aye mere watan ke logon” : Kavi Pradeep
• “Sare Jahan Se Achha
Hindustan Hamara” : Muhammad Iqbal
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Sports Cups
and
Trophies
Golf Search on TG: @apna_pdf

• Ryder Cup
• Walker Cup
• Solheim Cup
• Augusta Masters
• Eisenhower Trophy

Rowing
• Wellington Trophy

National Sports Day : 29th August

International Day of Sport for Development and Peace : 6th April

Polo
• Ezra Cup
• Maharaj Prithi Singh Baria Cup
• Radha Mohan Cup
• Winchester Cup

Basketball
• Basalat Jha Trophy
• William Jones Cup
• Todd Memorial Trophy
• BC Gupta Trophy
• Larry o'brien trophy

Weightlifting

• Burdwan Trophy

Boat Racing (Kerala)

• Nehru Trophy Boat Race

Horse Racing

Nizam Gold Cup

Beresford Stakes
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Chess
• Khaitan Trophy

Billiards
• Arthur Walker Trophy

Athletics
• Charminar Trophy

Bridge
• Ruia Gold Cup
• Holkar Trophy

Tennis
• Australian Open
• French Open Grand
• Wimbledon Open Slam
• US Open Table Tennis
• Davis Cup
• Bama Belleck Cup
• Rajendra Prasad Cup
• Malaysian Open • Travancore Cup

• U Thant Cup • Swathling Cup

• Wightman Cup • Ramanujan
Trophy
Australian Open in January,
French Open (also known as Roland-Garros) from late May to early June,
Wimbledon in late June to early July, US Open in August–September

Hockey
• Aga Khan Cup • Sultan Azlan Shah
Cup
• Dhyanchand Trophy
• Beighton Cup
• Maharaja Ranjit
Singh Gold Cup • Lady Ratan Tata • Major Dhyan Chand was an Indian field
Trophy hockey player widely regarded as the
• Murugappa Gold Cup
• Rangaswamy Cup greatest field hockey player in history.
• Sindhia Gold Cup
He is known as The Wizard or The
• Stanley Cup
Magician of hockey.
Badminton Search on TG: @apna_pdf

• Amrit Diwan Cup • Malaysia Open

• Chaddha Cup • Sophia Cup
• Harilela Cup • Thomas Cup (Men)
• Sudirman Cup • Uber Cup (Women)
• Ibrahim Rahimatillah • Yonex Cup
Challenger Cup
• Konica Cup

Football
• Bandodkar Gold Trophy • Kalinga Cup
• B.C. Roy Trophy • Merdeka Cup
• Confederation Cup
• Rovers Cup
• DCM Trophy (Delhi Cloth
Mills Trophy) • Santosh Trophy
• Durand Cup • Scissor Cup
• FIFA world Cup • Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Trophy
• Jules Rimet Trophy
• Subroto Cup
• Begum Hazrat Mahal Trophy
• Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy • UEFA Champions League

• Vittal Trophy • Euro Cup

• IFA Shield

Cricket

• Ashes Cup • ICC World Cup

• Asia Cup (Asian Cricket Council • Irani Trophy
Asia Cup)
• Rani Jhansi Trophy
• C.K. Naidu Trophy
• Deodhar Trophy • Rohinton Barcia Trophy
• Duleep Trophy • Gillette Cup
• Border–Gavaskar Trophy • G.D. Birla Trophy
• Mango Cup
• Vijay Hazare Trophy (also known
• Ranji Trophy as the Ranji One-Day Trophy)
• Titan Cup
• Wisden Trophy
• Vizzy Trophy
• Viiay Merchant Trophy
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Questions
With which of the following sports is Ruia Gold Cup associated?
1. Bridge
2. Water polo
3. Badminton
4. Swimming

Lakshya Sen is associated with which of the following sports?

1. Lawn tennis
2. Table tennis
3. Basketball
4. Badminton

With which sport is Archana Kamath associated?

1. Squash
2. Table Tennis
3. Lawn Tennis
4. Badminton

Vijay Hazare was a famous Indian player associated with the sport of ______.
1. Football
2. Cricket
3. Rifle Shooting
4. Boxing
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Sports Terminologies
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Athletics

• Track and Field • Long Jump

• Relay • Triple Jump
• Sprint • Pole vault or Pole jumping
• Hurdles • Hammer Throw
• Steeplechase • Discuss Throw
• Lap • Javelin throw
• High Jump • Shot Put

Gymnastics

• Push-up
• Bridge
• Parallel bar
• Horizontal bar
• Uneven bar
• Floor exercise
• Sit up
• Handstand
• Headstand
Skiing
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Skiing

Terminology Meaning
Black diamond steepest in the ski area, rides more narrow than other surrounding slopes

Dump huge snowfall

French Fries Pizza and french fries refer to the way you position your skis

Mashed Potatoes Mushy spring snow often found at busy trail crossings or near the base area at the end of a
warm day

Milk run The first run of the day.

Yard sale when a skier crashes and loses everything such as their outerwear, skies, poles, goggles,
beanies, and gloves.

Moguls a skiing event in which skiers descend a slope which is covered in mounds of snow, making two
jumps during the descent.

Football

• Kick
• Goal
• Head
• Move
Goal-post
• Stopper
• Defender
• Penalty
• Free-Kick
• Bicycle kick or Overhead kick or Scissors kick
• Off side
Bicycle kick
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Football
Terminology Meaning
Dribble Dribbling is maneuvering a ball by one player while moving in a given direction,
avoiding defenders' attempts to intercept the ball.
Hand-Ball The act of touching the ball with your hand or arm.
Volley an air-borne strike
Trap to bring the football under control from a pass or when the ball is running loose.

Hattrick Term used when a player scores 3 goals in a single football match.
Throw-In A throw-in is a method of restarting play when the ball has exited the side of the
field of play.
Cross a medium- to-long-range pass from a wide area of the field towards the centre of
the field near the opponent's goal.
Punt certain kind of kick, like when a rugby player drops the ball and kicks it before it
hits the ground.

Shooting
• Rapid fire Pistol
• Standard rifle
• Free pistol
• Air rifle
• Shooting range

Terminology Meaning
Bull’s eye The bull's-eye is the small circular area at the centre of a
target.
caliber caliber of a gun refers to the diameter of the inside of
the gun's barrel, also known as the bore.

Polo
Terms Related to Polo Terms Related to Polo Horse or Pony
• Bump • Bits
• Bunder • Martingale
• Divot • Girth
• Hook • Reins

Terminology Meaning
Chukker Polo matches are divided into six periods of play
Malle
(Chukkas) or called chukkers (the English call them chukkas), t
Period each lasting seven minutes.
Mallet A mallet used to strike the ball in polo.
Bump to ride off another to spoil his shot or to remove him
from the play.
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Boxing

• Knock out
• Jab
• Punch Boxing gloves
• Upper-cut
• Foot work
• Hook
• Ring Stoppage
• Bob & Weave
• Saved by the bell
• Southpaw
Boxing ring

Terminology Meaning
Kidney punch powerful punching technique that targets one of the two
kidneys & is illegal
Jab Straight punch from forwardmost hand
Hooks Punches thrown from the sides
Bob & Weave Defensive techniques
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Hockey

• Hattrick Hockey
• Goal cones
• Penalty stroke or Penalty flick Hockey
• Push-in stick
• Scoop
• Dribble
• Astroturf
• Centre forward
• Half back Hockey
• Sudden death cleats
• Striking circle
• 16-yard hit Hockey ball

Terminology Meaning
Bully Restart the game after stoppage.
Short corner or Penalty A penalty given against the defending team.
corner
Under cutting one type of foul in which a player hits the ball on the underside so
that it pops into the air.
Striker The player who shoots the ball is called striker.
Tackle It is a defense action to take the ball from the opponent.
Sudden death when it's overtime and the first goal scored will end the game.

Tennis

• Grandslam
• Advantage Tennis ball
• Game Point
• Break point
• Shot Net Tennis racket
• Drop shot
• Ace
• Love
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Tennis

Terminology Meaning
Serve (formally Service) A shot to start a point.
Deuce When both players have forty points. One player has to win two points
one after the other to win the game.
Smash A smash in tennis is a shot that is hit above the hitter's head with a
serve-like motion.
Fault If you miss a serve, it is called a fault.
Let If a serve hits the net but lands inside the service box, it is called a let,
and the server replays that serve.
Groundstrokes These are the shots that you hit from the baseline. There are two
kinds of groundstrokes -- the forehand and backhand.
Volley The volley is the shot that is hit closer to the net, typically out of the
air (before it bounces on the ground).

Types of tennis courts

1. Grass court (Wimbledon)

2. Clay court (French Open)
3. Hard court (Australian Open & US
Open)
4. Carpet court

Areas of the tennis court

• Serve • Penhold grip

• Topspin • Shakehand grip
• Backspin
• Sidespin • Dead ball Terminology Meaning
• Drive spin Volley Hitting the ball before it bounces on the
• Forehand table.
• Backhand Half volley A half volley in tennis is a shot that is hit
immediately after the ball bounces but
• Chop
before it reaches the apex of its bounce.
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Badminton
• Shuttlecock
• Service court
• Net
• Double fault
• Fore-hand Smash
• Back Hand
• Hit
• Drop

Terminology Meaning
Smash The smash shot is hit with power and speed downward into the opponent's
court
Love It means one player is in zero point.
The word Love comes from French word l’ouef, which means egg which is the
shape of zero.
Deuce If the score reaches 20-20, the game will be “deuce”.
This means that either one side must lead by 2 points to win the game.

Basketball

• Common foul • Frontcourt

• Under head • Held-Ball
• Technical foul • Rebound
• Over head • Steal
• Court

Terminology Meaning
Free throw Unopposed attempts to score points by shooting from behind the free throw line.
Dunk or Slam This is a method of scoring in basketball when a player puts the ball directly in the basket
dunk using one or both of their hands.
Layup A layup in basketball is a shot attempt made by leaping from below, laying the ball up near
the basket, and using one hand to bounce it off the backboard and into the basket.
Pivot A Pivot is when a player maintains one foot having contact with the ground without
changing its position on the floor and utilizes the other foot to rotate their body to improve
position while in possession of the basketball.
Dribbling In basketball, dribbling is bouncing the ball on the floor continuously with one hand at a
time.
Cherry picking Cherry picking, in basketball and certain other sports, refers to play where one player (the
cherry picker) does not play defense with the rest of the team but remains near the
opponents' goal.
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Weight Lifting
• Snatch : Lift the weight over head in one single motion.
• Clean and Jerk : Lift the weight in two stages :
The Clean : to get the lift at shoulder level
The Jerk : to lift the weight over head.
• Barbell : A piece of exercise equipment used in weight
training, bodybuilding, weightlifting and powerlifting, consisting of a long bar, usually with weights
attached at each end.

Swimming

Swimming Equipment
• Swimsuit Bathing caps and Goggles
Fin
• Bathing caps
• Goggles Kickboards
• Fin
• Kickboards
• Pull Buoys or Leg Float
• Hand paddles

Hand
Pull buoys paddles

Wrestling

Cross-Face

Chicken-Wing

Heave, Chicken-Wing, Cross-Face, Elbow-Drop, Attack Wrestling Mat

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Wrestling

Terminology Meaning
Half-Nelson A ground hold used by a wrestler who places one arm
through their opponent’s corresponding armpit and
then around his neck.

Full-Nelson A ground hold used from a position behind the

opponent by putting both arms under their armpits
and fastening the hands or wrists on the back of his
neck.

Terminology Meaning
Bridge A movement by a wrestler to support himself/herself
on his/her head, elbows and feet. This prevents his/her
shoulders and back from touching the mat.
Cradle A ground hold used by a wrestler when applying a
cross-face hold with one arm, while bringing the other
arm through the opponent’s crotch/behind the knee.
Headlock It is a hold in wrestling in which a wrestler grips his
opponent's head between his elbow and the side of his
body.

Chess • Chess board

• E.L.O. Rating
• Grand Master
• International Master
• FIDE Master
• Candidate Master
• Gambit
• Move
• Resign
• Checkmate
Pawn Rook Knight Bishop Queen King
• Stalemate
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Chess
Terminology Meaning
Checkmate A checkmate (also known as "mate") occurs when a king is placed in check and has
no legal moves to escape.
Checkmating the opponent wins the game
Stalemate It happens when the player who has to move is not in check but has no legal moves
available. The game then ends immediately in a tie, and each player is awarded
half a point.
Grand Master The highest title awarded in chess.
International The international master (IM) title is the second most difficult title to attain.
Master
Zugzwang One player is put at a disadvantage because of their obligation to make a move

Golf
• Hole • Albatross • Nib-Lick • Grain
• Bogey • Attend the flag • Iron • Half shot
• Putt • Ostrich • Bunker • In the leather
• Stymie
• Banana • Hazard • Mulligan
• Caddie
• Tee • Baseball grip • Wedge bounce • Gilligan
• Links • Divot • Bump and Run • Wiff
• Birdie
• Dog license • Eagle
• Amen Corner
• Attack Angle • Dogleg hole • Fairway
• Condor • Putting green • Four-Ball
• Chip

Cricket
• Bat • Gloves • Hook
• Ball • Dead ball • Pull
• Stumps or Wickets • Follow-on
• Sweep
• Cricket Bails • Spin-bowling
• Glance
• Helmet • Not out
• Arm guard • Googly • Chinaman
• Chest guard • Overthrow
• Elbow guards • Cover drive
Chinaman - a ball that spins from off to leg, bowled by a
• Jockstrap • Follow Through left-handed bowler to a right-handed batsman.
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Cricket
Terminology Meaning
Caught Caught is a method of dismissing a batsman in cricket. A batsman is out caught if the
batsman hits the ball, from a legitimate delivery, with the bat, and the ball is caught
by the bowler or a fielder before it hits the ground.
Bowled It is the act of propelling the ball towards the wicket defended by a batsman.
Bowled out It is a method of dismissing a batsman, by hitting the wicket with a ball delivered by
the bowler.
Stumped or Stumped is a method of dismissing a batsman in cricket, which involves the wicket-
Stump out keeper putting down the wicket while the batsman is out of his ground
Run out A run out usually occurs when the batsmen are attempting to run between the
wickets, and the fielding team succeed in getting the ball to one wicket before a
batsman has crossed the crease line near the wicket.
Hit Wicket When batsman hits the wicket by himself while playing the ball he is considered
dismissed and this method is termed as Hit Wicket.
Terminology Meaning
L. B. W. Leg before wicket (lbw) is one of the ways in which a batsman can be dismissed in the
sport of cricket.
Timed out It occurs when an incoming batsman is not ready to play within three minutes of the
previous batsman being out.
Extras No ball, Wide ball, Byes and Leg byes.
Over In cricket, an over consists of six legal deliveries bowled.
Maiden over A maiden over is an over in which no runs are scored.
Boundary line In cricket, the boundary is the perimeter of a playing field.
Terminology Meaning
Throwing or It is an illegal bowling action.
Chucking
Cricket It is the main building within which the players usually change in dressing rooms and
pavilion which is the main location for watching the cricket match for members and others.
Sixer A shot in which the ball passes over the boundary without touching the ground, for
which the batting team is awarded 6 runs.
Four runs Four runs are scored if the ball bounces, or rolls along the ground, before touching or
going over the edge of the field.
Terminology Meaning
Toss The toss is the flipping of a coin to determine which captain will have the right to
choose whether their team will bat or field at the start of the match.
Run In cricket, a run is the unit of scoring.
Wicket Wicket in the game of Cricket is when a Batsman gets dismissed. For the batting team,
this phenomenon may also be known as “Losing a Wicket”.
Pitch The cricket pitch consists of the central strip (a rectangular area) of the cricket field
between the wickets. It is 22 yd (20.12 m) long (1 chain) and 10 ft (3.05 m) wide.
Crease The positions of a bowling crease, a popping crease and two return creases shall be
marked by white lines.
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Stadiums
in India
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Cricket Stadiums in India

S. No. Stadium Location

1. Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Dharamshala, Himachal
Stadium Pradesh

2. Punjab Cricket Association Inderjit Singh Mohali, Punjab

Bindra Stadium
• commonly known as the Mohali Stadium.

3. Arun Jaitley Stadium New Delhi

• Former name : Firoz Shah Kotla Ground.

4. Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium Dehradun, Uttarakhand

S. No. Stadium Location

5. Green Park Stadium Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

6. Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Cricket Stadium Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
• Former name : Ekana International Cricket Stadium
7. JSCA International Stadium Complex Ranchi, Jharkhand
(Jharkhand State Cricket Association Stadium)
8. Eden Gardens Kolkata, West Bengal
• Oldest cricket stadium in India.
• Established in : 1864
• It is the second-largest cricket stadium (by capacity)
in India after the Narendra Modi Stadium.
9. Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium Guwahati, Assam
• Other name : Barsapara Cricket Stadium

S. No. Stadium Location

10. Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium Rajkot, Gujarat

• known as the Khandheri Cricket Stadium.

11. Narendra Modi Stadium Ahmedabad, Gujarat

• Former name : Motera Stadium
• It is the largest cricket stadium (by capacity) in
the world.

12. Holkar Stadium Indore, Madhya

• Former name : Maharani Usharaje Trust Cricket Pradesh
Ground.
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S. No. Stadium Location

13. Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium Nagpur, Maharashtra

• largest cricket stadium in India in terms of
field area.

14. Maharashtra Cricket association Stadium Pune, Maharashtra

15. Wankhede Stadium Mumbai, Maharashtra

16. Brabourne Stadium Mumbai, Maharashtra

S. No. Stadium Location

17. Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium Hyderabad, Telangana

18. Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Vishakhapatnam,

Stadium Andhra Pradesh
19. M. Chinnaswamy Stadium Bengaluru, Karnataka
• It is the first cricket stadium in the world to
use solar panels to generate a bulk of the
electricity needed to run the stadium.

20. M.A. Chidambaram Stadium Chennai, Tamil Nadu

• It is commonly known as the Chepauk Stadium.
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Football Stadiums in India

S. No. Stadium Location

1. Bakshi Stadium Srinagar, Jammu and

Kashmir
2. Lajwanti Stadium Hoshiarpur, Punjab

3. Ambedkar Stadium New Delhi

4. Birsa Munda Football Stadium Ranchi, Jharkhand

S. No. Stadium Location

6. Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan Kolkata, West Bengal
• Also known as Saltlake Stadium.

7. Kalyani Stadium Kalyani, West Bengal

8. East Bengal Ground Kolkata, West Bengal

9. Mohun Bagan Ground Kolkata, West Bengal

10. Rabindra Sarobar Stadium Kolkata, West Bengal

S. No. Stadium Location

11. Jorethang Ground Sikkim

12. Paljor Stadium Gangtok, Sikkim

13. Bhaichung Bhutia Stadium Namchi, Sikkim

14. Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Guwahati, Assam

• It is also known as Sarusajai Stadium.
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S. No. Stadium Location

15. Tilak Maidan Stadium Vasco da Gama, Goa

16. Duler Stadium Mapusa, Goa

17. Calicut Medical College Stadium Kozhikode, Kerala.
18. Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala
19. Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium Kollam, Kerala

Hockey
Stadiums
in India

S. No. Stadium Location

1. Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium New Delhi
• It served as the venue for the 1st Asian Games in 1951.
2. Olympian Balbir Singh Senior International Hockey Mohali, Punjab
Stadium
• Old name - Mohali International Hockey Stadium
3. Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium Rourkela, Odisha
4. Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium Rourkela, Odisha
• It is an under-construction hockey stadium.
• will be the largest hockey stadium in India.
• The stadium is being built to host the 2023 Men's FIH
Hockey World Cup.
5. Aishbagh Stadium Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh
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Multipurpose
Stadiums

S.No. Stadium Location

1. Guru Nanak Stadium Ludhiana, Punjab
2. Tau Devi Lal Stadium Gurgaon, Haryana
3. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium New Delhi
4. Dr Sampurnanda Stadium Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
• Also known as Sigra Stadium
5. Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground Greater Noida, Uttar
• Other name : Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Pradesh
Complex

S. No. Stadium Location

6. JRD Tata Sports Complex Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
7. Barabati Cricket Stadium Cuttack, Odisha
8. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Indoor Stadium Kolkata, West Bengal
9. Kanchenjunga Stadium Siliguri, West Bengal
10. Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium Silchar, Assam
11. Khuman Lampak Main Stadium Imphal, Manipur

S. No. Stadium Location

12. Tatya Tope Stadium Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

13. Ravi Shankar Shukla Stadium Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

14. Fatorda Stadium Margao, Goa

• It is also known as Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Stadium.
15. Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium Hyderabad, Telangana
• Formerly known as Fateh Maidan
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S. No. Stadium Location
16. Sree Kanteerava Stadium Bengaluru, Karnataka
• Formerly known as the Sampangi Stadium
17. Visvesvaraya Stadium Karnataka
18. Greenfield International Stadium Thiruvananthapuram,
• It is a multipurpose stadium, used mainly Kerala
for football and cricket.
19. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Kochi, Kerala
• Locally known as Kaloor Stadium
20. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Chennai, Tamil Nadu
• It is also known as the Marina Arena.
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Don’t stop when you are tired,

stop when you are done!
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IMPORTANT
STRAITS &
CHANNELS
OF THE WORLD
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STRAIT

A naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable

waterway that lies between two land masses
and connects two larger bodies of water.

Some straits are not navigable because they are

too shallow, or because of an unnavigable reef Longest strait – Strait of Malacca
or archipelago. Narrowest strait – Strait of Bosphorous

The Palk Strait

• Location: Between Tamil Nadu and the Jaffna
District of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka.

•It connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast

with Palk Bay in the southwest.

• Rivers- the Vaigai River of Tamil Nadu.

Palk Bay at its southern end has a chain of low islands

and reef shoals that are collectively called Adam's
Bridge, historically known in Hindu Mythology as "Ram
Setu" i.e. The Bridge of Rama

This chain extends between Pamban Island (also known

as Rameswaram Island) in Tamil Nadu and Mannar
Island in Sri Lanka.

The Duncan Passage

•Strait in the Indian Ocean.

•It separates Rutland Island (part of Great Andaman)

to the north, and Little Andaman to the south.

•West of Duncan Passage is the Bay of Bengal; east is

the Andaman Sea.
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The Ten Degree Channel

•Separates the Andaman Islands and Nicobar

Islands from each other in the Bay of Bengal.

•Lies on the 10-degree line of latitude north of

the equator, hence the name.

The Nine Degree Channel

• Separates the island of Minicoy from the main
Lakshadweep archipelago

•Lies in the Indian Ocean between the Laccadive Islands

of Kalpeni and Suheli Par, and Maliku Atoll.

•Lies on the 9-degree line of Latitude, north of the equator.

The Strait of Malacca

•Between the Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra .
•Main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
•Link between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea - shortest sea route between India and China
•One of the busiest strait in the world
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The Sunda Strait

•Between the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra.

Connects the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean.

The Strait of Hormuz

• Between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman
•It provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to
the open ocean and is one of the world's most strategically
important choke points
•On the north coast lies Iran, and on the south coast
the United Arab Emirates and Oman.

•World’s biggest Oil-Chokepoint

•A third of the world's liquefied natural gas and almost 25% of total global oil consumption passes
through the strait, making it a highly important strategic location for international trade.
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The Bab-el-Mandeb
•The Bab-el-Mandeb, means “Gate of Grief”
•A strait between Yemen on the Arabian
Peninsula, Djibouti and Eritrea, north of Somalia,
in the Horn of Africa
•Connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden.
•An important link between the Indian
Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, via the Red
Sea and the Suez Canal of Egypt.

It is an arm of the Indian Ocean located between The Mozambique Channel

the Southeast African countries
of Madagascar and Mozambique
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The Bosporus Strait
•Also known as the Strait of Istanbul
•Located in northwestern Turkey; The city
of Istanbul - intercontinental city
•Connects Black Sea to Sea of Marmara
•Forms part of continental boundary between
Europe and Asia, and divides Turkey by
separating Anatolia from Thrace.

The Dardanelles
•Also known as Strait of Gallipoli or Hellespont

•Located in northwestern Turkey; forms part of continental

boundary between Europe and Asia

•Connects the Sea of Marmara with

the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas

Bosporus Strait and Dardanelles Strait together

known as Turkish Straits and separate Asian Turkey
from European Turkey

The Strait of Gibraltar

•Connects Atlantic Ocean to Mediterranean Sea
•Separates Iberian
Peninsula in Europe from Morocco in Africa

•On the northern side of the Strait

are Spain and Gibraltar while on the southern side
are Morocco and Ceuta

•Its boundaries were known in ancient times as

the Pillars of Hercules.
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English Channel
•An arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern
England from northern France

•Tapers eastward to link to the North Sea at the Strait of

Dover

•One of the busiest shipping area in the world.

The Strait of Dover

•Historically known as the Dover Narrows

•Separates Great Britain from continental

Europe

•This strait is at the narrowest part of

the English Channel, marking the boundary
between the Channel and North Sea

The North Channel

•Strait between north-eastern Northern
Ireland and south-western Scotland.

•The channel connects the Irish Sea with

the Atlantic Ocean
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The Davis Strait
•A northern arm of the Atlantic Ocean - lies north of
the Labrador Sea and south of Baffin Bay

• It lies between mid-western Greenland and Baffin

Island in Canada.

The Hudson Strait

•Links the Atlantic Ocean and Labrador
Sea to Hudson Bay in Canada.

•Lies between Baffin Island and Northern Quebec,

Canada

The Bering Strait

•Separates Russia and the United States slightly south of
the Arctic Circle at about 65° 40' N latitude.

•It borders the Chukchi Sea (part of Arctic Ocean) to the north
and the Bering Sea (part of Pacific Ocean) to the south
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•The Diomede Islands lie midway in the Strait

•This national and continental

boundary separates Diomede Islands in the Bering
Strait, with Big Diomede in Russia and Little
Diomede in the U.S.

•The International Date Line runs equidistant

between the Strait's Diomede Islands.

The Cook Strait

•Separates the North and South Islands of New
Zealand.

•Connects the Tasman Sea on the northwest

with the South Pacific Ocean on the southeast

•Runs next to the capital city, Wellington.

•Considered one of the most dangerous and

unpredictable waters in the world.
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OTHER IMPORTANT
STRAITS
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Strait Connects Separates

Bass strait Pacific Ocean (No other water body) Tasmania from the Australian mainland

Torres Strait Arafura Sea to Coral Sea (Pacific Ocean) Australia from Papua New Guinea

Pacific joins Atlantic - through Drake Passage

and Strait of Magellan (Chile).

Kerch Strait

connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

It separates the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea from

the Taman Peninsula of Russia’s Krasnodar Krai.
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Florida Strait Cuba and the Gulf of

USA Mexico and
the Atlantic
Ocean

Formosa China and The South

Strait Taiwan China Sea and
(Taiwan the East
Strait) China Sea

Isthmus: A narrow strip of land with sea on either

side, forming a link between two larger areas of
land.

The Isthmus of Panama is a narrow strip of land at

the southernmost end of Central America.

It lies between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean

Sea while linking North and South America.
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Superlatives
of India
(Largest, Longest,
Oldest, etc.)
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Bridges

Longest Sea Bridge in India:

Bandra-Worli Sea Link
officially known as Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link.
5.6 km long and 8-lane wide bridge.
links Bandra in the Western
Suburbs of Mumbai with Worli in South Mumbai.

Longest sea bridge under construction

Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL)
• also known as the Sewri Nhava Sheva Trans Harbour Link.
• expected to be completed by 2022.
• It will be a six-lane plus two emergency lanes, 27-metre wide
bridge.
• The total bridge will be 21.8 km long of which 16.5 km will run
in the sea.

Longest river bridge:

Dhola-Sadiya Bridge
• Renamed Bhupen Hazarika bridge
• It connects Assam to Arunachal Pradesh.
• located over Lohit river (a tributary of the Brahmaputra river).
• 9.15 km long.
• Famous singer Bhupen Hazarika was born in Sadia.
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Longest river bridge under construction
Dhubri-Phulbari bridge

• going to be longest river bridge of India.

• located in Dhubri (Assam) and Phulbari (Meghalaya) over

• will be a four-lane bridge and 19-km long.

Brahmaputra river.

• will be completed by 2028 by Larsen & Toubro Ltd.

World's highest railway bridge:

Chenab Bridge

• Under construction over Chenab river in J&K.

• It is made at a height of 359 metres above the river bed.
• likely to be completed by December 2022
• islinka (USBRL)
part of the ambitious Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail
project.

Highest all-weather permanent bridge:

Col Chewang Rinchen Setu

• Ittheis country's
located on Shyok River in eastern Ladakh at nearly 45 km from
border with China.
• It is 1400-ft long.
• constructed at an altitude of 14,650 feet.

Longest rail-cum-road bridge:

Bogibeel Bridge

• built over Brahmaputra River at Bogibeel near Dibrugarh

in Assam.
• It is a 4.94 km long double-decker bridge.
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Largest cantilever bridge

Howrah Bridge

• built over Hooghly River in West Bengal.

• A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers.
• Ahorizontally
cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends
and is supported at only one end.
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Water
Bodies

Category River Facts

Largest river
Ganga River Length : 2525 km (NCERT)
Longest river
Smallest river Arvari River • It originates in Aravalli range.
• It flows through the Alwar
District of Rajasthan.
Longest river of Godavari River Length : 1,465 km (NCERT)
South India (Dakshin Ganga)
Tallest Waterfall Kunchikal Falls • Located in Karnataka.
of India • Formed by Varahi river.
• It has a height of 455 meters.

Category Lake State/UT

Largest Freshwater Lake of Wular Lake Jammu & Kashmir
India
Largest brackish/saline water Chilika Lake Odisha
lake of India
Largest inland Salt Lake Sambhar Lake Rajasthan

Highest lake of India Tso Lhamo Lake or Sikkim

Cholamu Lake
(altitude of 5,100 m)

Longest Lake of India Vembanad Lake Kerela

(96.5 km long)
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Architectures

Category Architecture Location

Oldest Church of India St. Thomas Church Kerala

Narendra Modi Stadium

• world's biggest cricket Stadium.
• seating capacity of over 1 lakh.
Biggest Sports Stadium • previously known as Motera Ahmedabad,
of India Stadium and Sardar Patel Gujarat
Stadium.

Gol Gumbaz Bijapur ,

Largest dome (tomb of king Mohammed Adil Shah) Karnataka

Category Architecture Location

Largest Cave Shri Kailashnath Temple, Ellora Caves
Temple of India • world’s largest monolithic structure Maharashtra

Largest Auditorium Sri Shanmukhananda Hall

of India • seating capacity is approximately 2763. Mumbai

Largest museum of The Indian Museum

India •earliest and the largest multipurpose Kolkata, West
Museum in the Asia-Pacific region of the Bengal
world.
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Category Architecture Location
Largest Hockey Birsa Munda International Hockey Rourkela, Odisha
Stadium of India Stadium
• Capacity - 20,000
• Completion by 2022
Tallest statue of India Statue of Unity on the Narmada
• statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel River in Kevadiya,
• Height : 182m Gujarat
• It is the world's tallest statue.
Longest corridor Corridor of Sri Ramanathaswamy Tamil Nadu
Temple
Richest Temple of Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple Kerala
India • Richest Temple in the World
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Transport

Category Transport Location

Longest railway Tunnel Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel (11.215 km) Jammu &
in India Kashmir
Longest Road/Highway Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel Jammu and
Tunnel in India (9.28 km) Kashmir
Longest highway tunnel Atal Tunnel (9.02 km) Himachal
above 10,000 feet in • Formerly known as the Rohtang Pradesh
India Tunnel.
• Connects Manali to Lahaul-Spiti
valley.

Category Transport Location

Longest rail route Vivek Express Dibrugarh to
in India • joins Dibrugarh in Assam, Kanyakumari
to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu.
• covers a total of 4273 km (approx).
• about 80 hours to cover this distance.
Longest running National Highway 44 (NH 44) Srinagar to
national highway • It was previously known as National Kanyakumari
in India Highway 7
• It starts from Srinagar in the north and
ends in Kanyakumari in the south.

Category Transport Location

Longest railway Gorakhpur (1366.33 metres) Lucknow, UP
platform in India
& world Hubballi Railway Station (1505 metres length) Karnataka
– under construction
• It is officially Shree Siddharoodha Swamiji
railway station
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Dams

Category Dam Location

Tallest dam in India Tehri Dam Uttarakhand
• on Bhagirathi River
• Height : 260.5 m

Longest dam in India Hirakund Dam Odisha

• on Mahanadi River
• world’s longest earthen dam.
• Total length : 25.79 km

Oldest Dam in India Kallanai Dam Tamil Nadu

• Also known as the Grand Anicut
• On Kaveri river
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Mountains

Category Mountain Location

Highest mountain in K2 or Godwin Austen (8611) between Baltistan and

Indian subcontinent Xinjiang

Highest mountain in Kanchenjunga Sikkim

India (8586 m) (India) and Nepal
• highest peak in India and the border
third highest summit in the
world.

Highest mountain of Anamudi Peak Kerala

South India (2,695 m)
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Other Superlatives
Largest delta in India Sunderban delta
• also known as the Ganges-Brahmaputra
delta.
• world's largest delta.
Longest sea beach of India Marina beach in Chennai
along the Bay of Bengal

Longest international border in Bangladesh (4,096.7 km)

India
Oldest National Park of India Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand

Newest National Park of India Dehing Patkai National Park and Raimona
National Park
• Both in Assam

Largest animal fair in India Sonepur cattle fair

• in Sonepur, Bihar
• also known as Harihar Kshetra Mela.
Highest gateway of India Buland Darwaza
• It is the main entrance to the Jama
Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri.

State with maximum forest

Madhya Pradesh
area
State with highest percentage Mizoram
of forest
Largest desert in India Thar Desert in Rajasthan.

Wettest Place in India Mawsynram, Meghalaya

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Prepare yourself well &

when opportunity strikes,
make the most out of it.
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Temples in India
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BASIC FORM OF HINDU TEMPLE
1. Sanctum Sanctorum: (Garbhagriha or ‘womb-house’)
small cubicle with a single entrance - grew into a larger chamber in time.
made to house the main icon.
2. Mandapa:
entrance to the temple - may be a portico (porch) or hall that incorporates
space for a large number of worshippers.
3. Shikhara:
mountain-like spire, can be curvilinear (North India) or pyramidal (South India);
4. Vahana:
mount or vehicle of the temple’s main deity
placed axially before the sanctum sanctorum

Styles of Temples
• Two broad orders : 1. Nagara in North. 2. Dravida in South
In the Nagara style, there are multiple Towers. In Dravida style, it is always a single Tower.
In Nagara style, the central tower is curvilinear in shape. In Dravida style, the central tower is shaped
like a pyramid.
• At times, the Vesara - created through the selective mixing of Nagara and Dravida orders.

12 Maha Jyotirlingas
Char Dham of India
• Kedarnath Temple (Uttarakhand)
• Kashi Vishwanath Temple (Uttar Pradesh)
Badrinath, Dwarka, Puri, and
• Somnath Temple (Gujarat) Rameswaram
• Nageshwar Temple (Gujarat)
• Mahakaleshwar Temple (Madhya Pradesh)
Char Dham of Uttarakhand
• Omkareshwar Temple (Madhya Pradesh)
• Baidyanath Temple (Jharkhand) Yamunotri, Gangotri,
• Bhimashankar Temple (Maharashtra) Kedarnath, and Badrinath
• Trimbakeshwar Temple (Maharashtra)
Panch Kedar (Lord Shiva)
• Grishneshwar Temple (Maharashtra)
• Mallikārjuna Temple (Andhra Pradesh) Kedarnath, Madhmaheshwar, Tungnath,
• Ramanathaswamy Temple (Tamil Nadu) Rudranath, Kalpnath (all in Uttarakhand).
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Temple Location Dedicated to

Vaishno Devi Temple Katra, Trikuta Mountains, Jammu & Kashmir Vaishno Devi

Amarnath Temple Pahalgam, Jammu & Kashmir Lord Shiva

Temple Location Dedicated to

Jwalamukhi Temple Kangra, Himachal Pradesh Goddess Jwalamukhi
• It is believed that Sati
Devi's tongue fell Built by : Raja Bhumi Chand
here. Katoch
Hidimba Devi Temple Manali, Himachal Pradesh Hidimbi Devi (wife of Bhima)

Built by : Maharaja Bahadur

Singh
Baba Balak Nath Temple Hamirpur district, Himachal Incarnation of Lord Shiva in
Pradesh Kaliyuga
Manikaran Kullu, Himachal Pradesh On banks of Parvati river
Temple/Gurudwara
• Manikaran is a pilgrimage centre for Hindus and Sikhs.
• It has many temples and a Gurudwara. There are temples of the Hindu deities Rama, Krishna,
and Vishnu.
• The area is well known for its hot springs.

Temple Location Dedicated to

Yamunotri Temple Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand Goddess Yamuna

Gangotri Temple Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand Goddess Ganga
Kedarnath Temple Uttarakhand Lord Shiva
Badrinath Temple Chamoli, Uttarakhand Lord Vishnu
Kashi Vishwanath Temple Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Lord Shiva

In ancient times, Varanasi was known as Kashi.

Temple Location Dedicated to

Swaminarayan Akshardham Delhi Swaminarayan
Temple
Built by : Pramukh Swami Maharaj

Golden Temple or Harmandir Amritsar, Punjab Gurudwara

Sahib
Guru Arjan Sahib, the Fifth Nanak,
conceived the idea of creating a
central place of worship for the Sikhs
and he himself designed the
architecture of the Golden Temple.
Markandeshwar Mahadev Kurukshetra Lord Shiva
Temple district of Haryana
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Temple Location Dedicated to

Somnath Temple Veraval, Gujarat Lord Shiva

Nageshwar Temple Dwarka, Gujarat Lord Shiva

Dwarkadhish Temple Dwarka, Gujarat Lord Krishna

Bahuchara Mata Bahucharaji town in Mehsana Goddess Bahuchara Mata

district, Gujarat

Modhera Sun Temple Modhera, Gujarat Sun God

Temple Location Dedicated to

Birla Mandir Jaipur, Rajasthan Goddess Lakshmi and Lord
(Narayan)

Built by : Renowned Indian

industrialists, the Birlas
Karni Mata Temple Deshnok, Bikaner, Rajasthan Goddess Durga
(Famous as Temple of Rats)

Temple Location Dedicated to

Baidyanath Temple Deoghar, Jharkhand Lord Shiva

Mahabodhi Temple Bodh Gaya, Bihar Lord Gautam Buddha

• named as World Heritage Site by UNESCO
in 2002. Built by : Emperor Ashoka
• Gautam Buddha attained enlightment or
Nirvana in Bodh Gaya, in Magadha (now
Bihar) , besides Niranjana river under a
pipal tree, at the age of 35 years.
Mundeshwari Devi Temple Kaimur, Bihar Lord Shiva and Shakti

Temple Location Dedicated to

Jagannath Temple Puri, Odisha Lord Jagannath along with
• It is called the White Pagoda of India. his brother
• The temple is famous for its annual Ratha Lord Balabhadra and sister
Yatra. Devi Subhadra

Konark Sun Temple Konark, Odisha Sun God

• It is called the Black Pagoda of India.
• It is named as World Heritage Site by Built by : Narasimha Deva I
UNESCO in 1984.

Lingaraja Temple Bhubaneswar, Harihara, form of Shiva

Odisha
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Temple Location Dedicated to
Dakshineshwar Kali Temple Kolkata, West Bengal Bhavatarini Kali
Built by : Rani Rashmoni

Belur Math Belur, Howrah, West Bengal Ramakrishna Paramahamsa,

• The headquarters of Sarada Devi and Swami
Ramakrishna Math and Vivekananda
Ramakrishna Mission Built by : Swami Vivekananda

Kalighat Temple Kalighat, Kolkata, West Bengal Goddess Kali

Temple Location Dedicated to

Kamakhya Temple Nilachal Hill in Guwahati, Goddess Kamakhya
Assam
Umananda Devaloi Peacock Island on river Lord Shiva
Brahmaputra in Guwahati, Built by : Ahom King
Assam Gadadhar Singha
Navagraha Temple Chitrasal Hill in Guwahati, Navagraha
Assam Built by : Ahom King
Rajeswar Singha
Negheriting Shiva Doul Dergaon, Assam Lord Shiva
Hayagriva Madhava Temple Monikut Hill in Hajo, Assam Narasimha

Temple Location Dedicated to

Malinithan/Akashganga Temple Arunachal Pradesh Deity Durga in her Shakti
• It is an archaeological site (Northern bank of the form
which consists of ruins of a Brahmaputra River)
Hindu temple.
Unakoti Cave Temple Unakoti Caves, Tripura Lord Shiva
Govindajee Temple Imphal, Manipur Lord Krishna-Radha
Nartiang Durga Temple Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya Goddess Durga
Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple Bank of Rangit River, Sikkim Lord Shiva
Dimapur Kalibari Temple Dimapur, Nagaland Goddess Kali

Temple Location Dedicated to

Bhoramdeo Temple Chaura Village, Chattisgarh Lord Shiva
Danteshwari Temple Dantewada Bastar district, Chattisgarh Goddess Danteshwari

Mahamaya Temple Ratanpur, Chattisgarh Goddess Lakshmi &

Saraswati
Kandariya Mahadeva Temple Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh Lord Shiva

Khajuraho Temple Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh Hinduism and Jainism

• It is named as World
Heritage Site by UNESCO Built by : Chandela
in 1986. Dynasty
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Temple Location Dedicated to
Sanchi Stupa Raisen District, Madhya Buddhism
• It is named as World Heritage Site by Pradesh
UNESCO in 1989. Built by :
• Motif of Sanchi Stupa is printed on the Emperor Ashoka
back side of the new Rs. 200 note
issued by RBI.
Mahakaleshwar Temple Ujjain, Madhya Lord Shiva
Pradesh
Omkareshwar Temple Khandwa, Madhya Lord Shiva
• The temple is located on the bank of Pradesh
Narmada River.
Sas-Bahu Temple (also called Sahastrabahu Gwalior, Madhya Lord Vishnu and Lord
temple) Pradesh Shiva in two separate
Temples

Images on back of Indian Currency Notes

Notes Images

10 Rupees Sun Temple, Konark

20 Rupees Ellora Caves

50 Rupees Hampi

100 Rupees Rani ki Vaav

200 Rupees Sanchi Stupa

500 rupees Red Fort

2000 rupees Mangalyaan

Temple Location Dedicated to

Shirdi Sai Baba Temple Ahmednagar, Maharashtra The Indian saint Sai
Baba of Shirdi
Siddhivinayak Temple Prabhadevi, Mumbai Lord Shri Ganesha
Vitthal Temple or Vithoba Pandharpur, Maharashtra Lord Vitthal or Lord Vithoba
Temple
(Shri Vitthal-Rukmini Mandir)
Bhimashankar Temple Pune, Maharashtra Lord Shiva
Trimbakeshwar Temple Nashik, Maharashtra Lord Shiva

Built by : Third Peshwa Balaji

Bajirao

Grishneshwar Temple Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lord Shiva

Shani Shingnapur Temple Ahmednagar, Maharashtra Lord Shani
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Temple Location Dedicated to

Tirupati Balaji Temple Chittoor, Andhra Lord Sri Venkateswara

Pradesh.
Sri Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Srisailam, Andhra Lord Shiva & Parvati
Temple Pradesh.
Built by : Inscriptional evidences from
the Satvahana Dynasty. Modern
additions were done during the time of
king Harihara of Vijayanagar Empire.
Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha Simahachalam Hill, Lord Varaha Narasimha (a lion man
Temple (also known as Andhra Pradesh incarnation of Lord Vishnu)
Simahachalam Temple)

Temple Location Dedicated to

Suryanarayana Temple (also known Arasavalli, Andhra Sun God

as Arasavalli Sun Temple) Pradesh
Built by : Devendra Sarma (7th century AD)
Sri Ranganthaswami Temple Nellore, Andhra Lord Ranganatha (a resting form of Lord
Pradesh Vishnu)
Veerabhadra Temple Lepakshi in the Lord Shiva
Anantapur
district, Built by : Virupanna Nayaka and
Andhra Pradesh Viranna (both brothers who were
Governors under the Vijayanagar
Empire) in 1530.
Temple Location Dedicated to
Thousand Pillar Temple or Hanamakonda, Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva and Lord Surya
Rudreswara Swamy Temple Telangana
Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Telangana Ramalingeswara Swamy
Temple By rulers Rudradeva and Recharla Rudra.
UNESCO World Heritage Site 2021
Temple Location Dedicated to
Hoysaleshwara Temple Halebidu, Karnataka 12th-century temple dedicated Lord
Nominated for UNESCO Shiva
World Heritage Site by King Vishnuvardhana
Kesav Temple Somanathpur, Karnataka Lord Krishna in 3 forms
nominated for UNESCO
World Heritage Site

Chennakeshava temple Belur, Karnataka Lord Vishnu

nominated for UNESCO By Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana
World Heritage Site

Murudeshwar Temple Uttara Kannada district, Lord Shiva

Karnataka
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Temple Location Dedicated to
Virupaksha Temple Hampi, Karnataka Lord Shiva
• This temple is located on
the south bank of the river Built by : Vijaynagar empire
Tungabadra.
Vittala Temple Hampi, Karnataka Lord Vitthala, an avatar of Lord Vishnu

Gomateshwara Temple Shravanbelagola, The Jain figure Bahubali

Karnataka • The statue is considered to be one
of the world’s tallest free-standing
monolithic statues carved out of a
single block of granite.
• Built by : Chamundaraya (The
Ganga dynasty minister and
commander)

Temple Location Dedicated to

Sabrimala Temple Inside the Periyar Tiger Lord Ayyappa (an
Reserve, Kerala incarnation of Lord
Vishnu and Lord Shiva)
Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Lord Vishnu
• the Richest Temple in the
World

Temple Location Dedicated to

Meenakshi Temple Madurai, Tamil Nadu Goddess Meenakshi, a form of
Parvati, and her consort,
Sundareshwar, a form of Shiva
Nataraja Temple Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu Lord Shiva
Ramnathaswamy Temple Rameswaram island, Tamil Nadu Lord Shiva
Ranganathaswamy Srirangam, Tamil Nadu Lord Vishnu
Temple
Brihadeshwara Temple Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu Lord Shiva

Built by : Raja Raja Chola-I

Murugan Temple Palani, Tamil Nadu Murugan (Lord Kartikeya)
Shore Temple Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu Lord Shiva
Thanumalayan Temple or Suchindram in the Kanyakumari Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu and
Sthanumalayan Temple district of Tamil Nadu Lord Brahma
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BUDDHIST PILGRIMAGE SITES IN INDIA

1. Mahabodhi temple, Bodh Gaya (Bihar)

2. The Mahaviharas of Nalanda, Vikramshila, Odantapuri, Pushpagiri
3. Sirpur in Chhattisgarh.
4. Lalitagiri, Vajragiri and Ratnagiri in Odisha
5. Rock-cut elephant and Ashokan edicts at Dhauli, Odisha
6. Sarnath, near Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh). Site of first sermon of Buddha.
7. Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh
8. Piprahwa, (UP) on the Nepal border.
9. Sanchi and Bharhut in Madhya Pradesh
10. Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu
11. Namdroling Monastery, Bylakuppe, Karnataka.
12. Bhaja & Karla caves, Pune (Maharashtra)
13. Ajanta, Ellora and Pithalkora caves, Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
14. Kanheri caves (Mumbai); Pandavleni caves (Nashik) in Maharashtra.
15. Ghum monastery, West Bengal
16. Rumtek, Pemayangtse and Enchay Monastery, Sikkim
17. Tawang Monastery (largest monastery in India), Bomdila Monastery
Arunachal Pradesh
18. Alchi Monastery, Spituk Monastery, Shey Monastery etc. in Ladakh
19. Dhankar Monastery, Nako Monastery (Kinnaur), Kye Monastery, Tabo
Monastery (Spiti valley) etc. in Himachal Pradesh
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JAIN PILGRIMAGE SITES IN INDIA

1. Palitana temples in Kathiawar, Gujarat

2. Girnar temples in Junagadh district, Gujarat
3. Hathee Singh Jain Temple, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
4. Shikarji, Parasnath in Jharkhand
5. Pawapuri in Nalanda district, Bihar
6. Dilwara temples in Mount Abu, Rajasthan
7. Ranakpur temples in Pali district, Rajasthan
8. Nasiyan Temple in Ajmer, Rajasthan
9. Bawangaja in Barwani district, Madhya Pradesh.
10. Various temples at Gwalior, Chanderi and Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh
11. Shantinath temple complex in Deogarh, Lalitpur district in Bundelkhand
region of Uttar Pradesh.
12. Kankali Tila near Mathura, Uttar Pradesh
13. Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves in Odisha
14. Shravanabelagola in Karnataka
15. Sittanavasal Caves in Tamil Nadu.
16. Mangi-Tungi near Tahrabad in Maharashtra
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Tiger
Reserves in
India
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Tiger

•Scientific Name : Panthera tigris

•Position is IUCN category : Endangered
•IUCN classified Endangered species -species which are very
likely to become extinct in the near future.
•Tiger State : Madhya Pradesh
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) –
It is an international organization working in the field of nature
conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
Headquarters : Gland, Switzerland

Tiger population
• India is home to 2,967 tigers (According to the results of
the All India Tiger Estimation, 2018 released by the Hon’ble
Prime Minister of India).
• Top 5 states with maximum number of tigers :
1. Madhya Pradesh – 526 tigers
2. Karnataka – 524 tigers
3. Uttarakhand – 442 tigers
4. Maharashtra – 312 tigers
5. Tamil Nadu – 264 tigers

Techniques used for Tiger Census

•Pugmark Census Technique – prints of pugmarks recorded

and identified

•Camera Trapping – Tigers photographed and identified

with stripes

•DNA Fingerprinting – identification from scats/poops

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What are the threats tigers face
Poaching (illegal hunting)
• Poaching is the most immediate threat to wild tigers.
Habitat loss
• Tigers have lost an estimated 95% of their historical range.
• Their habitat has been destroyed, degraded, and fragmented by human activities.
Human-wildlife conflict
• People and tigers increasingly compete for space. As forests shrink and prey becomes scarce, tigers
are forced to leave protected areas in search of food and to establish territories. This takes them
into human-dominated areas.
Effects of climate change
• Sundarbans is a large mangrove forest area on the coast of Bay of Bengal. These forests are
threatened by the rising sea levels caused by climate change.

Why to conserve tiger?

•Tiger plays a pivotal role in the health and diversity of an ecosystem.

•Itherbivores
is a top predator and at the apex of the food chain. It maintains the balance between
and the vegetation they eat.
•The extinction of this top predator is an indication that its ecosystem is not sufficiently
protected, and neither would it exist for long thereafter.
•No Tigers – More Herbivores – Less Plants (ecological imbalance)
Tiger stripes are individually as unique as human fingerprints.

Tiger Reserves in India

•There are 53 tiger reserves in India (in 18 states) -

governed by Project Tiger which is administrated by
the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
•The tiger reserves constitute-
• Core Area (Critical Tiger Habitat Area, notified by
State Govt.)
• Buffer Area (Peripheral Area)
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National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
&
Wildlife Institute of India (WII)

•NTCA - National Tiger Conservation Authority - is a statutory body under

the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.
•WII - Wildlife Institute of India - is an autonomous natural resource service
institution under the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate
change, Government of India.
•Minister of Environment, Forests and
Climate Change : Sh. Bhupender Yadav

Project Tiger to Protect Tiger

• Launched by Government of India in April, 1973.

• Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Ministry of
Environment, Forests and Climate Change
• Provides central assistance to tiger States for tiger
conservation in designated tiger reserves.
• From 9 tiger reserves since its formative years, the Project
Tiger coverage has increased to 53 at present, spread out in
18 of our tiger range states. This amounts to around 2.21%
of the geographical area of our country.

Uttarakhand
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Tiger Reserves in Uttarakhand

Corbett Tiger Reserve

Rajaji Tiger Reserve

•Corbett Tiger Reserve has highest number of tigers

(252 inside the reserve and 266 using the reserve) in
India.

•Buffer area of Corbett TR is known as Amanagarh TR

in Uttar Pradesh.

•Corbett TR has Jim Corbett National Park which is

the first and Oldest National Park in India, estd
in: 1936 (as Hailey National Park).

•First National Park to come under Project Tiger.

Uttar Pradesh
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Tiger Reserves in Uttar Pradesh
Dudhwa Tiger Reserve
Pilibhit Tiger Reserve

•Buffer area of Corbett TR is known as

Amanagarh TR in Uttar Pradesh

Bihar

Tiger Reserves in Bihar

Valmiki Tiger Reserve

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Jharkhand

Tiger Reserves in Jharkhand

Palamau Tiger Reserve

Odisha
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Tiger Reserves in Odisha

Satkosia Tiger Reserve

Simlipal Tiger Reserve

Chhattisgarh

Tiger Reserves in Chhattisgarh

Indravati Tiger Reserve

Udanti Sitanadi Tiger Reserve
Achanakmar Tiger Reserve
Guru Ghasidas National Park and Tamor Pingla Wildlife
Sanctuary (53rd TR)

(Guru Ghasidas National Park connects Jharkhand and Madhya

Pradesh and provides a corridor for tigers to move between
the Bandhavgarh and Palamau Tiger Reserves.
Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary was identified as part of the
Sarguja Jashpur Elephant Reserve in 2011)
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West Bengal

Tiger Reserves in West Bengal

Sunderban Tiger Reserve

Buxa Tiger Reserve

Mizoram
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Tiger Reserves in Mizoram

Dampa Tiger Reserve

Assam

Tiger Reserves in Assam

Manas Tiger Reserve

Nameri Tiger Reserve
Kaziranga Tiger Reserve
Orang Tiger Reserve
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Arunachal Pradesh

Tiger Reserves in Arunachal Pradesh

Pakke Tiger Reserve

Namdapha Tiger Reserve
Kamlang Tiger Reserve

Rajasthan

Tiger Reserves in Rajasthan

Mukundara Tiger Reserve

Ranthambore Tiger Reserve
Sariska Tiger Reserve
Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserves (52nd TR)
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Madhya Pradesh

Tiger Reserves in Madhya Pradesh

Kanha Tiger Reserve

Pench Tiger Reserve
Satpura Tiger Reserve
Panna Tiger Reserve
Sanjay Dhubri Tiger Reserve
Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve

Maharashtra
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Tiger Reserves in Maharashtra

Melghat Tiger Reserve

Pench Tiger Reserve
Nawegaon Nagzira Tiger Reserve
Tadobha Andhari Tiger Reserve
Sahyadri Tiger Reserve
Bor Tiger Reserve

Bor Tiger Reserve is area wise the

smallest tiger reserve in India.

Karnataka

Tiger Reserves in Karnataka

Bandipur Tiger Reserve

Bhadra Tiger Reserve
Biligiri Ranganatha Temple Tiger Reserve
Anshi Dandeli (Kali) Tiger Reserve
Nagarhole Tiger Reserve
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Andhra Pradesh

Tiger Reserves in Andhra Pradesh

Nagarjunsagar Sagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve

Nagarjunsagar Sagar Srisailam

Tiger reserve is area wise the
largest tiger reserve in India.

Telangana
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Tiger Reserves in Telangana

Kawal Tiger Reserve

Amrabad Tiger Reserve

Kerala

Tiger Reserves in Kerala

Periyar Tiger Reserve

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve

Tamil Nadu
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Tiger Reserves in Tamil Nadu

Srivilliputhur Megamalai Tiger Reserve

Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
Anamalai Tiger Reserve
Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve

Srivilliputhur Megamalai Tiger Reserve was the 51st tiger reserve in India.
Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve got TX2 Award 2022

International Tiger Day

•Celebrated annually on July 29
•Purpose : To spread awareness about the need to
protect tigers which are an endangered species.
•Theme of 2021 : "Their survival is in our hands".

Act Responsibly & Keep Learning!

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UN & INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
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Funds and Programmes
• The funds and programmes are established by a resolution of the UN General Assembly and
have a focused mandate
• UN funds and programmes are supported by voluntary contributions

1. UNDP
2. UNEP
3. UNFPA
4. UN - Habitat
5. UNICEF
6. WFP

UNDP-United Nations Development Programme

• Headquarters: New York City, USA

• Formation: 22 Nov 1965
• Head: Administrator - Achim Steiner
• To eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities – sustainable development

UNEP-United Nation Environment Programme

• Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya

• Formation: 5 June 1972
• Head: Executive Director - Inger Andersen
• The acts as a catalyst, advocate, educator and facilitator to promote the wise use and sustainable
development of the global environment.
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UNFPA - United Nation Population Fund
• Headquarters: New York City, USA
• Formation: 1969
• Head: Executive Director - Dr. Natalia Kanem
• Lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe, and every
young person's potential is fulfilled.

UN – Habitat
United Nations Human Settlement Programme
• Headquarters : Nairobi, Kenya
• Founded: 1978
• Head: Executive Director - Maimunah Mohd Sharif
• To promote socially and environmentally sustainable human settlements development and the
achievement of adequate shelter for all

UNICEF
United Nations Children’s Fund

• Headquarters: New York City, USA

• Formation: 11 Dec 1946
• Head: Executive Director - Catherine M. Russell
• UNICEF works to save children’s lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfill their potential,
from early childhood through adolescence.
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WFP- World Food Programme
• Headquarters: Rome, Italy
• Formation: 19 Dec 1961
• Head: Executive Director - David Beasley
• To eradicate hunger and malnutrition.
• Works to help people who cannot produce or obtain enough food for themselves and their families

UN Specialized Agencies

• Autonomous organizations working with the United Nations.

• All brought into relationship with UN through negotiated agreements.
• Specialized Agencies - FAO, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WIPO,
WMO, WHO, World Bank

FAO-Food and Agriculture Organisation

• Headquarters: Rome, Italy

• Formation: 16 Oct 1945
• Head: Director General - Qu Dongyu
• The FAO leads international efforts to fight hunger

ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)

• Headquarters: Montreal, Canada

• Formation: 4 April 1947
• Head: Secretary-General : Mr. Juan Carlos Salazar
• Develops standards for global air transport and assists
Member States in sharing the world’s skies to their
socio-economic benefit
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IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development)
• Headquarters: Rome, Italy
• Formation: 15 December 1977
• Head : President : Gilbert F. Houngbo
• Focused exclusively on rural poverty reduction in developing countries, to eliminate hunger and
malnutrition; raise their productivity and incomes

ILO- International Labour Organisation

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Formation: 1919 (under League of Nations)
• Head: Director General - Guy Ryder
• To advance social and economic justice through setting international
labour standards.

IMF- International Monetary Fund

• Headquarters: Washington DC
• Formation: 27 Dec 1945
• Head: Managing Director - Kristalina Georgieva
• Promote international monetary co-operation, facilitate international trade, foster sustainable
economic growth
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WHO- World Health Organisation
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Formation: 7 April 1948
• Head: Director General - Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
• WHO is the directing and coordinating authority on international health

UNESCO- United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

• Headquarters: Paris, France

• Formation: 16 Nov 1945
• Head: Director General - Audrey Azoulay
• Provides teacher training , helping improve education
worldwide , protecting important historical and
cultural sites

IMO (International Maritime Organization)

• Headquarters: London, United Kingdom

• Formation: 17 March 1948
• Head : Secretary-General : Kitack Lim
• Creates a comprehensive shipping regulatory framework,
addressing safety and environmental concerns, legal
matters, technical cooperation, security, and efficiency

ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

• Formation: 17 May 1865
• Head : Secretary-General : Houlin Zhao
• To facilitate international connectivity in
communications networks
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UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization)

• Headquarters: Vienna, Austria

• Formation: 17 November 1966
• Head : Director-General : Gerd Müller
• Promotes industrial development for poverty reduction,
inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability.

UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization)

• Headquarters: Madrid, Spain
• Formation: 1 November 1974
• Head : Secretary-General : Zurab Pololikashvili
• Responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism

UPU (The Universal Postal Union)

• Headquarters: Bern, Switzerland

• Formation: 9 October 1874
• Head: Director-General : Masahiko Metoki
• Primary forum for cooperation between postal sector players. It helps to
ensure a truly universal network of up-to-date products and services

WIPO (The World Intellectual Property Organization)

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Formation: 14 July 1967
• Head : Director-General : Daren Tang
• Protects intellectual property throughout the world through
23 international treaties
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WMO (The World Meteorological Organization)

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

• Formation: 23 March 1950
• Head : General Secretary : Petteri Taalas
• Role: Dedicated to international cooperation and
coordination on the state and behaviour of Earth’s
atmosphere, its interaction with land and oceans, the
weather and climate it produces, and the resulting
distribution of water resources.

World Bank
• Headquarters: Washington, DC, USA
• Formation: July 1944
• President: David R. Malpass
• CFO & MD: Anshula Kant
• Provides financing, policy advice, and technical
assistance to governments of developing countries

UN RELATED ORGANIZATIONS

1. CTBTO
2. IAEA
3. IOM
4. OPCW
5. UNFCCC
6. WTO

CTBTO (Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization)

• Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
• Formation: 19 November 1996
• Head: Executive Secretary - Dr Robert Floyd
• Bans nuclear explosions by everyone, everywhere: on the
Earth's surface, in the atmosphere, underwater and
underground.
• CTBT almost universal but has yet to become law.
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IAEA- International Atomic Energy Agency
• Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
• Formation: 29 July 1957
• Head: Director General - Rafael Mariano Grossi
• Serves as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical co-operation in the peaceful use
of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide

IOM ( International Organization for Migration)

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Formation: 1951
• Head: Director General - António Vitorino
• Ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, to provide humanitarian assistance to
migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people.

OPCW
(Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons)
• Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands
• Formation: 29 April 1997
• Head: Director General - Fernando Arias
• OPCW Member States work together to achieve a
world free of chemical weapons.
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UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)

• Headquarters: Bonn, Germany

• Formation: July 1944
• Head: Executive Secretary : Patricia Espinosa
• Responds to the threat of climate change.

WTO- World Trade Organisation

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Formation: 1 January 1995
• Head: Director-General - Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (first
woman & first African to hold this post)
• A forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements

OTHER UN ENTITIES

1. UNAIDS
2. UNCTAD
3. UNHCR
4. UNOPS
5. UNRWA
6. UN-WOMEN

UNAIDS (The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS)

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Formation: 26 July 1994
• Head: Executive Director, Winnie Byanyima
• Leads and inspires the world to achieve zero new HIV
infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related
deaths.
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UNCTAD
(United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

• Formation: 30 Dec 1964
• Head: Secretary General - Rebeca Grynspan (first woman to
serve as UNCTAD’s secretary-general)
• Part of the United Nations Secretariat dealing with trade,
investment, and development issues

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

• Formation: 14 December 1950
• Head: High Commissioner for Refugees, Filippo Grandi
• UNHCR protects refugees worldwide and facilitates
their return home or resettlement.

UNOPS (United Nations Office for Project Services)

• Headquarters: Copenhagen, Denmark
• Formation: December 1973
• Head : Executive Director - Grete Faremo
• Helps the UN, governments and other partners to
manage projects, and deliver sustainable
infrastructure and procurement in an efficient way

UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East)
• Headquarters: Amman, Jordan
• Formation: 8 December 1949
• Head : Commissioner-General : Philippe Lazzarini
• Supports the relief and human
development of Palestinian refugees

UN Women
• Headquarters: New York City, USA
• Formation: 2 July 2010
• Head: Executive Director - Ms. Sima Sami Bahous
• Focus exclusively on gender equality and women’s
empowerment.
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UN Research & Training Organizations
1. UNIDIR
2. UNITAR
3. UNSSC
4. UNU

UNIDIR (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research)

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Formation: 1980
• Head: Director, Robin Geiss
• Generates ideas and promotes action on
disarmament and security

UNITAR (United Nations Institute for Training and Research)

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Formation: 11 December 1963
• Head: Executive Director, Nikhil Seth
• Provides innovative learning solutions to
individuals, organizations and institutions to
enhance global decision-making and support
country-level action for shaping a better future

UNSSC (United Nations System Staff College)

• Headquarters: Turin, Italy
• Formation: 1 January 2002
• Head: Director : Dr. Jafar Javan
• It designs and delivers learning
programmes for staff of the UN system
and its partners

UNU (United Nations University)

• Headquarter: Tokyo, Japan
• Formation: December 1972
• Head: Rector : Dr. David M. Malone
• Academic and Research arm of the United Nations -
mission is to help resolve global issues related to
human development and welfare through
collaborative research and education.
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UNITED NATIONS:
HISTORY & PRINCIPAL
ORGANS
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The United Nations
• An International Organization
• Founded in 1945 with the purpose to:
– To maintain international peace and security
– To promote economic and social development
– To promote Human Rights
– Original Members – 51; Present Members – 193.
– (Latest Member - South Sudan - July 2011)
• Headquarters - in New York

History of the UN

• After World War II - nations were in ruins and world wanted peace
• 50 countries gathered in San Francisco in 1945 to sign a document – The UN Charter - which created
an organisation – The United Nations
• The Charter signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of 50 countries. Poland signed it later
and became one of the original 51 Member States
• Charter came into force/ The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 (24th Oct. - UN
day)
• India is a founding member of the United Nations.
• The forerunner of UN was the League of Nations

League of Nations

• An organization conceived during First World War

• Established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles
• To promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security
• The International Labour Organization (ILO) was also created under the Treaty of Versailles as an
affiliated agency of the League.
• The League of Nations ceased its activities after failing to prevent the Second World War.

Important Exam related Facts

• The name ‘United Nations’ - coined by the then U.S. President - Franklin D. Roosevelt
• First used in the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during Second World War.
• Original UN logo - created by a team of designers in 1945 - led by Oliver Lincoln Lundquist
• Official languages of UN - Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
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The United Nations System

UN PRINCIPAL ORGANS

General Economic & International

Secretariat
Assembly Social Council Court of Justice

Security Trusteeship
Council Council

• All were established in 1945 when the UN was founded

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

• Main Deliberative, Policymaking and Representative organ of UN

• All 193 members represented in the General Assembly (only UN body with universal representation)
• Located in New York
• Meets each year - in September
• Elects a General Assembly President each year
• 76th General Assembly President Abdulla Shahid (Maldives)
• Membership of States in UN - by a decision of General Assembly upon recommendation of Security
Council

UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• Decisions Making in General Assembly:
– Two-Third Majority: on decisions of importance (peace and security, admission of new members and
budgetary matters)
– Simple Majority: other decisions
• Sitting arrangements in the General Assembly Hall changes each session
– During the 76th Session (2021-2022) - Suriname occupied the first seat in the Hall

Q. Where did the first General Assembly meeting held?

Ans : Westminster Central Hall, London
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• Role - to maintain International peace and security
• Takes lead in determining existence of threat to the peace or act of aggression
• Located in New York
• Security Council President - changes every month on rotation
• Total Members - 15 (5 permanent and 10 non permanent – for 2 year term).
• Each Member has one vote.
• 5 permanent members - China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States
• A member state of UN which is not a member of Security Council may participate in discussions
(without a vote) when the Council considers that country's interests are affected
• Veto Power: refers to the power of permanent member to veto (Reject) any resolution of Security
Council
• The unconditional veto possessed by the five governments has been seen as the most
undemocratic character of the UN

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

• UN’s central platform for reflection, debate, and innovative thinking on sustainable development
• Work towards 3 dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental
• Also responsible for follow-up to major UN conferences and summits
• Members – 54 – for overlapping 3 year terms
• Located in New York
• Current President - Collen Vixen Kelapile of Botswana

Trusteeship Council
• It was established to provide International supervision for 11 Trust Territories and to promote their
advancement towards self-government or independence
• Trust territory - a non-self-governing territory placed under an administrative authority by the
Trusteeship Council of UN
• Aims of Trusteeship System got fulfilled by 1994 all Trust Territories attained self-government or
independence, either as separate States or by joining neighbouring independent countries
• Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994 - a month after independence of Palau -
last remaining UN trust territory
• By a resolution adopted on 25 May 1994 – Trusteeship Council amended its rules of procedure -
dropped annual meets and agreed to meet as occasion required

International Court of Justice

• Principal judicial organ of UN
• Role: to settle legal disputes submitted to it by States (in accordance with international law) and to give
advisory opinions on legal questions
• Composed of 15 judges, elected for 9 years by the UN General Assembly and the Security Council
• Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands)
• The only Principal organ of UN not located in New York (USA)
• Its official languages are English and French
• ICJ is the successor of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was established by the
League of Nations in 1920
• President - Joan E. Donoghue From India, Judge Dalveer Bhandari is a member
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The Secretariat
• Comprises - Secretary General and tens of thousands of International UN staff members
• Organized along departmental lines, each department/office having distinct action and responsibility
• Appointment of Secretary General - by the General Assembly - for a 5 year, renewable term
• Secretary-General is the Chief Administrative Officer and Head of the Secretariat
• Located in New York
• Current Secretary General of UN: Antonio Guterres
• Ninth Secretary-General
• Took office on 1st January 2017
• Before becoming Secretary General - served as United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees from June 2005 to December 2015
• Served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002

Important Facts
• UN and its Secretary-General Kofi Annan were awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 2001
• First Secretary General of UN – Trygve Lie (Norway)
• First Secretary General of UN from African continent – Boutros-Boutros Ghali
• Only Secretary General of UN to have died in office – Dam Hammarskjold
• First Indian to be President of UN General Assembly – Smt. Vijay Laxmi Pandit
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UNESCO WORLD
HERITAGE
SITES IN INDIA
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•World Heritage Sites are important places of cultural or natural heritage - as described in UNESCO World
Heritage Convention (an international treaty) - established in 1972.

•UNESCO encourages identification, protection and preservation of such heritage sites which are considered
to be of outstanding value to humanity.

•India is an active Member State on the World Heritage from 1977

•40 World Heritage Sites in India - 32 cultural sites, 7 natural sites and 1 mixed-criteria site.

•India has the sixth largest number of sites in the world.

•Italy 58 sites
•China 56 sites
•Germany 51 sites
•Spain 49 sites
•France 49 sites

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES, INDIA (Cultural )

Agra Fort (1983) Ajanta Caves(1983)
Ellora Caves (1983) Taj Mahal (1983)
Sun Temple, Konark (1984) Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)
Churches and Convents of Goa (1986) Fatehpur Sikri (1986)
Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986) Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
Elephanta Caves (1987) Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987)
Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989) Great Living Chola Temples (1987,2004)
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993) Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)

Mountain Railways of India (1999,2005,2008) Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya(2002)

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES, INDIA (Cultural)

Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria
Terminus) (2004)

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004) Red Fort Complex (2007)

The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010) Hill Forts of Rajasthan (2013)
Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at
Gujarat (2014) Nalanda, Bihar (2016)

The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (2016) Historic City of Ahmadabad (2017)

Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai Jaipur City, Rajasthan (2019)
(2018)

Dholavira, Gujarat (2021) Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple,

Telangana (2021)
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WORLD HERITAGE SITES, INDIA (Natural)
Kaziranga National Park (1985)
Keoladeo National Park (1985)
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)
Sundarbans National Park (1987)
Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Park (1988,2005)
Western Ghats (2012)
Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (2014)

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES, INDIA (Mixed)

Khangchendzonga National Park (2016)

HIMACHAL PRADESH
•Located in the Kullu region of
Northern Himachal Pradesh.

•Part of the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspots

•Snow leopard, Himalayan brown bear,

Himalayan Tahr, musk deer spruces, horse
chestnuts and vast alpine meadows
Great Himalayan National Park
Declared - 2014

UTTARAKHAND
World Network of Biosphere Reserves
Famous for Asiatic Black Bear, Snow
Leopard, Brown Bear, Blue Sheep and
Himalayan Monal,
Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
Declared – 1988 & 2005 respectively
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CHANDIGARH
The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier
Declared – 2016

The Capitol Complex in Chandigarh, hosts the legislative assembly for

both the states of Haryana and Punjab, High Court and the Secretariat

DELHI
Qutub Minar and its Monuments , 1993
Includes Qutub Minar, Alai Darwaza, Alai Minar, Qubbat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb
of Iltumish, and Iron Pillar.
Built in 1193 by the first Muslim ruler of Delhi, Qutub-ud-din Aibak.

Humayun's Tomb, 1993

It’s a tomb complex consisting of several smaller monuments.
Built by Begum Bega, the first wife of Humayun

Red Fort Complex , 2007

Built by Emperor Shah Jahan when he shifted his capital from Agra to Delhi
Famous for/as: Shahjahanabad, Persian, Timuri and Indian Architectural Styles,
Red Sandstone Architecture, Moti Masjid
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UTTAR PRADESH

Agra Fort, 1983

Includes a number of monuments like Khas Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, Muhamman
Burie (an octagonal Tower)

Taj Mahal, 1983

One of Seven Wonders of the World, White Marble Mughal Architecture
Considered “Jewel of Muslim Art in India”.

Fatehpur Sikri, 1986

Consitutes: Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza (the most significant door of
Asia), Panch Mahal or Jada Baai ka Mahal (considered as the origin place of
the Navaratnas -Birbal, Tansen, etc. Interior to the Buland Darwaza lies the
Tomb of Salim Chishti.

RAJASTHAN

The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, 2010

It is an astronomical observatory.
It is a collection of 19 astronomical instruments including the world’s
largest stone Sundial. All these instruments are man-made.

Jaipur city, 2019

Known as pink city, home to a few other UNESCO World Heritage sites
including Amer Fort and Jantar Mantar

Keoladeo National Park , Bharatpur, 1985

Also known as Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary
Famous for/as Man-Made Wetland Bird Sanctuary, Siberian Cranes,
Hotspot for Ornithologists.
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RAJASTHAN Hill Forts of Rajasthan, 2013

Ranthambore

Jaisalmer

Kumbhalgarh

Chittorgarh
Amer
Gagron

GUJARAT

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, 2004

Located in the Panchmahal district
It includes 11 different types of heritage monuments that are- Mosques,
Temples, Tombs, Gateways, Fortresses and walls, Palaces and Pavilion, Helical
Wells, Custom house all belonging to the 16th century

Rani ki vav (The Queen's Stepwell), 2014

Known for its Stepped Corridors, Sculptures and Stone Carvings in the Well.
Most of the sculptures in the well are devoted to Lord Vishnu in the form of his
ten avatars

Historic City of Ahmedabad, 2017

Walled city on the banks of Sabarmati
The city of Ahmedabad has around 25 ASI (Archaeological Survey of India)
protected structures

Dholavira: a Harappan City, 2021

The ancient city is sited on the arid island of Khadir in the State of
Gujarat.
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MAHARASHTRA

Ajanta Caves, 1983

Ajanta Caves: Famous for/as Buddhist Rock-cut Cave Monuments,
Richly Decorated Paintings similar to Sigiriya Paintings of Sri Lanka

Ellora Caves, 1983

Ellora Caves: Famous for/as Buddhist, Jain and Hindu Temples and
Monasteries, Caves Excavated out of Hills, Rock-cut Architecture.

Elephanta Caves, 1987

Located on an island in Arabian Sea, close to Mumbai.
Famous for their rock-cut sculptures and carvings depicting Shiva as the
Creator and the Destroyer of the Universe.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, 2004

Famous for/as Central Railways Headquarter, Terror Attacks
on Mumbai in 2008, Gothic Style (or pointed ) Architecture

The Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai, 2018

Collection of 94 buildings, located in the Fort Area of Mumbai.
They are the Bombay High Court, Rajabai Clock Tower, Eros
Cinema and Convocation Hall, University of Mumbai, etc.

MADHYA PRADESH

Khajuraho Group of Monuments , 1986

Well known for their Nagara style symbolism and erotic figures and
sculptures. It consists of a total of 85 Temples
Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, 1989
One of the oldest stone structures in India
Its core was a hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of Buddha

Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, - 2003

Famous for Rock Paintings within Natural Rock Shelters, Stone Age
Inscriptions, Sitting Place of Bhima (Mahabharata)
Located at the foothills of the Vindhya Mountains in the Deccan Plateau
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BIHAR

Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, 2016

Was a centre of learning and a Buddhist monastery from 3rd
century BCE to the 13th century CE

Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, 2002

Bodh Gaya is considered to be the holiest pilgrimage spot for the
Buddhists.
The holy Bodhi Tree is the site where Siddhartha gained
Enlightenment and became Gautam Buddha.

GOA

Churches and Convents of Goa, 1986

•These monuments were influential in spreading forms of
Manueline, Mannerist and Baroque art in all the countries
of Asia where missions were established.

•Includes - Saint Catherine’s Chapel, Church and Convent

of Saint Francis of Assisi, Basílica do Bom Jesus, Igreja de
São Francisco de Assis, Church of Saint Cajetan and its
seminary, Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and Church of
Saint Augustine.

ODISHA
Sun Temple, Konârak, 1984
Famous for Black Pagoda, Chariot of the
Sun, Kalinga Architecture, Included in Seven
Wonders of India.

The Sun Temple is in the shape of a gigantic

chariot with carved stone wheel, pillars and
walls and is led by six enormously carved horses.
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WEST BENGAL
Sunderbans National Park, 1987
Famous for Royal Bengal Tigers,
the Sunderban National Park is a known Tiger
reserve and a Biosphere Reserve

It’s the world’s largest mangrove forest

reserve

SIKKIM
Khangchendzonga(Kangchenjunga) National
Park, 2016
Located in the Himalayan Ranges part of North
and West Sikkim
Includes the Kanchenjunga Peak, 3rd highest
peak in the world
The only mixed World Heritae Site in India

ASSAM

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, 1985

Famous for/as Project Tiger Reserve, Elephant Reserve and
Biosphere Reserve, Assam Roofed Turtle, Hispid Hare, Golden
Langur and Pygmy Hog.

Kaziranga National Park, 1985

Famous for/as Worlds 2/3 rd Great One-Horned Rhinoceroses
This park lies on the flood plains of the river Brahmaputra and
consists mainly of dense grasslands, forests
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WESTERN GHATS
Declared in 2012

Sahyadri Sub-Cluster (Maharashtra)

Talakaveri Sub-Cluster(Karnataka)

Kudremukh Sub-Cluster (Karnataka)

Agasthyamalai Sub-Cluster (Kerala)

Periyar Sub-Cluster (Kerala)

Anamalai Sub-Cluster (Kerala)

Nilgiri Sub-Cluster (Tamil Nadu)
•Famous for/as Among World’s Ten “Hottest Biodiversity Hotspots”,

•Includes many National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Reserve Forests.

MOUNTAIN RAILWAYS OF INDIA

Kalka-Shimla Railway, Himachal Pradesh (2008)

Darjeeling Himalayan
Railway (1999), Darjeeling, West Bengal
Nilgiri Mountain Railway
(2005) Ooty, Tamil Nadu

KARNATAKA
Group of Monuments at Pattadakal, 1987
Cover a series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary in
northern Karnataka
It is famous for its Chalukya style of architecture
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TAMIL NADU

Great Living Chola Temples, 1987

Built by kings of the Chola Empire. The site includes three great 11th- and 12th-century
Temples: The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, the Brihadisvara Temple at
Gangaikonda cholisvaram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram

Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, 1984

Founded by the Pallava kings
Carved out of rock along the Coromandel coast in the 7th and 8th centuries.
It is known especially for its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave
sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the
temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva.

Telangana

Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, 2021

Rudreshwara, popularly known as Ramappa Temple, is
located in the village of Palampet approximately 200km
north-east of Hyderabad, in the State of Telangana.
It is the main Shiva temple in a walled complex built
during the Kakatiyan period (1123–1323 CE) under rulers
Rudradeva and Recharla Rudra.

6 Proposed UNESCO Heritage Site

• Satpura Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh)
• Ghats of Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
• Megalithic Site of Hire Benkal (Karnataka)
• Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra
• Bhedaghat-Lametaghat in Narmada Valley- Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh)
• Temples of Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu)
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Volcanoes
of the
World
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Formation of Volcanoes
• Volcanoes are mostly located in intensely folded or faulted
regions specially along plate margins, where crustal plates are
either moving towards or away from one another:
• Constructive margin - this is where two plates move away from
one another. Magma rises up to fill the gaps in between.
• Destructive margin - this is where two plates move towards
one another. The oceanic crust sinks beneath continental crust
at a subduction zone - a point where one crustal plate is forced
beneath another. As the oceanic crust sinks into the mantle it
creates magma, which rises to form a volcano.

• The Ring of Fire is also referred to as the Circum-Pacific Belt.

• It is a path along the Pacific Ocean.
• It is characterized by active volcanoes and frequent
earthquakes.
• The majority (two-third) of Earth’s volcanoes are located along
the Ring of Fire.
• The Ring of Fire is stretched to approximately 40,000
kilometers (24,900 miles). Ring of Fire
• The chain runs up along the western coast of South and North
America, crosses over the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, runs down
the eastern coast of Asia past New Zealand and into
the northern coast of Antarctica.
• Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico,
United States, Canada, Russia, Japan, Philippines, Papua New
Guinea, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica are
some of the important places located in the ring of the fire.

•Tamu Massif is the most massive volcano. Mauna Kea is the tallest.

•Mauna
Ojos del Salado is the highest.
Kea: The Tallest Volcano (from base to summit) – Hawaii

•Ojos
Islands, US
del Salado/ Nevado Ojos del Salado : Highest volcano above
sea level and the highest peak in Chile (South America)

•Stromboli is known as ‘the Lighthouse of the Mediterranean’.

•Mount Erebus is an active volcano in Antarctica and the southernmost active
volcano on Earth.
•Barren Island located in the Andaman Sea is the only confirmed active volcano in
the Indian subcontinent.
•Narcondam Island located in the Andaman Sea is a dormant volcano in the Indian
subcontinent.
•Wolf Volcano - tallest mountain in the Galapagos islands, Equador, South America
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S. No. Volcano Location
1. Mount Krakatoa Indonesia Asia
2. Mount Merapi Indonesia
3. Mount Semeru Java,
Indonesia
4. Mount Agung Bali,
Indonesia
5. Mount Kerinci Sumatra,
Indonesia
6. Mount Rinjani Lombok,
Indonesia
7. Mount Tambora Indonesia

Asia

S. No. Volcano Location

8. Mount Fujiyama Japan

9. Mount Unzen Japan

10. Sakurajima Japan

11. Mount Pinatubo Philippines

12. Mount Taal Philippines

13. Mount Mayon Philippines

S. No. Volcano Location

14. Mount Popa/Popa Hill Myanmar

15. Koh-i-Sultan Balochistan,

Pakistan
16. Damavand Iran

17. Mount Ararat Turkey

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North America
S. No. Volcano Location
18 Mauna Loa USA
19 Mount Rainier Washington, USA
20 Mount Katmai Alaska, USA
21 Mount Shasta California, USA
22 Arenal Volcano Costa Rica
23 Masaya Masaya, Nicaragua
24 Popocatepetl Mexico
25 Kīlauea Hawaiian Islands
26 Santa Maria Volcano Guatemala
27 Volcán de Fuego Guatemala

South America
S. No. Volcano Location

28 Cotopaxi Ecuador

29 Volcan Sangay Ecuador

30 Chimborazo Ecuador

31 Ojos del Salado Argentina and Chile

32 Galeras Colombia

Europe

S. No. Volcano Location

33. Mount Vesuvius Italy
34. Mount Etna Italy
35. Stromboli Italy

36. Hekla Iceland

37. Mount Elbrus Russia
38. Mount Pelee Martinique Island
(France)
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Africa

S. No. Volcano Location

39. Mount Meru Tanzania

40. Kilimanjaro Tanzania

41. Mount Cameroon Cameroon (Central

Africa)
42. Mount Kenya Kenya

43. Erta Ale Ethiopia

Others

S. No. Volcano Location

44. Mount Erebus Ross Island (Antarctica)

45. Mount Yasur Tanna Island, Vanuatu

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Waterfalls in India
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Waterfall?
Water, particularly from a stream or river, vertically
falling from mountains or hills to a lower place, is
known as a waterfall.

Top 10 highest waterfalls in India

Waterfall in India Location

Kunchikal Falls Karnataka
Barehipani Falls Odisha
Nohkalikai Falls Meghalaya
Nohsngithiang Falls or Meghalaya
MawsmaiFalls
Dudhsagar Falls Goa
Kynrem Falls Meghalaya
Meenmutty Falls Kerala
Thalaiyar Falls Tamil Nadu
Vajrai Falls Maharashtra
Barkana Falls Karnataka

Karnataka

• Kunchikal Falls • Keppa Falls

• Mekedaatu Falls • Koosalli Falls
• Gokak Falls • Dabbe falls
• Jog Falls • Kudumari Falls
• Shivanasamudra Falls • Magod
• Barkana Falls • Hebbe
• Kalhatti Falls
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Kunchikal Falls

••India’s tallest waterfall.

located in Shimoga district of Karnataka.
•formed by Varahi river.
•The waterfall has a height of 455 meters in a
cascading form.
•It ranks 116 in height in the world.
th

•Mani Dam is constructed at the base of the

waterfall.
•Most the water flows into the dam to generate
high power hydroelectricity.

Jog Falls
•situated on the borders of Shimoga and North
Kanara of Karnataka.
•also called Gersoppa falls.
•formed by Sharavati river.

Shivanasamudra Falls
•located in Chamarajanagar district of
Karnataka.
•formed by Kaveri river.
Gokak Falls

•located in Belagavi district of Karnataka.

•formed by Ghataprabha river.
•Itsandstone
takes a leap over a horseshoe-shaped
cliff.

Mekedaatu Falls
•It is formed by Kaveri river.
•‘Mekedatu’
in Kannada.
means ‘goat's leap’
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Kerala

•Meenmutty Falls
•Vazhachal Falls
•Soochipara Falls
•Athirappilly Falls

Vazhachal Falls

•located in Thrissur district of Kerala.

•formed by Chalakudy river.

Soochipara Falls

•It is located in Wayanad district of Kerala.

•ItWaterfalls.
is also known as Sentinel Rock

Meenmutty Falls

•In“Where
Malayam, “Meenmutty” means
the fishes are blocked”.
•It is formed by Kallar river.
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Tamil Nadu
•Vattaparai Falls
•Hogenakal Falls
•Pykara falls
•Thalaiyar Falls
•Agaya Gangai
•Kiliyur Falls
Pykara falls
•formed by Pykara river on Nilgiri hills at Ooty.

Hogenakal Falls

•Itdistrict
is located on the border between Dharmapuri
of Tamil Nadu and Chamrajnagar
district of Karnataka.
•It is formed by Kaveri river.

Vattaparai Falls
•It is located in Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
•It is formed by Pazhayar River.

Odisha

•Duduma Falls
(Odisha & AP border)
•Joranda Falls
•Barehipani Falls
•Khandadhar Falls
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•located in Simlipal National
Park in Mayurbhanj district in Odisha.
Barehipani Falls
•It has a total height of 399 metres.
•second tallest waterfall in India.
•situated at onflowing
(बुढाबलंग नदी)
the Budhabalanga River
over the Meghasuni
mountain.

Joranda Falls
•It is located in Simlipal National
Park in Mayurbhanj district in Odisha.
•It is formed by Budhabalanga River.
Duduma Falls

•It is situated in the border

of Koraput (Odisha)
and Visakhapatnam (Andhra
Pradesh)
•It is formed by Machkund river.
•It is also known as Matsya Tirtha.

Chhattisgarh
•Chitrakut Falls
•Teerathgarh Falls
Chitrakut Falls
•located in Bastar district of
Chhattisgarh.
•formed by Indravati River.
•Popular as Niagara Falls of India
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Jharkhand
•Rajrappa Falls (रजरप्पा)
•Hundru Falls
•Lodh Falls
•Lower Ghaghri Falls

Rajrappa Falls
•It is located at the confluence of
Damodar and Bhairav river.
•It is located in the Ramgarh
district of Jharkhand.

Hundru Falls

•located in Ranchi district of Jharkhand.

•It is formed by Subarnarekha river.

Madhya Pradesh

•Dhuandhar Falls
•Kapildhara Falls
•Chachai Falls
•Keoti Falls
•Rajat Prapat
•Bahuti Falls
•Gatha Falls
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Dhuandhar Falls
•located at Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh.
•formed by Narmada River.

Kapildhara Falls
•located in the Amarkantak district of Madhya Pradesh.
•formed by Narmada river.
•named after famous sage Kapil, who had written
“Sankhya Philosophy”.

Rajasthan
•Chuliya falls
•located in Kota.
•formed by Chambal river.

Maharashtra
•Yenna Falls
•Vajrai Falls
•Kune Falls
•Pandavgad Falls
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Yenna Falls
•ItMaharashtra.
is located in Mahabaleshwar in

•It is formed by Krishna river.

•It is also called Enna Falls.

Goa

•Dudhsagar Waterfalls

Dudhsagar Falls
• It is located in the Bhagwan Mahaveer
Sanctuary and Mollem National
Park among the Western Ghats.
• It is formed by Mandovi river.
• The name ‘Dudhsagar’ literally
translates to ‘sea of milk’.
• Its height is 310 metres.
• It is the fifth tallest waterfall of India.
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Uttarakhand
•Shahastradhara falls
•Shahastradhara
spring.
means thousandfold

•located in Dehradun.
•Kali Gad River, a tributary of Song
River, forms Shahastradhara falls.

Meghalaya
•Elephanta Falls
•Nohkalikai Falls
•Nohsngithiang Falls
•Kynrem Falls
•Bishop Falls
•Beadon Falls
•Sweet Falls
•Langshiang Falls

Nohsngithiang Falls
•It is also known as the Seven Sisters
Waterfalls or Mawsmai Falls.
•Its height is 315 metres.
•It is the fourth tallest waterfall of
India.
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Elephanta Falls
•The original Khasi name for the falls
is Ka Kshaid Lai Pateng Khohsiew.
•It is located in Shillong.
•Since it looked like the face of
elephant, it was named as Elephanta
Falls by the Britishers.

Nohkalikai Falls
•It is located near Cherrapunji.
•Its height is 340 metres.
•It is the third tallest waterfall of India.

Other Important
Waterfalls in India

Mizoram
•Vantawng Falls

Himachal Pradesh
•Palani Falls

Bihar
•Bundla Falls
•Kakolat Falls

Andhra Pradesh
•Talakona falls
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Important
Wildlife Sanctuaries
& Bird Sanctuaries
in India
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Wildlife Sanctuary

• Wild life - includes any animal, aquatic or land vegetation which forms part of any habitat
• A wildlife sanctuary is an area where animals are protected in their natural habitat.
• Such areas are created with the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wildlife or its
environment.
• Wildlife sanctuaries of India are classified as IUCN Category IV protected areas.
• IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
• There are 564 existing wildlife sanctuaries in India covering an area of 1,22,509.33 km2, which
is 3.73% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database, Dec. 2021).
• As per Chapter IV of WPA 1972 - WLS- The State Government may, by notification, declare its
intention to constitute any area other than an area comprised within any reserve forest or the
territorial waters as a sanctuary if it considers that such area is of adequate ecological, faunal,
floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological significance, for the purpose of protecting,
propagating or developing wildlife or its environment.
National parks
• Are given a greater degree of protection, with human activity greatly restricted.
• National parks in India are IUCN category II protected area
Biosphere Reserve
• Biosphere reserves are protected large areas of natural habitat, that includes a national park
and animal wildlife sanctuary. There are 18 biosphere reserves in India, created to
demonstrate a balanced relationship between people and nature.
Largest Wildlife Sanctuary by area :
• Kachchh Desert Wildlife Sanctuary (7506.22 km2) – in Gujarat
Smallest Wildlife Sanctuary by area :
• Rowe Island Wildlife Sanctuary (0.01 km2) - in Andaman & Nicobar Islands
• Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary - (Pitti Bird Sanctuary) Wildlife Sanctuary (0.01 km2) - in
Lakshadweep
Oldest Wildlife Sanctuary of India :
• Vedanthangal Lake Bird Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu
• Year of Notification – 1936

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

• Barren Island Wildlife Sanctuary
• Narcondam Island Wildlife Sanctuary
• Rowe Island Wildlife Sanctuary
• Bamboo Island
• Lohabarrack (Saltwater Crocodile)
• Galathea Bay Endangered Narcondam HORNBILLS
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Lakshadweep
• Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary - (Pitti Bird
Sanctuary)
Ladakh
• Changthang
• Karakoram (Nubra Shyok) WLS

J&K
• Hirapora WLS
• Surinsar Mansar WLS
• Tral WLS

Himachal Pradesh
• Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary
• Kibber WLS
• Dhauladhar WLS

Uttarakhand
• Govind Pashu Vihar WLS
• Nandhaur WLS
• Jhilmi Jheel Conservation Reserve (Bird)

Punjab
• Harike Lake WLS
• Abohar WLS
• Nangal WLS
• Bir Motibagh WLS

Haryana
• Chhilchhila Lake WLS
• Kalesar WLS
• Bhindawas Bird Sanctuary
• Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary
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Rajasthan
• National Chambal Sanctuary
• Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary
• Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary
• Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary
• Phulwari Ki Nal
• Sitamata (famous for flying squirrels)
• Tal Chhapar
• Jamwa Ramgarh

• National Chambal Sanctuary (National Chambal

Gharial WLS) - Located on Chambal River near
tripoint of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh - for Critically Endangered gharial, red-
crowned roof turtle and Endangered Ganges
river dolphin.

• Mount Abu Sanctuary - has the highest peak in

Rajasthan, Guru Shikhar (1722 m).

• Sariska WLS - It is the first reserve in the world

with successfully relocated tigers

Gujarat

• Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary

• Kachchh (Lala) Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary

• Jessore Sloth Bear WLS

• Ratanmahal Sloth Bear WLS
• Khol-Hi-Raitan (Morni Hills) WLS
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• Gir WLS - Asiatic Lions

• Wild Ass WLS - Indian wild ass (Equus

hemionus khur), also called
Ghudkhur, Khur

• Kachchh Desert WLS – largest WLS in

area - covers ‘Flamingo City’ – a site
where thousands of Flamingos nest
and breed regularly

Madhya Pradesh
• Bori Wildlife Sanctuary
Maharashtra • Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary
• Melghat WLS
• Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary
• Bor Wildlife Sanctuary
 Nandur Madhmeshwar Bird Sanctuary • Orcha Wildlife Sanctuary
• Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary • Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary
• Naigaon Peacock WLS
• Ken Gharial
• Karanja Sohal Blackbuck
• Sardarpur Kharmor (Lesser Florican) sanctuary
• Thane Creek Flamingo
(Kharmor or ‘Grass Peacock’)

• Nauradehi WLS – Largest in M.P.

• Great Indian Bustard WLS (Jawaharlal Nehru Bustard
Sanctuary of Maharashtra) is for the Great Indian
bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps)
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Uttar Pradesh
• Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Bird WLS
• Chandra Shekhar Azad (Nawabganj) Bird WLS
• Patna Wildlife Sanctuary
• Pilibhit Wildlife Sanctuary
• Turtle WLS
• Nawabganj Priyadarshini Bird Sanctuary (Renamed
as Shahid Chandra Shekhar Azad Bird Sanctuary)
• Saman Bird Sanctuary
• Samaspur Bird Sanctuary
Chhatisgarh
• Sandi Bird Sanctuary
• Tamor Pingla WLS
• Soor Sarovar Bird Sanctuary
• Sitanadi WLS
Bihar • Achanakmar WLS
• Barela Jheel Salim Ali Bird Wildlife Sanctuary
• Udanti Wild Buffalo WLS
• Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary (National Park)
• Kanwarjheel Jharkhand

• Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Wildlife Sanctuary • Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary

• Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary • Mahuadanr Wolf WLS (महुआड ांड़)

• Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary
• Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary

West Bengal
• Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary
• Jorepokhri Salamander WLS
• Pakhi Bitan Bird WLS
• Lothian Island WLS
• Haliday Island WLS

Odisha
• Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary
• Gahirmatha (Marine) Wildlife Sanctuary
• Chilika (Nalaban) Wildlife / Nalabana Bird
Sanctuary.
• Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary
• Satkosia Wildlife Sanctuary Gorge
• Simlipal Wildlife Sanctuary
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• Bhitarkanika WLS - second largest
mangrove ecosystem in India

• Gahirmatha Marine WLS - the

only marine sanctuary of Orissa -
famous for its nesting beach for Olive
Ridley Turtles.

• Nandankanan WLS - famous for its

white tigers.

• Simlipal WLS - derives its name from

the abundance of red silk cotton trees
(सेमल) growing in the area. It is also a
Biosphere Reserve.

Goa
• Dr. Salim Ali Bird (Chorao) WLS
• Bhagwan Mahavir WLS
• Netravali WLS

Karnataka
• Cauvery WLS
• Chincholi WLS
• Daroji Sloth Bear WLS
Telangana
• Gudekote Sloth Bear WLS
• Kawal WLS
• Rangayyanadurga Four-horned antelope WLS
• Kinnersani WLS
• Adichunchunagiri Peacock WLS • Manjeera Crocodile WLS
• Ranebennur Black Buck WLS
• Ramadevara Betta Vulture WLS
Andhra Pradesh
• Yadahalli Chinkara WLS
• Coringa WLS
• Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
• Kolleru WLS
• Krishna WLS
• Nagarjuna Sagar-Srisailam WLS
• Pulicat Lake WLS
• Sri Lankamalleshwara Wildlife
Sanctuary
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• Cauvery WLS – in Karnataka, highly
endangered grizzled giant squirrel is found
here
• Daroji Sloth Bear WLS - Asia's first sloth
bear Sanctuary

• Coringa WLS – critically endangered white

backed and long billed vultures found here.

• Pulicat Lake (A.P. & T.N.) is the second

largest brackish-water eco-system in India
after Chilka lake in Odisha.

• Sri Lankamalleshwara WLS - is the only

habitat in the world which provides home
for the Jerdon's courser, a highly
endangered bird species.

Kerala
• Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary
• Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary
• Chulannur Peafowl WLS
• Chinnar WLS
• Thattekad Bird Sanctuary (Salim Ali described this
sanctuary as the richest bird habitat on peninsular India).
• Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary (also known as Vembanad Bird
Sanctuary). Tamil Nadu
Koonthangulam Bird Sanctuary
Tamil Nadu This is the largest reserve for
breeding water birds in South
• Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary India.
• Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary
Thiruppudai- Maruthur
• Pulicat Lake Bird Wildlife Sanctuary Conservation Reserve (Bird)
• Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary (Grizzled Squirrel WLS first Conservation Reserve to be
established in India.
• Vedanthangal Lake Bird WLS (oldest WLS)
• Gangaikondam Spotted Dear
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Arunachal Pradesh
• Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary
• Eagle Nest Wildlife Sanctuary
• Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary
• Pakke (Pakhui) Wildlife Sanctuary
• Tale Wildlife Sanctuary
• Sessa Orchid

Assam
• Deepor Beel Wildlife Sanctuary
• Dihing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary
• Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary
• Hollongapar Gibbon
• Sonai Rupai

• Eagle Nest WLS – It is a part of

Kameng Elephant Reserve.
Eagle Nest derives its name
from Red Eagle Division of the
Indian Army which was posted
in this area in 1950s.

• Pabitora WLS - popularly

known as ‘miniature
Kaziranga’ for its highest
density of one horned
Rhinoceros in Assam.

Sikkim
• Barsey Rhododendron WLS
• Shingba Rhododendron WLS
• Kyongnosla Alpine

Tripura
• Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary
Mizoram
• Dampa Wildlife Sanctuary
Manipur
• Jiri Makru WLS
• Khongjaingamba Ching WLS
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Nagaland
• Singphan WLS

Meghalaya
• Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Siju Wildlife Sanctuary
• Baghmara Pitcher Plant Sanctuary
• Nongkhyllem WLS

• Puducherry – Oussudu WLS

• Chandigarh - Sukhna Lake WLS
• Delhi - Asola Bhati (Indira Priyadarshini) WLS
• Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu – Fudam WLS

Bird Sanctuary Location

Khonoma Nature Conservation and Tragopan sanctuary Nagaland
Nalabana Bird Sanctuary Odisha
Harike Pattan Bird Sanctuary Punjab
Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary Rajasthan
(Keoladeo National Park)
Kitam Bird Sanctuary Sikkim
Udhuwa Lake Bird Sanctuary Jharkhand
City Bird Sanctuary (Also called Parrot Bird Sanctuary) Chandigarh
Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary Chorao island, Goa

Pitti Bird Sanctuary Lakshadweep

Okhla Bird Sanctuary on Delhi-Uttar Pradesh

state border
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World Space Agencies

INTRODUCTORY TERMS
v What is Astronomy?
• Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects (stars, planets etc.).

v What is Space Agency?

• Space agency is a government agency engaged in activities related to outer
space and space exploration.

v What is Space?
• In astronomy, space is the vast 3-dimensional region that begins where the
earth's atmosphere ends.

v Spacecraft: A vehicle that travels in space.

v Astronaut: A person who travels in a spacecraft.

v An astronaut of the Soviet or Russian space program is called Cosmonaut.

Important Dates & Days

• World Space Week : 4 to 10 October
• The 2021 theme of World Space Week : “Women in Space.”
• International Day of Human Space Flight : 12 April
• 12 April 1961 was the date of the first human space flight, carried out by
Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet citizen.
• India celebrates National Space Day on the first Friday in May.
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America

Asia
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Europe

Others

Indian Space Research Organisation

• Established in :- 15th August, 1969

• Founder :- Vikram Sarabhai
• Headquarters :- Bengaluru, Karnataka
• Chairman :- Shri S. Somanath
• Vikram Sarabhai is internationally regarded as
the Father of the Indian Space Program.
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International Space Station

• It is a modular space station (habitable artificial satellite) in low Earth orbit

(LEO).
• It involves five participating space agencies:
1. NASA (United States),
2. Roscosmos (Russia),
3. JAXA (Japan),
4. ESA (Europe), and
5. CSA (Canada)

Purpose
• It serves as a microgravity and space
environment research laboratory.
• Here scientific research is conducted in astrobiology,
astronomy, meteorology, physics and other fields.
• It is suited for testing the spacecraft systems and
equipment required for possible future long-
duration missions to the Moon and Mars.

Ø The International Space Station (ISS) is a multi-nation construction project

that is the largest single structure humans ever put into space.
Ø The first module of the ISS, Zarya, was launched on 20 November 1998 (on
an Russian rocket).
Ø Its main construction was completed between 1998 and 2011.
Ø The first long-term residents arrived at ISS on 2 November, 2000.
Ø 251 individuals from 19 countries have visited the International Space
Station (December, 2021), mostly from United States (155 people).
Ø According to NASA’s budget estimates, the ISS’s re-entry into the Earth’s
atmosphere will take place in January, 2031.
Ø Mission control will first lower its altitude and the spacecraft will begin to
descent into the “South Pacific Oceanic Uninhabited Area” (SPOUA) in an
area known as Point Nemo.
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• Establishment :- 1958
• Founder :- Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Headquarters :- Washington, D.C., United States
• Administrator :- Bill Nelson

European Space Agency

• It is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to

the exploration of space.
• Established in 1975
• Headquarter: Paris, France
• Administrator:- Josef Aschbacher
• Members: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United
Kingdom.

Canadian Space Agency

• Headquarters: - John H. Chapman Space Centre, Quebec
• President :- Lisa Campbell

Roscosmos
Headquarters :- Moscow, Russia
Administrator :- Dmitry Rogozin
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Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Headquarters :- Tokyo, Japan
Administrator :- Hiroshi Yamakawa