FIQH OF MENSTRUATION IN

DETAIL
INTRODUCTION
WHY IS THE FIQH OF
MENSTRUATION IMPORTANT TO
LEARN AND UNDERSTAND?
1. It is ‫ﻋﻠم اﻟﺣﺎل‬: knowledge that is obligatory to 2. It is obligatory upon Muslim men and women,
know once you reach a state: but has been neglected:
The fuqaha—the jurists—have agreed upon the Knowledge of [the rulings] of the bloods specific to
obligation of learning that knowledge which is women is obligatory upon them, and upon their
necessary for one to know at that time … which is that husbands, and upon their walis, but this [knowledge of
knowledge with which Allah ta’ala has charged his the bloods specific to women] has become “dust,
servants with … so if somebody became mature when
the morning became visible, for example, then it would dispersing” (Surat al-Waqi’a: 6) in our times, utterly
be obligatory upon him to know Allah ta’ala in His abandoned. Rather it has become as though it is
attributes, and knowing the words of the shahada while something unworthy of mentioning. [The people of our
understanding its meaning, then if he lives to the time of time] do not separate between menstruation, post-natal
dhuhr then it will be obligatory for him to know about bleeding, and dysfunctional uterine bleeding [in many
ritual purity, then have knowledge regarding prayer, religious queries], nor do they differentiate between
and if he lives to Ramadan then it will be obligatory for valid and invalid bloods and purities. You see the best
him to have knowledge regarding fasting, and if he of them suffice themselves with the well-known fiqh
acquires wealth then it will be obligatory for him to manuals [like Quduri, Kanz al-Daqa’iq, al-Wiqaya, and
have knowledge regarding charity, and hajj if he is al-Mukhtar], while many cases of [those three bloods]
capable and lives to the time of hajj.
are missing in them.
[al-Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniya]
[Dhukhr al-Muta’ahhilin fi Masa’il al-Hayd] *comments of Ibn ‘Abidin are bracketed.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO STUDY
FIQH?

Fiqh (jurisprudence): Knowledge of the subsidiary shar’i rulings obtained from

their specific proofs.
[al-Durr al-Mukhtar]
UNDERSTANDING SCHOLARLY
DIFFERENCES OF OPINION
Narrated from Imam Waki’ b. al-Jarrah: Sh. Muhammad Awwama:

“The people of knowledge write what “The saying: ’Our Madhhab is correct with
supports them as well as what opposes the possibility of being wrong, while the
them, while the people of desires write other madhhabs are wrong with the
only what supports them.” possibility of being correct’ is widely
spread within the books of fiqh.”
[Sunnan al-Daraqutni]
[Adab al-Ikhtilaf fi Masa’il al-’Ilm wa al-Din]
THE THREE BLOODS PART 1,
MENSTRUATION (HAYD)
DEFINITIONS
Literal Definition Legal Definition
The root of the word ‫ ﺣﺎض‬is a synonym 1. A legal state of impurity: A legal
for ‫اﻟﺳﯾﻼن‬, meaning: flowing. impediment to worship that requires
purity, such as prayer, recitation of the
Such as: «‫»ﺣﺎض اﻟوادي‬, or “the valley Qur’an, fasting, entering the masjid, etc.
flowed”
2. A physical impurity: Blood which flows
It is called ‫ ﺣﯾض‬due to the flowing of from a woman’s womb, after she
menstrual blood at specific times becomes mature, in habituated times

[al-Bahr al-Ra’iq]
[al-Bahr al-Ra’iq]
 BLOOD WHICH FLOWS FROM A
WOMAN’S WOMB, AFTER SHE
BECOMES MATURE, IN HABITUATED
TIMES. EXCLUDES:
1. Istihada: Narrated by ’A’isha, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said regarding istihada: “Indeed, that is [blood from] a vein and
not menstruation.”
[Sunan al-Nasa’i]
2. Bleeding from the rectum
3. Bleeding seen by an uncategorized hermaphrodite
4. Blood seen from animals (hyenas, rabbits, bats)
5. Blood seen by a girl below the age of 9: Muhammad b. Muqatil al-Razi said: because the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
consummated his marriage with ’A’isha while she was 9 years old, and what is apparent is that he consummated his
marriage with her after she became mature…And the majority of the scholars are upon the opinion of Muhammad b.
Muqatil, because seeing blood in a girl younger than that is uncommon, and we do not make rulings on the uncommon.
[al-Mabsut]
6. Blood seen before childbirth: Narrated by ‘A’isha: “Pregnant women do not menstruate.”
[Sunan al-Daraqutni, Sunan al-Kubra lil-Bayhaqi]
 DURATION OF MENSTRUATION
3-10 Days 1-15 Days
• Narrated by Abu Umama, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The minimum of menstruation is Narrated from the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬: “One of you will
3 days, and the maximum is 10 days, and what exceeds spend half of her life not praying.”
that is istihada.” [Mu’jam al-Kabir lil-Tabrani, Sunan al-Daraqutni]
“This hadith has been mentioned by some of our
• Narrated by Wathila b. al-Asqa’, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The minimum of menstruation is 3 days, and the Bayhaqi:
maximum is 10 days.” [Sunan al-Daraqutni]
fuqaha, and I have searched for it abundantly, and I did
• Narrated by Mu’adh b. Jabal, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “There is no menstruation less not find it in any of the books of hadith, and I have not
than 3 days, nor over 10 days, so whoever exceeds found any chain of narration for it.”
upon that, then she is in istihada.” [al-Kamil l-Ibn ’Adi]
Ibn al-Jawzi: “This hadith is unknown, and the scholars of
• Narrated by Abu Sa’id al-Khudri, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The minimum of authentication have confirmed this.”
menstruation is 3, and the maximum is 10, and the
minimum of what is between two menstruations is 15 Al-Nawawi: “This is an invalid hadith which is unknown, and
days.” [al-’Ilal al-Mutanahiya l-Ibn al-Jawzi] what is confirmed in [Bukhari and Muslim] is ‘spend nights
• Narrated by Anas b. Malik, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Menstruation is three days,
not praying.’”
and four, and five, and six, and seven, and eight, and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani: “There is no basis for [this hadith] with this
nine, and ten, so if it exceeds the tenth then she is in
istihada.” [al-Kamil l-Ibn ‘Adi] wording.”
THE THREE BLOODS PART 2,
POST-NATAL BLEEDING (NIFAS)
DEFINITIONS
Literal Definition Legal Definition

Comes from the verb َ‫ ُﻧﻔَس‬, meaning: give A physical impurity: Blood that flows
birth. from the womb and exits from the
vagina after most of the child is
Such as: «‫» ُﻧﻔَﺳَ تْ اﻟﻣرأة‬, or “the woman delivered, and she has not given birth 6
months prior to that.
gave birth”

And therefore, if a woman gives birth, she

is a ‫ﻧﻔﺳﺎء‬.
[Manhal al-Waridin min Bihar al-Fayd]
 DURATION OF POST-NATAL
BLEEDING
0-40 days 0-60 days
▪Narrated from Umm Salama:
“During the time of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬ ▪Narrated from al-Awza’i: “By us, the women see two months of nifas.”
women would sit for 40 days for nifas, and paint their faces Likewise narrated from ‘Ata’, al-Sha’bi, and ’Ubayd Allah b. al-Hasan al-’Anbari. [al-Majmu’
Sharh al-Muhadhdhab]
with waras to remove dark spots.” [Sunan Abu Dawud, Sunan Ibn Majah,
Jami’at al-Tirmidhi, Musnad Ahmad]

▪Narrated from Anas b. Malik:

“The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬set the time limit for
the women in nifas at 40 days, except if she sees purity
before then.” [Sunan Ibn Majah, Mu’jam al-Kabir lil-Tabrani]
▪Narrated by Makhul, from Abu Hurayra and Abu al-Darda’, attributing the hadith
to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬: “The women in nifas wait 40 mornings,
except if they see purity before that. If she did not see purity
between [the birth] and 40 mornings, then she is in istihada,
and she does as the women in istihada do.” [al-Kamil l-Ibn ‘Adi, al-Sunan
al-Kubra lil-Bayhaqi]

▪Narrated from ‘Umar, Ibn ‘Abbas, ’Uthman b. Abi al-’As, ‘A’idh b. ’Amr, Umm Salama,
Anas b. Malik, and ‘A’isha: “The duration of nifas is 40 days.” [Sunan
al-Daraqutni, Mustadrak ’ala al-Sahihayn]
 PART 3,
THE THREE BLOODS DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE
BLEEDING (ISTIHADA)
DEFINITIONS
Literal Definition Legal Definition
Comes from ‫ﺣﺎض‬, meaning: to flow. An invalid blood; any bleeding which
cannot be made into menstruation or
Such as: «‫ »أُﺳْ ُﺗﺣِﯾﺿَ تْ اﻟﻣرأة‬as if to say: the post-natal bleeding.
woman was sought for bleeding.
Note: Invalid blood cannot be used to
establish a habit in either menstruation or
A woman in istihada is a ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺣﺎﺿﺔ‬: the one post-natal bleeding.
whose blood flows, but not due to
menstruation, but rather due to a ruptured
vein.
[Manhal al-Waridin min Bihar al-Fayd]
THE THREE BLOODS PART 4,
VALID AND INVALID BLOODS
THE THREE TYPES OF BLOODS: A
RECAP
BLOOD

VALID BLOOD INVALID BLOOD

HAYD ISTIHADA
NIFAS

LEGAL BLOOD LEGAL BLOOD

ACTUAL BLOOD ACTUAL BLOOD

TYPES OF PURITIES PART 1,
COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE
COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE
PURITY
Complete Purity Incomplete Purity
▪15 days
▪Less than 15 days will be considered
The minimum duration of purity is 15 days, as legal blood which can be made into
was reported by Ibrahim al-Nakha’i [and what
is apparent is that he transmitted this from the menstruation, post-natal bleeding, or
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, because it is a limit, and limits
are not known in the shari’a except by hearing istihada
it [from the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬or one of the It is not a valid purity, with the implication
companions].] [al-’Inaya]
that it does not separate between two
The minimum duration of purity is 15 days [by bloods, so it is like a pause where purity is
agreement of the companions upon this, and it
has been narrated by Ja’far b. Muhammad, not found. And also because blood, if it is
from his father, from his grandfather, that the not valid, will not be considered
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The minimum duration of
menstruation is 3, and its maximum is 10, and menstruation—rather, it is istihada—so
what is between two menstruations is 15 likewise, purity, if it is not valid, will not be
days,” and Qadi Abu ‘Abbas traced that back
to Imam Abu Hanifa.] [Fath Bab al-’Inaya] in the ruling of purity. [al-Tajrid lil-Quduri]
TYPES OF PURITIES PART 2,
VALID AND INVALID
VALID AND INVALID PURITIES
Valid Purity Invalid Purity
▪Is complete ▪Is incomplete, or
▪Is not mixed with blood in the beginning, ▪Is mixed with blood in the beginning,
middle, or end middle, or end, or
▪Is between two valid bloods ▪Is between two invalid bloods, or one
valid blood and one invalid blood
Ruling: A valid purity can be used to
establish a habit Ruling: If it is complete, it can separate
[Manhal al-Waridin min Bihar al-Fayd] between two bloods, but it cannot be
used to establish a habit
[Manhal al-Waridin min Bihar al-Fayd]
TYPES OF PURITIES: A RECAP
Invalid Purity
1. Not
Complete Purity between Incomplete Purity
2 valid
bloods 3. Less
Valid Purity than 15
2.
days
1. Not 2. Not Mixed
less mixed with
than 15 with blood
days blood
3.
Between
2 valid
bloods
THE BEGINNING OF PART 1,

BLEEDING MENSTRUATION (HAYD)

 WHEN DOES
MENSTRUATION
BEGIN?
▪ Blood exits from the vaginal
opening and comes level to the
edges of the labia minora, or
▪ Blood does not exit from the
vaginal opening, but appears at
its edges
▪ Certainty is not dispelled by
doubt: menstruation is not
established by a feeling.
 THE KURSUF:
PREVENTING THE
APPEARANCE OF
BLOOD
▪ The kursuf: a piece of cotton cloth, cotton wool, toilet paper, or a tissue folded and placed at the
labia minora and held together by the labia majora (in the case of a virgin), or
▪ Placed half inside the vaginal opening, with part of it outside (in the case of a married woman)
▪ It is mustahabb for a virgin to use the kursuf during menstruation, in order to check for discharge and
blood, while it is mustahabb for a non-virgin to use the kursuf during menstruation and during purity.
[al-Muhit al-Burhani]

▪ The kursuf, if placed inside of the vaginal opening can prevent the ruling of menstruation.
▪ Events are attributed to their closest time: bleeding from the time the kursuf is removed [al-Muhit
al-Burhani]

▪ It is better to pray when you didn’t have to than to miss a prayer: purity from the time that the
kursuf was placed. [Manhal al-Waridin min Bihar al-Fayd]
THE BEGINNING OF PART 2,

BLEEDING POST-NATAL BLEEDING (NIFAS)

WHEN DOES POST-NATAL BLEEDING
BEGIN?
▪Khalaf b. Ayyub narrated from Abu Yusuf, that Abu Hanifa considered the exiting of
the majority of the child to be the beginning of post-natal bleeding, because the
majority of something is in the ruling of its entirety. (the fatwa is upon this opinion)
▪Mu’alla narrated from Abu Hanifa and Abu Yusuf that when some of the child has
come out, the mother begins nifas by that.
▪Hisham narrated from Muhammad that a woman does not enter post-natal bleeding
until the head, half of the hands and the feet, and more than half of the child’s body,
has exited.
▪It is established in Kitab al-Asl of Muhammad [as his opinion] that a woman enters
post-natal bleeding when the entirety of the child has come out.
[al-Muhit al-Burhani]
THE RULING OF TWINS
▪Any children born within 6 months will be considered twins [al-Mabsut]

▪Abu Hanifa and Abu Yusuf: Post-natal bleeding starts from the first child
▪Muhammad: Post-natal bleeding starts from the last child
[al-Muhit al-Burhani]
C-SECTIONS & BIRTHS WITH NO
BLOOD
▪If ones give birth without seeing any bleeding, it is necessary for her to do ghusl [Manhal
al-Waridin min Bihar al-Fayd]

▪If a woman gives birth from a wound on her stomach (i.e., a c-section), then any blood
that exits the vagina afterwards will be classed as post-natal bleeding [Dhukhr al-Muta’ahhilin
fi Masa’il al-Hayd]
MISCARRIAGES
▪If any limbs or features of the fetus are defined, then any bleeding after miscarriage
is post-natal bleeding
▪If no limbs or features of the fetus are defined, then any bleeding after miscarriage
will be classed as menstruation if it is possible
[al-Muhit al-Burhani]

▪If there are no defined limbs or features, then bleeding before the miscarriage can
retroactively be made into menstruation when possible [Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniya]
▪If the state of the fetus is unknown, then she will do ghusl whenever it is possible that
she is coming out of post-natal bleeding or menstruation, and she will perform wudu
for each prayer during the intermediary times. [al-Muhit al-Burhani]
COLORS OF BLOOD CONSIDERATION OF COLOR
 TO CONSIDER OR NOT TO
CONSIDER COLORS?
The color is not considered The color is considered
▪ Yunus → Ibn Wahab → ’Amr, Sa’id b. ’Abd al-Rahman, Malik, al-Layth → Hisham b. ‘Urwa → ’Urwa Ahmad b. Shu’ayb al-Nasa’i → Ahmad b. al-Muthanna → Ibn Abi ‘Adi → Ahmad b. ’Amr → Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri →
→ ‘A’isha: Fatima, the daughter of Abi Hubaysh came to the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬, and she was
experiencing istihada, so she said: Oh Messenger of Allah, by Allah, indeed I have not become pure, so do I If it is the
’Urwa → ‘A’isha: Fatima bint Abi Hubaysh experienced istihada, so the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said to her:

Indeed, that is blood from a

give up my prayer? So the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: blood of menstruation, then it is black, recognizable [blood]—so
vein and not menstruation, so when the [real] menstruation leave the prayer. And if it is other [than that], then perform wudu
comes, then abandon your prayer, and when it has finished and pray, for indeed that is blood from a vein. [Sunan Abu Dawud, Sunan al-Nasa’i,
Sunan al-Daraqutni, Mustadrak ‘ala al-Sahihayn]
then perform ghusl [to remove] the blood, then pray. [Sharh Ma’ani
al-Athar, al-Muwatta lil-Shafi’i, Sahih al-Bukhari, Sunan al-Nasa’i, Sunan al-Daraqutni, Sahih Abi ‘Awana, Sharh al-Sunnah lil-Baghawi,
Sunan al-Kubra lil-Bayhaqi, authenticated by Ibn Hibban]

▪ Muhammad b. ‘Amr b. Yunus → Yahya b. ‘Isa → al-A’mash → Habib b. Abi Thabit → ‘Urwa → ‘A’isha: Fatima,
the daughter of Abi Hubaysh came to the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬and said: Oh Messenger of Allah, indeed I
he ‫ ﷺ‬commanded her to
am experiencing istihada, and the blood has not stopped, so
leave out the prayer in the days of her period, then perform
ghusl, then perform wudu for every prayer and pray, even if
a drop of blood fell upon the prayer mat. [Sunan Ibn Majah, Musnad Ahmad,
Musnad Ibn Abi Shayba, Sunan al-Daraqutni, Sunan al-Kubra lil-Bayhaqi]
 YELLOW/BROWN BLOOD:
COLORS OF BLOOD OPINIONS WITHIN
THE HANAFI MADHHAB
 YELLOW/BROWN BLOOD: THE
THREE OPINIONS
▪Abu Hanifa/Muhammad: Malik narrated to us from Alqama b. Abi Alqama, who narrated from his mother, who was the freed slave of ’A’isha, the wife of
the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, that she said: The women used to send boxes to ‘A’isha with kursufs inside them, and upon them would
be yellow blood of menstruation, so she would say: “Do not hasten until you see the white thread,” and she
intended by that [purity] from menstruation. And Muhammad said: “From this, we take that women who are still seeing
reddish or brownish or yellowish [discharge] have still not become pure until they see pure white [discharge],
and this is the opinion of Abu Hanifa.” [al-Muwatta bi-Riwaya Muhammad]
▪Abu Yusuf: Narrated by Umm ’Atiyyah: We did not used to consider brownish and yellowish [discharge] as anything [of
importance.] [Sahih al-Bukhari] Regarding brownish [discharge], at the end of the days of menstruation it is
menstruation without any difference of opinion between our companions, and likewise in the beginning of
the days [of menstruation] according to Abu Hanifa and Muhammad. And Abu Yusuf said: It will not be
menstruation. [Bada’i al-Sana’I]
▪Abu Mansur al-Maturidi: Shaykh Abu Mansur al-Maturidi—may Allah have mercy upon him—once said
regarding yellowish [discharge]: If she saw it in the time of menstruation, then it is menstruation, and if she
saw it in the time of purity and it was connected to the time of menstruation, then it will not be menstruation.
And once he said: If the woman regularly saw yellowish [discharge] in the days of purity and red [blood] in
the days of menstruation, then her yellowish [discharge] will be in the ruling of purity. Even if she were to
reach the days of menstruation with it, it will still be in the ruling of purity.
COLORS OF BLOOD GREEN DISCHARGE
GREEN DISCHARGE
▪Al-Bazdawi: If a woman was from those who have periods, then green [discharge]
from her is menstruation. And in al-Hidaya: This is the most correct opinion, and if she
were menopausal and did not see anything other than green [discharge], then it
would not be menstruation. (the majority are upon this opinion)
▪Abu ‘Ali al-Daqqaq: It is like brownish [discharge], and the disagreement in them is
one and the same.
▪Muhammad b. Salam al-Balkhi: It is as though she ate barley.
[al-Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniya]
COLORS OF BLOOD OTHER CONSIDERATIONS AND
PRINCIPLES
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS AND
PRINCIPLES
▪Ease upon women: And in the Mi’raj: If a mufti were to issue a fatwa on anything
from these opinions in a case of genuine need in order to bring ease, then that would
be great. [al-Radd al-Muhtar]
▪Absolute, known cause of bleeding can potentially be excluded.
CESSATION OF BLEEDING MENOPAUSE
MENOPAUSE: DEFINITION
LITERAL DEFINITION LEGAL DEFINITION
Comes from ‫آﯾس‬: to despair, or to lose A woman who has reached the age of
hope menopause while she has stopped
menstruating.

Menopause is ‫إﯾﺎس‬, as if to say that by

the ruing of menopause a woman has
lost hope of ever having a child.

A menopausal woman is an ‫آﯾﺳﺔ‬

A WOMAN WHO HAS REACHED THE
AGE OF MENOPAUSE WHILE SHE IS HAS
STOPPED MENSTRUATING
▪55 years: The majority of the scholars of Bukhara give the fatwa of 55 years of age,
because this is the most just of the opinions. [al-Muhit al-Burhani]
▪Must not menstruate: If she reached [the age of menopause] and her blood stopped,
then that will be in the ruling of her menopause, otherwise, it will not. [Manhal al-Waridin min Bihar
al-Fayd]

▪Bleeding after the establishment of menopause: It is possible for menstruation to

return if she sees “clear” (black or dark red) blood which reaches the threshold. [Dhukhr
al-Muta’ahhilin fi Masa’il al-Hayd]
CESSATION OF BLEEDING RELEVANT RULINGS &
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
 BLEEDING
BLEEDING MORE
BLEEDING BLEEDING LESS GREATER THAN OR
THAN 3, LESS THAN
EXCEEDS 10 DAYS THAN 3 DAYS EQUAL TO HABIT,
HABIT
LESS THAN 10
▪ Passing of enough ▪ Passing of enough
time to perform time to perform
PRAYER BECOMES
Enough time to say The start of the prayer ghusl and say ghusl and say
OBLIGATORY
takbir time takbir, or takbir, or
THROUGH…
▪ Passing of a prayer ▪ Passing of a prayer
time time

GHUSL OR WUDU
Ghusl Wudu Ghusl Ghusl
REQUIRED…

Soonest mustahabb Soonest mustahabb

WHEN TO PRAY… Latest mustahabb time Latest mustahabb time
time time

No ghusl required; Must wait until habit

MARITAL
immediately Wudu recommended is passed and ghusl Ghusl required
RELATIONS…
permissible required

In all of these cases, should wait until 10 days has passed in addition to a valid 15-day purity
IDDAH…
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Case 1 Case 2
Habit in blood: 8 days
1b 1t 1b 1t
1b 1t 1b 4t
1b 1t 2b 15t
1b 1t
1b 1t
 PART 1:
IDENTIFYING A HABIT RECAP OF BLOODS
AND PURITIES
THE THREE TYPES OF BLOODS: A
RECAP
BLOOD

VALID BLOOD INVALID BLOOD

HAYD ISTIHADA
NIFAS

LEGAL BLOOD LEGAL BLOOD

ACTUAL BLOOD ACTUAL BLOOD

TYPES OF PURITIES: A RECAP
Invalid Purity
1. Not
Complete Purity between Incomplete Purity
2 valid
bloods 3. Less
Valid Purity than 15
2.
days
1. Not 2. Not Mixed
less mixed with
than 15 with blood
days blood
3.
Between
2 valid
bloods
IDENTIFYING A HABIT PART 2,
APPLICATION
 APPLICATION: GENERAL EXAMPLES
3b 15t 1b 2t
5b 18t 5b 15t
4b 19t 3b 15t
4b 1t
2b 15t

Habit: Habit:
 APPLICATION: BEGINNER IN
MENSTRUATION EXAMPLES
1b 8t 1b 3t
1b 15t 4b 15t

Habit (Abu Yusuf, Abu Hanifa): Habit (Abu Yusuf, Abu Hanifa):
Habit (Muhammad): Habit (Muhammad):
 APPLICATION: NIFAS EXAMPLES
2b 10t 25b 15t
2b 15t 10b 15t
5b 15t

Habit (Abu Yusuf/Muhammad): Habit (Abu Yusuf/Muhammad):

Habit (Abu Hanifa): Habit (Abu Hanifa):
CONTINUOUS BLEEDING & PART 1,

THE HABIT THE BEGINNER

BECOMING MATURE BY
CONTINUOUS BLEEDING
Four scenarios in menstruation:
▪Continuous bleeding from the beginning of the time that she becomes mature
▪Continuous bleeding after seeing a valid purity and a valid blood
▪Continuous bleeding after an invalid purity and an invalid blood
▪Continuous bleeding after a valid blood and an invalid purity
SCENARIO 1: CONTINUOUS
BLEEDING FROM THE BEGINNING
OF MATURITY
▪Habit will be 10/20 by default.
SCENARIO 2: VALID PURITY, VALID
BLOOD, FOLLOWED BY
CONTINUOUS BLEEDING
▪She will not be a beginner—she will have an established habit by the first sighting of
valid blood and valid purity.

5b 40t
CB
SCENARIO 3: INVALID PURITY,
INVALID BLOOD, FOLLOWED BY
CONTINUOUS BLEEDING
▪Invalid purity by being less than 15 ▪Invalid purity by being mixed with
days: invalid blood:

11b 14t 11b 15t

CB CB
ADDITIONAL SCENARIO 3
EXAMPLE…
11b 20t
CB
SCENARIO 4: VALID BLOOD, INVALID
PURITY
5b 14t 3b 15t
CB 1b 15t
CB
VALID BLOOD, INVALID PURITY WITH
NIFAS
▪Valid nifas with an incomplete purity ▪Valid nifas with a complete purity

40b 14t 40b 15t

CB CB
CONTINUOUS BLEEDING & PART 2,

THE HABIT THE HABITUATED WOMAN

GENERAL GUIDELINES
▪Whenever bleeding goes over 10 days, a habituated woman will return to her habit.
▪Whenever bleeding is under 10 days in menstruation, this alters the habit
▪Aspects of a habit: ‫( ﻣﻛﺎن‬place) and ‫( ﻋدد‬number).
▪Place is very strong in the Hanafi madhhab. Wherever it is possible to reach the
threshold of menstruation within the place, then that is what is done. Place can
become smaller, but so ong as there the threshold is met within the place, then place is
given precedence
▪If there is no blood or less than 3 days of blood in the place, only then is the number
of days taken.
 VISUAL
REPRESENTATI
ON OF
GUIDELINES
HABIT: 5/55 (MENSTRUATION)
5b 15t 5b 46t
11b 11b
HABIT: 5/55 (MENSTRUATION)
5b 48t 5b 54t
12b 1b 14t
1b
HABIT: 5/55 (MENSTRUATION)
5b 57t 5b 55t
3b 14t 9b
1b
HABIT: 5/55 (MENSTRUATION)
5b 50t 5b 54t
10b 8b
HABIT: 5/55 (MENSTRUATION)
5b 50t 5b 58t
7b 3b
HABIT: 5/55 (MENSTRUATION)
5b 64t 5b 64t
7b 11b
HABIT: 20 (NIFAS)
10b 20t 1b 30t
11b 1b 14t
1b
HABIT: 20 (NIFAS)
5b 34t 18b 22t
1b 1b
HABIT: 20 (NIFAS)
1b 34t
1b 15t
1b
LONG PERIODS OF PURITY
LONG PERIODS OF PURITY & THE
EXAMPLE OF IDDAH
*Note: When a breastfeeding woman has a long period of purity, she can either 1-
wait it out, or 2- use a drug to stimulate spotting. [Manhal al-Waridin min Bihar al-Fayd]

For a woman who regularly sees long periods of purity, for example she menstruates
for 10 days once a year:
▪Abu ‘Isma: She will wait 3 years, 1 month (i.e., however long her iddah takes)
10 10 10
1 year 1 year 1 year
days days days

▪Al-Maydani: She will wait 1 year, 7 months, minus 3 moments

6 months 6 months
6 months minus a
10 days minus a 10 days minus a 10 days
moment
moment moment

▪Muhammad: She will wait 7 months (fatwa is upon this opinion)

10 10 10
2 months 2 months 2 months
days days days

[al-Bahr al-Ra’iq, Minhat al-Khaliq]

RULINGS OF MENSTRUATION PRAYER
& NIFAS
RULING OF PRAYER
▪Prayer is completely prohibited. Narrated by ‘A’isha, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “When
menstruation comes, abandon prayer, and when it returns, perform ghusl.”
[Sunan al-Nasa’i]

▪There is no obligation to make up prayer: Narrated by Mu’adha al-Adawiyyah that

‘A’isha said: “We went through [the period of menstruation] and we were commanded
to make up fasts, but we were not commanded to make up prayers.”
[Sahih Muslim, Musnad Abu Awanah, Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq]

▪Sajdah does not become obligatory upon a menstruating woman.

[Dhukhr al-Muta’ahhilin min Bihar al-Fayd]

▪It is mustahabb to perform wudu and engage in dhikr for the amount of time it would
have taken to pray one’s obligatory prayers.
 RULINGS OF FASTING
MENSTRUATION & NIFAS
RULING OF FASTING
▪It is obligatory to make up obligatory fasts. Narrated by Mu’adha al-Adawiyyah that
‘A’isha said: “We went through [the period of menstruation] and we were
commanded to make up fasts, but we were not commanded to make up prayers.”
[Sahih Muslim, Musnad Abu Awanah, Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq]

▪It is obligatory to make up voluntary fasts which one had started due to the saying of
the Most High: “O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and
do not invalidate your deeds.”
 RULINGS OF RECITATION OF THE QURAN
MENSTRUATION & NIFAS
RULING OF RECITATION OF THE
QURAN
Recitation is Impermissible Recitation is Permissible
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Neither
▪ Narrated by Ibn ‘Umar, the ▪”A group has differed and [used analogy] upon
the menstruating woman nor the person in menstruation [that it is] in the place of janaba,
janaba recite a thing from the Quran.” [Sunan Ibn Majah, and so they permit a menstruating woman to
Jami’at al-Tirmidhi, Sunan al-Kubra lil-Bayhaqi]
read a bit due to juristic preference because of
Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬would
▪ Narrated by ‘Ali: “The the amount of time that she stays menstruating,
not refrain from [reciting] anything from the and this is the madhhab of Malik.” [Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa
Nihayat al-Muqtasid]
Quran, except in the state of janaba.” [Sunan Abi Dawud,
Sunan al-Nasa’i, Sunan Ibn Majah, Sunan al-Kubra lil-Bayhaqi]
▪“A position for its permissibility is the saying of
the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬: ’Recite the Quran’. And the
minimum case of this expression is permissibility;
and because in it is a genuine need...because
the return of menstruation is habitual, and it lasts
for days, and it is not possible to remove the
impurity, so out of compassion for her being
prevented from reciting the Quran for days, it is
permitted out of this genuine need...” [al-Ishraf ‘ala
Nukat Masa’il al-Khilaf]
 WHAT CAN BE RECITED FROM THE
QURAN?
▪Qadikhan, al-Karkhi, al-Hidaya, al-Bahr al-Ra’iq: It is completely unlawful to read anything from the Quran, even if
it was less than an ayah (the fatwa is upon this opinion)
▪al-Tahawi, al-Khulasa: It is permissible to read that which is less than 1 complete ayah.

▪al-Muhit al-Burhani, al-Khulasa, Birgivi: Even if the intention was du’a or praise, then reading the Quran is still
impermissible.
▪Fath al-Qadir, al-Hilwani, al-Ghayah, al-Bahr al-Ra’iq, Abu Layth, al-Zayla’i: When the intention is not recitation, but
rather du’a or praise of Allah, then reading the Quran is permissible. (the fatwa is upon this opinion)

▪al-Bahr al-Ra’iq, al-Khulasa, al-Karkhi: For a teacher, it is permissible for her to read the Quran by breaking up
words by teaching. (the fatwa is upon this opinion)
▪al-Nahr al-Fa’iq, al-Nihaya, al-Tahawi: A teacher can recite half the ayah, teach it, then recite the other half and
teach that.
OTHER ASSORTED RULINGS OF
RECITING THE QURAN
▪It is makrooh to recite the Torah, the Injil, or the Zabur
▪It is permissible to read the du’a of qanut and any other dhikr or du’a
▪It is permissible to look at the mushaf
[Manhal al-Waridin min Bihar al-Fayd]
 RULINGS OF TOUCHING THE QURAN
MENSTRUATION & NIFAS
RULING OF TOUCHING THE WORDS
OF THE QURAN
▪Due to the saying of the Most High “None touch it except the purified” [Surat al-Waqi’ah: 79] and the
saying of the Prophet ‫“ ﷺ‬None will touch the Qur’an except [those in a state of] purity”
[al-Mu’jam al-Kabir lil-Tabrani, Sunan al-Daraqutni, Sunan al-Darimi] and narrated from Ibn Hizam: when the Messenger of
Allah ‫ ﷺ‬sent me to Yemen, he said: “Do not touch the Quran except when you are pure.”
[al-Mustadrak ‘ala al-Sahihayn, Sunan Abi Dawud]

▪She must touch the Qur’an only with a separate piece of cloth covering the hand. [Manhal al-Waridin min
Bihar al-Fayd”

▪It is permissible to touch books of fiqh, nahw, tafsir, hadith, etc. [al-Bahr al-Ra’iq]

▪Abu Yusuf: There is no problem in writing the words of the Quran letter by letter as long as
she does not touch her writing.
▪Muhammad: It is preferable to not write the words of the Quran because of the likelihood of
touching the writing.
[Fath al-Qadir]
 RULINGS OF ENTERING THE MASJID &

MENSTRUATION & NIFAS PERFORMING TAWAF

RULINGS OF ENTERING THE MASJID
& PERFORMING TAWAF
Entering the Masjid Performing Tawaf
▪Narrated from the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬: “I do not make ▪Narrated by ‘A’isha, that
she was menstruating and the
the masjid lawful for for a menstruating woman Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Perform all the ceremonies
or for someone in janaba” [Sunan Abi Dawud, Sunan Ibn Majah, of Hajj like the other pilgrims, but do not
Tarikh al-Kabir lil-Bukhari]
perform tawaf of the ka’aba until you have
▪It is permissible to enter for genuine need due to performed ghusl.” [Sahih al-Bukhari, Muwatta Malik, Sunan al-Nasa’i,
Sahih Muslim, Sunan Ibn Majah, Sunan Abi Dawud]
the saying of the most High: “O you who have
believed, do not approach prayer while you are ▪Because the area of the ka’aba is a shar’i
intoxicated until you know what you are saying, masjid, and when she realizes she is
or are in a state of janaba, except those menstruating it is obligatory for her to exit
passing through, until they perform ghusl...” [Surat immediaely. [Fath Bab al-’Inaya fi Sharh al-Nuqaya]
al-Nisa’: 43] However, this is restricted to certain cases
and tayammum is required before entry. ▪Tawaf will be valid, but sinful, and it will be
mustahabb for her to slaughter an animal in
▪It is permissible to go to the place of ‘Eid expiation, or alternatively to re-do the tawaf
prayers and Janaza prayers. [al-Bahr al-Ra’iq] while in a pure state. [Manhal al-Waridin min Bihar al-Fayd]
 RULINGS OF MARITAL INTIMACY
MENSTRUATION & NIFAS
RULINGS OF MARITAL INTIMACY
▪The saying of the Most High: “So leave the women in menstruation.” [Surat al-Baqara: 222] [i.e.,
do not approach them for intercourse]
▪Narrated from ‘Abd Allah b. Sa’d that he asked regarding what is permissible while
his wife is menstruating, and the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “For you [is permissible] whatever
is above the izar.” [Sunan Abi Dawud]
▪It is wajib to do tawbah if intercourse occurs, and mustahabb to offer sadaqa: Al-Khatib
al-Shirbini: “If a man had intercourse with his wife while she was menstruating, then if the
blood was red then he gives a dinar in sadaqa, and if it was yellow, then he gives
half a dinar, .” [al-Bahr al-Ra’iq, attributed to al-Mustadrak ‘ala al-Sahihayn, Sunan Abi Dawud] And narrated from Ibn ‘Abbas
that the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “When a man has intercourse with his wife and she is
menstruating, then he gives half a dinar in sadaqa.” [Jami’at al-Tirmidhi, Sunan Abi Dawud, Sunan al-Nasa’i, Sunan
al-Darimi, Sunan Ibn Majah] Therefore, if intercourse occurs in the beginning and middle of

menstruation, he pays a dinar, and if it occurs in the end, he pays half a dinar. [Manhal
al-Waridin min Bihar al-Fayd]
RULINGS EXCLUSIVE TO
MENSTRUATION
3 RULINGS EXCLUSIVE TO
MENSTRUATION
▪The completion of iddah is dependent on menstruation and menstrual cycles.
▪Maturity is established by menstruation.
▪Talaq al-bid’ah is that which occurs during menstruation due to the hadith Yunus b. Jubair
narrated: ‘Abd Allah b. ‘Umar divorced his wife while she was menstruating, and ‘Umar

came to the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬, and the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬commanded him that he
should take her back, then issue a divorce at the right time. [Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Jami’at al-Tirmidhi,
Sunan Abi Dawud, Sunan al-Nasa’i, Sunan Ibn Majah, Musnad Ahmad]
RULINGS OF ISTIHADA THE RULING OF THE MA’DHUR
RULINGS OF THE MA’DHUR
▪One becomes ma’dhur when:
1. An entire prayer time has passed with the impurity occurring so frequently that you do
not find a moment to do wudu and pray with the condition.
2. In every subsequent prayer time, the problem must occur once.
▪Once one has become a ma’dhur, as soon as the prayer time enters, one should
perform wudu and pray. The ending of the prayer time is what allows the excuse to
affect the ma’dhur.
▪The wudu must be from the excuse; if another impurity occurs, then a fresh wudu will
be required.
▪If purity is established for an entire prayer time, then one is no longer a ma’dhur and must
perform wudu normally.
‫اﻟﺤﻤﺪ هلل أوﻻ وآﺧﺮا وظﺎھﺮا‬
‫وﺑﺎطﻨﺎ‬
‫وﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﯿﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ آﻟﮫ وﺻﺤﺒﮫ أﺟﻤﻌﯿﻦ‬
‫واﻟﺤﻤﺪ هلل رب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﻦ‬