INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER

“A disaster is a natural or man made event that

negatively affects life, properties, livelihood or
industry often resulting in permanent changes
to human societies, ecosystems and
environment”
As the definition suggests, disaster are highly disruptive events
that cause suffering, deprivation, hardship, injury and even death,
as a result of direct injury, disease, the interruption of commerce
and business, and the partial or total destruction of critical
infrastructure. Such as homes, hospitals, and other building, roads,
bridges, power lines, etc. .Disaster ca be caused by naturally
occurring events, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, flooding, or
tornadoes, are they can due to event, either accidents.(Such as an
accidental toxic spill o nuclear power plant event),or deliberately
caused.(Such as various terrorist bombing and poisonings).

Certain types of natural disaster are more likely to occur I

particular parts of the world. For instance, area hear coastline,
lakes or river are more likely to experience flooding problems than
are land. However, most every place you could live is prone to one
type of natural disaster or another. No place is absolutely safe
from natural disaster or another. No place is absolutely safe from
natural disaster. And, of course it goes without saying, that o place
is safe from the threat of terrorim and other man made disaster.
It my be impossible o avoid disaster, but it isn’t impossible to plan
ahead of time so as to minimize he impart that any given disaster
might have on your or your family’s health, safety and property. These
are steps you can take ahead of time, including, purchasing the proper
types of insurance, preparing a disaster kit and supplies, making a
disaster plan and rehearsing it with your family, and staying informed
so that you can do your best to get out of the way of predictable
dangerous occurrence, that can help you, your family, and your
property stay as safe as possible.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The body of policy ad administrative decisions and operational activities that pertain
to various stages of disaster at all levels.

An applied science which seeks, by systemic observation and analysis, to

improve measure relating to prevention, emergency response, recovery and mitigation.

Encompasses all aspect of planning for, and responding to disaster, including both
pre ad post disaster activities. A continuous and integrated process of planning
organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or
expedient for

1. Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.

2. Reduction of risk of any disaster of its severity or consequences.
3. Capacity-building.
4. Preparedness to deal with any disaster.
5. Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.
6. Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster.
7. Evacuation, rescue and relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Natural Disaster
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural process
of
the Earth; e.g. include flood, hurricanes, tornado, volcanic eruption,
earthquakes, tsunami, storms ad other geologic processes. A natural
disaster can cause loss of life or damage its wake the severity of which
depends on the affected population’s resilience and on the
infrastructure available. An adverse event will not rise to the level of a
disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population. In a
vulnerable are however, such as Nepal during the 2015 earthquakes,
an adverse event can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting
damage, which can take years to repair.
Geological Disaster
A landslide is described as an outward and downward slope movement
of an abundance of slope movement of an attendance of slope-farming
material, or a combination of these. During World War I, an estimated
40,000 to 80,000 soldiers died as a result of avalanches during the
mountain campaign in the Alps at the Austrian-Italian. Many of the
avalanches were caused by artillery fire.

Earthquakes
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s
rust that reates seismic waves. At the surface, earthquakes manifest
themselves by vibration, shaking, and sometimes displacement of the
ground. Earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological fault. The
underground point o origin of the earthquake is called the seismic focus.
The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the epicenter.
Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife it is usually the
secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fire,
tsunamis, and volcanic eruption, that caused deaths.
Many of these can possible be avoided by better construction, safety
systems, early warning and planning.
 Sinkholes
When nature erosion, human mining or underground excavation
makes the ground can collapse and produce a sinkhole. For e.g.,
the 2010 Guatemale city sinkhole, which killed fifteen people,
was caused when heavy rain from Tropical Storm Agatha,
diverted by leaking pipes into a pumice bedrock, led to the
sudden collapse of the of the ground beneath a factory building.
Volcanic Eruption
Volcanoes can cause widespread destruction and consequent
disaster in several ways. One hazards us the volcanic eruption
itself, with the force of the explosion and talking rocks able to
cause harm. Lava may also be released during he eruption of a
volcano, as it leaves the volcano, it can destroy buildings, plants
and animals due to its extreme heat. In addition, volcanic ash
may form a loud (generally after cooling) and settle thicky in
nearby locations. When mixed with water, this forms a concrete
like material. In sufficient quantities, ash may cause roofs to
collapse under its weight. Even small quantities will harm humans
if inhaled . It has the consistency of ground glass and therefore
causes laceration to the throat and lungs. Volcanic ash can also
cause abrasion damage to moving machinery such as engines.
The main killer of humans in the immediate surrounding of
volcanic eruption is pyrolastic flows, consisting of a loud of hot
ash which builds up in the air above the volcano and rushes down
the slopes when the eruptions no longer supports the lifting of the
gases. It is believed hat pompeii was destroyed by a pyrolastic
flow. A lahars is a volcanic mudflow or landslide. The 1953
Tangiwai disaster was caused by a lahars, as was the 985Amero
tragedy in which the town of Armero was buried and an estimated
23,000 people were killed.
Hydrological Disaster
A hydrological disaster is a violent, sudden and destructive
change either in the quality of Earth’s water or in the distribution
or movement of water on land below the surface or in the
atmosphere.

Floods
A Flood is an overflow of water that ‘submerges’ land. The EU
Floods
Directive defines a flood as a temporary covering of land that is
usually dry with water. In the sense of ‘Flowing water’, the word
may also be applied to the inflows of the tides. Flooding may
result from the volume of body of water, such as river or lake,
becoming higher than usual boundaries. While the size of lake or
other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in
precipitation and snow melt, a flobitod is not considered
significant unless the water covers land by humans, such as a
village, city or other inhabited area, roads or expanses of a
farmland.
 Tsunami
A tsunami (plural: tsunami or tsunami ; “harbor wave”), also
know as a seismic sea waves or tidal wave, is a series of waves in
a water body caused by the displacement of a larger volume of
water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Tsunami can be
caused by undersea earthquakes such as the 2004 Boxing Day
Tsunami, or by landslides such as the one in 1958 at Lituya Bay,
Alaska, or volcanic eruption such as the ancient eruption of
Santorini. On march 11, 2011, a tsunami occurred ear
Fukushima, Japan and spread through the Pacific Ocean.
Meteorological Disasters
Tropical Cyclone
Typhoon, cyclone, cyclonic storm and hurricane are different
names for the same phenomena: a tropical storm that forms over
an ocean. It is characterized by strong winds , heavy rainfall and
thunderstorm. The determining factors on which terms is used; in
the Northwest Pacific, the term “Hurricane” is used; in the
Northwest Pacific, it is referred to as a “Typhoon” , a “Cyclone”
occurs in the South Pacific and indian ocean.
 Droughts
Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall
significantly below average over a prolonged period. Hot and dry
winds, shortage of water, high temperatures and consequent
evaporation of moisture from the ground can also contributed to
conditions of drought. Drought result in crop failure and shortage of
water.
Well-known historical droughts include the 1997-2009 Millennium
drought in Australia which led to a water supply crisis a Ross much of
the country. As a result, many desalination plants were built for the
first time (Kuriana plant in Perth, Kernel Desalination plant in
Sydney, etc.). In 2011, the state of Texas lived under a drought
emergency declaration for the entire calendar year and suffered,
severe economic lasses. The drought caused the Bastrop tires.

Thunderstorms
Severe storms, dust clouds and volcanic eruptions ca generate
lighting. Apart from the damage typing associate with storms,
such a winds, hail and flooding, the lightning itself can damage
buildings, ignite tires ad kill by direct contact. Especially deadly
lightning incidents a 2007 strike in Ushari Dare, a remote
mountain village in north, west Pakistan, that killed 30 people;
and a fuel explosion in 1994 which killed 469 people. Most deaths
from lightning occur in the poorer countries of the Americas and
Asia, where lightning is common and adobe mud brick housing
provides little protection.
Man-Made Disaster
Human behavior-Induced processes can destroy the natural processes
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
• Mitigation :- Minimizing the effects of Disaster.
E.G.:- building codes and zoning; vulnerability
analyses; public education.
• Preparation:- Planning how to respond. E.G.:-
prepare dully plans; emergency exercise\
training; warning systems.
• Response:- Efforts to minimize the hazards
created by a disaster. E.G.:- search and rescue;
emergency.
• Recovery:-Rehearing the community to normal.
E.G.:- temporary housing; grouts; medical care.
CONCLUSION
I like to conclude that disaster management
project for common human induced disaster is
that :- here in project we are also responsible for
projection of our environment properties it will
lead to human made disaster and we are only
responsible for that.