Crops Season Temperature Rainfall Area States Key Points
0
Rice Kharif Requires 25 C Above 100 cm Northern plains, North- OD, WB, UP, AP, The staple food of India, India is
eastern States, Deltaic BR & TN the second-largest producer of
regions Rice after China
Wheat Rabi Cool growing 50-75 cm Ganga-Sutlej plain, Black PB, HR, MP, BR, The most important crop for
season, Bright soil region of Deccan RJ & UP North India, and the second most
Sunlight required important cereal for India
during harvest
Maize Kharif 170C to 210C 60-110 cm Old Alluvial Tracks KA, TS, AP, UP, BR In Bihar Maize is grown in the
& MP Rabi season
Pulses Depends 250C to 300C 45 cm Evenly distributed all over MP, MH, RJ, UP & India is the largest producer and
(Tur(Arhar), on crops (Average) India KA consumer of pulses, and they are
Urad, Peas, leguminous crops that make soil
Moong,
nitrogenous and fertile (except
Masur, and
gram ) ARHAR))
Jowar Kharif Not Given Not Given Moist Areas MH, KA, AP & MP The third most important crop
for India
Bajra Kharif Not Given Not Given Shallow Black and Sandy RJ, UP, MH, GJ & Not Given
soil areas HR
Ragi Kharif Not Given Not Given All kinds of soils and it is KA, TN, HP, UK, Not Given
best in Dry regions SK, JH & AR
Sugar Annual 210C to 270C 75-100cm Tropical and Sub-Tropical UP, MH, KA, TN, India is the second-largest
Cane with hot and humid climate AP, TS, BR, PB & producer of Sugar cane after
HR Brazil, Sugar cane is the main
source of Jaggery, Sugar,
Molasses, and Khandsari
Groundnu Kharif(Grou Not Given Not Given Not Given GJ, RJ, & TN Sesamum is a kharif crop in north
t and ndnut),Rabi and rabi crop in South India.
other (Linseed and India is the second-largest
Oilseeds Mustard)& producer of Groundnut after
Both(Castor) China, GJ is the largest producer
of groundnut after RJ & TN. India
is the third-largest producer of
rapeseed after Canada & China.
Tea Plantation 100C to 300C Above 200 cm Tropical and subtropical AS, TR, ML, WB, India is the second-largest
regions with fertile humus TN, KL, AP, HP, & producer of Tea after China, Tea
and organic matter UK is an important Beverage
introduced by the Britishers
Coffee Plantation 230C to 280C 150-200 cm Not Given Nilgiri hills KA, KL Indian coffee is an Arabic variety
& TN brought from Yemen and it was
planted at Baba Budan Hills firstly
Horticult Zaid/Any Not Given Not Given N Mangoes MH, AP, TS, UP & WB India is the second-largest
ure crops O Oranges MH(Nagpur) & MP producer of Fruits &Vegetables
T Bananas KL, MZ, MH & TN after China and India is an
Lichi & Guava UP & BR important producer of Peas,
G Pineapples MP Cauliflower, Onion, Cabbage,
I Grapes AP, TS & MH Tomato, Brinjal & Potato
V Apples, Pears JK & HP
E Apricots, Walnut
N
Rubber Plantation Above 250C Above 200 cm Tropical and Subtropical KL, TN, KA, AN & Rubber is an important industrial
areas MG material
Cotton Kharif Not Given Not Given Black cotton soil of the MH, GJ, MP, PB, India is the second-largest
Deccan Region HR, UP, KA, AP, TS producer of cotton after China,
& TN cotton is an important raw
material for the textile industry
Jute Not Given Not Given Not Given Floodplains region AS, OD & WB Jute is also known the Golden
fibre
Cropping Patterns Kharif Rabi Zaid
Sowing Period Monsoon (June-July) In Winter (Oct-Nov) March-April
Harvesting Period Sept-Oct March-April May-June
Crops Paddy, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Moong, Wheat, Barley, Peas, Gram, and Mustard Vegetables and Fodder crops
Cotton, Groundnut, Soyabean, etc
Irrigation Rainfall Western Temperate Cyclones and Canals Private source of irrigation
Soil/Basis Area/State Crops grown Contains Extra factor
Alluvial Northern plains (Inter play of Indus, Paddy, Wheat, Sugar Silt, sand Khadar soil Bangar soil
Ganga and Brahmaputra) (PB, HR, UP, BR, cane, and other cereals & clay and It is a new alluvial It is an old alluvial soil.
WB & AS) rich in soil.
phosphoric Lower concentration Higher concentration of
contents of Kankar nodules Kankar nodules
It has more fine It has less fine particles.
particles
It is renewed every It remains the same for
year ages
It is more fertile It is less fertile.
Black (Regur Deccan trap (GJ, MP, & MH) Cotton Fine clayey material and rich Self-Aeration (Develops
soil) in calcium and magnesium cracks and becomes sticky
contents but poor in when dry and wet)
phosphoric contents
Red and Eastern Ghats, Piedmont zone of western Plantation crops (Tea & Diffused Iron Particles and Reddish due to presence of
Yellow Ghats, Southern Peninsula and the North Coffee) also develops on crystalline diffused iron and Yellowish
Eastern parts of India (OD, CG, TN ,KL ,KA, igneous rocks. when it occurs in Hydrated
TR, MZ, MN, NG & AR) form.
Laterite Hilly areas of Meghalaya, Karnataka and Cashews Nuts, Pineapple Poor in humus, Acidic (pH In Latin, ‘Later’ means brick
Kerala, present in some parts of Odisha cultivation, Tea and coffee <6.0) and lacks plant and
and West Bengal and also present in nutrients Intense leaching due to
Rajasthan (Between Black soil and Arid Rainfall
Soil) (ML, KA, KL & RJ)
Arid Western parts of Rajasthan (Thar Desert) Jowar, Bajra, and Maize Poor in humus and moisture, After proper irrigation only,
Sandy in texture and Saline in agriculture is possible
nature but it is rich Calcium
content.
Forest / Himalayan regions (JK, HP, SK & AR) Mountain vegetation and Loamy and Silty in valleys Fertile in Valleys and
Mountain forests and Coarse grained in upper terraces.
slopes.
Term/party Bharatiya Janata Indian National Bahujan Samaj All India Communist Party Communist Party National
Party (BJP) Congress (INC) Party (BSP) Trinamool of India (CPI) of India – Marxist Congress Party
Congress (AITC) (CPI - M) (NCP)
Founding Year 1980 1885 1984 1998 1925 1964 1999
Ideology Ancient Cultural Secularism, Aims to represent Committed Marxism-Leninism, Marxism-Leninism, Advocates
Values, Integral Welfare of weaker and secure power towards secularism opposed opposes new democracy
Humanism and sections and for the Bahujan and federalism. successionism and economic policies Gandhian
Antyodaya, minorities, Centrist Samaj. Follows communalism. and new trade. secularism
Hindutva. Party. ideas of Sahu Stands for working demands high
Maharaj, Jyotiba class, farmers and offices in govt to be
Phule, Naicker and poor. confined to natural
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. born citizens.
Symbol Lotus Hand palm with Elephant Flower and Grass Sickle and Grains Sickle and Hammer Clock
five fingers
Leader Shyam Prasad Jawaharlal Nehru Kanshi Ram Mamta Banerjee ________________ ________________ ________________
Mukherjee
Dominant at Formed NDA Formed UPA Main base in UP, Main base in WB, KL, TN, AP, WB & WB, KL & TR Main base in MH,
(National (United Progressive also at MP, CG, UK also stands 4th in PB also in AS, MN &
Democratic Alliance) in 2004, & PB Lok Sabha. ML
Alliance), present and ruled for a
ruling govt. major period.
Mineral Terminologies Found in Major States
/ Energy
Resourc
e
Iron Iron ore is the basic mineral and the Odisha-Jharkhand belt: Hematite ore in Odisha &
backbone of industrial development. Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Jharkhand
They provide a strong base for the Kendujhar districts in Odisha and Gua and Chhattisgarh &
development of metallurgical Noamundi in Singbhum district of Jharkhand Maharashtra
industries. India is endowed with fairly Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur: High Grade Hematite Karnataka
abundant resources of iron ore. India ore in Bailadila range of hills (14 deposits ) in Maharashtra &
exports substantial quantities of the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh is exported to Goa
ferrous minerals after meeting her Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam
internal demands. port.
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a Ballari-Chitradurga ChikkamagaluruTumakuru
very high content of iron up to 70 per belt: Magnetite and High grade Hematite ore in
cent. It has excellent magnetic the Kudremukh mines ( known as the largest
qualities, especially valuable in the deposits all over the world) located in
electrical industry. Karnataka. The ore is transported as slurry
Hematite ore is the most important through a pipeline to a port near Mangaluru and
industrial iron ore in terms of the is a 100% export unit.
quantity used, but has a slightly lower Maharashtra-Goa belt: Low grade Iron ore is
iron content than magnetite. (50-60 extracted from Goa and Ratnagiri district of
per cent) Maharashtra and exported through Marmagao
port.
Mangan Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of Not Given Madhya Pradesh,
ese steel and ferro-manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kg of Maharashtra,
manganese is required to manufacture one tonne Odisha,
of steel. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching Karnataka &
powder, insecticides and paints. Andhra Pradesh.
Copper India is critically deficient in the reserve and The Balaghat mines in Madhya Madhya Pradesh,
production of copper. Being malleable, ductile and Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan Rajasthan and
a good conductor, copper is mainly used in and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand Jharkhand
electrical cables, electronics and chemical are leading producers of copper.
industries.
Bauxite Bauxite, a clay-like substance that alumina and Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput Odisha,
later aluminium is obtained. Bauxite deposits are district of Odisha, Amarkantak Jharkhand,
formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau Chhattisgarh
rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Aluminium is an region of Bilaspur-Katni.
important metal because it combines the strength
of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and
also with good conductivity and great malleability.
Mineral Terminologies Found in Major States
/ Energy
Resourc
e
Mica Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits Chota Nagpur plateau, Jharkhand,
easily into thin sheets. These sheets can be so thin that a Koderma Gaya – Andhra Pradesh
thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters Hazaribagh belt of and Rajasthan
high. Mica can be clear, black, green, red yellow or brown. Due Jharkhand, Nellore
to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, mica belt of Andhra
insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one Pradesh and Ajmer of
of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and Rajasthan
electronic industries.
Limesto Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of Not Given Rajasthan,
ne calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. It is Andhra Pradesh
found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations. and Madhya
Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry and Pradesh
essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
Coal Types of Coal based on Quality are : Jharia, Raniganj, Jharkhand,
(i) Peat (low carbon and high moisture content) Bokaro in Damodar Odisha,
(ii) Lignite ( low grade brown coal ) Valley ( Jharkhand & Chhatisgarh,
(iii) Bituminous ( Industrial and Metallurgical coal ) West Bengal ), West Bengal,
(iv) Anthracite (Highest quality Hard coal) Godavari, Mahanadi, Andhra Pradesh
Based on age are : Son and Wardha river and North-
(i) Gondwana ( 200 million years ) valleys and Tertiary eastern states.
(ii) Tertiary ( 55 million years ) coals occur in the
Coal is a bulky material, which loses weight on use as it is north-eastern states
reduced to ash. Hence, heavy industries and thermal power of India
stations are located on or near the coalfields.
Petroleu Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic Mumbai High in Maharashtra,
m textile, fertiliser, lubricants for machinery and numerous Maharashtra, Gujarat, and
chemical industries. Petroleum is also found in fault traps Ankaleshwar in Assam
between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas, being lighter usually Gujarat, and Digboi &
occurs above the oil. Naharkatiya in Assam
Natural Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is Mumbai High in Maha
Gas brought to the surface. It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel. It is Maharashtra, rashtra,
used as fuel in power sector to generate electricity, for heating purpose in Cambay Basin in Gujarat,
industries, as raw material in chemical, petrochemical and fertilizer industries, Gujarat & &
as transport fuel and as cooking fuel. The first 1,700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur Krishna-Godavari Andhra
Jagdishpur (HVJ) cross country gas pipeline, constructed by GAIL (India), linked Basins in Andhra Pradesh
Mumbai High and Bassein gas fields with various fertilizer, power and Pradesh
industrial complexes in western and northen India. India’s gas infrastructure
has expanded over ten times from 1,700 km to 18,500 km of cross-country
pipelines and is expected to soon reach over 34, 000 km
Mineral Terminologies Found in Maj
/ Energy or
Resourc Stat
e es
Electrici Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water Hydro electricity is in Bhakra Not
ty which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro-electricity; and by Nangal, Damodar Valley Give
burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to corporation, the Kopili Hydel n
drive turbines to produce thermal power Project etc.
Nuclear Obtained by altering the structure of atoms. Uranium and Thorium, which are available in Jharkhand Not
or When such an alteration is made, much and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for Give
Atomic energy is released in the form of heat and this generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite n
Energy is used to generate electric power. sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium.
Solar Solar Energy India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Not Not
Energy Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast Give Give
becoming popular in rural and remote areas. It minimises the dependence of rural households n n
on firewood and dung cakes
Wind Not Largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Energy Give Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai and in Lakshadweep, Gujarat and Rajasthan
n Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
Bio Gas Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency. The plants All Not
using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. These provide twin benefits to over Give
the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure. Biogas is by far the most Indi n
efficient use of cattle dung. It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of a.
trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
Tidal Oceanic tides can be used to generate Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat and Gujarat &
Energy electricity. Floodgate dams are built Sunderban regions of West Bengal are used. West
across inlets. Bengal
Geother Geo thermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using Parvati valley near Himachal
mal the heat from the interior of the Earth. Geothermal energy exists because, Manikarn in Pradesh &
Energy the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Groundwater Himachal Pradesh Ladakh
in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot and Puga Valley,
that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is Ladakh
used to drive turbines and generate electricity
