Microscopy is the technique of using a
microscope to view small-scale structures that
cannot be seen with the naked eye.
•Proper calibration of the microscope.
•Use of appropriate stains or
fluorophores.
•Clean lenses and prepare slides
carefully.
The growth of cells or tissues in a controlled
artificial environment
•Use sterile conditions to prevent
contamination.
•Maintain appropriate temperature, pH,
and nutrient levels.
•Passaging cells to prevent over-
confluence.
•Cryopreservation for long-term storage.
A method to prevent contamination by
microorganisms during laboratory procedures.
Key Practices:
Always sanitize the work area before and after experiments.
Handle culture media and samples with sterile tools.
• Work near a flame or in a
biosafety cabinet.
• Sterilize tools and media before
use.
• Use gloves, masks, and lab coats.
• Avoid touching sterile surfaces
with non-sterile objects.
The careful cutting apart of
biological specimens to study their
structures.
• Use sharp, sterilized tools such as
scalpels and scissors.
• Properly pin the specimen for
stability.
• Follow anatomical landmarks to
dissect methodically.
• Document findings with notes and
images.
A technique used to
separate DNA, RNA,
or proteins based on
size.
• Prepare agarose gel with appropriate
concentration.
• Load samples mixed with loading dye.
• Run electrophoresis using a buffer
system.
• Visualize results using a staining agent
like ethidium bromide.
A method to
amplify DNA
sequences.
• Prepare the reaction mixture
(template DNA, primers, nucleotides,
polymerase).
• Set thermal cycler parameters
(denaturation, annealing, extension).
• Analyze results using electrophoresis.
Measurement of light
absorbance or
transmittance by a
sample.
• Calibrate the spectrophotometer
using a blank sample.
• Measure absorbance of the
sample at specific wavelengths.
• Use the Beer-Lambert law for
concentration calculations.
Separation of a
substance from a
mixture.
• Use solvents to dissolve the desired
component.
• Employ phase separation (e.g.,
liquid-liquid extraction).
• Purify the extract through
additional techniques like filtration.
Quantitative chemical
analysis to determine
concentration.
•Prepare the titrant and
analyte.
•Add titrant to the analyte
using a burette until endpoint.
•Use an indicator or pH meter
to detect the endpoint.
Accurate
measurement of
mass using a
balance.
Applications:
Preparation of chemical solutions.
Analytical experiments.
•Calibrate the balance before use.
•Tare the container to zero out its
weight.
•Measure the desired substance with
minimal environmental disturbance
Breaking down
materials into
smaller particles.
Applications:
Sample preparation for chemical analysis.
Food and pharmaceutical industries.
•Use a mortar and pestle or
mechanical grinder.
•Process samples uniformly to achieve
desired texture.
•Ensure proper cleaning of equipment
to avoid cross-contamination.
Removal of
moisture from
samples.
Applications:
Preparation of stable samples.
Determination of moisture content.
•Use drying ovens or desiccators.
•Monitor temperature and time for
uniform drying.
•Store dried samples in moisture-free
conditions.
Purification of a
liquid by heating
and
condensation.
Applications:
Purification of solvents.
Production of essential oils.
•Load samples evenly into centrifuge
tubes.
•Balance the centrifuge to avoid
damage.
•Set speed and time as per the
protocol.
Separation of
solids from liquids
or gases using a
filter.
Applications:
Clarifying solutions.
Sample preparation for analysis.
•Choose appropriate filter
material (paper, membrane).
•Use vacuum or gravity
filtration.
•Dispose of waste properly.
Separation of
components in a
mixture based on their
interactions with
stationary and mobile
phases.
Applications:
Analysis of complex mixtures.
Purification of biomolecules.
•Set up the appropriate
chromatography system.
•Apply the sample to the
stationary phase.
•Use a suitable mobile phase for
separation.
