MEDIA LITERACY – the ability to classify/arrange information

read, analyze, evaluate and using freely chosen keywords

produce communication in a 2. RICH USER EXPERIENCE –
variety of media forms content is dynamic and is
responsive to other’s input
INFORMATION LITERACY – the
3. LONG TAIL – services are
ability to recognize when
offered on demand
information is needed and to
4. USER PARTICIPATION – owner
locate, evaluate, effectively use
of a website only one who is
and communicate information in its
able to put content
various formats
5. SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE
TECHNOLOGY (DIGITAL) (SAAS) – users will subscribe
LITERACY - the ability to use to a software only when
digital technology, communication needed than purchasing
tools or networks to locate them
6. MASS PARTICIPATION – a
INFORMATION and
diverse information sharing
COMMUNICATION
through universal web access
TECHNOLOGIES – deals with the
use of different communication WEB 3.0 (SEMANTIC WEB)
technologies such as mobile
- a movement led by the World
phones, telephone, internet, etc. to
Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
locate, save, send, and edit
information - read, write, and understand
WORLD WIDE WEB SEVERAL PROBLEMS OF WEB
3.0
WEB 1.0 (STATIC WEB)
1. COMPATABILITY – HTML files
- cannot be manipulated by the
and current web browsers
user
could not support web 3.0
- read only 2. SECURITY – the user’s
security is also in question
WEB 2.O (DYNAMIC WEB)
since the machine is saving
- evolution of web 1.0 by adding his or her preferences
dynamic web pages the user is 3. VASTNESS – the world wide
able to see a website differently web already contains billions
than others of web pages
4. VAGUENESS – contain words
- read and write are imprecise, the words
FEATURES OF WEB 2.0 “old” and “small” would
depend on the user
1. FOLKSONOMY – allows users 5. LOGIC – since machines use
to categorize and logic, there are certain
 limitations for a computer to o iOS – apple devices
be able to predict what the o ANDROID – open
user is referring to at a given source, used by
time multiple phone
companies
TRENDS IN ICT
o BLACKBERRY OS
1. CONVERGENCE – the o WINDOWS PHONE OS –
integration of different proprietary, developed
technologies to create a new, by Microsoft
unified device using o SYMBIAN – used by
smartphones Nokia devices
2. SOCIAL MEDIA – enabling o WebOS – used in
users to create, share, and smartphones and smart
modify user-generated TVs
content o WINDOWS MOBILE –
Microsoft’s OS for
TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA smartphones
o SOCIAL NETWORKS –
sites that connect 4. ASSISTIVE MEDIA –
people nonprofit services using
o BOOKMARKETING SITES audio recordings to help
– sites to store and people with visual or reading
manage links impairments
o SOCIAL NEWS – sites ONLINE SAFETY,
for posting news SECURITY, ETHICS, AND
o MEDIA SHARING – sites ETIQUETTE
for uploading and
sharing media - Internet is defined as
o MICROBLOGGING – the information highway. This
sites for short user means that anyone has
updates access to this highway, can
o BLOGS AND FORUMS – place info, and can grab that
info.
sites for posting longer
content
3. MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES TYPES OF INFORMATION
– smartphones and tablets, WITH RISK
capable of performing tasks
once reserved for personal 1. Mother’s and father’s
computers name
2. Sibling’s name
TYPES OF IOS 3. Address
4. Home phone number
5. Birthday PC
6. Email address unwanted
7. First name d) SPYWARE –
8. Last name a program
9. Middle name that runs in
10. Current and the
previous school background
11. Cp number without you
SOME ANTIVIRUSES knowing it
o BitDefender e) ADWARE –
o ESET NOD32 designed to
o F-Secure send you
o Kaspersky advertisem
o Norton ents,
o Avast mostly as
o SMADAV pop-ups

INTERNET THREATS
1. MALWARE –
stands for 2. SPAM – an unwanted email
malicious mostly from bots or advertisers
software
5 TYPES OF 3. PHISHING – an unwanted
MALWARES acquisition of sensitive personal
a) VIRUS – information like passwords and
designed to credit card details
replicate 4. BOTNET – group of
itself and compromised computers
transfer connected to a network
b) WORM –
transfers 5. DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACK
from one – disrupts computer access to
computer internet services
to another
c) TROJAN –
disguises a MAIL MERGE - a powerful feature
useful in Microsoft Word that automates
program the process of sending
but once personalized documents, such as
downloade letters or advertisements, to
d or install, multiple recipients. It requires two
leaves your main components:
 1) FORM DOCUMENTS - this is commonly used types of
the main document that picture files. You can identify
contains the message, which them by the extension on
remains the same for all their file names
recipients a) .JPG -this is pronounced
2) LIST OR DATA FILE - this as "jay-peg, and is the
contains the recipient data, short form for .jpeg or
such as names and Joint Photographic
addresses, that will be Experts Group. Like all
merged into the form the rest of the image
document file extensions, it
identifies the kind of
LABEL GENERATION - a related
data compression
feature in Word that uses the mail
process that it uses to
merge process to create mailing
make it more
labels or address envelopes. You
compatible and
select the appropriate label or
portable through the
envelope size and the data file
Internet
containing recipient addresses.
b) .GIF - this stands for
Word will automatically print the
Graphics Interchange
addresses onto the labels or
Format. This type of
envelopes. This feature allows you
image file is capable of
to preview the labels before
displaying
printing and ensures the correct
transparencies.
data is merged.
Therefore, it is good for
blending with other
INTEGRATING IMAGES AND materials or elements
EXTERNAL MATERIALS in your document. It is
also capable of
- A better understanding of the
displaying simple
physical form of your document as
animation
well as the different materials you
c) .PNG -This is
integrate in it would allow you to
pronounced as "ping."
be more efficient and versatile in
It stands for Portable
using Microsoft Word.
Network Graphics. It
was built around the
KINDS OF MATERIALS
capabilities of.GIF. Its
1) PICTURES - these are development was
electronic or digital pictures basically for the
or photographs you have purpose of transporting
saved in any local storage images on the Internet
device. There are three at faster rates.
 DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS
OF TEXT
2. CLIP ART - This is generally
a .GIF type; line art drawings or 1) In Line with Text- This is the
images used as generic default setting for images
representation for ideas and that are inserted of
objects that you might want to integrated in your document.
integrate in your document. 2) Square - This setting allows
the image you inserted to be
3. SHAPES - These are printable
placed anywhere within the
objects or materials that you can
paragraph with the text going
integrate in your document to
around the image in a square
enhance its appearance or to allow
pattern like a frame.
you to have some tools to use for
3) Tight- This is almost the
composing and representing ideas
same as the square setting,
or messages.
but here the text "hugs" or
4. SMART ART - Generally, these conforms to the general
are predefined sets of different shape of the image. This
shapes grouped together to form allows you to get a more
ideas that are organizational or creative effect on your
structural in nature. document.

5. CHART - Another type of 4) Through – This setting allows

material that you can integrate in the text on your document to
your Word document that allows flow even tighter, taking the
you to represent data contours and shape of the
characteristics and trends. image. Again, this can be the
6. SCREENSHOT - Sometimes, best used with .GIF or .PNG
creating reports or manuals for type of image.
training or procedures will require
the integration of a more realistic 5) Top and Bottom – This setting
image of what you are discussing pushes the texts away
on your report or manual. vertically to the top and the
bottom of the image so that
the image occupies a whole
IMAGE PLACEMENT text line on its own as in the
example.
- Inserting an image or any other
material in your document is quite 6) Behind the Text – This allows
easy especially if the material your image to be dragged
already exists in your local storage and placed anywhere on your
device. document but with all the
texts floating in front of it. It
 effectively makes your image CELL – the place where
look like a background. information is held in a
spreadsheet
7) In Front of Text – As it
ACTIVE CELL – the selected cell
suggests, this setting allows
your image to be placed on COLUMN HEADING – the box
top of the text as if your at the top of each column
image was dropped right on containing a letter
it. That means whatever part
of the text you placed the ROW HEADING – the row
image on, it will be covered number
by the image. CELL REFERENCE – the cell
address of the cell usually
SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE – combines letter and number
allows users to organize data in MERGE – combining or joining
rows and columns and perform two or more cells
calculations on data
FORMULA – is an expression
- These rows and columns which calculates the value of a
collectively are called cell
worksheet.
FUNCTIONS – are predefined
EXAMPLES OF SPREADSHEET formulas and are already
SOFTWARE: available in excel
o LibreOffice Calc FORMULA BAR – the var that
o OpenOffice.org Calc displays the contents of a cell
o Google Sheets
o Apple iWork Numbers
o Kingsoft Office BASIC MATH OPERATIONS
Spreadsheets
o =SUM(x,y) or
o StarOffice Calc
=SUM(range) – returns
o Microsoft Excel
the sum of x and y or (all
KEY TERMS IN MICROSOFT the numbers within the
EXCEL range)
o =PRODUCT(x,y) –
ROW – horizontal line of entries
returns the product of x
in a table
and y
COLUMN – vertical line of o =QOUTIENT(x,y) –
entries in a table returns the quotient of x
divided by y
 o =x-y – returns the o =MAX(range) - returns
difference subtracted by y the largest number
o =x+y – returns the sum of between x and y
x and y o =TODAY() – returns the
o =x•y – returns the current date
product of x and y o =NOW () – returns the
o =x/y – returns the current date and time
quotient of x divided by y
OTHER FUNCTIONS:
o =ABS(x) – returns the
absolute value of x
o =AVERAGE(x,y) – returns
to the average of x and y
o =CONCATENATE(x,y) –
joins x and y
o =IF(Condition, x, y) –
returns x if the condition is
true, else it returns it
o =ISEVEN(X) – returns
true if x is an even
number
o =ISODD(x) – returns true
if x is an odd number
o =COUNT(range) – counts
the number of a cell
containing a number
within a range
o =COUNTIF(range,
criteria) – count the
number of cell that fits
with the criteria with the
criteria within the range
o =MIN (x,y) – returns the
smallest number between
x and y
o =MAX (x,y) – returns the
largest number between x
and y
o =MIN(range) – returns
the smallest number
between x and y
NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF 1. PHYSICAL HEALTH BENEFITS
OUTDOOR RECREATION – Prevents a person from
having a sedentary life. It
RECREATION – derived from the
allows people to move,
Latin word “recreare” which means
whether by walking, running,
to be refresh
swimming, biking, padding,
DIFFERENT OUTDOOR etc.
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES 2. PYSCHO-EMOTIONAL
BENEFITS – helps people to
LAND
rest, relax, de-stress or
o Mountaineering unwind and feel revitalized
o Trekking/hiking 3. SOCIAL BENEFITS – ways for
o Camping families to become closer
o Backpacking 4. ECONOMIC BENEFITS –
o Picnic people who have relaxed
o Bird watching body and mind tend to be
more productive at work
o Mountain biking
5. SPIRITUAL BENEFITS
o Orienteering
– can stir up spiritual values
o Canyoneering
- brings calmness within a
o Rock climbing
person
WATER - strengthens an individual as
it heals, rejuvenates and
o Swimming soothes the body and soul
o Snorkeling
o Diving THE LEAVE NO TRACE
o Surfing SEVEN PRINCIPKES
o Canoeing
o Kayaking PRINCIPLE 1: plan ahead and
o White water rafting prepare
o Sailing PRINCIPLE 2: travel and camp
o Fishing on durable surfaces
o Bamboo rafting PRINCIPLE 3: dispose of
waste properly
AIR PRINCIPLE 4: leave what you
o Parasailing find
o Skydiving PRINCIPLE 5: minimize
campfires impacts
o Paragliding
PRINCIPLE 6: respect wildlife
BENEFITS OF OUTDOOR PRINCIPLE 7: considerate of
RECREATION other visitors
AQUATIC ACTIVITIES 2) Snorkel with a flexible
o Water or aqua has a tube
certain unique 3) Purge valve
attraction to people of 4) Splash guard
all ages. 5) Dry valve
o Philippines having more
PARTS OF SNORKELING
than 7, 000 islands.
FINS
o Aquatic activities
(snorkeling, swimming, 1) Full-foot fin
surfing, whitewater 2) Adjustable fin
rafting) 3) Paddle-bladed fin
4) Split fin
SNORKELING – peeking
through life underneath CANOEING – sport or activity
water by swimming with the of padding a light, narrow
aid of snorkel and mask boat

HOW DO SNORKELING PARTS OF CANOE

BEGIN?
1) YOKE – a beam of the
o Hollow reed – 3, 000 center of a canoe
B.C 2) STERN – rear end
o Animal skins were filled 3) GUNWARE – acts as
with air – 9, 000 B.C structural support and
o Diving bell – 300 B.C defines shape of boat
o Eye google from shells 4) BOW – front part
of tortoise – 1, 300s 5) SEAT – for paddler at
o Hollow tube and the bow part
sketched of webbed 6) THWART – crossbars
swimming gloves – 1, reinforcing canoe
400s KAYAKING – a watersport
o Wooden paddles – 1, that involves sitting in a
717 small watercraft, propelling
o Modern fins – 1, 912 yourself through the water
with a double-sided paddle
PARTS OF A MASK
BASIC PARTS OF KAYAK
1) Strap
2) Mask skirt 1) DECK – top half of the
3) Nose pocket kayak
2) FOOT BRACE – found
PARTS OF SNORKEL
inside where feet rest
1) Classic snorkel 3) HULL – bottom half of
the kayak
4) COCKPIT – opening of 1825s – William James
the kayak’s deck where invented the first workable
the paddler sits full time SCUBA
5) HATCH – covering on
1837s – Augustus Siebe
the deck where food
innovated a closed diving
and gears can be
suit to complete the diving
stored
helmet of Deane
SCUBA DIVING – SCUBA
1843s – Royal Navy
is the acronym for Self-
established the first diving
Contained Underwater
school
Breathing Apparatus. It is
a method where a diver 1866s – Benoit
uses a regulator as the Rouquayrol and Auguste
breathing apparatus and Denayrouze patented the
tank compressed air which Aerophore
enables the driver to
1876s – Henry A. Fleuss
breathe normally
developed the first
underwater.
contained diving year that
TIMELINE OF SCUBA used compressed oxygen
DIVING and not compressed air
1300s – cauldron in the 1943s – Jacques Cousteau
shape of a bell was used and Emile Gagnan
where the idea was to trap redesigned a car regulator
the air inside the which provided
container where the diver compresses air to divers in
swims out until he or she the slightest breath and
runs out of breath then later on called as the
returns to the bell to aqualung
replenish
BASIC SCUBA DIVING
1690s – Edmund Halley EQUIPMENT
developed an improved
1. DIVE MASK – creates
diving hell
air pocket to have a
1715s – John Lethbridge clearer view under
built diving engine water
2. SNORKEL – a
1823s – Charles Anthony
breathing tube
Deane invented the
allowing you to
smoke helmet
inhale and exhale
through your mouth
3. REGULATOR – lets 2. DIVE LIGHTS –
you breath under provides needed
water light
4. BOUYANEY 3. DIVE KNIFE –
CONTROL DEVICE used for cutting
(BCD) – helps you ropes, lines, and
control the position monofilament
in the water 4. DIVE CASES –
5. OCTUPUS – backup used for
regulator protecting gears
6. WEIGHT BELT – used while travelling
to counteract
buoyancy
7. SUBMERSIBLE
PRESSURE GAUGE
CULTURAL VARIATION –
(SPG) – shows how
differences in social behavior that
much of the air is
different cultures exhibit worldwide
left
8. SCUBA TANK – SOCIAL DIFFERENCES –
contains the differences among individuals are
pressurized air based on social characteristics and
which allows one to qualities
breathe and to say
no longer under SOCIAL CHANGE – any significant
water alteration over time in behavior
9. FINS – provide patterns and cultural values and
propulsion that norms
make it possible to POLITICAL IDENTITIES – political
swim with lesser arguments that focus on the
effort interests and perspectives of
10. SCUBA OR WET groups with which people identify
SUIT – provides
protection from UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT
coldness of water CULTURES
and other elements CULTURAL VARIATIONS – set of
OTHER ACCESSORIES patterns of human activity within a
society or social group
1. DIVE COMPUTER
– monitors the RELIGION – set of beliefs and
rivers depth practices that is often focused on
or more deities or gods
ETHNICITY – belonging to a CLASS AND IDENTITY – economic
population group or subgroup class is also a possible factor
made up of people who share a
COLONIALISM AND IDENTITY –
common cultural background or
colonial societies operated by
descent
distinguishing the identities of the
NATIONALITY - status of belonging “native subject”
to a particular nation
REASONS FOR CULTURAL
TABLE 1: CULTURAL VARIATION
VARIATION
KINDS: ETHNICITY
 Environment
 Isolation DESCRIPTION: it is the expression
 Technology of the set of cultural ideas held by
 Dominant culture themes indigenous people
SOCIAL DIFFERENCES – EXAMPLE: Ilocano, Mangyan,
differences among individuals that Maranao
are based on their social
characteristics and qualities
KINDS: RELIGION
GENDER - characteristics of
women, men, girls, and boys that DESCRIPTION: it is a system of
are socially constructed beliefs and practices as well as
system of actions directed toward
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS –
entities which are above them
position of an individual on the
socio-economic scale EXAMPLE: Christians, Moslems,
Hindus
EXCEPTIONALITY – those with
special needs
SOCIAL CHANGE – alteration of KINDS: NATIONALITY
society over time
DESCRIPTION: it is the legal
POLITICAL IDENTITY – the way that relationship that binds a person
people living in groups make and a country
decisions
EXAMPLE: Filipinos, Malaysians,
PARTISAN POLITICS – form of social Indonesians
identity marking membership of
certain groups
RACE AND IDENTITY – shaped by TABLE 2: SOCIAL DIFFERENCE
race for example the end of racial KINDS: GENDER
segregation in Africa and America
DESCRIPTION: it is the socially a world view and a core set of
constructed characteristics of being common values
male or female
EXAMPLE: PRO and ANTI
EXAMPLE: Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay
KINDS: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS
KINDS: POLITICAL LOYALIST
DESCRIPTION: it refers to the
DESCRIPTION: one who remains
category of persons who have
loyal especially to a political cause
more or less the same socio-
economic privilege EXAMPLE: DDS. Marcos loyalist,
dilawan
EXAMPLE: High-income class,
Middle-income class, Low-income
class,
WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
STUDYING CULTURE?
KINDS: EXCEPTIONALITY - If you want a broader scope or
perspective of the backgrounds, it
DESCRIPTION: it refers to the
is essential to research culture.
state of being intellectually gifted
Culture is the invisible bond that
and/or having physically or
binds people altogether.
mentally challenge
CULTURE
EXAMPLE: Personality,
Communication, Intellect, Physical o Studying culture makes you
Appearance understand more about
people’s reasoning, beliefs,
and ideas.
TABLE 3: POLITICAL IDENTITY o Culture affects perceptions.
Perceptions drive behavior.
KINDS: POLITICAL PARTY
o Culture where we belong has
DESCRIPTION: benefit from a direct impact on our
partisan, seeks to cultural partisan behavior.
loyalty including dynasties among
their member Studying culture helps us to
understand our past, our place in
EXAMPLE: Liberal & Nacionalista the world, and our future, thereby
allowing us to make better
decisions in the present. It helps us
KINDS: PARTISAN AFFILIATION to understand ourselves because
we all come from a common
DESCRIPTION: signifies
source.
membership in a group that defines
SOCIETY
 o An organized structure that o Politics clarify what you
we humans make to create believe. Studying the things
synergy. we have reviewed has
allowed us to discover our
Studying society is significant
own political beliefs and see
because it provides a system of
in much greater detail the
stratification and means of social
benefits and disadvantages
participation and encourages
of the vast array of political
sociological thinking.
ideologies present today.
POLITICS o Politics is a living,
breathing subject.
o GOVERNMENT AND
o Politics helps you to
POLITICS – is a fantastic A-
understand our nation’s
level that has shown us just
parties.
how high an influence Politics
has on us and has broken the CULTURE is the subject of
illusion that we are anthropology.
disconnected from it
SOCIETY is for sociology.
Studying Politics
POLITICS is for political science.
o Politics helps you know
ANTHROPOLOGY – study of
your rights. Studying
humans and their society in the
politics has allowed us to see
past and present
beyond our initial belief that
we have no real say in POLITICAL SCIENCE – a social
running our country. In the science discipline that deals
1987 Constitution Article III or with systems of government and
the Bill of Rights, section 4 the analysis of political activities
says it all. Article 3, section 4 and political behavior
of the 1987 Philippine
SOCIOLOGY – study of human
Constitution states that no
social relationships and
law can be passed that limits
intuitions
the following rights:
- freedom of speech
- freedom of expression
- freedom of the press
- the right to peacefully assemble
- the right to petition the
government for redress of
grievances
 certain trees to dry and harden,
can attract small pieces of dust
ELEKTRON – Greek word for
amber
- origin of terms
electricity and electron
- The Greeks did not discover the
electron.
- There was no clear experimental
demonstration of the existence of
the electron until late 1880’s.
2 TYPES OF ELECTRIC CHARGE
PROTON – positive
ELECTRON – negative
- Charge comes in quantized units.
All protons carry the same amount
of charge +e, and all electrons
carry a charge -e.
- Like charges repel each other;
unlike charges attract.
- The electric force between two
objects is repulsive if the objects
carry “like” charge, that is, if both
are positively charged or both are
negatively charged.
- The electric force is attractive if
the two objects carry “unlike”
charge.
GREEKS – discovered electricity
around 2500 years ago, which is UNLIKE CHARGES – one charge is
approximately the era in which positive and the other is negative
Aristotle lived - Charge is conserved. The total
- Many of their observations made charge on an object is the sum of
use of a material called amber. all the individual charges (protons
and electrons) carried by the
AMBER – a plastic-like substance object.
formed by allowing the sap from
ELECTRIC CHARGE – or simply F=Kq1q2/r2
charge
K = 9.0x109N • m2/c2
CHARGE - fundamental property of
Q = quantity of charge (c)
matter: the amount of charge that
is “on” or “carried by” a particle R = distance between charges
determines how the particle reacts (m)
to electric and magnetic fields
- In many ways, it is similar to the
ELECTRIC FORCES AND
quantity we call mass; the mass of
COULOMB’S LAW
a particle determines how it reacts
when a force acts on it. F = Kq1q2/r2 - solving force (F)
- In the SI system of units, charge is r = √kq1q2/ F – solving distance
measured in coulombs (c) in honor (r)
of French physicist Charles de
Coulomb (1736-1806). q = √Fr2/ K – solving quantity (q)

Charge on the single electron:

electron charge =-e= -1.60 x 10-19C
Charge on the single proton:
proton charge =+e=+1.60 x 10-19C
-We use the symbol e to denote the
magnitude of the charge on an
electron or a proton. We will always
rake e to be positive quantity (e=
+1.60 x 10-19C).
- We use the symbols q and Q to
denote charge in general, such as
the total charge on a bit of paper.
- When discussing a charged
particle, it is common to say that
the particle “has” a charge q or
that it “carries” a charge q.
- These two expressions simply
mean that the total charge of the
particle is q.

COULOMB’S LAW
THE RESEARCH PROCESS o Every person that you
have encountered in
1. Began with an idea, refine
the business world.
that idea.
o Questions in relation to
2. State research
the proposed research
question/statement in one
idea/research project.
sentence.
o Questions in relation to
3. Specific aim and objectives.
4. Literature review the literature in the
5. Select methodology area or field of the
6. Device data collection proposed research
methods. o Questions in relation to
7. Gather data research methodology
8. Analyze data and methods for the
9. Draw conclusions proposed research.
10. Complete write-up of RESEARCH IDEA – this
thesis/report. broad idea within which you
want to situate to your
research
 Idea for a research
project CRITICAL ANALYSIS – a
- your idea for your research questioning analytical
project is properly expressed approach to any
in your very well- phenomenon
conceptualized research - A conceptual framework:
statement or question the first step.

 Generating ideas for CONCEPTUAL

research project FRAMEWORK – the first of
- you can generate ideas for the four frameworks in the
research projects from: four framework approach to
o Everything you have the research
studied so far in your  REFINING RESEARCH
work toward your IDEAS
qualification. - Every research idea needs
o Everything you have to be properly defined and
seen, watched and refined
experienced in your * Limiting the scope of a
work. research project
o Everything that  PROCESS OF LIMITING ITS
interests or intrigues SCOPE
you about the business - one of the most critical step
world. in any research project
RESEARCHABLE PROBLEM – the third framework within the
four framework approach
– one where the researcher has
the time, money, and the access -it is an outline and a
to the data required to complete justification of the methodology
the project selected for the research project
- research project of 10, 000  population
words will be of a different  sample – subset of a
magnitude to a research project population
of 20, 000 words or 50, 000
* Four important
words
issues/concepts to keep in mind
 It must be clear in terms of when writing a research
populations, methodologies, proposal:
and data gathering
- issues of validity and
techniques
reliability;
* AIMS and OBJECTIVES
- concept of triangulation;
- objectives of the research flow
- ethical issues, and;
the aim of the research
- potential ethical issues in the
* CREATE A THEORETICAL
proposed research
FRAMEWORK for a project, and
provide a sample literature
review
LITERATURE – research that
has already been carried out
and published of research
- Researchers start by
developing a search strategy PEER-REVIEWED SOURCES –
which is based on the key are published accounts of
concepts in the conceptual research which have been
framework. subjected to critical review by
the peers of the authors of the
- Sample literature review
research
consists of 300-800 words
depending on the overall word. KEY WORD SEARCHES – an
important word or big word or
- Outline a methodological
idea in the research project
framework for a research
project. SEARCH STRATEGY – the plan
the researcher makes for their
METHODOLOGICAL
search of the body of knowledge
FRAMEWORK
for relevant literature for their
literature review
FOUR FRAMEWORK or models within
literature
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK –
contained in the research RESEARCH
statement of question METHODOLOGY – signals
to the reader how the
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK –
research was conducted
contained in the literature
and what philosophical
review
assumptions underpin the
METHODOLOGICAL research
FRAMEWORK – contained in
LONGITUDINAL
the methodology review
RESEARCH- research that
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK – takes place over a long
contained in the data analysis period of time
chapter presented in the thesis
INTERVIEWS -the social
or report in the research
science researcher
 CREATE A THEORETICAL develops a series of
FRAMEWORK questions or a series of
- Theoretical framework points of interest to
emerges from the discuss with the
conceptual framework. interviewees
 WRITING THE
NARRATIVE RESEARCH
LITERATURE REVIEW
 STRUCTURE – the -narrative inquiry or
structure of a chapter, or narrative analysis- is a
any written work, it is the research methodology
way it is organized

 CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE
– a reflective, thoughtful,
evaluative perspective or
view
 CRITICAL ENGAGEMENT
– the process by which the
researcher takes a critical
perspective on the
research being reviewed
 REFERENCING THE
WORK
 REFERENCES – give
details of the source
of ideas or theories
 that is used in gathering CASE STUDY- involves in the
and analysis of narratives study of one case or the study
(stories) of a number of cases
LIST OF RESEARCH -calls for depth; calls for the
METHODOLOGIES deeper investigation of some
bounded entity.
Survey
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN- is
Life History
the methodology used when
Case Study conducting experiments.

Phenomenology -field experiments- are called to

the experiments which are
Experimental design
conducted in real-life settings
Narrative Analysis
ETHNOGRAPHY –is when a
Ethnography researcher to carry out an in-
depth examination of a culture
Semiotics
ACTION RESAERCH (AR) –
Action-research develop by MIT Professor Kurt
Attitude research Lewin in 1940s.

Grounded theory -is used to bring about change,

improvement, and development
Image-based research in the quality of any
Content analysis organization and/ or in the
practice or performance of any
Archival analysis team/group/organization
Discourse analysis PARTICIPATORY ACTION
Textual analysis RESEARCH (PAR) – used in
development research
Documentary analysis
-developed from the teaching
Meta-analysis theories of Paulo Freire
Historical analysis GROUNDED THEORY (GT) – is
Feminist research used when the specific focus of
the research is on building
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES theory from data.
SURVEY-tend to be quantitative -some of the grounded theory
research projects or largely research projects, there is no
quantitative literature review at all.
-developed by Barney Glaser facilitates the identification of
and Anselm Strauss (1967) discourses in the social world
and the analysis of those
PHENOMENOLOGY- is used to
discourses
examined lived experiences
FAIRCLOUGH (1995) –
-is one of the most qualitative
discourses can be a written text,
social science methodologies
spoken words and/or cultural
NARRATIVE artifacts
RESEARCH/NARRATIVE
FOUCAULT (1970, 1972) –
ANALYSIS- is used in the
public discourses can be shaped
gathering and analysis of
by powerful individuals/ groups
narratives
and he also believed that
HISTORICAL discourses have the power to
RESEARCH/HISTORICAL shape individuals and their
ANALYSIS-involves exploring experience of the social world
and analyzing the history of
DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS/
some phenomenon
DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH -
LIFE HISTORY- is used to is the methodology designed to
compile life histories of different facilitate research on documents
people or different companies.
DOCUMENTS- written
ORAL HISTORY- has been documents, books, papers,
written by Thompson (2000) magazines, notices, letters,
records, etc.
-is a vocalized account of some
historical experience given by a SEMIOTICS- is the study of
witness or participant in signs, their form, content and
experience expression

LIFE HISTORY INTERVIEW- the -it is widely used in media

most fundamental data analysis
collection method within a life
ATTITUDE RESEARCH –used in
history and oral history research
the measurement of attitudes
CONTENT ANALYSIS - is used
-used scales such as Likert
to analyze the content of any
Scale, Semantic differential
text
scales and social distance scales
-it can be examine the tenor of
IMAGE-BASED RESEARCH – is
the text, both the explicit and
the use of images in social
the latent content of texts
research
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS - is a
research methodology that
 Marcus Banks (2007), Sarah develops to ask participants or
Pink (2006), Jon Prosser (1998), the list of points or the key
and Rose (2001) - are those who issues, the researcher develops
have written in this to discuss or explore with
methodology. participants
-researchers can draw data from INTERVIEW SCHEDULE OR
photographs, films, videos, THE OBSERVATION
advertising, cartoons, drawings, SCHEDULE OR
maps and charts and any kind of QUESTIONNAIRE IS PLACED
image IN APPENDICES
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH - is OBSERVATION SCHEDULE -
research carried out on the like an interview is a form of
content of archives series of forms on which the
results of an observation are
ARCHIVES- documents /
recorded
stores of documents. E.g.,
libraries OBSERVATION - a data
collection method where the
TEXTUAL ANALYSIS - is the
researcher engages in observing
analysis of a text
and recording the phenomenon
META- ANALYSIS - is a under investigation or some part
research methodology which of the phenomenon under
involves the quantitative investigation.
analysis of amalgamated
QUESTIONNAIRES - structured
previously existing research
means of gathering the data.
data sets
SAMPLING METHOD – the
FEMINIST RESEARCH - can be
means by which that sample
undertaken to highlight the
was selected
experiences of women as well
as to highlight gender inequality REPRESENTATION – the
degree to which a sample
DECIDING ON THE MOST
selected from a population can
APPROPRIATE
be said to be representative of
METHODOLOGY FOR YOUR
that population
OWN RESEARCH
INCLUSION CRITERIA – are the
CREATE A
criteria potential participants
METHODOLOGICAL
must meet in order to be
FRAMEWORK, THE THIRD OF
included in the study
THE FOUR FRAMEWORK
EXCLUSION CRITERIA – are
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE -list of
the criteria on which potential
questions that the researcher
participants will be excluded REPRESENTATIVE – a sample
from participants in the study selected from a population,
under certain circumstances, is
2 KINDS OF SAMPLING
representative of that
1. PROBABILITY population
SAMPLING – each case,
2. NON-PROBABILITY
individual or element has
SAMPLING – the sample
an equal probability of
is selected to represent
being selected
the population, but it
PROBABILITY SAMPLING cannot be said to be
TECHNIQUES representative of the
population in any
o Simple random sampling
statistical sense
o Stratified sampling
o Systematic sampling NON-PROBABILITY
o Cluster sampling SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING – o Judgmental sampling

involves selecting a sample at o Quota sampling
random from a sampling frame o Snowball sampling
o Convenience sampling
STRATEFIED SAMPLING – a
sample selected based on some JUDGMENTAL OR PURPOSIVE
known characteristics of the SAMPLING – the researcher
population decides, or makes a judgement,
about who to include in the
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING –
research
involves selecting items at
systematic or regular intervals QUOTA SAMPLING – the
from the sampling frame researcher fills a sample of
participants in the research
CLUSTER SAMPLING – used
using different quota criteria
when the units or the people
who make up the population of SNOWBALL SAMPLING – the
the study researcher finds a suitable
participant asks them to
SAMPLING FRAME – a
recommend another participant
complete list or chart of every
and so on
individual, unit or case within
the population CONVENIENCE SAMPLING –
the researcher engages
RESPONSE RATE – the number
conveniently located
of responses the researcher gets
participants
to their inquiry
SATURATION POINT – when o UNSTRUCTURED
the researcher no longer hears OBSERVATION – has no
any new thoughts, feelings, pre-set criteria in terms of
attitudes, etc. what it is that he/she is
observing
RESEARCH METHODS – means
o SEMI-STRUCTURED
data collection methods or data
OBSERVATION – has a pre-
gathering techniques
prepared list of actions
DATA COLLECTION METHODS that he/she wishes to
focus on through
Observation
observation
Participant observation
o STRUCTURED
One-to-one interviews
OBSERVATION – has a
Telephone interviews
structured list of actions or
Group interviews
points
Scales
Projective techniques PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
Content analysis – the researcher is a participant
Field diaries in the action that he/she is
Visual methods observing
Narrative analysis
Postal questionnaires COVERT OBSERVATION –
Drop and collect observation carries out covertly
questionnaires or secretly
Group administered ONE-TO-ONE INTERVIEWS –
questionnaires carried out generally face-to-
Online questionnaires face and on a one-to-one basis
Focus groups between the interviewer and the
Internet research interviewees
Secondary sources
Case studies TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS –
Documentary evidence generally one-to-one basis over
Discourse analysis the telephone
Semiotics GROUP INTERVIEWS – are
Oral history interviews conducted face-to-
Archival research face between the interviewer
Experiments and a group of interviewees
Unobtrusive methods
Critical incident method ONLINE INTERVIEWS – it can
be synchronous, in real time,
OBSERVATION – used in order using a chat room or using
to record the observations of a conferencing software or
phenomenon
asynchronous, outside of real CONTENT ANALYSIS – involves
time the analysis of content
POSTAL QUESTIONNAIRES – FIELD DIARIES – traditional
among the most widely used way in social research
data collection methods
VISUAL METHODS AND
DROP AND COLLECT IMAGE-BASED RESEARCH –
QUESTIONNAIRES – the the use of any kind of visual
researcher drops a image as data in the research
questionnaire with respondents project
and then returns to collect the
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS – calls
questionnaire
for the analysis of narratives
GROUP ADMINISTERED
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE –
QUESTIONNAIRES – are
data in the form of documents
questionnaires which the
drawn from documents
researcher administers to a
group DISCOURSE ANALYSIS - a way
of analyzing the social word as it
ONLINE QUESTIONNAIRES –
produced and presented in
are questionnaires which are
language
administered online
SEMIOTICS – study of signs
FOCUS GROUPS – the
researcher brings group of ORAL HISTORY – a data
people together to focus on collection method by which oral
particular issue testimony is gathered from the
research
INTERNET RESEARCH –
research conducted on the ARCHIVAL RESEARCH –
internet research carried out on the
content of archives
SECONDARY SOURCES – a
second-hand source EXPERIMENTS – two groups
established with individuals or
CASE STUDIES – researcher
units
studies on one case or a number
of cases UNOBTRUSIVE METHODS –
are data collection methods that
SCALES – are used to generate
can be employed by the
quantitative data
researcher without the
PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE – researcher intruding in any way
used to explore people’s in the site of the research or on
instinctive responses to stimuli the population of the research
CRITICAL INCIDENT
TECHNIQUE – involves data
about a critical incident
SECONDARY DATA – data that
already exist; it is not created
by the researcher
PRIMARY DATA – data coming
from the respondents, directly
observed and gathered by the
researcher
DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN
PRIMARAY AND SECONDARY
SOURCE
SECONDARY SOURCE is a
second-hand account of an
experience or phenomenon
- is something written about
primary sources

PRIMARY SOURCES said to be

unmediated or direct sources

SOURCING SECONDARY
DATA SETS
DATA SET – a complete
collection of interrelated data,
all of the data in the research
QUALITATIVE SET – a
complete set of qualitative data
used in research
QUANTITATIVE SET – a
complete set of quantitative
data used in the research
DATA STREAM – various data
from different streams
FACETS OF A SCIENTIFIC 1. formulation
RESEARCH 2. manipulation
3. activation
- Science and mathematics
4. assimilation
theories and principles serve as the
5. dissemination
foundation in creating relevant
technologies and systems. SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM – a written
statement about an issue that is
- Various types of individuals in
usually not fully explored yet
science-related professions such as
engineers, scientists, and RESEARCH PROJECT – anchored on
developers, apply scientific creativity, originality, and flexibility
principles in their work to come up
* Pursuing a specific STEM based
with suitable solutions and
research could emanate from any
economical designs to improve
of the following:
people’s lives.
 need to solve a peculiar
- Researchers based on the
problem
science, technology, engineering,
 desire to advance the given
and mathematics (STEM) track are
field of study
conducted primarily to:
 love to work and profession
 produce new scientific  demand for new technologies
knowledge  fascination with intellectually
 come up with new and challenging situations
innovative technological  interest and fulfillment
products, devices, and
APPLIED AND BASIC
processes
RESEARCH
 create cost-effective designs
and structures BASIC OR PURE RESEARCH –
 solve real-world problems contributes new theories to the
using engineering tools existing body of knowledge
STEM-BASED RESEARCH – - the goal of basic research is to
generated toward the generation of gain new knowledge or new
new knowledge, new technologies, understanding of a previously
new processes or new engineering examined hypothesis
designs
APPLIED RESEARCH –
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH – a produces new technologies,
methodological or systematic devices or processes
endeavor aimed at generating new
- applied research aims to
ideas
develop a new process or a new
FIVE (5) BASIC STAGES: economical design based on the
scientific principles used
APPROACHES IN RESEARCH background information to
create or adopt a research
1. QUANTITATIVE
design
APPROACH – follows a
carefully chosen set of RESEARCH DESIGN – an
procedures to measure action plan that details
variables and establish a how objectives can be
cause-and-effect attained and how the
relationship among research problem can
several factors be addressed
2. QUALITATIVE
3. ACTIVATE – or validate
APPROACH – generally
your hypothesis through
descriptive in nature, as it
experimentation,
deals with the
computations, modeling
perceptions, opinions,
and pilot testing which is
views or sensory tests
the casual case
3. MIXED APPROACH –
4. ASSIMILATE – data
combination of the two
collected are evaluated
STEM – Based Research is based on completeness
quantitative in nature as it and reliability
involves testing or 5. DISSEMINATE – the
measurement. overall results must be
disseminated through a
A STEM – Based Research aims
science-related
to explain, correlate, describe,
publication
or explore.
THREE TYPES OF THINKING
PARTS OF A STEM-BASED
RESEARCH 1. CREATIVE THINKING –
means your way of
1. FORMULATE – the
thinking is flexible enough
research problem or
to go beyond borders
question has to be
2. DIVERGENT THINKING –
formulated firs. The
goes beyond the
problem must have a
traditional way of doing,
strong or firm foundation
evaluating, and seeing
SCIENTIFIC things
LITERATURE REVIEW – 3. CONVERGENT
brings about clarity and THINKING – mostly used
direction to your in the conduct of research,
research timeliness of concepts

2. MANIPULATE –
manipulate the
METHODS TO CREATE illustrate how a specific problem
SPECIFIC RESEARCH progress
PROBLEMS
7. Checklist Method – simple
1. Mind Mapping Method - technique of raising questions
connects related ideas about a
8. Crawford Slip Method – basic
particular subject matter
brainstorming activity wherein a
2. Six Thinking Hats Method - team leader proposes a general
each color is reflective of the idea
nature of the ideas that you
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
would like to develop for a
specific study: PRIMARY SOURCE – gives
firsthand data or raw knowledge
a. Black hat - negative ideas
about a phenomenon, an object,
b. Yellow hat - opposite of black or an experiment
hat, focuses on positive
SECONDARY SOURCES – may
thoughts
be found in reputable
c. White hat – synthesis of publications, which you may
previous literature access online
d. Green hat - creative thinking PREDATORY PUBLISHING –
the University of Michigan
e. Red hat - developing a
Library defines predatory
hypothesis
publishing on its website as an
f. Blue hat - "a little bit of industry that distributes fake
everything" journals for the sake of gaining
revenues
ANNOTATING THE REVIEW –
3. Forcefield Analysis Method -
means you prepare a brief
list and discuss both positive
description about the literature
and negative forces affecting
proposed problem
4. Attribute Listing Method – Research Framework
used to ensure all possible
1. THEORETICAL
approaches or techniques
FRAMEWORK - using existing
5. Assumption Reversal Method theories
– similar to reverse engineering
2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
process
- designed to link your own
6. Storyboarding Method – research problem to the findings
involves the use of diagram to and theories of previous studies
 from attaining research
objectives
Writing an effective RRL
TWO TYPES OF IMPACT:
- scope of previous studies
identified and defined including OUTCOME - is the observable
ethical issues and concerns change after the results of the
study have been accomplished
- various approaches and
methodologies applied to the OUTPUT - is a recognizable
past research problem change within the bounds of the
study; thus, it can be measured
- limitations of the previous
and in tangible form
studies chosen approaches are
acknowledged, and questions The outcome statement gives
that still need to be addressed the following important pieces
are highlighted of information:
- assertion of pursuing your A specific learning
study will greatly contribute to Performance to be
bridging a gap to the field of demonstrated (diversify),
interest and
Standard for an
acceptable performance
*The RRL must also concern the
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS-
observance of ethical standards:
are used to gauge whether the
outcome is achieved or not.

- Give proper credit to those HOW TO HYPOTHESIZE IN A

researchers/authors who have SCIENTIFIC MANNER
contribute to the study.
- A hypothesis is a clear and
HYPOTHESIS - is an intelligent simple expression of what
expression of an assumption or exactly do you want to attain in
assertion about a specific research. This means that the
phenomenon or problem. hypothesis should exclude any
judgments or opinions you as
- A hypothesis expresses the
the researcher may have.
assumptions argued in the
Therefore, it must imply
research study.
objectivity.
THE IMPACT OF A
- A hypothesis must be written
HYPOTHESIS IN SCIENTIFIC
in a testable form so that you
RESEARCH
can easily discern the necessary
IMPACT - is the resulting measuring techniques to use to
benefits that may be gained determine its validity.