SERIKALI YA MAPINDUZI ZANZIBAR

CARE TANZANIA AND DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL CROPS, FRUITS AND

FORESTRY

NGEZI – VUMAWIMBI FOREST RESERVES BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY

REPORT

PREPARED BY

C. L. NAHONYO, L. B. MWASUMBI, C. A. MSUYA, C.A. MASAO, T. B. SUYA AND

C. SHING’WENDA

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND MARINE BIOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
P. O. BOX 35064
DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA

nahonyo@uccmail.co.tz

JULY 2005

Table of Contents

Item Page
Title………………………………………………………….……………………... i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. ii
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………. iv
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………… v
List of Maps………………………………………………………………………... v
List of Appendices…………………………………………………………………. vi
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… vii
Map showing position of Pemba relative to Tanzania mainland……………….….. viii
Map of Zanzibar showing position of Ngezi –Vumawimbi Forest Reserves.……... ix
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………... x
1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………... 1
1.1 Overview of Tanzania biodiversity………………………………………… 2
1.2 Brief history of Ngezi –Vumawimbi study area…………………………… 3
1.2.1 History of Ngezi forest………………………………………………… 3
2.0 THE SURVEY AREA…………………………………………………………. 5
2.1 Location……………………………………………………………………. 5
2.2 Scope……………………………………………………………………….. 5
2.3 Accessibility………………………………………………………………... 5
2.4 Topography………………………………………………………………… 5
2.5 Geology and hydrology...………………………………………………….. 6
2.6 Soils………………………………………………………………………... 6
2.7 Climate……………………………………………………………………... 6
2.8 Vegetation………………………………………………………………….. 9
2.9 Fauna……………………………………………………………………… 9
2.10 Land tenure, land use and habitats………………………………………... 10
2.11 Human demography……………………………………………………… 10
3.0 METHODS………………………………………………………………….…. 11
3.1 Vegetation Sampling……………………………………………………….. 11
3.2 Vegetation Mapping……………………………………………………….. 12
3.2.1 Interpretation and field verification………………………………….. 12
3.2.2 Digitatization and rectifications……………………………………… 12
3.3 Fauna inventory……………………………………………………………. 12
3.3.1 Reconnaissance survey………………………………………………. 12
3.3.2 Fauna sampling………………………………………………………. 12
3.3.2.1Mammals……………………………………………………….. 16
3.3.2.2 Small mammals………………………………………………… 16
3.3.2.3 Birds……………………………………………………………. 18
3.3.2.4 Reptiles………………………………………………………… 18
3.3.2.5 Amphibians………………………………………………….…. 18
3.3.2.6 Fish………………………………………………………….…. 18
3.3.2.7 Invertebrates……………………………………………………. 18
3.4 Socio economic survey…………………………………………………….. 19
3.5 Legend to threatened and endangered species of flora and fauna…………. 20
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………. 21
4.1 Vegetation………………………………………………………………….. 21
4.1.1 Synopsis of the vegetation types………...…………………………… 21
4.1.2 Description of vegetation types……..……………………………….. 23
4.1.2.1 Natural moist forest……………………………………… 23
Item Page
4.1.2.2 Moist forest mixed with exotic species………………….. 24
4.1.2.3 Microsites of open pools/ponds in moist forests………… 24
4.1.2.4 Coastal dry evergreen forest on coral rag………………... 24
4.1.2.5 Coastal evergreen dry forest on sandy soils……………… 25
4.1.2.6 Coastal evergreen thicket………………………………… 25

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 4.1.2.7 Fresh water swamp forest………………………………... 25
4.1.2.8 Fragmented Remnants…………………………………… 26
4.1.2.9 Erica Vegetation…………………………………………. 27
4.1.2.10 Mangrove Thickets……………………………………... 27
4.1.2.11 Fresh water swamp in open land……………………….. 28
4.1.2.12 Rice field landscape and other crops fields…………….. 28
4.1.3 Indicator species and criteria to diagnose ecological condition.. 28
4.1.4 Evaluation of plant biological resources………………………. 32
4.1.5 Plant species diversity…………………………………………. 34
4.1.6 Medicinal Plants………………………………………………. 34
4.1.7 Conservation values of the forest……………………………… 36
4.1.8 Conservation Status of the forest……………………………… 37
4.1.9 Endemic, endangered and introduced plant species…………... 40
4.2 Fauna……………………………………………………………….. 44
4.2.1 Mammal occurrence and distribution…………………………. 44
4.2.2 Relative abundance of animals………………………………... 52
4.2.3 Animal species richness and diversity………………………… 53
4.2.4 Important habitats for animals………………………………… 53
4.2.5 Animal movement and migration……………………………... 54
4.2.6 Birds…………………………………………………………… 54
4.2 7 Reptiles………………………………………………………... 55
4.2.8 Amphibians……………………………………………………. 55
4.2.9 Endemic species of animals…………………………………… 56
4.2.10 Threatened and endangered animal species………………….. 57
4.2.11 Introduced species of animals………………………………... 58
4.2.12 Fish…………………………………………………………… 59
4.2.12.1 Fisheries resources……………………………………… 59
4.2.12.2 Fish species occurrence, endemism and diversity in
Ngezi……………………………………………………. 59
4.2.12.3 Fish movement and migration……………………….…. 60
4.2.12.4 Fish habitats and spawning areas…………………….…. 60
4.2.12.5 Threatened species of fish (IUCN threat categories)…… 61
4.2.12.6 Fishing and fish production…………………………….. 62
4.2.12.7 Threats to fisheries resources…………………………… 63
4.2.12.8 Fisheries conservation………………………………….. 63
4.2.3 Invertebrates (Lepidopterans and Odonata)…………………... 63
4.4 Socio-economic Survey…………………………………………….. 65
4.4.1 Demographic characteristics………………………………….. 65
4.4.2 Crops grown…………………………………………………... 66
4.4.3 Livestock keeping…………………………………………….. 67
Item Page
4.4.4 Resources utilization………………………………………….. 67
4.4.5 Threats to biodiversity………………………………………... 69
4.4.6 Future management of Ngezi Forest Reserve………………… 70
4.4.7 Socio economic recommendations…………………………… 72
6.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND THEIR
CONSERVATION VALUE………………………………………………... 74
7.0 POTENTIAL THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY……………………….. 74
8.0 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………….. 78
9.0 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………. 83

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Terms of reference…………………………………………………………………. 90
Appendices…………………………………………………………………………. 91
Plates……………………………………………………………………………….. 135

List of Tables

Item Page
Table 2.1: Human population distribution by Shehia in the study area,
Pemba…………………………………………………………… 11
Table 2.2: Human population in villages in the immediate vicinity of Ngezi
forest, Pemba……………………………………………………………….. 11
Table 3.1: Description of transects used to sample plants, small mammals,
reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates in Ngezi - Vumawimbi Forest
Reserves, Pemba…………………………………………………………... 15
Table 4.1: Synopsis of main vegetation types in Ngezi – Vumawimbi
Forest reserves, Pemba…………………………………………….. 21
Table 4.2: Summary of tree data for the different vegetation types in Ngezi,
Pemba……………………………………………………………….. 22
Table 4.3: Land cover/Land use of Ngezi – Vumawimbi Forest Reserves and
surrounding areas, Pemba…………………………………………………… 23
Table 4.4: Common herbaceous species occurring in seasonally water logged
pools in Ericaceous bushland in Ngezi forest, Pemba………………………. 27
Table 4.5: Woody herbs and other herbaceous vegetation occurring in fresh water
swamps in open land surrounding Ngezi forest, Pemba……………………. 28
Table 4.6: Trees used for commercial timber harvesting and other uses in Ngezi
forest, Pemba……………………………………………………………… 33
Table 4.7a: Some plant species with medicinal values in Ngezi forest reserve,
Pemba……………………………………………………………………... 34
Table 4.7b: Records of medicinal plants also available in Ngezi forest used
traditionally as primary source of health care…………………………….. 35
Table 4.8a: List of new records of plant species from Ngezi forest, Pemba.. 37
Table 4.8b: List of new records of non-vascular (mushroom) plant species
from Ngezi forest, Pemba…………………………………………... 40
Table 4.9: Endemic species of the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional centre of
endemism including Lowland and Eastern Arc Forests occurring in Ngezi
forest and surroundings in Pemba…………………………………………. 41
Table 4.10: Threatened plant species of Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba……... 43

Table 4.11: Animals and animal signs observed during foot count in Ngezi –
Vumawimbi forest reserves, Pemba………………………………………. 45
Table 4.12: Total number of fauna specimens captured in traps (bucket pitfalls,
snaps, Sherman’s, cage) in Ngezi forest, Pemba…………………………. 52
Table 4.13: Relative abundance of some vertebrate groups and species in Ngezi -
Vumawimbi forest reserves, Pemba………………………………………. 53
Table 4.14: Distribution of different habitats in Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest
reserves, Pemba…………………………………………………………… 54
Table 4.15: Endemic and near endemic fauna species and sub species of Pemba… 56
Table 4.16: New record of fauna of Pemba………………………………………... 57
Table 4.17: Threatened and endangered animal species listed in IUCN redlist, and
species listed in CITES Appendices found in Ngezi – Vumawimbi forest
reserves and surrounding areas, Pemba…………………………………… 58
Table 4.18: Some animal species introduced to Pemba and Zanzibar……………... 58
Table 4.19: Threatened fish species (IUCN) reported as occurring in Pemba and

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 Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 61
Table 4.20: The reported disadvantages experienced after the initiation of total
protection programme at Ngezi forest…………………………………….. 70
Table 4.21: The declared suggestions/comments offered by the respondents
regarding their views for future management of Ngezi forest…………….. 71
Table 6.1: Summary of potential threats to biodiversity in Ngezi - Vumawimbi
forest reserves, Pemba……………………………………………………………... 77

List of Figures

Item Page
Figure 4.1: Tree density (trees ha-1) shown against basal area (m2 ha-1) for
the six sampled vegetation transects in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba………. 30
Figure 4.2: dbh versus number of trees (stems) in each of the six sampled
transects in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba………………………………………….. 30
Figure 4.3: Height range (in metres) versus number of trees in six sampled
transects in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba………………………………….. 31
Figure 4.4: Number of vervet monkeys observed on 6 foot count transects
sampled in Ngezi – Vumawimbi forest reserves, Pemba…………………. 46
Figure 4.5: Total catch of various taxonomic groups of fauna using bucket
pitfalls, snap and live traps in Ngezi forest, Pemba………………………. 52
Figure 4.6: The declared age classes of the 200 respondents from the study
villages combined…………………………………………………………. 66
Figure 4.7: Reported origins of the respondents in the studied villages……. 67
Figure 4.8: Reported activities/occupation of the respondents in the studied
villages…………………………………………………………………….. 68
Figure 4.9: Declared uses of the forest products by the respondents from
the studied villages…………………………………………………………. 68

List of Maps

Item Page
Map 1: Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar Islands………………………………….. viii
Map 2: Location of the study area…………………………………………………. ix
Map 3: Digital elevation model……………………………………………………. 7
Map 4: Ngezi – Vumawimbi Forest Reserve…………………….………………… 8
Map 5: Ngezi – Vumawimbi Forest Reserve; vegetation Cover 13
Map 6: Sample points……………………………………………………………… 14
Map 7: Animal foot count transects……………………………………………….. 17

List of Appendices

Item Page
Appendix 1a: An annotated check-list of the Flora of Ngezi Forest, Reserve, NE,
Pemba………………………………………………………………………………. 91
Appendix 1b: Relative densities and relative frequency………………….. 106
Appendix 1c: Reported plant species and their main uses in the studied
villages around Ngezi forest, pemba………………………………………... 112
Appendix 2: Trap success from bucket pitfalls, snap traps and live traps
(Sherman’s and cage) in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba……………………... 115

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Appendix 3: A checklist of mammals recorded at Ngezi forest reserve and
the surroundings, Pemba……………………………………………………. 118
Appendix 4: A checklist of birds recorded at Ngezi Forest Reserve and the
surroundings, Pemba Island………………………………………………………... 119
Appendix 5: A checklist of reptiles recorded at Ngezi Forest Reserve and
the surroundings, Pemba……………………………………………………. 125
Appendix 6: A checklist of amphibians recorded at Ngezi forest reserve
and the surroundings, Pemba……………………………………………….. 126
Appendix 7a: Marine fish recorded in nine villages around Ngezi forest….. 126
Appendix 7b: Freshwater fishes around Ngezi forest………………………. 128
Appendix 8a: Butterflies sampled in six transects in Ngezi forest, Pemba… 129
Appendix 8b: Moths sampled in six transects in Ngezi forest, Pemba……... 130
Appendix 8c: Odonata sampled in six transects in Ngezi forest, Pemba…... 131
Appendix 9a: Checklist of Lepidoptera (butterflies and Moths) from Ngezi
Forest Reserve, Pemba……………………………………………………… 131
Appendic 9b: Checklist of Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) sampled
from Ngezi forest, Pemba………………………………………………….. 132
Appendix 9c: Reported use of some animals and birds from Ngezi forest,
Pemba ………….…………………………………………………………… 133

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 Acknowledgements

We would like to thank CARE Tanzania for funding this biodiversity inventory. We are
grateful for the time and commitment of CARE Zanzibar and Pemba staff Thabit Masoud
who worked closely with Mr Amour, the Government CARE coordinator Mr. Mbarouk, and
members of staff from Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits, and Forestry particularly the
Ngezi Project manager Mr. Selemani, his assistant Mr Salim Saidand Ms. Fatma, Mr. Mussa
Bakari, Mr. Salim Khamis and drivers Hamisi, Mohamed and Khalfan who devoted most of
their time to ensure that this exercise becomes a success. The forest staff at Ngezi participated
in the field excursions and the local communities around Ngezi forest were friendly and
cheerfully participated in the fieldwork and during the questionnaire interviews. We sincerely
thank Prof. Kim M. Howell who volunteered to help in the fieldwork and report writing at his
own cost. We thank them all.

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 Executive Summary
A biodiversity inventory of Ngezi – Vumawimbi Forest Reserves in Pemba was undertaken in
January 2005. Ngezi forest together with the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests are
recognized as one of the global biodiversity hotspots. The inventory was preceded by a
reconnaissance survey involving three members of the team from 17th to 19th December 2004,
which allowed the team to see the study area and determine sampling plots. This was
followed by fieldwork by 8 team members from 2nd to 12th of January 2005. The main goals
of the inventory were to produce a vegetation map of the area and provide species lists of
plants, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and selected invertebrates (Lepidoptera and
Odonata). The survey was also expected to provide an indication of the conservation status,
endemism, distribution and relative abundance of the various species.

Vegetation sampling was conducted at selected sites in different habitat types using the
Nested Quadrat Method. Opportunistic sampling of plants outside designated transects was
also done. There was a total of 26 vegetation study plots surveyed on 6 strategically selected
transects. For medium and large mammals foot counts on line transects and opportunistic
sampling were employed. Vocalisation was the most useful method for identifying the
prosimians (bushbabies). Small mammals were sampled along transects using bucket pitfalls,
snap and Sherman traps at selected sites. Reptiles were also sampled opportunistically.
Amphibians were sampled using bucket pitfalls and indirect methods such as vocalisation,
while tree frogs were also collected opportunistically. Fish data was collected from artisanal
fishermen and from office records. Invertebrates were collected using sweep nets, banana and
light traps. For all taxonomic groups of flora and fauna additional information was obtained
from previous surveys and literature. At least 355 vascular plant species belonging to 91
families were recorded in the survey area. There were a total of 73 new plant species recorded
for Ngezi of which 60 were vascular and 14 were non vascular plants (mushrooms). Of the 73
new records 8 are new species to science and includes 1 vascular and 7 non-vascular species.
A new vascular plant to science is Uvaria sp. nov. a liana observed at Chokaani coral rag and
Mkia wa Ng’ombe areas. Flowers and fruits of the new plant species are needed for further
identification and classification. Three plant species are new Flora of Tropical East Africa
(FTEA) records for Pemba. These include Uvaria lucida (liana), which is seen in coastal
forests on the mainland e.g. thickets near Ruvu area. Others are Oncinotis tenuiloba (climber),
and Cissus oliveri (climber). The non vascular (mushrooms) new species to science are
Phellinus sp., Ganoderma sp.1, Ganoderma sp.2, Trametes cf. gibbosa, Microporus sp.1,
Microporus sp.2, and Xylaria sp. These are found in various places in the forest. The new
non-vascular species need to be studied during rains by collecting spores from fresh
mushrooms for microscopic identification. There are at least 8 strict endemic plants to Pemba

viii
including Connarus sp.nov., Chrysolidicarpus pembanus, Ensette proboscidium, Ananas
comosus var. (wild variety of Ananas), Erica mafiensis (found also in Mafia Island),
Vangueria sp. nov.vel.gem.aff, and Uvaria sp.nov. The other 14 species are broad endemics
found also in Zanzibar and some coastal forests on the mainland. At least 5 plant species are
reported to be rare including Quassia undulate, Erica mafiensis, Allophylus vestivus, Eugenia
capensis, ssp. multiflora and Typhonodorum lindleyamum. Within Ngezi and surrounding
areas at least 22 plants have been introduced and some of which are naturalized. About 17
plant species are known to be threatened based on either IUCN or CITES red lists or both.
There are 43 plants reported to have medicinal values some of which have scientifically
proven potency. On the other hand 19 trees occurring in the forest are reported to be used for
timber extraction. As observed in Zanzibar the Acacia genus is also missing on Pemba Island.

About 12 main vegetation types were recognized more than previously reported. These
includes moist forest on soils with high humidity and organic humus, moist forest mixed with
exotic species, microsite of pools, coastal evergreen dry forest on coral rags, coastal evergreen
dry forest on sandy soils and coastal evergreen dry thickets on shallow soils overlying coral
limestone. Others include fresh water swamp forest restricted to shallow soil valleys with very
slow drainage, Erica bushland on the water-logged sites of former shallow lagoons,
fragmented moist forest to the south with remnants of dry patches representing anthropic
landscape, mangrove formation on saline swamp forest, fresh water swamps and Arable
landscape. In some areas of the forest, the vegetation structure and composition resembles
very closely with that of the Eastern Arc ranges on the mainland. Thus justifying the inclusion
of Pemba as part of the eastern arc ranges as well as part of the biodiversity hotspot. Most of
the remaining tropical moist forest in Ngezi maintains a thick forest (c.1,000 hectares) with
large trees up to 30–40m high and some trees had quite large dbh e.g. Bombax
rhodognaphalon (3m), Adansonia digitata (4-5m) and Antiaris toxicaria (2-3m). Such a
prisitine forest with large trees is not found in Jozani Zanzibar because the great hurricane of
1892 seriously devastated Zanzibar Island and its vegetation and missed Pemba, hence left the
island and its vegetation (trees) intact. Invasive plants, vegetation clearing, and over-
exploitation are the major threats to plant biodiversity in the Ngezi area.

Mammals occur in most of the twelve vegetation types in the study area with vervet monkeys,
bats, hyraxes, prosimians and rodents being ubiquitous. Few small mammals appeared to be
relatively abundant and widely distributed, particularly rodents, hyraxes and bats. A total of
30 mammal, 131 birds, 25 reptiles 9 amphibians, 87 marine fishes, 5 freshwater fishes, 35
Lepidoptera and 10 Odonata species were recorded during the survey. In total there were 15
new records of fauna to Pemba including 1 mammal (Cape Clawless Otter – Aonyx capensis),

ix
1 bird (Violet backed Starling – Cinnyricinulus leugcogaster) 1 lizard (Panaspis sp.) 2
amphibians (Schoutedenella xenodactyloides and Hyperolius sp.) and 11 butterflies. One
amphibian species Phrynobatrachus was collected in Ngezi forest around Kwajoshi and
Machopeni areas. According to previous reports the only member of this genus found on the
island is P. pakenhami, which is endemic to Pemba. However, the taxonomic status of the
collected specimen of Phrynobatrachus parkenhami is very uncertain due to the fact that the
specimen does not fit well with the description of both P. pakenhami and P. acridoides. The
snought-vent measurements and body texture of the three specimens collected during the
survey suggest the specimens represent a new species. In this report the species is
questionably been regarded as P. pakenhami?. Details of the new species including its
ecology are being sought to be used in description and classification. There is potential of new
amphibian discoveries in Ngezi if studies are done when it is raining. The study team in
January 2005 was not lucky to have rains during the 10 days of sampling. There is high fauna
endemism with at least 26 endemic or broad endemic species. These include 7 mammals (3
strict endemics), 8 birds (7 strict endemics), 7 reptiles (all strict endemics), and 4 butterfly
species (3 strict endemics). At least 35 species are threatened or endangered including 8
mammals, 3 reptiles and 21 fish. There are 4 animal species all mammals introduced to
Pemba and some became naturalized. Although their effects have not been determined species
like House rat (Rattus rattus) are known pests and potential vectors of disease such as plague.
The fauna is mostly threatened by hunting/exploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation, the
small and declining populations’ paradigms and pollution.

It is estimated that 20,138 people surrounding Ngezi and Vumawimbi forests of which 11,950
people live within the immediate vicinity of the forests. About 80% of these people are
engaged in agriculture as their main source of income and 10% depended mostly on fishing.
Almost all people interviewed said they depend on the forests in some way for various
requirements including land, fuelwood, building materials, timber, medicinal plants, hunting
and worship sites.

In summary the main threats to the forest and its biodiversity include habitat loss (small size
and encroachment), fragmentation, resources overexploitation (of both flora and fauna
resources), introduced species (both plants and animals) and disturbance. Immediate measures
need to be taken to conserve the rare, endemic, threatened, endangered and other species
occurring inside the forest reserves and surrounding areas. Control of biodiversity exploitation
and habitat protection are immediate measures which are recommended to be taken to reduce,
halt or reverse some negative trends of the affected populations while long term
comprehensive management plans for the conservation of the habitats and species are being

x
prepared. Conservation programmes will need to be supported by monitoring programmes of
biological and physical resources found inside and outside the forest reserves. In planning for
future effective forest conservation strategies, community forest management should be taken
into consideration.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The introduction section has been adopted from Nahonyo et al., (2002). Biodiversity
includes all organisms, species, and populations; the genetic variation among these;
and all their complex assemblages of communities and ecosystems. It also refers to
the interrelatedness of genes, species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the
environment.

Maintaining a wide diversity of species in each ecosystem is necessary to preserve the

web of life that sustains all living things. In his book "The Diversity of Life," Wilson
(1992) said, "It is reckless to suppose that biodiversity can be diminished indefinitely
without threatening humanity itself." Human activity has caused an alarming number
of species to become extinct. When a large number of species perform various
functions, an ecosystem is more stable. The fewer species there are filling certain
niches, the more unstable the environment becomes. Humans have always depended
on the Earth's biodiversity for food, shelter, and health. Biodiversity also supplies
indirect services to humans, which include drinkable water, clean air, and fertile soils.
The loss of populations, species, or groups of species from an ecosystem can upset its
normal function and disrupt these ecological services.

The Earth's biodiversity contributes to the productivity of natural and agricultural

systems. Insects, bats, birds, and other animals serve as pollinators. Parasites and
predators can act as natural pest controls. Various organisms are responsible for
recycling organic materials and maintaining the productivity of soil. Genetic diversity
is also important in terms of evolution. The loss of individuals, populations, and
species decreases the variety of genes (genetic diversity) the material needed for
species and populations to adapt to changing conditions or for new species to evolve.

In recent years knowledge of biodiversity has increased, as has the realization that
something must be done to counteract the loss of species, populations, and
ecosystems. There is still much to be learned about biodiversity and its relationship to
the functioning of our world. Ecologists conduct research to better understand
biodiversity, quantify its loss, and develop strategies for conserving and using it.
Much is still unknown as to what species exist, where they occur, and the
relationships between them. By inventorying and monitoring biodiversity, ecologists
study species abundance, functions, interactions, and importance to maintaining or
enhancing the quality of human life.

Biodiversity hotspots are biologically rich areas that are under extreme threat.
Together, they contain more than 60 percent of terrestrial biodiversity on just 1.4
percent of Earth's land surface. The hotspots contain concentrations of endemic
species in areas, which are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat. As many as 44% of
all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are
confined to 25 hotspots already identified all over the world. The conservation effort
priority in conserving the hotspots is based on their share of the world's species at
risk. The threat to species diversity is reflected in the mounting loss of forests and
other plant and animal habitat worldwide. Eighty-eight percent of the original
hotspots are already destroyed. Some 12 percent of all mammal species and 11
percent of all bird species are currently threatened with extinction. Humankind is a
successful breed.

1
His advance from hominid origins has brought mankind to near-dominance of the
world as well as trying to understand it. Scientists now say we are in a new stage of
the Earth's history, the Anthropocene Epoch, when human species has become the
globe's principal force. In addition several eminent scientists are concerned that we
have become too successful - that the unprecedented human pressure on the Earth's
ecosystems threatens our future as a species. We now confront problems more
intractable than any previous generation, some of them at the moment apparently
insoluble.

As part of its strategy to conserve the biological diversity on the islands the
Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar through the Department of Commercial
Crops, Fruits, and Forestry in collaboration with CARE Zanzibar intends to enhance
the protection of Ngezi –Vumawimbi forest reserves in Pemba in order to protect the
habitat and species contained therein. This initiative is important due to potential
threats facing the plant and animal species and the forest in general. However, this is
only possible when species present in the area together with their conservation status
is known. To provide sound biological data on which to base conservation activities
the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar and CARE Zanzibar initiated an inventory
of the Ngezi - Vumawimbi Forest Reserves. The main areas of interest for the survey
were on vegetation, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and selected groups of
invertebrates.

1.1 Overview of Tanzania biodiversity

Tanzania has a rich and diverse spectrum of animals and plants including a wide
variety of endemic species and subspecies. The diversity and degree of endemism in
Tanzania is fairly high, for example, of the 18 primate species, 5 are endemic, there
are 30 antelope species and 2 are endemic, and 60 species of reptiles are endemic out
of the 227 species present in the country. There are also many other species of fish,
birds, amphibians and plants unique to our country (Wildlife Division 1998). There
are over 600 endemic plant species in Tanzania most of them in the eastern arc
forests/coastal forests. There are other species still unknown to science and are
awaiting discovery particularly in the eastern arc mountains, Zanzibar and Pemba
islands.

Within the coastal forests biodiversity hotspots in East Africa, the importance of
Zanzibar and Pemba islands has long been recognised. Pemba has been separated
from the mainland Tanzania for about 10 million years. During this time species have
been evolving separately from their mainland counterparts. This has resulted in the
presence of a number of new and endemic species and sub species of both flora and
fauna. This inventory was an attempt to explore areas and taxa which may have been
missed in previous studies (by various groups and individuals). Apparently very little
research has been done in Pemba and there is not much documentation involving
biological diversity aspects. This means little is known on the past status of flora and
fauna of Pemba. The occurrence and conservation status of a number of already
known species was assessed during the survey.

Tanzania has completed a country study on biodiversity as one its obligations under
the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). On the other hand, a number of
studies have been undertaken on the flora and fauna of Unguja and Pemba. While
some studies were general surveys covering broad areas others were focused on Ngezi

2
forest in Pemba and Jozani Forest in Zanzibar the two main remaining sanctuaries for
both plant and animal species on the islands. Moreau and Pakenham (1941) conducted
a zoogeography study of Pemba and Zanzibar and Pakenham (1984) produced a
checklist of mammals of Zanzibar and Pemba islands. Leskinen et al. (1997)
conducted a wood biomass inventory of Zanzibar islands while Pikkarainen (1991)
conducted an inventory of Jozani and Ngezi forests. Ruffo (1992) conducted a
vegetation inventory of Jozani and Ngezi forests, while an inventory of Unguja and
Pemba coral rag forests was undertaken by Leskinen and Silima (1993). Studies on
individual animal species include those on the Zanzibar leopard by Marshall (1994),
Goldman and Walsh (1997) and by Stuart (1999). Reports on the Zanzibar Red
Colobus are available from Silkiluwasha (1981), Mturi (1991, 1993), Struhsaker and
Siex (1998), Siex and Struhsaker (1999), Nowak (2000) and Masoud et al. (2001).
Duikers have been studied by Swai (1983a, 1983b), Archer and Mwinyi (1995) and
Williams et al. (1995).

1.2 Brief history of Ngezi - Vumawimbi study area

According to Abdullah, et al. (1996) the areas near Ngezi forest have been settled for
quite a long time. The archeological evidences as supported by the remains of the
ruins of the mosques with tombs date back the area to between 11th –14th centuries.
This is supported by the archeological researches which included Mkia wa Ng’ombe,
Tondooni and Msuka Mjini. To the side of the ruin of the Mosque of Mkia wa
Ngombe is a mound of sand. This is believed to be the remains of one or more
dwellings of people residing at this site so long ago. This area is believed to have a
structure that was used as headquarters for either the Arabs or Persians who once
lived here.

The present day Makangale village, earlier called Msuka Mjini was a human
habitation centre as pointed out by ZCCFSP, (1995). Likewise, people from Kipange
and Limani formally inhabited Tondooni and Mkia wa Ng’ombe, respectively. Apart
from natives of Pemba, people form south of Mainland Tanzania particularly
Makonde and Nyamwezi from Tabora migrated to this place and settled near Ngezi at
around 20th century. They cleared land for cultivation of agricultural crops and hunted
for their food. In 1970s, during a period of food shortage, people from other areas of
Pemba, as well as Mainland started moving to Makangale to cultivate in areas east of
Ngezi that lead to a noticeable population increase. Abdullah et al. (1996), pointed out
that this place may have had links to Makonde Cave situated at Shanzu at the
boundary of the Ngezi Forest, less than a kilometer north of Mkia wa Ng’ombe
village. The cave is accessible through the Mkia wa Ng’ombe/Tondooni path just in
the west of the Erica mafiensis stand.

1.2.1 History of Ngezi forest

♦ During 1920’s the importance of Ngezi Forest started to be realized by the
colonial government. It was during this period when the first inventory and
management plan was prepared. The management plan basically focused on
commercial utilization of forest products rather than conservation activities.
♦ In the 1950’s the forest was divided into 84 administrative units called
compartments. This was done for easy management, extraction of timber and
other activities deemed important by that time (Beentje 1990).

3
♦ During 1957, an Indian merchant called V.R.Joshi installed a sawmill in
compartment 31 in the forest and started sawing timber, which was transported to
outside Zanzibar, possibly to India and other parts of Asia.
♦ In 1959 Ngezi forest attained a status of being a forest reserve.
♦ In 1963 the first batch and planting of Maesopsis eminii was introduced to the
forest from Usambara. This was aimed at filling gaps within the opened areas
where timber extraction had been taking place.
♦ Parallel to planting of Maesopsis eminii, enrichment planting of indigenous tree
species that were commercially harvested was done. This included such species as
Milicia excelsa, Antiaris toxicaria and exotic species such as Calophyllum
innophyllum, Terminalia ivorensis, Cordia alliodora, Khaya nyasica and
Tabebuia pentaphylla.
♦ In January 1964 the colonial government was overthrown and so following that
revolution, the Zanzibar government confiscated the sawmill in the forest. This
had made the merchant to leave the country and the government started running
the mill and the logging operations.
♦ In 1968 Vumawimbi was declared a forest reserve and became part of Ngezi
management. However people continued to live in Vumawimbi forest as laws
were not enforced to evacauate people from the reserve.
♦ During 1974 Kizimbani saw mill in Wete town was built and sawing of logs in the
forest was stopped following the Chinese sawmill installation. The forest had to
feed the sawmill in Wete with the raw materials.
♦ In late 1970s i.e. (1977/79) replanting of Maesopsis eminii in areas in which the
government cleared for rubber plantation establishment, continued for the second
time, after failure of the decision of planting of rubber in the forest where it was
directed outside the forest reserve.
♦ During 1980’s realization of colonization of invasive Maesopsis eminii to other
species started to be noticed and different eradication means were launched. These
included uprooting, use of chemicals, which was later discouraged and hence ring
debarking along with uprooting had been done since then up to date. Due to its
fast growth rate and tendency of colonizing the area, this species has become
noxious species. Nevetheless, the Maeopsis eminii is currently playing a
significant ecological role in the area as it has established an microenvironment
which harbours a variaety of fauna species. Its eradication has to be undertaken
with great care.
♦ Harvesting had to take place to feed the sawmill until, up to 1980’s when the
importance of conservation globally started to be known, and by 1988 commercial
harvesting was officially stopped following FinniDA involvement in conservation
activities. Enrichment planting continued parallel with other conservation
activities, which included species such as Afzelia quanzensis, Milicia excelsa,
Calophyllum innophyllum, terminalia cattapa and Erythrophloeum suaveolens.
FinniDA continued funding conservation activities in Ngezi forest up to 1997
when they pulled out.
♦ During 1996 the first management plan after revolution was prepared to cover the
five years period; 1996-2001.The preparation of this management plan involved
the communities and local officers. It divided the forest into natural zone, which
allowed minimal human interferences including scientific, tourism and recreation.
The multiple use zones, allowed very low impact use of fuel wood, building poles,
medicinal plants, collection of basketry materials, ropes, fruits and honey.

4
 However implementation of this management plan was difficult due to lack of
funds that were expected to come from donors who had pulled out one year of
plan preparation.
♦ During 2000, funding of CARE TANZANIA came in as part of JCBW area,
which included Kiwengwa and Ngezi forest. Different improvements in activities
left by FinniDA were tackled giving priority in community participation in the
conservation of the forest. Among the activities done were Tourist facilities
improvement, Conservation education promotion, Social studies conduction and
local communities’ participation in forest related issues. Within this information
center, nature trail and long hiking trails were periodically renovated along with
well digging near information centre.
♦ From 2003/2007, CARE is expected to undertake capacity building activities to
stakeholders around the forest. This will include assisting farmers, fishermen, and
livestock keepers. Among activities in practice include, seminars, workshop and
study visits; small scale nursery, woodlots, saving and credits and matching loan.
Artificial Insemination, cattle deep and cattle spraying. This is expected to
decrease pressures on the forest.
♦ Currently Ngezi – Vumawimbi forest reserves have a work force of 14 people
including forest guards, 4 tour guides, manager and assistant manager.
The reserve is important for maintenance of water reservoirs feeding many streams,
which flow throughout, and is part of historical, social and cultural inheritance to the
people of Pemba Island. The indigenous forests are also important because they are
sources of genetic diversity for adaptation to new environments for resistance against
diseases and pests. They are as well reservoirs of other potentially useful species
(Eldridge et al. 1993). Apart from trees for timber, they are also potential sources of
food, building material, fuel wood, vegetables and medicines.

Introduction of alien species, especially the exotic timber trees to replenish over
harvested species, has in many cases some how increased species diversity with no
apparent danger to native species. Many native species maintain themselves
successfully in mixed native/exotic ecosystems (Mueller – Dombois et al. 1986).

Before the forest was made a reserve, the local community used to enjoy these values
of forest products including timber, building materials, medicines and food. Currently
added values are going to include recreation for tourists; research facilities and
training for schools. The reserve is of particular importance because it contains a
diversity of vegetation communities having a variety of unique relic stands of plants
and animals. These have established themselves as endemic to specific habitats over a
long period of isolation enjoyed by Pemba Island.

2.0 THE SURVEY AREA

2.1 Location
The study area is located on the northern part of Pemba Island (Map 1, Map 2).
Standing on the beaches of Chokaani peninsula, one would be approximately 50 km
from the mainland Tanzania. The forest is located some 25 kilometers from Wete, and
it is 55 km from Chakechake (using new tarmac road) or 38 km (using barabara
kongwe). Ngezi is approximately 80 km from Mkoani and about 8 km from Konde
village. The forest is situated between E 39° 34’, S 6° 16’ and 39° 45’, S 6° 28’.

2.2 Scope

5
The area of Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserve is 20 sq. km. (1,975 ha.) (see Map 2
and Map 4). The forest falls within Kaskazini Pemba administrative Region in
Micheweni District. The study area was within four Shehias of Makangale, Kifundi
Konde and Msuka and covered ten villages of Kijijini, Jiwe Moja, Makangale
Tondooni, Mkia wa Ng'ombe, Bandari Kuu, Kiuyu Kipangani, Mji Mpya, Kiuyu kwa
Manda and Gombani Mtoni.

2.3 Accessibility
Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest can be reached by both road and sea. One can drive from
Wete, Micheweni or Chakechake to Ngezi via tarmac road passing through Konde
village to Kigomasha in northwest of Pemba. Konde is the main village boardering
the forest. One can also reach the forest via various small ports and landing stations in
places like Mkia wa Ng'ombe, Chokaani, Tondooni and Bandari Kuu.

2.4 Topography
Unlike Zanzibar Island, Pemba is hilly with undulating landscape occurring with
valleys some quite steep and dry river beds. The terrain in the forest area is undulating
with gentle slopes with few hillocks harbouring the moist forest. Altitude in Ngezi
forest ranges from sea level to around 20 meters a.s.l. on a small hill at Tondooni
along the way to Mkia wa Ng'ombe village. Most areas however, lie between 5 to 10
m a.s.l. (see the Digital Elevation Model Map 3).

2.5 Geology and hydrology

Zanzibar Island lies in continetal shelf surrounded with 35 - 50 meters deep water
while Pemba Island is surrounded by comparatively deep water of strong currents as
within few meters from the coast water depth change rapidly from 100 meters to 700 -
800 meters deep. This makes Pemba to fall into a class of "ancient continental
islands" as described by Wallace (1892) quoted in (Moreau and Pakenham 1941).
Towards the end of Miocene about 10 million years ago rift faulting occurred which
separated Pemba from the mainland. On the other hand Zanzibar separation from the
mainland is only recent during the Ice age that is under 500,000 years. This means
Pemba island animals have been isolated from crossing with their continental
congeners for at least 20 times as long as on Zanzibar.

Large part of Ngezi falls in Q2, charactersied by Quaternary coral line and reef
limestone. The Q2 of Pemba is lithologically similar to the Q2 of Zanzibar, but differs
in that the Pemba one is raised coral reef and unweathered to the extent of the
Zanzibar rock. It is an equally hard cherty limestone, buff to grey in colour. The
hydrogeology of Pemba's Q2 limestone is a coastal deposit occurring entirely within
the tidal area of the east coast. It has no hydrological significance. The geohydrology
of Pemba forms discontinuous perched aquifers, which fails seasonally. The water
quality is characterised by high Ec values and seawater invasion.

2.6 Soils
According to Beentje (1990), soils in Ngezi Forest can be grouped into four types:
• Clay soils: These cover the waterlogged areas near the “ponds” on the northern
border and along the streams within the sands
• Sandy loams and sand
• Red sandy loams found along the eastern perimeter
• Sand to very sandy loam that covers the greater part of the forest

6
• Leached sands “Ndaamba”: Underlying by a clay pan on the southern part of the
forest.
• Coral rag: Thin sand soil over the coral with many coral outcrops. This develops
from Azania limestone and covers the western part (Tondooni Peninsula) and
small area on the north of the forest.

2.7 Climate
The climate of Ngezi is typical as that of western Indian Ocean. The northern and
southern trade winds dominate the area, which have marked effects on sea and air
temperatures. The climate is hot and humid as in other parts of Pemba. The
temperature of Ngezi ranges between 21° C at the coolest and 34°C at the warmest
(Beentje 1990).

The rainfall in Ngezi is not different from that of the other parts of Pemba.
Traditionally two rain seasons occur in Pemba. There is a seasonal variation in the
climate with long rain (Masika) occurring between March and May and short rains
(Vuli) occurring between November and December. However, rains are common
throughout the year. The mean annual rainfall is 1,860 mm, the long rains average 363
mm per month and the short rains average 175 mm per month (Beentje 1990,
Abdullah et al. 1996). The northwestern part of Pemba receives more rain from July
to October than other areas of Pemba. This results in a cooler and more suitable
climate, which maintains a better development of vegetation types and supports a
health growth of trees, shrubs, lianas and other plant groups. There are few epiphytes
in the moist forest especially those, which are indicators of moist conditions.
The relative humidity is high ranging from 87% during the long rains and 60% in the
dry season (Abdullah et. al. 1996).

2.8 Vegetation
Biogeographically the flora of Zanzibar belongs to the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional
centre of endemism (UNEP 2001), which extends from Somalia to Mozambique
coast. Ngezi forest reserve in Pemba Islands has so many plant species and mushroom
including timber trees. It belongs to lowland coastal forests highly disturbed with
introduction of exotic species to replenish damaged sites in harvested compartments
of indigenous timber trees. There are six main vegetation types with four subtle
vegetation types. Ngezi forest is categorized as ‘a high priority’ conservation site
because of rare or endemic species and a refuge to T. lindleyanum and Quassia
undulata. Also present are some wild edible mushroom especially saprophytes.

Ngezi Forest has some characteristics species, which are reminiscent of lowland
coastal and mountain forests of the mainland. These include Antiaris toxicaria,
Milicia excelsa, Drypetes spp. Pouteria brevipes, Chrysophyllum lanceolatum,
Barringtonia racemosa and Cassipourea lucida, Quassia undulata. These species are
absent in Jozani forest in Zanzibar.

Islands usually they have depauparate communities having fewer species per hectare
compared with their counterparts on the mainland of the same area, reflecting a
reduced range of resources offered by smaller area and a reduced level of saturation.
This is because not all supportable species may have colonized the island (Begon et
al. 1996). A species, which may have colonized an island, may respond well to the
direct impact of external environment. Erica mafiensis, which probably has its

7
ancestors in the mountain heathland or some relatives on Madagascan coastal heath
land, has the exclusive power of allowing only a few other individual species or none
at all. This is known as “Competitive Exclusion Principle” (or Gause’s Principle).
That is why it is has very low species richness. Ngezi Forest Reserve is also centre of
the endemic species of Chrysalidocarpus pembanus, which represents a remarkable
outlier of a typical Madagascar palm genus (Dransfield 1986). Burgess et al. (2000)
has categorized Ngezi Forest Reserve as a high priority site having over four plants
and over six animal endemic species as a criterion for its conservation.

2.9 Fauna
Few mediums to large animals exist in Ngezi Vumawimbi forest. Among the
mammals the vervet monkeys, hyraxes, bats, black rats are the most
abundant/commonly seen animals. Ocassionally the Zanzibar red colobus may be
sighted in part of the forest. Sightings of the Pemba Blue duiker are rare and the wild
boar is rarely sighted. Many birds occur in the forest though not as reach as other
comparable forests in the coastal belt. There are many snakes, lizards, geckos and
skinks. A number of amphibians occur in the forest, marshes and swamps and
possibility of discovering more species is high. Fish in the waters of Ngezi are
common ones reported in other places on the islands. In all cases observations and
reports suggest a decline in population numbers of animals including endemic or near
endemic species and sub species of Pemba.

2.10 Land tenure, landuse, and habitats

The issue of land tenure on Zanzibar is complex. Though the land was nationalised
soon after the Zanzibar revolution in 1964, several tenure systems exist within the
islands. With nationalisation of land people had the right to own and sell only crops
and structures located on a piece of land but could not sell land because it belongs to
the State. In villages people may own land under customary law. There is also land;
"wakf" which is dedicated specifically for religious use and no one including the
Government could use it for a different purpose.

According to Abdullah at al. (1996), the whole northwestern tip of the peninsula was
gazzetted as a reserve in 1968. However local people traditionally consider that the
villagers own the land. The present situation is obviously due to the fact that local
people did not accept the gazzetment and in the absence of law enforcement they
continue living and utilizing the resources in the gazzetted area.

Most of the northwestern tip of the peninsula has been cleared of forest and turned
into agricultural land, over the course of time. At present the only forest covered part
of this large reserve is located immediately north of ngezi. This area called
Vumawimbi forest is the main source of several forest products for the surrounding
villages as well as an important grazing area for their cattle. The forest was exploited
for timber until 1995 as well but commission of natural resources has prohibited that
practice.

The other areas surrounding Ngezi are mostly under intensive cultivation. In fact the
western side of the reserve, the Makangale area, is one of the most important food
production areas on the whole of Pemba. The main crops are cassava, sweet potatoes
and coconuts but also several species of fruits are grown. The farmers either own the

8
land themselves or have been given the right to use the land by the owner who usually
in such cases lives far from Ngezi. The fact that people are not the owners of the land
they cultivate seems to be the main reason for the lack of forest plantations in the area.
Northwest of Ngezi is where there are 39 ha. of rubber plantation, which was
established in 1977/78. The government of Zanzibar owns the plantation though it is
under lease to private company.

2.11 Human demography

There are ten villages in the immediate vicinity of Ngezi. Some are located further
from the forest but still depend on it for fuel wood, building poles, medicine and other
forest products. According to URT (2002), the population size in the surrounding
villages is about 20,138 peoples having 9,796 males and 10,342 females with 3,750
households. The annual growth rate is 5.4 % one of the highest in Tanzania and
Africa.

The human population in the villages wchich are located in the immediate vicinity/ in
contact with forest is provided in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 below. This list excludes
those village communities that are considered not to benefit directly from the forest
and which are found further from the forest:

Table 2.1: Human population distribution by Shehia in the study area, Pemba

Shehia Gender Total House Hold

Male Female Number Average
Makangale 2,132 2,063 4,195 799 5.3
Konde 4,215 4,634 8,849 1,619 5.5
Msuka 3,449 3,645 7,094 1,332 5.1
Total 9,796 10,342 20,138 3,750 5.4
Source: (URT population Census 2002)

Table 2.2: Human population in villages in the immediate vicinity of Ngezi forest,
Pemba

Ward Village Name Population H/H estimate

(Shehia)
Makangale Kijijini 2,600 100
Jiwe moja 1,000 200
Makangale 2,000 136
Tondooni 1,500 300
Mkia wa Ngo’mbe 1,000 50
Kifundi Bandari Kuu 350 70
Kiuyu Kipangani 250 115
Mji Mpya 50 16
Konde Kiuyu kwa Manda 1,200 100
Msuka Gombani Mtoni 2,000 100
Total 11,950 1187
Source: Shehias' Offices, 2005

3.0 Methods
3.1 Vegetation sampling
Two days were spent during reconnaissance in order to familiarize with the Ngezi
Forest Reserve and to identify and locate vegetation types in which transect lines were

9
to be established. Vegetation types were classified according to concepts of Greenway
(1973) and White (1983), Herlocker (1999) and Beentje (1994). This classification
combines physiognomic and floristic criterion including the dominant species in the
community.

The vegetation communities were sampled from 26 plots each measuring 20x50m
along six transects, at an interval of 50m apart in the beginning to100m interval later.
The transects were randomly selected. Nested Quadrant Method (Stohlgren et al. 1995
and Crawley 1997) was employed to sample trees, shrubs, lianas and herbs as
indicated below:

Life form Fixed plot area Length Width Definition

Herbs 1.0m2 2.0m 0.5m All herbs, grasses, sedges under 1.5m
tall
Shrubs, lianas 10.0m2 5.0m 2.0m Woody plants >1.5m with dbh <10m
Trees 1000.m2 50m 20m Woody plants >5.0m and dbh >10cm

The mangrove formations, the fragmented Albizia-Erythrophloeum forest remnants

and the Erica bushland (heathland) were not quantitatively sampled, but their species
compositions were identified and recorded wherever they were considered to be new
to the check-list. The species from fresh water swamps and ponds were also recorded
but not quantitatively sampled.

Sampling in the nested subplots from the main plots involved counting and recording
the herbs and shrubs of all individual species. All trees in the 50mx20m plot were
recorded and their dbh measured together with their heights. Individual tree numbers
in study plots provided basic information for calculating species abundance, basal
area per ha.-1 and ranges for dbh and heights. The distribution of diameters (dbh) and
heights of tree species using classes of the respective attributes are provided in the
results. Other attributes include density (stems/ha-1 and basal area (m2ha-). The
calculations show the demographic status of species over different communities.
3.2 Vegertation mapping
3.2.1 Interpretation and field verification
The main sources of information were aerial photographs at the scale of 1:10,000 and
in some cases 1:50,000. The first stage was interpretation where major topographic
features and the preliminary vegetation types were identified. The second stage
involved final interpretation after field verification. Interpretations were made on
transparent films. GPS readings were taken in different areas with their corresponding
vegetation types. All vegetation types previously identified were covered.

3.2.2 Digitization and rectifications

The transparent films obtained from the thematic interpretation of different vegetation
types were digitized using ArcInfo software. Further manipulation of digitally
captured datasets e.g. area statement computation was done using ArcInfo, ArcView,
and Microsoft Excel.

All digitized data sets underwent the following processes:

♦ Creation of raw digitized coverage
♦ Cleaning of the coverage (identifying errors)

10
 ♦ Editing of the coverage (correcting errors)
♦ Transformation of the coverage to UTM projection
♦ Checking for sliver polygons and editing-out
♦ Coding of polygons
♦ Clipping of the coverage (to allow edge-matching to adjacent sheets)
♦ Edge match editing
♦ Production of color plot and checking
Since the aerial photos were not rectified, rectification was done using control points
appearing both on the existing topographic and aerial photographs. Map 5 presents the
updated vegetation cover of Ngezi – Vumawimbi forests.

3.3 Fauna inventory

3.3.1 Recconnaissance survey
A scoping survey was undertaken from 17th to 19th December 2004 as a preliminary
site visit. Three team members Dr. C. L. Nahonyo, Dr. C. A. Msuya and Mr. L. B.
Mwasumbi participated in the survey. This visit enabled the team to familiarize with
the area and identify areas to locate sampling transects. Logistical arrangements for
the main field survey were also discussed during the visit.

3.3.2 Fauna sampling

Different techniques were used to sample different groups of animals in the study
area. The techniques differed in accordance with the species concerned. The
techniques enabled researchers to determine presence of species, their distribution and
index of abundance. The sampling protocol was based on transects (Map 6) decided
during the reconnaissance survey. Transects were located to cater for both habitat
representation and spatial distribution. Little research has been done on the fauna of
Ngezi as such the research effort concentrated on many taxonomic groups and
species.

The vervet monkey density was calculated using estimator proposed by Gates (1969):

n
∆≡
⎛ ny ⎞
2 L⎜ ⎟
⎜n ⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠

where:
∆ = density
n = number of animals seen
L = total transect length
y = mean of all values of y1, y2, ….yi, the perpendicular sighting distances of the
animals from the transect line.
Species diversity was calculated using the Shannon Weaver Index H':
Where k = number of categories, fi = number of observations in category i, n = sample
size. The maximum diversity, which could be attained in the area, was calculated
k
n log n − ∑ fi log fi
i =1
H' =
n

11
using the expression:
H'max = logk

Where H'max is the maximum possible diversity for a set of data consisting of k
categories. H' tests abundance equality among k categories and is affected by the
distribution of data and the number of categories. H'max is the highest diversity which
can be calculated from a set of data consisting of k categories (Zar, 1999).

Table 3.1: Description of transects used to sample plants, small mammals, reptiles,
amphibians and invertebrates in Ngezi - Vumawimbi Forest Reserves, Pemba. GPS
coordinates (using Garmin GPS 12x) for each transect were taken for future reference
Transect GPS Description
Name
SN
1 Kwa Josh Trail S 04° 56.234' Natural moist forest close to Ngezi
(Evergreen moist E 039° 42.549' gate, tall trees up to 35-40 m high.
forest) Canopy cover c.60-100% in some areas
with strata. Dry leaf litter cover 30-
80%. No signs of harvesting. Soils
fairly deep, gray sand
2 Makangare bwawani S 04° 54.664' Grasses c.0.5 - 1m high. Grass cover
(grassland/forest) E 039° 41.670' 70% wood vegetation cover 10-15%.
Soils sandy to dark clay soils fairly
deep
3 Erica bushland (along S 04° 56.726' Dry bushland of 1.0 t0 3 m high
Mkia wa Ng'ombe E 039° 41.294' sometimes pure stand. Canopy cover
road) 50 - 90% and dry leaf litter cover is
almost zero. Soils sandy and relatively
deep
4 Chokaani (Coral rag S 04° 57.183' Coral rag forest close to the beach.
forest) E 039° 40.587' Fairly tall trees up to 30 m high with
many lianes and climbers. Vegetation
cover range from 30 - 90%. Rock
outcrops with shallow sandy soils.
Transect GPS Description
SN Name
5 Maeopsis eminii pure S 04° 55.918' Tall trees some up to 40m high,
stand (near Sharif E 039° 41.723' dominated by Maeopsis eminii.
tomb) Undergrowth of mixed vegetation
including Pemba palm and ….Canopy
cover 20-90% with layers. Leaf litter
covers 30-100%. Deep sand loam soil.
6 Machopeni (moist S 04° 55.475' Evergreen moist forest with high
forest) E 039° 42.666' canopy up to 40 m high, fairly thick
with vegetation cover between 50 -
100%. Slopy area surrounded by
marshes dominated by wild banana,
ferns and Cyperus. Dry leaf litter cover
c. 30 - 100%. Fairly deep brown loam

12
 soil. Signs of harvesting of building
poles.

3.3.2.1 Mammals
Large mammals were censused using foot count on line transects selected from a
baseline (Map 7). Animals encountered along the transects during censusing were
counted and recorded. The perpendicular sighting distance distance from the transect
line was estimated. Since Ngezi and Vumawimbi are basically forest habitats and
animals were few or difficult to sight, animal signs e.g. pellet, footprint, vocalisation
was recorded and used to identify species and for certain species determine their
relative abundance (Davies, 2002). A variable visibility profile was used during the
census to determine transect strip width. Opportunistic sampling was also used to
record any large mammals encountered during the survey. Villagers were interviewed
on local uses of wild animal species including large mammals and conflicts between
wildlife and people.

A total of 6 transects totaling 14.566 km were surveyed as follows:

Transect GPS start GPS Finish km General description
No. Name
1 Vumawimbi → S04°54.412' S04°54.978' 1.732 Coastal thicket, moist
Machopeni E039°42.076' E039°42.043' forest with open wooded
grassland on coastal
floodplain
2 Makangare Kisimani S04°55.212' S04°55.812' 3.307 Moist tropical forest,
→ Machopeni E039°41.436' E039°42.721' potential area of sighting
(Kisiwani) Zanzibar red colobus
3 Tondooni → Ngezi S04°55.778' S04°56.278' 2.695 Moist forest
E039°41.340' E039°42.610'
4 Ngezi → Tondooni S04°56.319' S04°56.030' 2.784 Moist forest
E039°42.583' E039°41.325'
5 Mkia wa Ng'ombe → S04°57.128' S04°56.159' 1.909 Mixed vegetation types
Tondooni E039°41.310' E039°41.078' including moist forest,
Fillipia bushland,
mangroves and farmland
6 Chokaani → Tondooni S04°57.183' S04°56.098' 2.139 Coral rag forest
(Verani) E039°40.539' E039°40.472'
from Vumawimbi, Makangare Kisimani, Tondooni. Night drives were also used to
record presence of nocturnal animals which are difficult to sight during daytime.

3.3.2.2 Small mammals

The trapping of small mammals was done in 6 transects (Table 3.1) described above.
Specimen collection was done using three types of traps: bucket pitfalls, snap traps
and live traps (Sherman traps, and cage traps). On each transect 11 buckets of 18litres
capacity were buried in the ground such that the bucket rim was level with the ground
and the buckets were spaced 5m apart making a total transect length of 55m. A drift
fence using polythene sheeting of 0.5m high (see plates later) was erected with the
support of wooden stakes to run above ground across the middle of the buckets. Part
of the drift fence was buried in the ground to prevent animals going under the fence.
Beside each bucket trapline 25 snap traps and 5 Sherman traps were laid in order to
trap other species not easily caught in the bucket pitfalls. Fried coconut mixed with
peanut butter was used as bait in the snap and Sherman’s traps. Baits were replaced

13
each day during trap inspection. Traps were inspected every morning during sampling
time from around 7.00am to around 11.00am since traplines were far spaced; all
specimens found in the traps were identified and recorded. Specimens not identified
immediately were collected for later identification. The traps were also used to collect
certain reptile species (see section 3.3.2.4) and amphibians (see section 3.3.2.5). Bats
were sampled using mist netting and opportunistically. Mistnetting was done early
evening and at dawn at three selected sites of Machopeni, Makangare Bwawani and
Kwa Josh Trail. Collected specimens were preserved in 70% alcohol, 10% formalin.
Specimens found alive during trap inspection and which could be readily identified
were released near the place they were captured.

3.3.2.3 Birds
Mist netting meter-net-hours (12m x 4m x hours) was conducted in three different
habitats of Machopeni, Makangare bwawani and Chokaani. The capture success was
very poor hence most bird records reported here come from direct observation (bird
watching) of birds in different parts of the forest both in daytime and and night. The
checklist also includes previously reported species occurring in Ngezi and Pemba
Island as a whole.

3.3.2.4 Reptiles
Opportunistic sampling and pitfalls (see section 3.3.2.2 above) were used to obtain
information of reptile species available in Ngezi. All sightings of the reptiles were
recorded to give clues of their occurrence and distribution in the area.

3.3.2.5 Amphibians
Most amphibian specimens were collected using bucket pitfall traps (see section
3.3.2.2 above). However for tree frogs and other amphibian groups, which are not
easily trapped in buckets opportunistic sampling was used, and those were collected
whenever they were encountered. Vocalisation especially at night was also used to
establish presence of some of the species and also detrmine their relative abundance.
Photographs of some specimens were taken for identification.

3.3.2.6 Fish
Fish specimens from artisan fishermen were identified on sight using identification
keys and knowledge of the local fishermen. Useful information on fish and fisheries
resources and exploitation were obtained from office records in Wete. Some
fishermen were interviewed and provided valuable information on fish, fishing gear,
fish spawning areas and fish marketing.

3.3.2.7 Invertebrates
Sampling of invertebrates (Butterflies, Moths, Dragonflies and Damselflies) was
carried at six transects (hereafter T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 see table above).
Collection methods used included the following:
(i) Sweeping using a sweep-net (for Odonata and Lepidoptera) was carried
out for one hour during late morning hours
(ii) A baited Butterfly trap (“banana trap”) was set in the morning and emptied
in the late afternoon or evening
(iii) An 11W fluorescent tube light trap was run for one hour during the night
to catch moths.

14
Sweeping during daylight and collecting at night were timed (5 minutes per sample
for general sweeping, and 60 minutes per sample for butterflies and Odonata.
Collecting at night took 60 minutes per sample). Night collections were done between
7.00pm and 10.00pm. There was no moonlight during the survey time. Banana traps
were set in the morning and checked in the evening.

Six specific sites were selected within the study area to give a representation of the
various sub-habitats of the area. The sites, with their co-ordinates, were as follows: (1)
Kwa Josh trail, S 04° 56.234', E 039° 42.549' (2) Makangare Bwawani S 04° 54.664',
E 039° 41.670' (3) Erica bushland S 04° 56.726', E 039° 41.294' (4) Chokaani coral
rag S 04° 57.183', E 039° 40.587' (5) Maeopsis pure stand S 04° 55.918', E 039°
41.723' and (6) Machopeni moist forest S 04° 55.475', E 039° 42.666'. At each site a
50m x 50m square plot was marked and all the sampling took place inside the plot.
Most of the specimens were identified using Kieland (1990), Migdoll (1987) Pinhey
(1961), Pinhey (1965) and Scholtz (1985).

3.4 Socio economic survey of local communities around Ngezi forest

A study was undertaken in ten villages around Ngezi Forest Reserve to obtain a social
feel of the reserve and further to determine how important the forest is to them, their
suggestions for future management and general look at the threat this forest is facing
from the surrounding community. Open-ended conversations and interview-
administered questionnaires were used to gather information from the locals (Kikula
and Nelson 1993, Martin 1995, Bernard 1994 & 2002). Two pre-trained personnel
were used to administer the questionnaires. A random sampling (Nahonyo et al.
1997), was used in questionnaire administration where the heads of the house holds
were targeted, but when these were not around, any member aged above 18 years old
from that household was interviewed. This was due to time limit, since some heads
went to farm or were attending their everyday prayers. Data were summarised and
analysed using the SPSS 11.5 and excel programmes, where descriptive statistics
(frequencies, and cross tabulations) were used (Dytham 2003). Existing land use types
of areas under crop, forestry, settlements, roads and river systems were updated
during the survey and are shown on Map 4 and Map 5.

15
3.5 Legend to threatened and endangered species of flora and fauna
The IUCN redlist updated in 2002 of endangered species and CITES Appendices were used to
estalish the conservation status of plants and animals:

Legend to the IUCN status of Threatened Species of Flora and Fauna (for details see http://www.redlist.org)

Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction
in the wild in the immediate future (These are defined under criteria A-E)

Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of
extinction in the wild in the near future (These are defined under criteria A-E)

Vulnerable (VU): A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk
of extinction in the wild in the medium-term (These are defined by criteria A-E)

Lower Risk (LR): A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated, does not satisfy the criteria for any of the
categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa included in the Lower Risk cane be separated into
three sub-categories:

1. Conservation Dependent (cd)

2. Near Threatened (nt)
3. Least Concern (lc)
Data Deficient (DD): A taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect
assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status.
Not Evaluated (NE): A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been assessed against the criteria.

Explanation of CITES Appendices

CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to certain controls. These require that
all import, export, re-export and introduction from the sea of species covered by the Convention has to be authorized
through a licensing system.
The species covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices, according to the degree of protection they need. (for

additional information see CITES Species or http://www.cites.org)

• Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted
only in exceptional circumstances

• Appendix II includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be
controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival

• Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES
Parties for assistance in controlling the trade

16
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Vegetation
4.1.1 Synopsis of the vegetation types
Ngezi forest is characteristically part of the lowland coastal forests, which belong to
the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional mosaic. The islands of Zanzibar and Pemba receive
an appreciably high rainfall, for example Wete receives 1964-2000mm of rainfall.
This amount of rainfall is sufficient to support rain forest (White 1983). The forest
reserve is rich in species, but changes rapidly in floristic composition and
physiognomy over short distances making it difficult to classify the different
vegetation types. The main vegetation types are represented in Table 4.1 below:

Table 4.1: Synopsis of main vegetation types in Ngezi – Vumawimbi game

reserves, Pemba (Source: This survey, January 2005)
SN Vegetation types Specifications and Notes
and their edaphic definitions
features
1. Moist forest on soils Main canopy cover of There are also several
with high humidity dominant tree species, micro-habitats of
and high organic evergreen over 20m tall pools/ponds in the
humus content from with emergent trees to over openings which are wet in
decaying litter 40m. It accommodates rain season and dry out in
many lianas and epiphytes dry season, usually
surrounded by
Barringtonia racemosa
2. Moist forest mixed Indigenous timber trees Some of the exotic trees
with exotic species over-harvested. Exotic are aggressive invaders and
trees planted to replenish suppress regeneration of
timber supplies in damaged indigenous species
sites
3. Microsite of pools Open depressions in moist Several scattered pools,
forest, black sandy, silt edges with Anthostata,
soil, weedy herbs invading Barringtonia
soil cover
4. Coastal evergreen Afzelia-Haplocoelum Low species density
dry forest on coral stunted trees open canopy
rags which is an which is tolerant to stress
equivalent of condition including Disturbed areas bushland
Zanzibar-Inhambane succulent herbs and lianas
undifferentiated and cacti-like plants –
forest (White 1983). Sanseviaria calanthe,
Shallow soils on Lissus, Aloe
coral rocks
5. Coastal evergreen Manilkara-Diospyros- Contains some patches of
dry forest on sandy Afzelia association. Many Erica bush land and
soils induced exotic trees of scattered Dodonaea
Casuarina and Terminalia viscose
cattapa in the seaward
6. Coastal evergreen This forms a narrow zone The boundary of this zone
dry thickets on extending above the and the moist forest is
shallow soils mangrove to the moist rather indistinct

17
 overlying coral forest boundary. It is
limestone characterized by bush
forming shrubs, lianas and
climbers with few trees
and associated emergent.
There are clustered
populations of Sorindeia-
madagascariensis
7. Fresh water swamp Plants which can tolerate Raphia palm dies after
forest restricted to water soaked muddy soils. fruition. In the two Raphia
shallow soil valleys In Ngezi this is referred to palm swamps Barringtonia
with very slow as Raphia palm. Other racemosa was absent
drainage. These are swamp populations include contrary to White (1983)
located in moist Typhonodorum statement
forest with lindleyanum and Quassia
exception for a indica (all introduced
small one in open species)
land
8. Erica bush-land on Erica bush-land forms a Apart from the main bush-
the water-logged loose canopy 5m high. Few land a narrow strip was
sites of former associate trees are encountered in the coastal
shallow lagoons emergent 8m tall. Few evergreen dry forest to the
(Greenway 1973). scattered shrubs and north
There are a few generally low species
micro-sites of pools diversity
in bush-land
openings
9. Fragmented moist Forest remnants-moist and Engulfed area between
forest to the south dry openings. Dominated conservation and human
with remnants of dry by Albizia-Erythrophloeum interactions (Grazing,
patches representing association cultivation and human
anthropic landscape settlements)
10 Mangrove formation The mangrove formation Mangrove species are
on saline swamp occurs as open stands, important source of
forest rarely close on shore building materials
between low and high especially poles
water mark. Most have
pneumatophores or are Only four species are
viviparous. Smaller represented
patches occur around the
bay of Tondooni peninsula
11 Two fresh water Nymphaea, Sedges and Fishing activities
swamps, one Acrostichum. Thickets of
permanently wet. Harungana, Syzygium and
Overflows to the sea Parinari separate the two
in rain season. Other swamps
seasonal wet pools
in moist forest
12 Arable landscape Rice and cassava Annexed to Ngezi Forest
cultivations Reserve

18
There were a total of 26 study plots spread over 6 transects, representing different
vegetation types selected for sampling. These study plots had a total of 733 tree
individuals, which were measured. However, transects varied considerably due to
variation in physical environments determining the extent of each vegetation type.
These formations are unequal in sizes of the areas, which they occupy, and in the
degree of physiognomic distinctness including floristic and environmental
characteristics. Moist forests, including enrichment plantations of exotic trees,
occupies the largest coverage and is represented by transects one (8 study plots) and
transect No. 2 (exotic tree plantations). The analyzed data on Table 4.2 show the
structural differences among the different vegetation types.

Table 4.2: Summary of tree data for the different vegetation types in Ngezi,
Pemba

Transects 1 2 3 4 5 6 Area
Attributes
Density (trees.ha-1) 40 34 21 21 22 24
Basal area (m2.ha-1) 59.5 8.33 17.2 7.3 6.45 2.36
Height ranges - Distribution of trees according to the height class ranges in each
transect
5 – 10m 152 31 51 29 44 32
11 – 20m 127 46 43 26 35 22
21 – 30m 41 17 11 7 6 1
31 – 40m 8 3 2 2 0 0
DBH Ranges (m) – Distribution of trees according to the dbh class ranges in each
transect
0.10 – 0.20 161 62 90 22 43 31
0.21 – 0.30 67 17 19 23 27 11
0.31 – 0.40 27 3 8 5 3 2
Transects 1 2 3 4 5 6
Area
0.41 – 0.50 19 3 5 6 2 1
> 0.51 41 10 7 6 3 1
Sum of stems. per 315 107 124 65 85 48
transect

Sampled area in ha-1 8 3 6 3 4 2

Total area sampled 26

ha.

4.1.2 Description of vegetation types

Table 4.3: Land cover/Land use of Ngezi – Vumawimbi Forest Reserves and
surrounding areas, Pemba

SN Land cover Area (hectares)

1 Pond 2.7458

19
 2 Coastal evergreen Dry forest on sandy soils 196.3000
3 Mangroves 303.9660
4 Moist forest 906.7000
5 Erica bushland 207.7000
6 Coastal Dry evergreen forest on coral rag 59.3000
7 Coastal evergreen thicket 113.3000
8 Raphia stand 41.0070
9 Rice field landscape 59.4500
10 Rubber plantation 47.8300
11 Cultivated area 73.1400
12 Swamp forest 109.3000
13 Quassia indica stand 1.0770
14 Typhonodorum 14.7300
15 Maeopsis mixed moist forest 92.1800
16 Terminalia ivorensis 10.5360
Total cover 2,239.2618
Source: This survey, January 2005

4.1.2.1 Natural Moist forest

This includes both natural undisturbed and disturbed forests. Appreciably high
amount of precipitation is experienced on the Pemba Island (Wete - 1964mm). Thus
this amount is sufficient to drain the soils adequate moisture for supporting a rain
forest. The forest is rich in species composition of up to 40 trees per ha. (Table 4.2).
The moist forest compares to the Zanzibar – Inhambane undifferentiated forest (White
1983) that occurs in the lowland coastal forests. They form main canopy at 15-20m,
and from its emergent rise to heights of 30-40m (Table 4.2). Very few trees are taller
than 40-50m. Lianas and climbers are plentiful, but vascular epiphytes (6 orchid
species mainly on Baringtonia on river and swamp banks and fens, Vittaria and
Asplenium ridus are most widespread.

The larger trees include Albizia adianthifolia (20-30m), Antiaris toxicaria (30m high,
dbh 0.5 – 1.50m), Quassia (30-40m high, dbh 0.5 – 1.45m), Bombax (40m high, dbh
2.74m), Milicia excelsa (30-35m but all timber trees have been exhausted),
Erythrophloeum suaveolens (25-49m tall, dbh 0.35 – 45m), Inhambanella henriquesii
(25m), Manilkara sansibarensis (25m), Macaranga capensis (25m), Pouteria
brevipes (25m), Bombax rhodognaphalon (35m, Uapaca guineensis (25m high,
0.73m dbh).

In the lower tree canopy class group 5-10m tree density is highest containing 162
trees. The middle class layers include few trees 11-20m high (about 127 trees from 8
plot samples). They include Chrysalidocarpus (15-18m high, dbh 0.20-0.35m),
Alangium salicifolia (15 high, 0.7 dbh), Elaeis guineensis (10-15m), and Pouteria
brevipes (10-20m high). There are more trees in the 5-10m class (162) distribution
compared to other vegetation types in the same class distribution group.

The Barringtonia racemosa areas were encountered in transect 1 between plots 3 and
4. Barringtonia racemosa has very dominant tree stands representing 90% of all trees
in the plot. Other species are Lannea schweinfurthii (2%), Elaeis guineensis (3%), and
Garcinia livingstonei (5%). The trees are 5-10m tall, with plenty of epiphytic orchids
on Barringtonia. There are no lianas and canopy cover is over 90%. Two seasonal

20
flooded ponds or pools around Barringtonia racemosa occupy open locations
containing aquatic herbs and other annual weeds.

4.1.2.2 Moist forest mixed with exotic species

This sample study is represented in Transect 2. It was the area where harvesting of
indigenous timber supplies was concentrated. Timber tree species included Milicia
excelsa (25m, few 20m) and Bombax rhodognaphalon, while less important timber
trees include Quassia undulata (25-35m high, dbh >0.5m). Exotic species include
Cordia alliodora, Mangifera indica, Tabebuia pentaphylla (20m), Tectona grandis
(10-20 high, 027-0.47m dbh), Terminalia catappa, Cedrella mexicana, Terminalia
ivorensis and Maesopsis eminii. Trees >5m high were not encountered. There were
many dead logs of Maesopsis eminii that were cut down to eliminate it. The dead logs
support populations of saprophytic mushrooms. Other indigenous species in the
middle layer include Chrysalidocarpus (10m high), Pouteria brevipes (10m high),
Alangium salvicifolia (10m high), Croton sylvaticus, and Polyscias fulva (20m high).

4.1.2.3 Microsites of open pools/ponds in moist forests

These are depressions, which are seasonally wet in rain season, dry out in summer.
The edges are surrounded by Anthoclesta and Barringtonia tees. They contain silty
mud dry dry black sandy soils that crack as the habitat dries out. Invasive aliens cover
the microsites. These include Ludwigia abyssinica, L.jussioaeoides, L.stolonifer,
Melastomastrum segregatum, Tristemma mauriatum, Khautia sp., Pentodon
pentandrous, Cyperus erectus, C. polystachyus, Fimbristylis longiculmis,
Stachytaphytta urticifolia, Vitex doniana, Agathisanthemum bojeri, Scoparia dulcis,
Mimosa pudica, Triumfetta rhomboide, Desmodium adscendens, Borreria scabra,
Achyranthes aspera.

4.1.2.4 Coastal dry evergreen forest on coral rag

This is an equivalent to what Birch (1963) calls an evergreen thicket representing the
climax on shallow soils overlying coral limestones (rags). Characteristic species
includes Afzelia quanzensis (20-25) which forms clustered patterns on coral rag
pavements, Haplocoelum inoploeum which has stunted growth form (5-8m) in coral
rag pavements. Others include Pandanus kirkii, Bridelia micrantha (8m) and
Calophyllum inophyllum (12m, high, 0.4 dbh). Where coastal coral rag forest is
disturbed it forms impenetratable dense bushland with many lianas and climbers
including Saba comorensis, Ancylobotrys petesiana, Uvaria ssp.nov. Voacanga
africana found on raised beach is not in FTEA for Pemba. Species tolerant of coral
rag stress conditions include Sansevieria, Calanthe and Cissus which are
characteristically succulent.

4.1.2.5 Coastal evergreen dry forest on sandy soils

This is found on the north of the reserve. A peculiar Erica zone 10-20 wide and 50 –
100m from the sea runs parallel to the seacoast. Dodonaea viscosa is also scattered in
a narrow band 10-20m deep into the forest from the sand beach. The vegetation
community contains many characteristic species of an evergreen dry forest. They
include Manilkara sansibarensis (10-25m), Haplocoelum inophylum (7m), Brexia
madagascariensis (5m), Terminalia boivinii (20m), Afzelia quanzensis (5-25m),
Diospyros consolatae (12m), Lannea schweinfurthii (7-15m), Olea woodiana (15m),

21
Drypetes natalensis (5m), Rauvolfia mombasiana (5m, usually on forest margins),
Chrysophyllum lanceolatum (10m), Syzygium cardatum (10-30m, but usually a
riverine forest species), Sorindeia madagascariensis (7m, rare), Casaeria gladiiformis
(15m), Pandanus kirkii (15m), Vitex ferruginea (12m), Vitex domiana (10m on forest
edge) and scattered Chrysalidocarpus, Salacia senegalensis (5m).

4.1.2.6 Coastal evergreen thicket

This community occupies a narrow zone on the southwest and gradually fades into
moist forest. Its transition to moist forest is indistinct, however the damaged or
undisturbed stands of bushes composed of lianas, climbers, branched shrubs and
scandent shrubs create thick envelope, which is normally impenetrable. Tree species
are small in stature ranging from 3-6m tall, with a discontinuous stratum of emergent
trees e.g. Adansonia digitata, Boureria petiolaris (10m), Voacanga Africana (12m),
Manilkara sansibarensis (15-20m), Diospyros consolatae (12m) and rare species of
Manilkara sulcata. This is a very useful species for building poles, charcoal and fuel
wood. Haplocoelum inoploeum is an important plant for its wide clustered distribution
usually 7-10m tall. Terminalia boivinii, Pandanus kirkii and Psychotria sp. are rare
species.
.
In some areas Sorindeia madagascariensis forms distributions of isolated population
clusters with height range of 10-15m. Distribution of dbh ranges of many species in
this community is mostly10-20m (28), 21-30 (12 trees), 31- 40m (3trees). Only 2
species Adansonia digitata and rarely Sorindeia madagascariensis measure above
0.41m dbh. Such vegetation type may be too localized. Birch (1963) says it may be a
climax of local significance. Common shrubs and lianas forming impenetrable bushes
include Rhoicissus tridentata (liana), Rhoicissus revoilii (liana), Acridocarpus
zanzibaricus (shrub/climber), Mystroxylon aethiopicum (liana/shrub), Uvaria sp.
(undecided species), Cissus quadrangularis (climber), Cissus rotundifolia, Suregada
zanzibarensis and Allophylus pervillea (all lianas/scandent shrubs).

Shrubs include Cassipourea gummiflua (usually a mountain tree species 5-20m in

moist forest), Vernonia sansibarensis (associated with Erica bushland) Synaptolepis
kirkii (drier forest indicator), Pyrostria bibracteata, Antidesma venosum (generalist).
Lianas and woody climbers are Salacia madagascariensis, Rhoicissus revoilii,
Flagellaria guineensis, Mystroxylum aethiopicum, Ochna sp., Chrysophyllum
lanceolatum, Rawsonia Lucida. Lianas and woody climbers are Salacia
madagascariensis, Rhoicissus revoilii, flagellaria quineensis, and Mystroxylum
aethiopicum.

4.1.2.7 Fresh water swamp forest

Fresh water swamp forests are all similar in the coastal of East Africa with the Ngezi
forest swamps except for the exotic Quassia indica and Tynophodorum). They about
22 true species in all Burgess et al. (2000). In Ngezi Raphia swamps 7 tree species
were recorded.

The vegetation type is a variant of moist forest occurring in isolated locations. This
made planning of quantitative sampling difficult, because they are small in extents.
Beentje (1990), mentions that they follow a narrow belt up to 30m wide. We did not

22
make a follow up to support this statement. The following forest swamp areas were
visited:

a) Raphia swamp forest

In Ngezi Forest Reserve Raphia swamp occurs in shallow valleys with very slow
drainage. One small patch was encountered along transect one Plot 8 across a small
stream. The key species include Raphia farinifera (6-7m), Syzygium cordatum (10-
25m high, dbh 0.14-055m), Vitex domiana (12-18m, dbh 0.14-0.45m),
Erythrophloeum suaveolens (15-40m, dbh 0.20-0.45m), Uapaca guineensis (18-20m,
dbh 0.20-0.35m), Pouteria brevipes (12m, dbh 0.12), Parinari curattelifolia (20m,
dbh 0.50). In a big Raphia palm forest on the stream to the north was qualitatively
sampled. The common tree species were counted in two plot sites of 20 x 50m as
follows:

Elaeis guineensis 24 trees (8m high), it dies after fruiting. Anthocleista grandiflora 10
trees (25m dbh 0.18m), on the margin of the swamp Syzygium cardatum 10 trees (15-
25m, dbh. 17-0.50), this species is not known in FTEA for Pemba Island although ssp.
cordatum is well known as a swamp forest indicator from 0-24.00m elsewhere,
Tabernaemontana ventricosa (10m). There were no lianas or shrubs. Barringtonia
racemosa was missing altogether. The monocotyledons species of Raphia, Elais
species are usually the most dominants of these microsites and Ngezi forest is an
important isolated site for establishing rare species facing extinction in their sites of
origin.

b) Swamp forest
Swamp forest includes also small open depressions or pools with herbs and aquatic
species. These usually contain grasses, sedges, and herbs. Permanent swamps contain
Nymphaea nouchali and Nymphoides. Utricularia sp. may be present and the big
swamp in the open land is important for fishing.

c) Quassia indica stand

This occupies an enclave and restricted area along the river stream. The river course
running through this population to the mangrove was dry during the survey, but the
Quassia indica habitat was wet with black muddy soils. There are few lianas
including Combretum, Entada, Mucuna, Uncaria, Scutia and Adenia species. Quassia
indica is exclusively dominant.

d) Typhonodorum lindleyanum swamps

Open pools/swamps
There are also unique micro-sites of open swamps occupied by Typhonodorum
lindleyanum (Plate 3a and 3b). This was not surveyed, though it is expected to host
some weedy herb species. T. lindleyanum is the only known species in the genus
(monotypic) observed in the NE side of Ngezi Forest Reserve as pure stands. There
are also many open swamps of Typhonodorum lindleyanum in moist forest.

4.1.2.8 Fragmented Remnants

Landscape which has been altered through settlements and other human activities

a) Albizia-Erythrophloeum mosaic
This one is a relict or remnant of a moist forest variant. It contains the following:

23
Albizia adiantifolia (25m), Erythrophloeum suaveolens (20-25m), Vitex doniana
(20m), Lannea schweinfurthii (15m), Phoenix reclinata (5m), Syzygium cordatum,
Apodytes dimidiata and Garcinia livingstonei.A bushland has developed at the forest
margins. The bushland cover is impenetrable. The main lianas forming the dense
cover include Salacia madagascariencis, Landolfia kirkii, and Uvaria sp. Herbs
includes Phyllanthus, Hibiscus and Zammioculcas species.

b) Evergreen dry forest remnants in forest gaps

These dry forest remnants are of limited extent. The patches are poor in plant species
because grazing and other human interactions retard their vegetation development.
Main trees are Parinari curattelifolia, Vitex domiana, Adansonia digitata, Phoenix,
Haplocoelum, Terminalia boivinii, Pouteria. Shrubs include Antidesma, Pyrostria,
Chassalia, Xylotheca and Deinbollia species.

4.1.2.9 Erica Vegetation

a) Erica Bushland
The ericaceous bushland occurs on the waterlogged habitat of former shallow lagoons
(Greenway 1973). On Ngezi Forest Reserve, the ericaceous bush-land forms a unique
habitat with a loose open canopy at a height of 5-8m (White 1983). Associated
species include Syzygium cardatum and Phoenix reclinata at the margins of shallow
pools and scattered in the bushland.

b) Seasonal waterlogged pools

There are several shallow ponds or pools in Erica bushland, which are waterlogged in
the rainy season and become dry when the season ends. They are surrounded by
scattered trees of Syzygium cordatum, Harungana madagascariensis, stunted Lannea
schweinfurthii, Phoenix guineensis and Erica bushland. They are herbaceous habitats
dominated by Xyris sp. and sedges at Locations 576277, 9453295 and 576371,
9453271.

Table 4.4: Common herbaceous species occurring in seasonally water logged pools in
Ericaceous bushland in Ngezi forest, Pemba

Species name Notes

Xyris anceps Very common, 30-40cm tall
Xyris sp. Small herb restricted distribution
Cyperus tenax Densely tufted perennial
Cyperus erectus Tufted perennial
Cyperus laceoulatus Tufted perennial
Dissotis rotundifolia Prostrate herb
Tristemma mauritianum Shrub forming bush at the marshy edges
Fimbristylis dichotoma Tufted perennial
Fimbristylis longiculmis Tufted perennial
Panicum brevifolium
Phymatodes scolopendria

In pools with permanent standing water, floating aquatic plants include Nymphaea
nouchali, Nymphoides sp. Ultricularia gibba and Cyperus prolifer (rooted in muddy
soil). Xyria anceps is prevalent in slow moving streams in the heathland.

24
4.1.2.10 Mangrove Thickets
The mangrove formations are constituted by trees and shrubs or bushes which tolerate
stress conditions on shores periodically flooded by sea water. The mangrove flora is
the same for the rest of East African coasts. Any community in these habitats
contains species including Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal,
Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia alba, Heritiera littoralis, Xylocarpus granatum and
Xylocarpus mollucensis. Mangrove communities were not sampled, but two sites were
observed. A large mangrove area lies to the north of the reserve (Plate 7). Smaller
populations were seen to the west of the reserve in Tondooni peninsular. The
occurrence of 5 species including Bruguiera, Ceriops, Heritiera, Rhizophora and
Xylocarpus granatum was confirmed during the study. Mangrove ecosystem is very
important as a sanctuary for marine life and biodiversity, source of building materials,
they protect coastal areas from soil erosion and they support salt production (the latter
is however, a destructive practice because it involves clearance of salt production
sites).

4.1.2.11 Fresh water swamp in open land

These are two small swamps at Makangare bwawani. These swamps are surrounded
by abandoned cultivation and forest remnants dominated by Harungana
madagascariensis, Syzgygium cordatum, Vitex doniana and Bridelia micrantha:

Location: 0577345, 9456953 Permanent swamp by abandoned cultivation

Site No. 1, dry Site No. 2

Pools inside moist forest were surrounded by Barringtonia racemosa scattered

Anthocleista grandiflora. There is also the semi-aquatic swamp that dries out in dry
season, while its muddy soils form cracks when drying

Table 4.5: Woody herbs and other herbaceous vegetation occurring in fresh water
swamps in open land surrounding Ngezi forest, Pemba

Species name Notes

Cyperus erectus Perennial with densely set culms
Cyperus prolifer Robust perennial in swamp edges
Desmodium adscendens Spreading herb
Fuirena ochreata Perennial, woody rhizome
Ludwigia abyssinica Perennial herb edge of swamp, scattered
Ludwigia jussiaeoidess Woody herb scattered
Ludwigia stolonifera Herb with prostrate stems, plenty
Melastomastrum segregatum Shrub forming dense bush at edges of
swamps/ pools
Melochia corcholifolia A weed, edge of swamp
Mimosa pudica Straggling herb
Pentodon pentandrus Succulent branched herb, spreading
Scoparia dulcis Woody herb, weed
Stachytaphytta urticifolia A weed edge of swamp
Triestemma mauritianum Shrubby herb forming bush

4.1.2.12 Rice field landscape and other crops fields

25
This vegetation type represents public land, which has been annexed to the Ngezi
Forest Reserve. This area was not botanically assessed, but it is likely to contain a rich
diversity of annual and perennial weeds.

4.1.3 Indicator species and criteria to diagnose ecological condition/integrity

Biological indicator species predict the environmental quality of the community
ecosystem. A forest is sound if it is able to sustain its structure when faced with
regular and incidental natural perturbations. The main criterion for forest integrity is
the occurrence of all species and age classes in a particular proportion of social
organization (Herlocker 1999). The loss of any one species is an indication of poor
forest condition. The change in the relative abundance of various species forms the
basis of community indicators, which can be detected by establishment of long term
monitoring programmes (Spellerberg 1991).

Plants and animal populations exist in community ecosystems under different regimes
of environmental conditions including climate, soil and moisture content. Not only
loss of a particular species that counts for community (forest) integrity, but fluctuating
climatic conditions also affect the ecological conditions which inflict vegetation
change. Indicator species have been used in mineral prospecting or as soil pH
indicators. Heathland community is found on oligotrophic acid soils and the
indicators are low growing, dwarf ericoid shrubs e.g. Erica mafiensis whose
population forms over 90%. It has very low species diversity. This is a unique
habitat, which is very fragile.

Some tree species are declining or disappearing through over-harvesting for timber
and other forest products (medicines, building material, edible fruits). Croton
sylvaticus is over used as medicinal plant. Indigenous timber trees include Milicia
excelsa, Bombax rhodognaphalon, and Afzelia quanzensis. Abandoned logs, cut
stumps and planks on the market, foot-trails to harvested sites are good indicators of
the decline of timber trees. There are also reports that big companies carried tree
harvesting of these species. Between 1957 and 1964 an Indian, V.R. Joshi used Ngezi
Forest to harvest timber; the Zanzibar Government was also involved in timber
harvesting from 1964 to 1966, while the Chinese did the same from 1975-1979.
Although timber harvesting has been suspended there were many indications of illegal
harvesting, these included fresh cut logs and trails to harvesting sites.

The Government replenished the forest by introducing exotic timber trees of

Calophyllum inophyllum, Cordia alliodora, Grevillea robusta, Khaya anthotheca,
Terminalia ivorensis, Maesopsis eminii, Tabebuia triphylla, Tectona grandis and
Cedrella mexicana. Some of these are aggressive invaders on the regeneration of the
indigenous species. The main aggressors are Cedrella mexicana, Maesopsis eminii,
Cordia alliodora and Terminalia ivorensis (H. Selemani pers.comm. 2005).

I. Structural indicators
Natural vegetation is considered stable when it is undisturbed. Where a forest is
disturbed through man-made interactions the likes of fire, land clearance, collection of
fuel wood and medicines, building materials and timber harvesting, the ecological
ecosystem (forest integrity) is also affected (Budowski 1965). Forest structural
indicators, therefore, can define the ecological integrity of the habitat.

26
a) Basal area
The number of counted trees and their basal areas are presented in Table 4.2 It is
demonstrated that the moist forest has the highest number of 59.5m2.ha-1 coming from
the larger dbh size class trees. This is followed by17.2m2.ha-1 from coastal forest on
coral rag. See Figure 4.1 below in which there is a characteristic inverted J shape in
the resulting graph.

70.00
60.00
Tree density/DBH

50.00
40.00 Density

30.00 DBH

20.00
10.00
0.00
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Transect

Figure 4.1: Tree density (trees ha-1) shown against basal area (m2 ha-1) for the six
sampled vegetation transects in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba

b) Tree diameter
The presence of large trees is an indication of mature forest. In Ngezi Forest Reserve
measured trees with a diameter >0.4m were considered as relatively large. For
instance there were 41 trees with dbh over 0.50m in the moist forest, while in the
0.41- 0.50 dbh class ranges there were less trees than in the preceding dbh class range.
Similar results indicate that dbh class range over 0.50 has more trees than dbh class
range 40-50 in the rest of the transects representing different vegetation types. Most
trees in almost all vegetation types were recorded in dbh class range 0.10-020m. The
moist forest contains more trees than other types. For instance, there are 161 trees
compared with 90 trees in the next vegetation types in the order of importance. Smiet
(1989) categorized as big trees if their dbh exceed 5m. This is relevant for the moist
forest, which also contains some timber trees, which need to be, protected e.g. Milicia,
Bombax, Afzelia and the exotic tree species. Figure 4.2 shows the dbh range
distribution in sampled transects which exhibit a more or less inverted J characteristic
shape.

27
 180
160
140

Number of stems
120 0.10 - 0.20
0.21 - 0.30
100
0.31 - 0.40
80
0.41 - 0.50
60 > 0.51
40
20
0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Transect

Figure 4.2: dbh versus number of trees (stems) in each of the six sampled
transects in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba.

160
140
120
100 5 – 10m
Number of tree
spp.
80 11 – 20m
60 21 – 30m
40
31 – 40m
20
0
Transect number

Figure 4.3: Height range (in metres) versus number of trees in six sampled transects in
Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba

c) Tree height
Tree heights were estimated 5-10m class, the rest in 10m classes. The maximum
height in 5-10m class contained the largest number of trees followed by coastal forest
on coral rag. There were no trees in the 31-40 class tree heights. Figure 4.3 above
supports the observation made with a characteristic inverted J shape of the graph.

d) Forest Layers
Young and old secondary forests have a single or double layer, while late successional
stages have a more multi-layered structure (Budowski 1965, Jacobs 1988). In Ngezi
Forest Reserve Quassia indica, Barringtonia racemosa and the Raphia swamp forests
have single layers. Exotic tree forest plantations are successional stages with amore
multi-layered structure.

28
e) Characteristic diameter distributions
The diameter distribution patterns tend to display a reverse J-shaped curve shown by
the undisturbed forest. In Ngezi Forest Reserve the relationship of overall density of
dbh follows the L-shaped curve whereby the lowest dbh class has the highest number
of species.

II. Light indicator species

Light indicator species show reduced ecological integrity. The occurrence of such
indicators is a sign of secondary forest or disturbed habitat (Budowski 1965).

a) Indicator Groups of Pioneer species in the gap formation

These include Trema guineensis, Macaranga capensis, Ageratum conyzyides and
many weedy annuals in seasonally inundated ponds/pools (Table 4.1)

b) Light demanding indicators

These include Olyra latifolia, Aframomum angustifoliam (Ginger group), Costus
tomentosus, the ferns of Stenochlaena tenuifolia, Nephrolepis, biserrata, Phymatodes
scolopendria.
III. Atmospheric moisture indicators
This indicator group refers to families of species indicating high atmosphere
humidity. These indicators in Ngezi Reserve Forest include epiphytic ferns and
orchid family. The orchids include Aerangis hologlotis, A. kirkii, Bulbophyllum sp.;
the fern epiphytes include Asplenium nidus, Vittaria elongata and Microsorium
punctatum. Other direct ecological indicators include associated perturbations.

These are cut stumps of timber trees and building poles, presence of footpaths leading
to areas of destruction (fresh stumps of Milicia and fallen logs of Bombax). Some
species serve as ecological indicators for certain habitat conditions such as Erica
mafiensis, for heathland ecosystem. Acrosticm aureum population is an indicator of
saline condition associated with salt-marsh. Nymphaea nouchali and Nymphoides
kirkii are floating aquatic herbs.

IV. Indicator species

This refers to species which by their presence or absence shows the type of
environmental conditions that prevail. They have been used for instance in mineral
prospecting and soil acidity studies. Biological indicator predicts the environmental
quality of community ecosystems. They have been used for detection of pollution and
specific pollutants.

The presence of every plant and animal (and its condition) is a measure of the
conditions under which it exists. Animal and plant populations occur in communities.
Heathlands are found on oligotropic acidific soils and the indicator heath-land plants
are low- growing, dwarf ericoid shrubs e.g. Erica mafiensis. If moist forest trees,
which abound with epiphytic ferns and orchids are cut down the populations of ferns
and orchids will decline or disappear altogether.

Ferns and orchids usually grow on epiphytic cover on trees, where the height of tree at
1.5m, which is also the standard height for population studies of tree diameter, is used
as the starting point in studies of tree epiphytes. The change in the relative abundance

29
of various species forms the basis of community indicator. Such changes can be
determined by initiating reliable long-term monitoring programs (Spellerberg 1991).

V. Community indicators
Populations of animals and plants occur in communities and different soils support
indicator plant communities. Thus Erica heathland is found on oligotrophic acid soils
and the indicator heathland species are the low-growing, dwarf ericoid shrubs and for
other species of Syzygium cardatum, Venonia sansibarensis, Psydrax and Elaeis spp.
(Spellerberg 1991).

VI. Plant and animal indictors

The presence of every plant and animal (and its condition) is a measure of the
conditions under which it is existing or existed previously.

4.1.4 Evaluation of plant biological resources

Ngezi forest is a storehouse of biodiversity with a few endemic or near endemic
species and other threatened or endangered. Apart from maintaining biological
diversity plant resources at community level, Ngezi forest has been supporting
ecosystems, climate control, ecological processes and wildlife habitats.
Food crop relatives such as rice were not encountered at least from this study.
However, there are many keystone tree species which did not show much regeneration
in the ground layer apart from Chrysalidocarpus pembanus which regenerates
vigorously in the moist forest, coastal dry evergreen forest and coral rag forest. The
endemic species of Ensette proboscoides on the contrary, is very restricted to a small
population in the moist forest. These two species are both of local and global
importance. C. Pembanus is listed in the category of endangered species in the world
IUCN red data book but not for Ensette spp. Other species of both local and global
significance include Erica mafiensis which is confined to the heathland only,
Typhonodorus lindleyanum confined to the swamps (monotypic), and rare species of
Allophylus vestives (confined to the coral rag and coastal evergreen dry forest), as
well as Quassia undulata. Other species including Barringtonia racemosa,
Haplocoelum inophylum, and Sorindeia madagascariensis form clustered population
where they occur, although Haplocoelum occur as scattered individuals. Timber trees
are becoming rare due to unsustainable harvesting, which cause loss of species density
in keystone tree species. Bryce (1965) includes some of these keystone tree species,
which occur in Ngezi Forest Reserve.

Table 4.6: Trees used for commercial timber harvesting and other uses in Ngezi forest,
Pemba (Source: Bryce 1967, Nahonyo et al. 2002, Burgess 2000, Beentje 1994)
Species name Remarks
S/N
1 Antiaris toxicaria For dug-out canoes, weak verniers and plywood
2 Afzelia quanzensis Rare in moist forest but common in coral rag forest
and evergreen coastal forest
3 Bombax The weakest among hardwoods
rhodognaphalon
4 Ceurella mexicana Exotic species
5 Milicia excelsa Best timber tree which is rare due to over-harvesting
6 Dalbergia Absent in moist forest and rare in other forest
melanoxylon communities

30
 7 Entandophragma Reported but not encountered in study plots
sp.
8 Erythrophloeum same relative density as Bombax rhodognaphalon
suaveolens
9 Grevillea robusta Among the exotic species, rare
10 Khaya anthotheca Reported as introduced but not encountered in the
study plots
11 Maesopsis eminii Exotic, vigorous invader and spread fast
12 Mangroves For building poles mainly but may soon be used for
charcoal production
13 Manilkara Timber tree, resistant to water and tear, thus for
sansibarensis dhow-building according to Beentje 1994
14 Quassia undulata Perishable wood
15 Oxystigma sp. Said to occur in Pemba coast near Ngezi and Rau in
Moshi for plywood and canoe
16 Pterocarpus Boundary marker, may be a timber tree
indicus
17 Syzygium Not widely used except for shuttering boxes
guineense
18 Tamarindus indica Charcoal, boat-building, turnery and furniture
19 Vitex doniana Low grade timber, locally for boxes, oats and cheap
furniture

Mushrooms
There are no collections of mushrooms from Pemba Island. The only records of
mushroom collections are from Zanzibar Island (Pergler 1977). The collectors quoted
by Pergler include Berkeley (1974), Wheeler (1955) and Faulkner (1962). Even these
collections do not indicate whether or not came from forests.
Apart from the edible mushrooms like Pleurotus spp. in general they also play an
important role in forest ecology. Where forest tree would not survive without fungi in
conjunction with other soil microorganisms fungi decompose forest tree litter, tree
trunks and fallen logs facilitating the accumulated nutrients to be released and become
available as plant food. These fungi are saprophytes. Fungi are also important
mycorrhizal partners with trees where they are useful for water and mineral uptake; an
association very essential especially in forest areas with poor laterite soils. This is true
where trees are felled and the fungi stays alive; so helping stump roots to draw
mineral food and water from the surroundings. Such partinership is called symbiosis.
The association is quite common in Miombo woodland. Some fungi grow as parasites
on trees. The fungus Armillaria mellea causes disease to forest trees. There are many
others, which cause harm to several parts of plants; some however plays part in the
ripening of fruits. List of mushroom species collected in Ngezi forest is shown in
Table 4.7b below (Plates 11 – 21).

4.1.5 Plant species diversity

Variables used in the ecological evaluation are many. Some of these include the
number of species, species composition and the proportional abundance of species. In
Appendix 1b relative densities and relative frequencies are used to predict the
abundance and rarities of individual species. Many natural exploited species are
being pushed towards the brink of extinction. Many of the endangered species are rare
(though not all the rare species are endangered). Abundance refers to the high

31
intensity within an inhabitated area. In trees in Appendix 1b Chrysalidocarpus
pendanus is very dominant (intensive) and widespread (frequent) with relative density
23.03%, and relative frequency 5.26%. This is followed by Quassia undulata,
Antiaris toxicaria and Pouteria brevipes. Two species Pouteria brevipes and Elaeis
quineensis are most widespread (RF 7.89% each). The two species Pouteria brevipes
and Elaeis quineensis are broad riched (generalists) with wide range in moist forests.
Rare species have a narrow range of relative density and frequency, and also their
local populations are small (low intensity). Some conservationists support the
protection of rare species. However, protection of this nature may lead to
fragmentation of the reserve.

4.1.6 Medicinal Plants

Medicinal plants have been used to cure diseases traditionally because medical
services could not be afforded in rural areas. Collection of medicinal plants is
destructive because it involves, bark stripping of both stems and roots apart from
leaves. This results in the deaths of the intended trees thus disturbing the ecosystem.
Some plant species occurring in Ngezi Forest Reserve have been chemically
investigated and contain biologically active compounds as it is shown in Table 4.7a
and 7b below:

Table 4.7a: Some plant species with medicinal values in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba
(Sources: Chhabra et al. 1987; Nkunya et al. 1990a, 1990b)
Species Active agents/actions Information source
Annona Bark and root bark contain Chhabra et al. (1987
senegalensis deterpenes. Extracts show
antimicrobial and antitumour
actions in vitro
Antiaris toxicaria Small doses of dried latex may be Oliver Bever (1986)
stimulant to heart. Very toxic in
large quantities
Dracaena Show antimicrobial activity Chhabra and Uiso
deremensis (1991)
Lannea Antibacterial activity Chhabra et al. (1987
schweinfurthii
Maytenus Extract show antimicrobial activity Chhabra and Uiso
senegalensis (1991)
Rauvolfia Reserpine and desrpidine root Chhabra et al. (1987)
mombasiana extracts produce hypotension and
counteracts effects of adrenaline
also remedy for malaria (Beentje
1994)
Scadoxus Bulb contains alkaloid lycorine, Chhabra et al. (1987
multiflorus chlidanthine, haemonthidine,
hyppeastrine and haemultine
Schizozygia Contain alkaloids. Roots to treat Beentje (1994)
coffaeoides skin disease
Species Active agents/actions Information source
Uvaria acuminata Uvaricin and desacytluvaricin Chhabra et al. (1987)
shupantitumour and antibacterial
actions

32
 Uvaria lucida Extracts show in vitro activity Nkunya et al. (1990a)
against multidrug resistant strains
of falciparum malaria parastites
Vernonia Contains vernonin, a hypotensive Oliver Bever (1986)
zanzibarensis

Table 4.7b: Records of medicinal plants also available in Ngezi forest used traditionally
as primary source of health care [Sources: FTEA, Beentje (1994) and Nahonyo et al.
(2002)]

Species Disease treatment

Albizia adianthifolia Minor medicine against inflammation and dizziness, roots
for skin diseases.
Roots and stem bark to treat scabies, bronchitis, snake
bites and to keep away evil spirits
Anacardium Roots to prevent abortion
occidentale
Ancylobotrys Roots and leaves to treat minor cases
petersiana
Annona senegalensis Roots used to treat head-ache, stomach-ache, kirambi
(sickle cell) and liver diseases
Antidesma venosum Seeds, leaves, twig to treat liver and abdominal pains,
coughs, chistosomiasis scabies, fits, diarrhea, dysentery
and constipation
Asparagus falcatus Roots to treat venereal diseases
Blighia unijugata Roots to treat epilepsy and hernia
Bridelia micrantha Roots to treat liver, bark to treat dysentery in children
Caesalpinia volkansii Seeds to treat trachoma
Chassalia umbraticola Leaf infusion used to treat fever
Croton sylvaticus Aphrodisiac (root and stem bark), hernia
Dichrostachys cinerea Leaves and roots to treat snake bites, wounds and boils,
stomach ache.
Dichrostrachys cinerea Leaf infusion used to treat fever
Dodonaea viscose To treat impotence (roots)
Euclea racemosa ssp. Roots and stem barks to treat swelling, chest pains,
Schimperi schistosomiasis, purgative laxative and tamagoa
Ficus exasperate Roots used to treat pneumonia
Flagellaria guineensis Fruits used to treat veneral diseases
Funtumia Africana Latex for minor medicinal used for burns, constipation,
incontinence (state of mind being inconvenient)
Macaranga capensis Leaves used to treat allergy
Mangifera indica Leaves to treat stomach-ache, diarrhea
Olyra latifolia Leaf infusion to treat swollen spleen
Pandanus kirkii Roots for aphrodisiac
Paullinia pinnata Root infusion used to treat cough linctus
Pluchea sordida Leaves used to treat dementia (insanity)
Psiadia punctulata Laves used to treat rashes
Rauvolfia mombasiana Roots used to treat stomach-ache and primary stages of

33
 diabetes (5 pcs of twigs per does)
Sorindeia Roots used against malaria, hookworms and hemorrhoids.
madagascariensis Treating breeding of women and women pains while in
monthly periods. Stem bark to treat syphilis sores
Suregada zanzibarensis Leaf infusion used to treat fever
Synaptolepis kirkii Roots are used to treat vomiting and impotence.
Tabernaemontana Milk sap from fruits and stems to heal wounds
ventricosa
Tamarindus indica Seeds laxative
Terminalia catappa Bark and roots to treat catarrh (inflammation of the
mucous membrane), diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases and
asthma
Uvaria spp. (several of Leaves and roots used to epilepsy, malaria treatments and
them) lunacy (insanity, madness)

4.1.7 Conservation values of the forest

Ngezi forest reserve is categorized among the top high priority sites of the East
African Coastal sites. Important priority sites are those with high levels of
biodiversity, by using species richness and degree of endemism together with the
actions, which cause primary threats to the long-term survival of these sites.

The approach for listing Ngezi Forest Reserve as amongst high priority sites include
over four plant species and five animal species (IUCN 2000). The coastal forest on
Mafia and Pemba Islands both of which receive almost 2000mm of average annual
rainfall contain fewer endemic plant species compared to their counterparts on the
mainland Tanzania.

Ngezi is the only largest remaining forest in Pemba having some of the vegetation
formations that are important locally and globally. The moist forest has assembled
species population not found elsewhere on the East African Coastal Forests. Antiaris
toxicaria is considered rare globally; however it is quite common in Ngezi associated
with Quassia undulata and Bombax rhodognaphalon, species which are otherwise
restricted to East African lowland coastal forests. The moist forests also contain
montane species of Cassipourea, Erica and Drypetes. Besides, the reserve is also a
globally unique habitat for Quassia indica with formidable populations in the swamp
forest and the Madagascan link of Chrysalidocarpus and the monotypic swamp
species of Typhonodorum lindleyanum.

The Erica heath-land is a very unique habitat confined to Ngezi and Mafia Islands. It
is one of the most vulnerable habitats to fire hazards; hence its conservation should be
of global significance. Other habitats are economically important as sources of forest
products, which includes timber, fruits and building materials (as evidenced in coastal
dry evergreen forest), whereas the mangrove formations are essential as source of
various building materials and for providing sanctuary marine life.

The primary cause of the loss of diversity is the habitat perturbation that results from
the increase of human populations and human interactions with ecological ecosystem.
Plant species have provided local populations in the vicinity of the reserve and town
residents a variety of forest products, the most important reason for preserving

34
diversity is the role that micro-organisms, plants and animals play in providing free
ecosystem services (Holdren & Ehrlich 1974).

The loss of genetically distinct population within a species affects the entire species. It
becomes difficult to recognize that the species has reached a danger mark needing
instant steps to save it. Some of the rare and endemic species have not even been
listed in world IUCN Red list such as Ensette and Erica mafiensis. Constant annual
fire wipes out the Erica heathland e.g. the 1988 incident. The real impacts on
biodiversity of the habitat have not been monitored. The impact is not only on plant
diversity but also for the wildlife at large. There are other factors such as runaway
human population growth, acid rains (rain polluted by oxides of nitrogen and sulphur
produced by oil combustion from motor vehicles going through reserve) and climatic
changes induced by human beings in areas close to the reserve in considering forest
reserve.

These arguments explain the basic causes and consequences of habitat destruction and
alterations and give reason for great concern about their future including their
protection. Conservation of the forest is important to protect the numerous genetically
diverse populations to ensure the persistence of a species against any environmental
changes that occur naturally. The existence of many plant populations spreads the risk
so that unfavorable conditions in one or a few habitats do not threaten the entire
species, like what normally happens to unique habitats like Erica bushland against fire
or to what would happen if any catastrophe ever befall on Typhonodorus lindleyanum
(a monotypic taxon) in its limited distributions of its occurrences in swamp forests.

Pemba Island is presumed to have been deforested where some areas were affected
harder than others. Many plant species have been lost even before being described.
This may have been affected by rapid growth among communities of small-scale
cultivators mainly through immigration labour force to work in the clove plantation.
The tree species Syzygium aromaticum (Syns. Eugenia aromatica/Caryophyllus
aromaticus) was introduced to Zanzibar and Pemba in 1818 and rapidly became a
major crop for export.

Its cultivation involved clearing of large forest areas. Many plant species and even
animal species may have been lost in the process before even being known to science.
Up to 1840’s most of Pemba was covered with forest. Forest clearance for clove
plantation and other food crops (plantations and rice) took place in the last 150 years.
It is estimated that over 95% of forestland was destroyed. Today Ngezi is the only
large forest area remaining in Pemba. Other small forest areas are Ras Kiuyu and
Msitu Mkuu forests (all < 20ha). Ngezi Forest Reserve is thus part of the historical
and cultural inheritance of the people of Pemba apart from its other biological values.

4.1.8 Conservation Status of the forest

Ngezi Forest Reserve possesses a large number of near endemic species and a few
strictly endemic and rare species. Pemba island, located 050 20’S, 390 45’E has own
endemic/near endemic species different from the other offshore islands of Zanzibar
and Mafia. It is supposed to possess the highest levels of endemism species
(especially in wildlife species). There are four (4) endemic species which include
Chrysalidocarpus pembanus, Erica mafiensis (sharing with Mafia Island), Ensete
proboscoideum, Allophylus vestivus (near endemic), and Ananas comosus var. Ngezi

35
forest reserve also ranks higher in terms of species – richness compared with its
closely located Jozani Forest Reserve. According to the present study, Ngezi Forest
Reserve possesses total number of 355 plant species compared with at least 291
vascular plant species of Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park, Zanzibar. Rare species
include Quassia undulate (moist forest), Erica mafiensis (in heath bushland only),
Allophylus vestivus, Eugenia capensis, ssp. multiflora [=Eugenia sp.nov, Rodgers
(1986), Beentje (1990)], much more widespread than previous reports.
Typhonodorum lindleyamum confined to limited swamps (Plate 3a and 3b).

Aleast 60 new species of vascular plants were recorded during this survey. The new
list adds to the checklist of flora of Pemba documented from previous surveys.
Undescribed species include Cyphostemma sp.nov., Uvaria sp.nov., and Tarenna
sp.nov. These may later turn out to be new endemic species. Table 4.8a below
illustrates new vascular plant species identified in Ngezi forest during a survey in
January 2005.

Table 4.8a: List of new records of plant species from Ngezi forest, Pemba
Acanthaceae
Hygrophylla auriculata

Adiantaceae
Pellaea leucomelas. Hook.
Aloaceae
Aloe massawana. Reynolds.

Annonaceae
Annona senegalensis. Pers.ssp.senegalensis
Sphaerocoryne gracilis. Verdc.
Uvaria acuminata. Oliv
Uvaria lucida Benth.ssp.? lucida.

Apocynaceae
Voacanga africana. Stapf; raised sandy beaches.

Asclepiadaceae
Taccazea apiculata. Oliv. Climber in coral rag

Bignoniaceae
Adansonia digitata.L. isolated trees on coral rock coastal forest.

Celastraceae
Loesenerielia africana. (Willd.) N.Halle ssp. Richardiana (Cambess.)N.Halle
Salacia leptoclada. Tul

Combretaceae
Combretum sp. Vent ssp. paniculatum.

Compositae
Ageratum conyzoides
Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke

36
Connaraceae
Agelaea setulosa

Cyperaceae
Cyperus dermatatus.
Cyperus erectus.(Schum.) Mattf. & Kuk.
Cyperus polystachyus. Rottb.var.laxiflorus (Benth.) K.Lye.
Fimbristylis dicotoma. (L.) Vald.
Fuirena ciliaris. (L.) Rottb.
Fuirena ochreata. Kunth.
Ebenaceae
Euclea racemosa ssp.schimperi

Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha neptunica.Mnell.Arg
Antidesma membranaceum. Mnell.Arg.

Flacourtiaceae
Xylotheca tettensis.

Gramineae
Panicum brevifolium L.
Sacciolepis curvata

Hymenophyllaceae
Microgonium erosum (Willd.) Copel. Records from literature.

Leguminosae – Papilionaceae
Eriosema parviflorum. E.Mey.
Indigofera trita.
Sophora tomentosa. L.ssp.tomentosa
Teramnus labialis (Linn.F.) Spreng

Liliaceae
Chlorophytum sp.

Loganiaceae
Strychnos panganensis. L.F

Malvaceae
Hibiscus surattensis. L.
Melochia corcholifolia. L.

Onagraceae
Ludwigia abyssinica. A.Rich.
Ludwigia jussiodes.
Ludwigia stolonifera. (Gnill. & Perr.) Raven

37
Orchidaceae
Calanthe sylvatica (Thon. & Lindley).

Palmae
Calamus deerratus. G.Mann& H.Wendl.

Polypodiaceae
Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel; New for Ngezi & (P&Z)
Ophioglossaceae
Ophioglossum reticulatum L.

Pteridaceae
Cyclosorus interuptus (Willd.) H.Ito
Cyclosorus tottus (Thunb.) Pichi.serm. (840m too high for P&Z)
Dicranopteris linearis. Altitude too high in FTEA
Elaphoglossum lastii (Bak.) C.Chr; epiphytic
Pteris acanthoneura. Alston.
Pteris atrovirens (Willd.)

Rubiaceae
Pentadon pentandrus ( Schumach. & Thonn.). Vatke
Psychotria amboniana.
Psychotria riparia. (K.Schum.& K.Krause) Petit.
Spermacoce confusa. Gillis.
Trianolepis africana. Hook.F

Rutaceae
Toddalia sp.

Sapindaceae
Dodonaea viscosa. Jacq.

Schizaeaceae
Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br.
.
Tiliaceae
Grewia plasiocarpa.

Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum glabrum. E.Mey.
Clerodendrum hildebrandtii. Vatke.
Stachytaphytta urticifolia. Sims.

Vitaceae
Ampelocissus Africana
Cissus phymatocarpa.
Cissus rotundifolia.
Cyphostemma duparquetii (Planch.) Desc.

38
Table 4.8b: List of new records of non vascular (mushroom) plant species from
Ngezi forest, Pemba
Microporus xanthopus (Fr.) Kuntze
Phellinus sp.
Ganoderma sp.1
Ganoderma sp.2
Pleurotosus sajur – carju
Trametes cf. gibbosa
Trametes vesicolor
Microporus sp.1
Trametes elegans
Microporus sp.2
Laetiporus sulphorus (chicken of the woods)
Funalia polyzona
Schizophyllum commune
Xylaria sp.

4.1.9 Endemic, endangered and introduced plant species

Endemic species
Ngezi Forest reserve contains few strict endemic species or narrow range endemics,
which include the following:
• Connarus sp.nov.
• Chrysolidicarpus pembanus.
• Ensette proboscidium.
• Ananas comosus var. (wild variety of Ananas).
• Erica mafiensis (found also in Mafia Islands).
• Vangueria sp. nov.vel.gem.aff. (Burgess et al. 2000).
• Uvaria sp.nov. (Not in Beentje 1990)

These are known as narrow endemics confined to a small area such as Ngezi Forest
Reserve only. This low rate of floristic endemism somehow contrasts with the early
theory that Island floras should usually be rich in endemic genera and taxonomically
isolated groups (Burgess et al. 2000).

The intensive anthropic perturbations about 2000 years ago are postulated to have
reduced island species to small populations. These small populations were vulnerable
to become extinct due to effects of genetic unviability, catastrophic events and the
limited immigration rates from the mainland into the islands.

However, Ngezi Forest Reserve shares many near endemic species with other Indian
Ocean Coastal Forests and the Eastern Arc Forests. These are also known as broad
endemics being distributed to a larger Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Centre of
endemism. These endemics include those listed in Table 4.9 below. The Island species
supports the theory that Pemba Island was linked to mainland Tanzania which
separated from it about 10 million years ago.

39
Table 4.9: Endemic species of the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional centre of endemism
including Lowland and Eastern Arc Forests occurring in Ngezi forest and surroundings
in Pemba.
Key: Som. = Somalia, K= Kenya, Z = Zanzibar, P = Pemba, Maf = Mafia, Moz =
Mozambique, MN = Mozambique Niassa, Mal = Malawi, K1-7 = distributions across
Kenyan regions. T3 = Tanga, T6 = Coastal Tanzania including Mafia, T8 = Lindi and
Mtwara regions.

Family Species name Distribution Notes

ALOACEAE Aloe massawana K7;T3,6;Z,P&Mg Herb
ANNONACEAE Sphaerocoryne K7;T3,6&8,P,Mg S/L
gracile S.sam;K7;T3,6,8;P Liana
Uvaria acuminata ,Z
APOCYNACEAE Rauvolfia K7; T3, 6;Z,P;MZ Shrub or
mombasiana K7; T3, 6;Z, P small tree
Strophanthus
zimmermannii
ARACEAE Culcasia orientalis K7;T3,6,8;Z,P Climber
Zamioculcas K1,7;T3,6,Z,P,Mo Shrub
zamiifolia z, -
Mal
ARARIACEAE Cussonia K7;T3,6,8;P, Maf Tree
zimmermannii
ASCLEPIADACEAE Secamone retusa K7;T3,6;Z,P;Mn, Climber
Tylophora stenoloba Mz Climber
K7;T3,8;Z,P;Mn
BOMBACACEAE Bombax K7;T3,6,8;P;Mn, Timber tree
rhodognaphalon Mz,m-ms

BORAGINACEAE Ehretia bakeri K7;T2,3,6,8;P Shrub or

tree
COMPOSITAE Pluchea sordida K4,7;T2,3,6,8;Z,P Shrub
Vernonia K7;T3,6,8;P Shrub
sanzibarensis
Family Species name Distribution Notes
COMMELINACEAE Aneilema clarkei K7,T6;P Herb
Murdonia axillaries K7;P Herb
CONNARACEAE Cnestis confertiflora T6;P Liana /
Shrub
CYPERACEAE Cyperus K7,T3,6;Z,P Herb
hildebrandtii
DILLENIACEAE Tetracera litoralis K7;T6;P Shrub /
Liana
MALVACEAE Gossypioides kirkii S.Som;K7;T3,6,7, Shrub
8;P;-Mn,Mz
MENISPERMATAC Tinospora K7;T3,6;Z,P Liana
EAE oblongifolia

40
 MORACEAE Dorstenia tayloriana K7;T3,6,8;P

MYRTACEAE Eugenia P,Z Shrub

sp.nov.(Vaughan
1676) = Eugenia
capensis
ssp.multiflora
OCHNACEAE Ochna thomasiana K7;T3,6;P Shrub

PANDANACEAE Pandanus kirkii K7;T3,6;Z,P

RUBIACEAE Chassalia K7;T3,6,8;Z,P,MN Shrub

umbraticola Som;K1,7;T3,6,8; New tree
Lampothramnus P for Pemba
zanguebaricus Shrub
K7;T3,6;P Shrub
Lagynias pallidiflora K7;T3,6,8;P Shrub
Psychotria holtzii K7;T3,6,8;P,MN Shrub
Psydrax kaessneri K7;T3,6;P
Psydrax recurvifolia
SAPOTACEAE Inhambanella K7;T3,6;P,Mz,Mal Tree
henriquesii K7;T3,6,8;Z,P Tree
Manilkara K1,4,7;T3,6;Z,P Tree
sansibarensis
Manilkara sulcata
SIMAROUBACEAE Quassia undulata K7;T3;P Timber tree

THYMELIACEAE Synaptolepis kirkii K7;T3,6,8;Z,P,Mo Shrub /

z Liana

TILIACEAE Grewia stuhlmannii K7;T3,6,8,P

VERBENACEAE Premna K4,7,T3,6,8;P Shrub

hildebrandtii
VITACEAE Cissus K4,7,T3,6,8;Z,P Climber
phymatocarpa K7,P Climber
Cissus K7;T3,6,8,P Climber
quinquiangularis K7;T3,6,Z,P Climber
Cissus sciaphylla
Cyphostemma
duparquetii
ZINGIBARACEAE Costus sarmentosus K7;T3,6,Z,P Herb
PTERIDOPHYTES Stenochlaena Z,P,Moz Climber
tenuifolia

Threatened plant species

Having carried out field data and analyzing them it is possible to identify threatened
species, and determine their IUCN categories. Major pressures and threats have also
been identified. Tree forest species are outstanding economically at the source of
many products essential to society (timber, fuel, medicines, food). Therefore, they are

41
prone to decimation from harvesting. Second, they are prominent environmentally, as
they are the keystone forest species forming tree canopy and helping to stabilize the
environment by fixing CO2, preventing soil erosion and sustaining the water reservoir
in the ecosystem. The trees are dominant ecologically as they determine a wealth of
interactions. Conservation in situ is the primary method to sustain target species from
decline and safeguard their genetic resources (Frankel et al. 1995).

Table 4.10: Threatened plant species of Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba

Species name Pressures and Conservation values Conservation
threats measures
Afzelia quanzensis Exploited for timber, Not in IUCN; but in Forest Experimental plots
fuel wood. Timber Ordinance, threatened for plantation
status insufficiently
exports trade by identified
(Annon.1902,
Arabs since 1900. Wood 1966)
(Moomaw 1960)
considers it as
premium timber for
high class.
Aloe masawana Forest disturbance All Aloe spp. in Ex situ protection
and collected for Appendix II (other 5 in government
medicine and Aloes from S. Africa garden. Restrict
gardens in Appendix I) collection
Antiaris toxicaria Lesser timber value Key species in moist Restrict cutting for
for construction, forest protects timber
plywood, flooring, epiphytes like Vittaria
crates elongate, Pemba
flying fox roosting
trees and bird nest
Manilkara Timber resistant to Not included in the In situ
sansibarensis wear and tear. Red list conservation.
Heavily exploited,
durable in water,
dhow building
Dalbergia Special wood for Not included in IUCN, Control its being
melanoxylon carvings but being discussed as harvested from
a threatened species; forest reserve.
but in Red List Does well in
Summary Report plantation
2000, LR/nt
Acampe sp. Harvest for garden All Acampe spp. in Protect tree
(Orchidaceae) plants. Threatened Appendix II harvests
category
Aerangis hologlatis Threatened category Appendix II Control harvests
Bulbophyllum sp. Threatened category All spp. in App. II Restrict harvesting
Calanthe volkensii Threatened category All spp. in App. II Restrict harvesting
Disperis johnstonii Threatened category All spp. in App. II Restrict harvesting
Eulophia sp. Threatened category All spp. in App. II Restrict harvesting
Nervilea umbrosa Threatened category All spp. in App. II Restrict harvesting

42
 Vanilla roscheri Threatened category All spp. in App. II Restrict harvesting
Vanilla zanzibarica Threatened category All spp. in App. II Restrict harvesting
Milicia Excelsa Being over Covered by Forest Stop issue of
harvested for ordinance 1995; Cover licences, Monitor
premium timber under Red list regeneration
Summary Report 2000
as LR/nt
Chrysalidocarpus Endemic and Not listed in IUCN but Well distributed in
pembanus vulnerable species very important to list it moist and dry
in App. I/II coastal forests
Vittaria elongata Vulnerable only to Not in IUCN Protect keystone
moist forest categories trees
Erica mafiensis Destruction of Endemic and restricted Stop man-made
heathland by fire to two sites only in fire by restricting
especially caused by Ngezi Forest Reserve. entry and
hunters in dry season The heathland here is collection of
very unique fuelwood, poles
Typhonodorum Rare habitats, Species in the genus, Conserve the
lindleyanum restricted to few rare swamps, amenity
swamps
Psilotus nudum Rare species Should be included in Identify all sites
IUCN category where it grows
Xylotheca tettensis Rare Red list, Summary Identify all uses of
Report 2000 Vu BH the species
2c

Introduced plant species

In the mixed moist forest the exotic species, apart from playing the role of beating up
the gaps created by overharvested timber trees, they are usually useful timber trees in
their countries of origin. These exotic species, with their countries of origin in
brackets include Calopyllum inophyllum (Borneo mahogany), Cordia alliodora
(Mexico), Casuarina equisetifolia best firewood in the world (Indomalasia, also
pioneer seashore tree, Artocarpus altilis (Pacific Islands, cultivated tropical fruit tree
less often for timber) Artocarpus heterophyllus (native of tropical ASIA excellent
timber tree for furniture besides producing huge edible fruit), Cedrella odorata
(Mexico, West Indies to North Argentina) highly regarded for joinery of all kinds
(formerly most favoured for cigar boxes), Maesopsis eminii (Tropical Africa probably
Uganda) it is becoming a noxious weed; Tabebuia rosea (Mexico to venezuela),
Terminalia arjuna (India).
Other exotic species include Terminalia catappa (India, Barbados and Malay
Pensinsular), Terminalia ivorensis (West Africa), Mangifera indica (Indomalaysia,
also cultivated for fruit), Eucalyptus ssp. including Eucalyptus camaldulensis
(Australia). Some of these exotic trees were intoduced to Ngezi forest incidentally by
humans or monkeys and wild pigs especially fruit trees of Art acarpus spp. Mangifera
indica, Cocos nucifera (naturalized in East Africa and Terminalia catappa. Some
lowland native forest species of Khaya anthotheca and Entandrophragma are useful
enrichment plantation trees such as in Cameroun. These two species have been tried
in Ngezi forest reserve. Tectona Grandis is a native to Burma, India, and Indonesia to
the Phillipines. It is a highly priced plantation tree in Tanzania popularly known as
teak. It is widely used for quality timber.

43
Some species have beeen introduced to Ngezi as a conservation measure. Such
species which are endemic in their countries of origin were translocated to new
suitable sites which act as refugia in case of holocausts in their natural habitats. Ngezi
forest reserve in Pemba Island is a useful isolated refugium site for such rare species
facing extinction in their native countries. This principle is recommended in the
‘’Plant Conservation in protected Natural Areas’’ (Given 1994). These species include
Typhonodorum lindleyanum (Madagascar, Mascarene and now in most lawland
coastal East African forests), Calamus sp. and Quassia indica (India). Another species
also introduced to Ngezi is Quassia indica, which is endemic to India. Both species
occur in very fragile swamp habitats that can easily be destroyed and hence make the
species become extinct.

4.2 Fauna
4.2.1 Mammal occurrence and distribution
Only a few of the large mammal species reported to be present in Ngezi were
encountered during the survey either through direct observation or signs (Table 4.11).
Mammals tended to occur in all forest areas though habitat types and human
interference influenced the distribution. Various species of mammals were recognised
within Ngezi forest and the surroundings (Appendix 3). The most abundant group of
mammals at Ngezi forest are bats and the Black Rat (Rattus rattus) and Tree Hyrax
(Dendrohyrax validus) that were estimated by call sites. Other large mammals sighted
physically during the survey included the Zanzibar Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii),
Pemba Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops nesiotes). Basically Pemba Green
monkeys was the most commonly sighted animal and almost in all habitat types. It
was also the only animal which featured most from foot count transects records. Most
other species were recorded from signs such as galagos, genets, civets and owls. The
team was lucky to get a specimen of the Greater galago at Konde village from
children who were playing with it and took photographs and measurements. The
distribution of most species was widespread within the forest and their occurrence
outside the forest reserve was not common except for few such as monkeys who are
also common in farmland areas. The distribution of most species is possibly shrinking
due to hunting, farming, settlements and human disturbances. Below is a synopsis of
some key animal species of Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves.

Table 4.11: Animals and animal signs observed during foot count in Ngezi – Vumawimbi
forest reserves, Pemba (January 2005)
SN Species Observation Sightings Transect/Frequency
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1 Vervet monkeys Animals 1 18
Animals 1 12
Animals 1 1
Animals 1 2
Animals 1 3
Sign Food remains 1
Sign Droppings and 1
food remains
Sign Ground mark 1
Signs Urine 2
Animals 1 9

Sign Droppings 1

44
 Animals 1 4
Sign Footmarks 4
Sign Droppings 1
Sign Skull 1
Sign Droppings and 1
urine

2 Bushbaby Animals 1 1
Sign Food remains 1
Animals 1 1

3 Marsh mongoose Signs Remains of 2

feed (snails)
Signs Foot print 1

4 Tree hyrax Signs Pellets and 1

urine
Signs Pellets and 1
smell
Signs Sound 1
Signs Urine and smell 1
Signs Smell 1

5 Ngawa Signs footprint 2 1

Animal 1 1

6 Bushpig Signs Dung and 1

feeding signs

7 Bats Signs Smell 1

8 Rattus rattus Animals 1 1 1 1

9 Domestic dog Signs Footprints 1

As seen from Table 4.11 above only few animals were recorded along the transects
during the foot count. Out of the 9 animal species recorded only 4 were seen live
including vervet monkeys, bushbaby, civet cat, and Black rat whereas the rest were
recorded from animal signs only. Again like the resulsin Jozani National park the
amount of data collected did not suffice to perform any meaningful calculations for
animal density except for vervet monkeys which featured in almost all transects. At
mean strip width of 27.7 m (pooled for all 6 transects) the vervet monkey density was
estimated at 121 animals per km2 a relatively high density not found in many places.
Vervet monkeys also registered a high index of relative density at 0.9 signs per km
covered during the foot count. Other animals with index of relative density in
parenthenses were bushbaby (0.07 signs km), marsh mongoose (0.21 signs km), tree
hyrax (0.34 signs km), ngawa (0.21 signs km), bushpig (0.07 signs km) bats (0.07
signs km), Black rats (0.21 signs km) and domestic dog 0.07 signs km). However,
despite animals like Black rat showed very low occurrence from foot count transects
they are one of the most abundant animals in the forest. The small number was due to
hiding and freezing habit when they sense disturbance.

45
 35
30
30

25
Number of animals

20

15
9
10
4
5 3 3
0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Transect number

Figure 4.4: Number of vervet monkeys observed on 6 foot count transects sampled in
Ngezi – Vumawimbi forest reserves, Pemba (January 2005).

Zanzibar Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirkii) (Kima punju)

Seven individuals were introduced in Ngezi from Jozani in 1979 to establish a herd.
The numbers incresed and curenlty their numbers are estimated to be over 35
individuals. It is not clear of their exact number, as it is very difficult to sight them.
The colobus are currently confined to the east of the forest in Kisiwani area because to
the west of the forest the colobus were being hunted and there is heavy human
disturbance. No colobus was seen during the foot count but three individuals were
seen on a separate visit to Kisiwani area. There have been no reports of negative
impact arising from the introduction of the colobus in Ngezi or rather it is not
apparent at least at the moment. The forest habitat in Ngezi is very ideal for the
colobus and there is a big potential for the species to increase in numbers.

The Zanzibar red colobus is a species endemic to Zanzibar. It is listed as endangered

in the IUCN threatened species categories and appears in Appendix I of CITES. It was
investigated by Sir John Kirk, the Governor General of Zanzibar in 1868 and named
after him. Other members of the red colobus group are widespread. The Zanzibar red
colobus weighs 7 - 13 kgs. and exhibits diverse dietary habits, sometimes reported as
crop pest. Its preferred habitat includes the ground water, coral rag, and deep soil and
mangrove forests. Occurrence in cultivated and areas under fallow is reported to be
due to loss of preferred habitat. The Zanzibar red colobus is the flagship species of
Zanzibar's terrestrial conservation effort and a major tourist attraction. The
conservation effort of the colobus started over 134 years ago because in 1868 Sir John
Kirk described the colobus as "rare" in Zanzibar. Official role of the colobus
protection began in 1919 and continued during the Sultan of Zanzibar regime. Since
1995 local community support has been sought in the conservation of the colobus.

African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis)

46
For the first time this animal has been reported to occur in Ngezi (Pemba). It is a
widely distributed species in African permanent fresh water bodies, which include
lakes, rivers and streams where its food (mainly cabs and catfish) is abundant. This
species is most active at night and so making its observation difficult for many people.
A single animal was recorded at Makangale swamp where dung deposits were also
evident. The observation becomes the first record of the species on Pemba Island.
This species is widely distributed in Africa and is placed under CITES Appendix II.
The population of African Clawless Otter and its conservation status in Pemba need to
be checked.

Pemba Blue Duiker (Cephalophus monticola pembae) (Paa wa Pemba)

This is a rare, threatened and an endemic sub species to Pemba. Once abundant in the
forest their numbers have been severely reduced by hunting and possibly habitat loss.
Sightings of the same are now very rare and none was seen during the whole survey.
Their population size remains unclear but most probably very low. Blue duikers are
diurnal forest antelopes. Males are usually smaller weighing on the average 4.6 kg.
than females who weigh on the average 5.4 kg. Blue duikers feed primarily on fruits,
foliage and fungi although ocassionally they have been observed to feed on small
mammals, reptiles, birds and insects.

Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) (Nguruwe mwitu)

This was a European species introduced to Pemba in the 16th century by the
Portuguese who occupied the island by then. They became feral, numerous and very
destructive to crops. Of recent their numbers have dwindled severely due to heavy
hunting and habitat loss. This has probably made the animals to become more
secretive occupying deep forest areas. None was seen during the survey. Only few
sightings are reported by the local people.

Pemba Green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops nesiotes)

Although the taxonomy of this subspecies in relation to its siblings in Zanzibar, Mafia
and mainland Tanzania is complex, it is generally agreed that this is subspecies and is
endemic to Pemba (Pakenham 1984). The Pemba vervet is found in a variety of
habitats in Pemba Island especially places with large trees and farms. These vervets
are known to be more destructive to crops than Cercopithecus mitis. Although present
in Ngezi forest, they are mostly found in peripheral areas of the forest in areas
bordering farmland. However, the vervets are also fairly common in the forest and
were encountered in almost all 6 foot count transects. They were the most common,
widespread and relatively most abundant animal species in the area. Sightings ranged
from 1 individual to over 20 individuals in one place. Animals seen alone or in small
numbers were basically due to inability of the observer to see other members of the
herd. The distribution and abundance of vervets in Ngezi suggests that this is one of
the most successful species in the area.

Prosimians (galagos)
Greater Galago (Otolemur garnettii garnettii)
This is a threatened species according to the IUCN redlist. They prefer diet of
mangoes, pawpaws and similar fruits. The Garnett's galago occurs in coastal forests of
Eastern Africa including Pemba and Zanzibar and it is very common in both islands.
It is confined to coastal forests and thickets and the Eastern Arc Mountains. During
the survey in Ngezi forest, Greater galagos were mostly heard from vocalisation both

47
in the forest and inhabitated areas. A specimen was obtained from children in Konde
village. Vocalisations suggested that galagos are fairly common in the area.

Galagos are found only in Africa south of the Sahara but are absent at the Cape.
Morphologically similar species can be identified by vocalisation. Galagos occupy a
range of habitats from forest, thickets, wooded savannah, deciduous woodland to tree-
crop plantations depending on the species. Habitat loss and possibly hunting are
probably the greatest potential threats to galagos.

Javan or Rasse Civet (Viverricula indica rasse) (Ngawa)

This is an exotic species introduced to Pemba and Zanzibar at an early date but it is
not exactly known when. It belongs to India-Indochina-Malaya region and was
brought to Pemba by the Javanese sailors. The secretions from the civet, which are
used in perfume industry, is believed to to be the main reason Javan sailors introduced
the species in every place they went. The civet secretions are also known to be a
remedy to swellings. The species has become relatively successful and ha established
itself on the island. It is widely distributed occupying a variety of habitats, and their
sightings are fairly common. In Pemba there is no indigenous African civet hence the
introduced civet flourished unchallenged. In Zanzibar since its introduction the civet
has coexisted with the African civet Viverra civetta. No negative impacts have been
established in Zanzibar between the Javan civet and its counterpart the African civet
with which they share habitats.

Small mammals
There is a significant gap in the knowledge of taxonomy and distribution of smaller
mammals, especially forest species and those, which are nocturnal or difficult to
detect such as bats, rodents and shrews. On the other hand shrews, bats, galagos,
rodents, antelopes and elephant shrews are mammal groups showing the highest levels
of endemism in coastal forests. Most small mammals observed were caught in traps
and some were seen during night drives. Few animals were sighted opportunistically.
Rodents particulalrly Black rat Rattus rattus was very common in all forest habitats. It
is the most abundant small mammal in Ngezi. Only few shrews were observed
through capture in pitfall traps. Shrews are probably not common in the area. Marsh
mongooses are present and at least one sighting and a number of signs were observed.
There was one sighting of slender mongoose. Lack of capture of most small
mamamals and few sightings during survey suggest that most of them are locally rare.

Shrews
Shrews of East Africa are not well known, their distribution is restricted and do not
commonly occur in all habitats. Generic and species diversity in coastal forests is
lower than in the Eastern Arc Mountain forests (Burgess and Clarke, 2000). Although
Zanzibar shrew species richness is comparatively high in relation to most coastal
forests on the mainland the situation is different in Pemba. Only 3 specimens were
obtained during the survey with over 462-trap effort. On the other hand Zanzibar has
2 genera and 4 species of shrews including the African Giant Shrew (Crocidura
olivieri), Zanzibar Pygmy Shrew (Crocidura fuscomurina), larger Savanna Shrew
(Crocidura viaria) and the Indian Musk Shrew (Suncus murinus). The Zanzibar
Pygmy Shrew is the most common and widespread species in Africa (Burgess and
Clarke, 2000).

48
Rodents (Muridae)
At least three types of rats occur in Pemba all of them introduced species. These
include White - bellied house mouse (Mus musculus gentilis), Brown or Common rat
(Rattus norvegicus) and Black or House rat (Rattus rattus) (Moreau and Pakenham,
1941; Pakenham, 1984). Archeological evidence and past records and studies do not
indicate presence of other rat species in Pemba. Of the three species Rattus rattus is
the most common and abundant rodent in Ngezi forest. It is found in all habitats and
featured more than any other trapped species. There was no sighting or report on the
other two species.

Our sampling yielded only a single species of rodent, Rattus rattus, the Black Rat.
This species is known world wide as a pest of human dwellings, as a destroyer of
fresh and stored food and food products. Rodents and their relationships with people
are increasingly receiving more attention than has been the case in the past (Singleton
et al., 2003). They are important as reservoirs of several diseases, including plague.

On Pemba, however, Rattus rattus is known not only as a pest of dwellings, but it was
in addition trapped in all habitats sampled, including relatively dense forest, in Ngezi
forest reserve. In most forest reserves on the mainland, even in those surrounded by
villages and cultivation, R. rattus is only found at the edge of forest near human
settlements and other native rodent species are known to occur inside forest. In
coastal forests as well as those of the Eastern Arc, usually several species of rodents
are present (Msuya et al. 2004, Burgess et al. 2000, Stanley et al. 1998). Even on
Zanzibar the nearest island to Pemba, at least five species of native rodents are present
(Nahonyo et al. 2002).

On some islands in the Western Indian Ocean region, more extensive studies have
been conducted on the Black Rat in relation to its control, effects on human health,
and on the native endemic species of rodents on those islands. Such is the case on
Madagascar, which also has an endemic rodent fauna (Duplantier & Rakotondravony
1999) and the granitic islands of the Seychelles, which like Pemba, appear to have no
native rodents, but do have both Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus; the only other
terrestrial mammals found there are bats (Hill et al. 2003).

Rattus rattus as pest

When reviewing the literature, what is surprising is that there appears to have been
little attention paid to the ecological role of Rattus rattus on Pemba. This species is
recognized as a major pest of man and his crops, but we found no published
references to its abundance, breeding or effects on agriculture and humans on Pemba.
There are numerous studies conducted in many countries on the negative effects of the
Black Rat (as well as other Rattus species) on oil palm plantations and this species is
also known to be a pest of coconuts on Mafia and SongoSongo Islands (K. M.
Howell, pers. observ.; C. A. Msuya, pers. observ. 2005). In addition, studies have
indicated the negative effects of the introduced Black Rat on native fauna, including
birds (Hill et al. 2003).
Rattus rattus as vector of diseases
The Black Rat is widely recognized not only as involved in the transmission of plague
(through the plague bacillus, Yersinia pestis) but also potentially in the transmission
of murine typhus, relapsing fever, leishmaniasis, leptospirosis and many undescribed

49
viruses. Recent work has pointed to the role of Rattus rattus on islands as important in
the transmission of Fasciola hepatica, a fluke (flatworm) important in the human
disease fascioliasis. Valero et al. (1998) studied experimentally infected Rattus rattus
on Corsica in Italy, and suggested that Rattus rattus found in the wild may act as a
reservoir for the fluke and contributed to its wide extent on Corsica. Mas-Cona et al.
(1999) found that human fascioliasis was present even where the fluke was not a
veterinary problem, suggesting that Rattus rattus may be important in the life cycle of
the parasite. Helminth parasites of Rattus also may be involved in the transmission of
parasites to cattle as well.

Specific observations and recommendations on Rattus rattus in Ngezi - Vumawimbi

forest reserves
The lack of data on Rattus rattus (and any other rodents which may be found on
Pemba, such as Rattus norvegicus) is of concern not only with regard to Ngezi forest
reserve, but also to the well being of the human population on all parts of the island
and the economy generally.

The lack of published data from Pemba on Rattus rattus leads to the suggestion of
the following priorities:
The need for regular, periodic trapping surveys of Rattus rattus (and possibly Rattus
norvegicus and others) using standardized techniques, to follow the reproductive
trends in the rodent populations.

It is important to recognize the disease potential present in the Rattus population,

which is found not only in association with dwellings, but also in natural and
disturbed habitats. Evidence suggests that any intensive study of rodents will yield
various types of viruses.

If suitable funding and personnel can be found, it should be feasible to conduct

parasite surveys at the same time as the general rodent surveys are conducted. There is
every likelihood of finding new viruses, because such was the case when a population
of R. norvegicus was studied in Australia (Macdonald et al. 1999).

There is also a need to carefully assess the damage done to various crops (as well as
possibly to tree seeds and seedlings) by Rattus rattus. This could be done with the
assistance of local farmers using a participatory research process, as well as by
quantified assessment of crop damage in the field.

The issue of whether or not other rodents were ever found on Pemba is of much more
than theoretical interest, it has considerable ecological implications. This might be
done by careful examination of fossil remains, as well as examining bones associated
with early human settlements excavated in Pemba.

Bats
At least 14 species of bats occur in Pemba and 42% of the bat species known for
Pemba were recorded in Ngezi forest during the survey. Bats are abundant in Ngezi
and surrounding areas occupying a variety of habitats including forest, woodland,
thickets and caves. Two bat species occurring in Pemba are threatened, including the
Pemba flying fox (Pteropus voeltzkowi) which is endemic to Pemba and is classified
by IUCN as threatened, and Decken's Horse-shoe Bat (Rhinolophus deckeni) which is

50
considered threatened though there is data deficiency is establishing its actual
conservation status. The diversity of bats and their abundance seems to dominate in
the total counts of all mammals encountered.

A large roost of the small insectivorous bats (Hipposiderus caffer) was found just
outside the forest at Makangale village. The bat cave site is an attraction for tourism
and of conservation importance. During a brief visit to the site the bat population in
the caves was estimated to be about 5,000. Many other species of bats were roosting
in forest and came out to feed at dusk/night on either insects or fruits around the
villages and swampy areas.

Among these was the endemic Pemba Flying Fox (Pteropus voetzkowi), which could
be recognized by, is large size and flight in many parts of the island as they came out
to feed as soon as the darkness approached. The highest count of these bats leaving
the forest was made from an observation point at the edge of Makangale swamp,
where an estimate of 40 bats were crossing a point per minute as from 18.45hrs to
19.30hrs. Bats were heading to the north, dispersing into cultivation in the
surrounding and to longer distances. A quick estimate of Pemba Flying Foxes that
crossed the observation point was about 1,800 individuals on that particular evening.
Another well-established roost for the flying foxes is that at graveyard forest patch at
Kidike village where the population is estimated to be 8,000, but fluctuating with
seasons. During this study we realized there was a need for identifying the existing
roosts for these bats in Ngezi forest and setting up a monitoring programme.

Pemba flying fox (Popo wa Pemba) (Pteropus voeltzkowi)

Pemba flying fox is one of the largest bats weighing 500g with a wingspan of one
metre. It is russet in colour with black wings. This is an endemic species to Pemba
and was listed by IUCN as Critically Endangered species in 1996. The bat occurs in
colonies of up to 1000 individuals roosting in tall trees in forests, overgrown clove
plantations and semi agricultural areas. It also occurs in graveyards hence reinforcing
its association with ancestral spirits as explained in the local folklore.
The conservation of Pemba flying fox gained international attention in early 199’s
after a publication in Oikos journal which alarted the interntional community of the
threats facing the species due to mainly hunting for food and habitat loss. Two
programmes were established to involve communities in the effort. The SMZ in
collaboration with CARE conducted an island wide survey to estimate the bats
population numbers and roosting sites.
There has also been a local initiative by the loca communities to conserve the flying
fox’s main roosting site at Kidike (Mjini Ole). Since 1992, 200 bats migrated to the
village graveyard and started roosting on Migulele trees (Antiaris toxicaria) the
dominat and large trees at the graveyard. The graveyard roost later became a local and
international conservation and tourist attraction. Villagers established Kidike
Environmntal Club an NGO that deals with the strict protection of the roost and bats
as well as environmental issues in general. The NGO operates using funds from
member’s contributions, some small contributions provided by visitors coming to the
site, and some international organizations such as International Flora and Fauna of
UK and other countries. The NGO with 80 members (but only 20 active) closely
monitors activities at the roost site and no one is allowed to enter the area without
their permission. Reports show that at least 10 bats die per month through fighting and
natural causes. When bats go out to feed often tend to come back with new

51
individuals who do not leave the roost hence making it grow in size. The bats are not
reported to cause a serious problem to the people except eating of mangoes but the
area has only few mango trees hence the impact is minimal. One of the potential
problems indicated by the Kidike NGO leaders is that the main roosting trees for the
bats the Migulele are not showing a good sign of regeneration. Conservation
authorities in Pemba have to make sure that this very important roost is monitored,
protected and maintained. This should include continued assistance by the SMZ
(Natural Resources Authorities) to Kidike NGO activities.

4.2.2 Relative abundance of animals

Overall the few mammals present appeared to be widely distributed in the study area
though individual species or groups tended to occur more in certain habitats than
others. The catch was highly skewed towards rodents (Rattus rattus) and to some
extent amphibians. The low catch among amphibian groups was attributed to the lack
of rain during the survey time. Few mammals except Vervet monkeys were physically
seen in the six transects covered during the animal foot count census to warrant any
meaningful density calculation.

The relative abundance of some mammals is summarized in Table 4.12 below.

Factors including occurrence and distribution, population numbers, rarity and
endemism have been taken into account.

Table 4.12: Total number of fauna specimens captured in traps (bucket pitfalls, snaps,
Sherman’s, cage) in Ngezi forest, Pemba (January 2005)

Transect (T) Animal group Total

Shrews Rodents Reptiles Amphibians
1. Kwa Joshi trail 0 5 10 6 21
2. Makangare bwawani 3 20 2 27 52
3. Erica bushland 0 0 3 1 4
4. Chokaani coral rag 0 7 6 0 13
5. Maeopsis mixed 0 10 1 6 17
stand
6. Machopeni 0 14 5 3 22
Total 3 56 27 43 129

52
 30

25

20 Shrews
Frequency
Rodents
15
Reptiles
10 Amphibians

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Transect

Figure 4.5: Total catch of various taxonomic groups of fauna using bucket pitfalls, snap
and live traps in Ngezi forest, Pemba (January 2005)

53
Table 4.13: Relative abundance of some vertebrate groups and species in Ngezi -
Vumawimbi forest reserves, Pemba (Source: This survey; various sources)

Animal group Species Relative abundance

Mammals Pemba Blue Duiker Rare
Shrews Rare
Galagos Moderate
Zanzibar Red Colobus Rare
Bats Abundant
Pemba flying fox Abundant
Vervet Monkeys Abundant
Wild boar Rare
Rodents Very abundant
Civets Rare
Marsh mongoose Rare
Cape Clawless Otter Rare

Birds Waterbids Abundant

Pemba scops Owl Moderate
Dickson’s Kestrel Abundant
Pemba Green Pigeon Moderate
Pemba Sunbird Abundant
Pemba White Eye Abundant
Violet-backed Starling Rare
Crowned Hornbill Abundant
Other bird groups Moderate

Reptiles Snakes Abundant

Chameleons Rare
Lizards and skinks Abundant

Amphibians Moderate

4.2.3 Animal species richness and diversity

The indices of species diversity considered only those species captured in the traps.
The Shannon Weaver diversity index takes into account the number of individuals for
each species as well as the total number of species. Three main taxonomic groups
including mammals (shrews and rodents) reptiles and amphibians were captured on
the traps. This included 2 species of mammals, 3 species of reptiles and 3 species of
amphibians. When other species not captured on the traps are considered then a higher
number of species could be recorded. The number of species trapped on each transect
were: trapline 1 (4 species), trapline 2 (6 species), trapline 3 (2 species), trapline 4 (4
species) trapline 5 (3 species) and trapline 6 (4 species). When considering the main
taxonomic groups captured on the diversity was H’ was found to be 0.4965 with H’max
= of 0.6021 and homogeneity J = 0.8246. The species diversity for pooled results
estimate the species diversity H’ = 0.6669 and H’max = 0.9031 and homogeneity J =
0.7385. No attempt was made to estimate species diversity for individual transects
due to the poor catch.

4.2.4 Important habitats for animals

54
Different animal groups occur in different habitat types. Although certain animals can
occur in a variety of habitats but there are habitats, which are more ideal for a species
or taxonomic group. Most mammals utilise the forest and thicket habitats as they
provide both sufficient food and cover. However some animals may occur in less
desirable habitats mainly due to loss of habitat or disturbances in the desirable areas.
The forest habitat is particularly important for primates and prosimians and also other
animal groups such as bushpigs, rodents, shrews, bats, amphibians and invertebrates.
The forest is the habitat that harbours a high diversity of species and animal groups.
Other habitat types tend to be supposedly ideal for limited number of animal groups
or species generally due to resources limitations and other environmental attributes.

Table 4.14: Distribution of different habitats in Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves,

Pemba

Species F WG EL RP CR M MF FM MW
Zanzibar Red Colobus *
Pemba Blue Duiker * * *
Wild boar *
Galagos * * * * * *
Mongooses *
Shrews *
Bats * * * * * *
Vervet Monkeys * * * * * * * * *
Birds * * * * * * * * *
Reptiles * * * * * * * *
Amphibians * * * *
Molluscs * * * * *
Lepidoptera * * * * * * * * *
Odonata
Orthoptera

Legend: F = moist forest, WG = wooded grassland, EL = Erica bushland, RP = rubber

plantation, CR = coral rag, M = Maeopsis forest, MF = mangrove forest, FM = Farmland,
MW = marshes/wetlands

4.2.5 Animal movement and migration

Jozani forest and surrounding areas are remnants of the rain forest and receives a
substantial amount of rain during the long and short rains. As such variation in
environmental parameters like humidity and temperature variation is low (UNEP,
2001). This tends to make the seasonal differences minimal. Most of the forest
remains evergreen. Plants produce fresh leaves, flowers and fruits for most of the year
depending on phenology. Animals therefore are able to get their requirements in the
same area for most of the year. Some animals in search of food and shelter or water
exhibit daily, short-term movements. In certain situations animals are forced to move
from one area to another due to human disturbances such as hunting. These
movements are generally confined within the forest area or may extend outside in
some places for certain species. For most species particularly large mammals, heavily
hunted and shy animals, areas outside protected areas are encroached and disturbed
hence do not form favourable habitat for the animals. The local people reported no
specific movement routes for the animals.

55
4.2.6 Birds
Bird survey on Pemba was conducted opportunistically in Ngezi forest and the surrounding
areas with a few observations made along Vumawimbi and Chokaani beaches. The exercise
was conducted in January when field conditions were generally dry with limitation of fresh
water bodies, no breeding activities and absence of migratory species. About 45% of the
species reported in previous surveys (Pakenham, 1979) were recorded with addition of
Violet–backed Starling (Table 4). Ngezi forest being one of the least disturbed habitats on the
island is diverse in microhabitats that are suitable for birds and other forms of life. The forest
is important in hosting almost all Pemba endemic bird species (Pemba Green Pigeon, Pemba
Scops-Owl, Dickson’s Kestrel, Pemba Sunbird and Pemba White-eye were found in Ngezi
forest).

Pemba Green Pigeon was common but difficult to detect. Flocks of up to 15

individuals were found in forest near forest gate office and Machopeni area feeding
quietly in high canopy. The population of Pemba Scops Owl in Ngezi forest based on
calls is relatively high when compared to areas outside the forest. While camping in
the forest, Scops Owl calls were heard throughout the nights from all corners and their
territorial spacing is estimated to be about 300m. The high abundance of this species
may be explained by food (Rattus rattus) available in the Ngezi forest as supported by
our trapping success (Appendix 2). Pemba Sunbird and White Eye were common in
forest and cultivation.

Pemba Scops Owl (Otus pembanensis)

This small owl is endemic to Pemba Island where it inhabits densely foliaged habitats
including forests, clove plantation, mangrove and patches of forests that are used as
graveyards. Observations made in Ngezi Forest Reserve suggest that the population of
the owl is relatively high in the forest. Calls were recorded throughout the night from
mid-canopy with territorial spacing of about 300m. The intensity of calling was high
from sundown until midnight and less so until dawn. Assuming that there is even
distribution of this species in Ngezi forest and in other areas on Pemba Island, the
population may be considered as marginally threatened.

4.2 7 Reptiles
Within Ngezi forest and its surroundings (cultivations, sandy and coral rag beaches
and wetlands) suitable habitats for reptiles are well represented. Fifteen (62.5%) of the
known reptile species on Pemba (Pakenham, 1983) were recorded during the study
period (Appendix 2). The most abundant and widely distributed species of the reptiles
in Ngezi forest was the Pemba endemic skink (Mabuya albotaeniata). The species
was very common in leaf litter on forest floor and less common in cultivation and
settlements where they coexist with Mabuya striata.

Marine forms were not encountered since much of the surveys were carried out in
terrestrial environment. The sandy beaches around Vumawimbi are prospective areas
for the breeding of Green Turtles. However, due to disturbance resulting from fishing
and beach visitors the area seems unsafe for sea turtles to breed.

4.2.8 Amphibians
The community of amphibians on Pemba Island may be considered as East African
coastal. The species richness on the island is low when compared to that of Zanzibar
and other areas along the coast of East Africa. Seven species from 4 families were
recorded on this study suggesting addition of two records from the previous

56
knowledge (Table 4.11 and Appendix 6). Pakenham (1983) reported 6 species with a
notion of inadequate collecting. This study was conducted under dry condition when
most of the amphibians were expected to be aestivating. Conducting a further survey
under wet condition may yield some additional species.
Unconfirmed species of Phrynobatrachus was collected in Ngezi forest around
Kwajoshi and Machopeni. According to previous reports the only member of this
genus found on the island is P. pakenhami, which is endemic to Pemba. However,
The taxonomic status of Phrynobatrachus parkenhami is very uncertain due to the
fact that the animals collected on Pemba do not fit well with the description of both P.
pakenhami and P. acridoides. The snought-vent measurements and body texture of
the three specimens collected suggest a different species. In this report the species is
questionably been regarded as P. pakenhami.

4.2.9 Endemic species of animals

Many species on Pemba and Zanzibar have existed or evolved in isolation from
mainland Tanzania for thousands of years. This has resulted in the development of a
number of endemic and near endemic species. At least 27 fauna species are known to
be endemic to Pemba (Table 4.15).

Table 4.15: Endemic and near endemic fauna species and sub species of Pemba (Source:
Moreau and Pakenham, 1941; Pakenham, 1984; Kingdon, 1997; Burgess and Clarke,
2000)

Common name
Family/Species Status
Mammals
Endemic to Unguja, introduced to
Colobus badius kirkii Zanzibar red colobus Pemba
Otolemur garnettii Garnetts Galago East African coastal forests endemic
Galagoides zanzibaricus Zanzibar Galago East African coastal forests endemic
Cercopithecus aethiops Vervet monkey Endemic sub species to Pemba
Pteropus voetzkowi Pemba Flying Fox Endemic to Pemba
Dendrohyrax validus
neumanni East African Tree Hyrax Endemic to Pemba and Unguja
Cephalophus monticola
pembae Blue Duiker Endemic to Pemba
Birds
Falco dickinsoni Dickinson's Kestrel Endemic to Pemba
Nectarinia pembae Pemba Sunbird Endemic to Pemba
Zosterops vaughani Pemba White-eye Endemic to Pemba
Treron pembaensis Pemba green pigeon Endemic to Pemba
Zostrerops vaughanii Pemba white eye Endemic to Pemba
Terpsiphone viridis ungujaensis African Paradise Flycatcher Endemic to Pemba and Unguja
Accipiter tadiro pembaensis Pemba African Goshawk Endemic to Pemba
Otus pembaensis Russet Scops owl Endemic to Pemba
Reptiles
Phelsuma abbotti Pemba Day Gecko Endemic to Pemba
Pemba Island Writhing
Lygosoma pembanum Skink Endemic to Pemba

57
Mabuya albotaeniata Pemba Island Skink Endemic to Pemba
Leptotyphlops pembae Pemba Worm Snake Endemic to Pemba
Lycophidion pembanum Pemba Wolf Snake Endemic to Pemba
Natriciteres pembana Pemba Marsh Snake Endemic to Pemba
Phrynobatrachus sp.
"pakenhami"? Endemic to Pemba
Amphibians
Phrynobatrachus sp.
"pakenhami"? Endemic to Pemba
Lepidoptera (Butterflies)
Acraea egina pembanus Endemic to Pemba and Zanzibar
Common name
Family/Species Status
Pseudacraea boisduvali
pemba Endemic to Pemba
Euphaedra neophron rydoni Endemic to Pemba
Bebearia orientis insularis Endemic to Pemba

New records of fauna species

During the survey 15 new records for mammals, birds, amphibians and Lepidoptera
were observed (Table 4.16). Very little research work has been done in Ngezi and in
Pemba as a whole. It is anticipated that with more research more species will be
observed and most possibly endemic to Pemba. For example the lack of rain during
the last survey resulted in poor catch of amphibians. It was likely that with good rain
many more species would have been obtained. A further survey of the fauna of Ngezi
and Pemba as a whole is highly recommended in order to have a comprehensive
inventory of fauna species of Pemba.

Table 4.16: New record of fauna of Pemba

Common name
Family/Species Status
Mammals
Aonyx capensis Cape Clawless Otter New record to Pemba
Birds
Violet-backed
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Starling New record to Pemba
Reptiles
Panaspis sp. New record to Pemba
Amphibians
Schoutedenella xenodactyloides New record to Pemba
Hyperolius sp. New record to Pemba

Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)

Acraea encedon Linnaeus New record to Pemba
Acraea pseudolycia Butler New record to Pemba
Spialia diomus Hopffer New record to Pemba
Zizeeria knysna Trimen New record to Pemba
Common name
Family/Species Status

58
 Byblia anvatara acheloia New record to Pemba
Boisduval
Charaxes varanes vologeses New record to Pemba
Mabille
Junonia oenone oenone Linnaeus New record to Pemba
Eurema hapale Mabille New record to Pemba
Bicyclus anynana anynana Butler New record to Pemba
Bicyclus campinus Aurivillius New record to Pemba
Ypthima rhodesiana Carcasson New record to Pemba

4.2.10 Threatened and endangered animal species

A number of animal species found in the survey area and surroundings are threatened.
These include 8 mammals and 3 reptiles (see Table 4.17). At least one species, the
Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is critically endangered. A number of
factors have led to this situation, mainly explotation, hunting, and habitat loss and
fragmentation. The impact of various factors is known to vary between species.

Table 4.17: Threatened and endangered animal species listed in IUCN redlist, and
species listed in CITES Appendices found in Ngezi – Vumawimbi forest reserves and
surrounding areas, Pemba (CR = critically endangered, EN = endangered, VU =
vulnerable, LR = lower risk, DD = data deficient)
Animal group Common name Scienfific name Conservation status
IUCN Redlist CITES
Appendices
Rhinolophidae (bats) Decken's Horse- Rhinolophus deckeni DD
shoe Bat
Pteropodidae Pemba flying fox Pteropus voetzkowi ?
Galagonidae Greater galago Otolemur garnettii LR, nt
(bushbabys)
Cercopithecidae Pemba green Cercopithecus aethiops DD II
(monkeys) monkey
Zanzibar Red Piliocolobus kirkii EN, B1a II
Colobus
Viverridae (mongooses Marsh mongoose Atilax paludinosus EN, B1 + 2c
and civets)
Procaviidae (hyraxes) East African Tree Dendrohyrax validus VU. B1 + 2c
hyrax neumanni
Bovidae Blue Duiker Cephalophus monticola II
Chelonidae (turtles) Green Turtle Chelonia mydas EN, A1 abd I
Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata CR, A1, abd, I
2bcd
Chamaeleonidae Flap-necked Chamaeleo dilepis II
(chameleons) Chameleon

4.2.11 Introduced species of animals

Islands like Zanzibar are often affected by introduction of alien species by various
dispersal agents including humans (Table 4.18). In the past 500 years at least five
mammals and one lizard have been introduced to Zanzibar and Pemba (Moreau and
Pakenham 1941). Most of these species are still surviving in the islands. The impact
of the introduced animals to indigenous species is unknown. The Javan civet,
however, is reported to coexist with the indigenous African civet. The presence of
most other species on the islands, however, is attributed to the natural dispersal agents
such as air, water and land crossing before the geological separation of islands from
the mainland during the ice-age. Also subsequent geologic processes after the ice-age

59
created land bridges or shallow continetal shelf which allowed animals to go through
(Moreau and Pakenham 1941).
During the survey and when conducting foot transects it was observed that there were
many feral dogs in the forest. Some appeared to be out of control. The presence of
feral dogs in the forest affects the pristine nature of the forest and needs to be
controlled. There is also a potential danger of spread of rabies due to the presence of
dogs and many bats that act as vectors of rabies.

Table 4.18: Some animal species introduced to Pemba and Zanzibar

Common name Scientific name Area introduced Agency Introduction Current
date status
Mammals
Wild boar/Black pig Sus scrofa Pemba and Zanzibar Portuguese 16th century Present
Javan civet Viverricula indica Pemba and Zanzibar Indian Unknown Present
community
Common Pemba StowawayUnknown Present
House Mouse Mus musculus
Black Rat Rattus rattus Pemba and Zanzibar Stowaway Unknown Present
Zanzibar red Piliocolobus Introduced to Pemba from SMZ 1979 (seven Present
Zanzibar individuals)
colobus kirkii
4.2.12 Fish
Five fish families of fresh or brackish water recoded at the study area. In the study
area there is no permanent river but there are several ponds and swamps. Nine villages
surrounding Ngezi are Msuka, Kijijini, Tondooni, Mkia wa Ng’ombe, Jiwe moja,
Makangale, Bandari kuu, Kipangani, and Gombani. Most of the information on fish
and fisheries in Pemba waters is in many cases similar to what was reported in Jozani
National Park (Nahonyo et al. 2002).

4.2.12.1 Fisheries resources

Fisheries resources found on Pemba waters include fish, prawns, sea cucumbers,
seaweeds and lobsters. These are mainly exported but finfishes are used for local
consumption. All these resources are also available at villages around the Ngezi
forest. Other marine resources like prawns, lobsters, and seashells have declined in
recent years. In the past decade these resources were collected in substantial amounts
in the inter-tidal zones but nowadays one must do SCUBA diving in deep sea to
collect them. Other resources like Sea-shells (bivalve, mollusks and cockles) are used
domestically since their production is low (FAO/Department of Environment
Zanzibar, 1999).

4.2.12.2 Fish species occurrence, endemism and diversity in Ngezi

Ngezi forest is found northern part of Pemba Island. Pemba as part of Zanzibar in
region No.51 FAO of the global fisheries sector. It has a number of species
(Carcasson, 1977; Bianch, 1985), which are common and distributed throughout the
region (FAO, 1984a). In Ngezi there are at least 57 fish families (Appendix 7a and 7b)
and not less than 100 fish species (Appendix I and II). None of the families are
endemic to Zanzibar. Most of the fishes obtained in this area are found elsewhere in
the region according to FAO (1984a, 1984b, 1984c, 1984d; Bianch, 1985).

4.2.12.3 Fish movement and migration

60
Movement and migration is a common phenomenon for animals including fishes.
Movements could be for feeding purposes, escaping predation, or escaping unsuitable
conditions.

The migrations like other characteristics of the species have some adaptive
significance, ensuring favourable conditions for the existence and reproduction of the
species. The cycles of migrations usually consist of:
1. Spawning migration: movement of fishes from the feeding grounds to the
spawning grounds
2. Feeding migrations: movement away from the spawning grounds to the
feeding grounds
Most marine species are migrants. Migration between marine and estuarine
ecosystems has ecological and commercial significance. In Ngezi fishermen report
large numbers of fish migrating from deep-water areas into the shallow seagrass beds
when the sea is rough and turbulent. These fish return to deep water when the sea is
calm.

Feeding migration
Feeding migration is normally accompanied by the changes of the tidal regime at
Ngezi. When water recedes to a low tide the juvenile and mature fishes tend to
migrate to deeper waters. When tide in the bay reaches high water mark the fishes
especially the detritivorous, omnivorous and herbivorores also migrate to the feeding
grounds in shallow waters.

In general carnivorous species constitute 50-70 % of the fish. Godman and Talbot
(1976) reported that many of the carnivorous fish appear not to be highly specialized
to a given food type but instead are opportunistic feeders, taking whatever is available
to them.

Herbivores and coral grazers make up the next largest groups of fishes and account
for 15% of the species. Of these, Scaridae and Acanthuridae are most important. The
remaining fishes are considered to be omnivores and include all families of fishes on
the reef (i.e. Pomacentridae, Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae, Monacanthidae,
Ostraciidae, Tetraodontidae). A few groups, mainly small schooling fishes in the
families Pomacentridae, Clupeidae and Atherinidae, are zooplankton feeders.

4.2.12.4 Fish habitats and spawning areas

Fishes and mangroves
Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems. They harbour a diversity of
fish species due to the presence of organic matter (dissolved or particulate), detritus
from plant litter and their associated organisms (bacteria, fungi, micro, macro and
meio fauna). Between 80% and 90% of the inshore landing in East Africa comes from
artisanal fishers who operate within 22 km limits to territorial waters (Anon, 1979).
The presence of mangroves in Ngezi makes the area a potentially important habitat for
fish and fishing.
Large predators enter the mangroves with incoming tide (Sasekumar et al., 1984;
Blaber et al, 1985). The lack of important piscivorous fish reported in some
mangroves (Blaber 1980; Bell et al., 1984) seems to relate to high turbidity and very
low depth where predators become less effective. Most of the fish species breeding in
mangrove areas completes all their lifecycle there (Thallot, 1992). This situation is

61
also expected to occur in shallow water in Ngezi area. The lack of many potential
predators in the area provides a suitable environment for the juvenile fish grow to
maturity.

The first order consumers have been noted to determine estuarine fish communities
(Blaber 1980). First order consumers including Gerreidae, Atherinidae, Clupeidae,
Teraponidae, Acropomatidae, Apogonidae and Gobiidae (Blaber 1980) were found to
dominate in Gazi fishing community (Kimani et al, 1996). Short term feeding
migration of reef fishes into the creek may represent a connectivity and energy
transfer between the two ecosystems.

Fishes and seagrass

Fishes are abundant in seagrass beds and many of them feed within the bed removing
considerable biomass. Ogden (1980) reported that herbivore fishes are not resident in
seagrass beds, but migrate during the night from surrounding reefs. Larger fish e.g.
rays and sharks are important in structuring seagrass communities through
carnivorous species preying on fish, which graze on seagrasses so reducing grazing
pressure. Seagrasses provide an important nursery habitat for the juveniles of many
fishes such as Tarwhine (Rhabdosargus sarba), Eastern Blue Grouper (Achoerodus
viridis) and Yellow-finned Leatherjacket (Meuschenia trachylepis). The young fish
feed on small animals living among seagrass leaves and use the seagrasses to hide
from larger predators. Most of these fish will leave the seagrass meadows and migrate
to other habitats, such as kelp beds and rocky reefs, as they get older.

For many other fishes such as Pipefishes, White's Seahorse (Hippocampus whitei),
Southern Pygmy Leatherjacket (Brachaluteres jacksonianus), Leaf Fish (Ablabys
taenionotus) and Blue-spot Goby (Pseudogobius sp.) seagrasses provide lifelong
habitat. Sea grass meadows are ecologically important habitats in marine
environments as they are:
• places of great attraction of larger marine organisms, especially fishes in
search of good feeding areas
• good nursery grounds for juvenile stages of commercially important
shrimps, crabs, lobsters and fishes
• important feeding sites for adult fishes and birds.
In Ngezi fishermen reported that mangroves and seagrass meadows were important
fish habitat and spawning areas. Mangroves were particularly important for prawn
breeding; it was reported that most prawns breed in the mangroves.

4.2.12.5 Threatened species of fish (IUCN threat categories)

There are several factors, which may lead to fish species to become threatened. The
causative agents of the threat are usually humans and human activities. It is
commonly known that some species of sharks, swordfish, Billfishes are threatened
(Table 4.19). Many of these fish occur in deep water sea or are the local people do not
easily see benthic species. These fish are also not usually caught by artisanal
fishermen hence are not locally reported, although distribution maps show that they
occur on Zanzibar (FAO, 1984a, 1984b, 1984c, 1984d; Smith and Heemstra, 1991).

62
Table 4.19: Threatened fish species (IUCN) reported as occurring in Pemba and
Zanzibar (Source: FAO, 1984a, 1984b, 1984c, 1984d; Smith and Heemstra, 1991,
http://www.redlist.org/info/links.html)

FAMILY SPECIES IUCN

ENGLISH NAME STATUS
SERRANIDAE Epinephelus tukula Potato grouper LR
LABRIDAE Cheilinus undulatus Hampered wrasse LR
CARCHARHINID Carcharhinus plumbeus Sandbar shark LR
AE
CARCHARHINID Carcharhinus Taurus Grey nurse shark EN
AE
CARCHARHINID Carcharhinus Silky shark LR
AE falciformis
CARCHARHINID Galeocerdo cuvier Tiger shark LR
AE
SERRANIDAE Cromileptes altivelis Barramund grouper LR
SERRANIDAE Epinephelus Flowery grouper
fuscoguttatus LR
SERRANIDAE Epinephelus Malabar grouper LR
malabaricus
SERRANIDAE Epinephelus tauvina Greasy grouper LR
SCOMBRIDAE Thunnus maccoyii Southern bluefin tuna LR
SYPHYRNIDAE Scalloped hammerhead LR
Sphyrna lewini
SYPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna mokarran Great hammerhead LR
SQUALIDAE Centrophorus uyato Southern dogfish VU
LAMNIDAE Isurus oxyrinchus Short fin mako LR
Glyphis sp. Bizan river shark CR
PRISTIDAE Pristis microdon Larger tooth saw fish CR
RHINOBATIDAE Rhynchobatus djiddensis White spotted wedge fish LR
DASYATIDAE Taeniura lymma Ribbon tail stingray LR
MOBULIDAE Manta birostris Giant Atlantic manta LR
MYLIOBATIDAE Aetobatus narinari Spotted eagle ray LR

Key: LR = Lower risk, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, CR = Critically

endangered

4.2.12.6 Fishing and fish production

(a) Number of Fishers
A survey conducted by Commission for Natural Resources found that there were
23,734 fishers on Zanzibar, of which 11,769 were based on Pemba Island and 11,965
were in Unguja Island. (FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar, 1999)

(b) Fishing vessels

Fishing vessels employed include dugout canoes, outrigger canoes; planked motorized
boats and planked sailing boat. A survey conducted by the Commission for Natural
Resources showed that there were 5,149 fishing vessels on Zanzibar, on Unguja 2,933
and 2,216 on Pemba (FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar 1999). During the

63
survey most of catch records shows that the fishing vessels dugout canoe, mashua and
sailing were mostly used at 56.17%, 26.96% and 16.85% respectively.

(c) Fish production

Data on fish production from Pemba and Zanzibar suggests that fish production has
been declining progressively in the last two decades. There are several factors, which
have contributed to that decline:
(i) Increase of fishing pressure (caused by increased fishing effort)
(ii) Decrease of small pelagics, believed to be the main source of food to
bigger fish
(iii) Habitat degradation due to use of destructive fishing gears and techniques.

It has been reported at Ngezi most fishers in the area fishing commercial fish species.
These include Cowries, Sea cucumber, Crabs, Octopus, Squids, Lobsters and
Shrimps. The fishers depend both external and internal markets. External markets are
in Mombasa where they are sold as semi processed or fresh fish. Internal market is
mainly tourists’ hotel Manta Reef and local people. According to fisheries catch
stastics the record were as follows Msuka 60,922 Kg, Kijijini 18,869 kg, Tondooni
14,535 kg, Mkia Ng’ombe 11,120 kg, Jiwe moja 625 kg, Makangale 4,420 Kg, and
Bandari Kuu 895 Kg. (Source: Ngezi survey, January 2005).

(d) Fishing gears

Fishing gears in Unguja and Pemba reported by the fishermen and Commission for
Natural Resources (CNR-Fisheries, 1997) are gillnets, shark nets, small scale purse
seines, a variety of fishing lines (troll-lines, hand lines, long lines) fish traps, fishing
weirs, spear guns and beach seines. However, some of the fishing gears such as spear
guns and beach seines are illegally used because they are banned in Zanzibar due to
their destructive nature. Fishing traps, weirs and spear guns are made locally. Fishing
lines, mostly nylon monofilaments are imported and available in sufficient quantities
in various shops. There is adequate availability of fishing gears and equipment but
their prices are high compared to the purchasing power of most artisanal fishers
(FAO/Department of Environment Zanzibar, 1999). During the survey most catch
records obtained from hand line, beach seine and spears at 31.11%, 22.22% and
17.77% rate respectively. Other fishing gears contribute about 28.9 %.

(e) Habitat type

Most fishes caught at Ngezi area are mainly from thirteen habitat types. Namely as
Caves, Coastal, Coral reefs, Deep coral reefs, Demersal, Epi-pelagic, Inshore, Muddy,
Pelagic, Seagrass, Shallow reefs, Reefs and Estuary. Demersal species contribute
large amount followed by pelagic and Epi-pelagic at 51.6%, 23.6% and 10.1%
respectively. Other remaining habitat types contribute 14.7%.

(f) Fishing grounds

The fishing ground is the area where fish are caught by using various fishing gears. In
the Ngezi fishing grounds are described in various forms, these are Coastal, Shallow
waters, and Sand bottom, Coral reefs, Deep sea and Mangroves. In general most fish
catch are obtained from four main fishing grounds, these are Coastal and Deep seas

64
both contributes 26.67 % and Shallow waters and coral reefs contributes 25.6% and
18.9 % respectively. Other remaining fishing grounds in totality contribute 28.83%.

4.2.12.7 Threats to fisheries resources

Marine biodiversity threats are divided into two aspects: proximate threats and root
causes.

Proximate threats
The main human activities that damage marine organisms and ecosystems include:
over exploitation, physical alterations and habitat loss, pollution, introduction of alien
species and global climate changes.

Root causes
The main causes of biodiversity loss lie in demographic pressure and unsuitable use of
natural resources; economic policies that fail to value the environment and its
resources, insufficient knowledge and its poor application, and weakness in legal and
institutional systems (Dugan, 1990; WRI/IUCN/UNEP, 1992).

4.2.12.8 Fisheries conservation

Management of fisheries in Zanzibar, as in other developing countries has been
problematic. The reason for such problems is due to the fact that management
objectives are not defined:

• The open-access nature of the fisheries, the shortage of alternative

employment opportunities to the fishers and the poor economy could
constrain the effort tailored to manage fisheries
• Fisheries management plans in general do not exist; instead short time
approaches are used in attempts to manage fisheries resources.

4.2.3 Invertebrates (Lepidopterans and Odonata)

Collection revealed a rich invertebrate fauna (477 individuals) as follows: A total of
134 Butterflies were collected. These belonged to 35 species from eight families.
Light trap and sweeping produced 195 moths belonging to 13 families. Lastly, 146
Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) representing nine species from three families
were also collected. Several Odonata were not identified to species level.

A checklist of the butterflies, moths and Odonata collected during this survey is given
below. The number of individuals of the three groups from each transect is presented
in Appendix 8a, 8b and 8c. Transect 3 had a significantly low abundance of butterflies
and moths compared to the others. The highest abundance of butterflies and moths
was obtained from transect 1 and 6.

The number of singletons among butterflies was 14 species (41.18%), indicating that
the survey was far from being exhaustive. Some species must have been missed
during the survey. This low coverage reflects the short time spent in sampling. The
large number of moths collected during this survey is a result of the effective light
trap that was used.

First records

65
A number of butterflies (11 species in total) collected from Ngezi Forest Reserve are
recorded for the first time from Pemba Island. These are indicated by an asterisk (*) in
the checklist.

Endemic species
Four of the collected species are endemic. Acraea egina pembanus is on record as
being endemic to Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990). However we have recorded this
species from Zanzibar Island (Jozani Forest), therefore this species should be treated
as endemic to Pemba and Zanzibar Islands. Three other species, Pseudacraea
boisduvali pemba, Euphaedra neophron rydoni and Bebearia orientis insularis are
endemic to Pemba (Kielland, 1990). The first has been recorded from Ngezi forest
and the last is frequently seen in garden with palm trees nearby (Kielland, 1990).

Forest-dependent species
Twelve of the recorded species are forest-dependent. They are found only in forest
habitats (sometimes in thick woodland also). Among these are Bicyclus campinus,
which feeds on grass species (Gramineae), Amauris niavius dominicus whose larval
food plant is Gymnema sylivestre (Asclepiadaceae), and Euphaedra neophron rydoni
whose food plant has not been recorded. Lachnoptera iole ayresi has been recorded
on Rawsonia usambarensis (Flacourtiaceae) and Vismia orientis (Guttifera). Larvae of
Pseudacraea lucretia feed on several species of family Sapotaceae e.g.
Chrysophyllum viridifolium.

Other invertebrates
Apart from the systematic sampling which included Orders Lepidoptera and Odonata,
other invertebrates were also observed, and some collected on an ad hoc basis. This
opportunistic sampling revealed a rich invertebrate fauna, which included gastropods,
dung beetles, mosquitoes, bees and millipedes, and many dung beeteles were
everyday found trapped in bucket pitfalls. Notable among these are the mangrove
whelk Terebralia palustris (Potamididae), which was abundant in mangrove swamps
near, transect 6. A pond in transect 2 and wetland area near transect 6 harboured,
among others, Bulinus nasutus (Planorbidae). Live individuals and shells of the land
snail Achatina sp. (Achatinidae) were scattered in Ngezi Forest and surrounding areas.

In addition to the above two honeybee colonies were observed at transect 1 and 5 in
Odyndea zimmermanii trees. This tree species is listed in the IUCN Red Data Book as
globally rare. Other invertebrates observed in Ngezi forest and surrounding area
included adult beetles (Scarabaeidae), millipedes (Chilopoda), and mosquitoes
(Culicidae) Culex and Aedes species.

Specific potential threats to invertebrates

Invertebrates generally have a high reproductive potential, and they can survive as
long as their habitats are preserved. The major threat to the biodiversity of this area,
therefore come from habitat destruction.

Butterflies and moths are herbivores as larvae, and they are totally dependent on
specific plant species for their survival. Habitat loss, forest fragmentation and other
human activities that lead to loss of plant biodiversity are, therefore, the greatest threat
to these insects.

66
The Odonata larvae are aquatic predators. These and other aquatic organisms are very
sensitive to changes in the physical conditions and chemical composition of the water
in which they live. Chemical pollution, agricultural chemicals and fertilizers, which
end up in the water bodies, and silting from soil erosion, are the main threats to these
organisms.

Some butterflies are prized by collectors due to their beauty. In some countries the
law protects species of Butterflies such as lycaenids. Other prized species include
large colourful species such as Charaxes spp. and Papilio spp. Butterfly collecting for
local and export markets is potentially a threat to some species. There is need to find
out whether or not this activity is actually taking place in Pemba.

Invertebrates conservation values

Insects make up a very large proportion of the biodiversity of any terrestrial and fresh-
water habitat. They are a crucial in all food chains in their habitats, as food to a wide
range of animals, and as predators. In addition, they pollinate flowering plants and,
through herbivory, they control the growth and spread of plant species.

Aquatic insects are important in maintaining aquatic ecosystems, and as indication of

the health or otherwise of these habitats.

Insects also have an aesthetic value, and some species are highly prized by collectors.

Specific recommendations on invertebrates conservation

The conservation of the invertebrates of Ngezi Forest must be based on the
conservation of their habitats, since even a slight change in the forest or fresh-water
bodies can result into a major decline in the dependent invertebrate fauna. Human
population pressure and the accompanying increase in demand for forest products and
land for agriculture should be managed in order to have a balance between
exploitation of the resources and the conservation of the natural environment. In the
absence of human interference most invertebrates can sustain their population since
they have a high reproductive potential. It is therefore imperative that the habitats of
the area (forest, freshwater bodies, salt-water marshes, mangrove swamps and others)
should be conserved.

4.4 Socio-economic Survey

4.4.1 Demographic characteristics
A total of 200 respondents were interviewed through interview-administered
questionnaires; among them 101 (50.5%) were males and 99 (49.5%) were females.

Age Structure
The respondents reported themselves to have ages ranged from 18 to 80 years. Many
were in the age class of 18-30 (36%) and 31-42 (36%) years, while 22% were in the
age class 43-54 and very few (3% and 4%) were in the age classes 55-66 and 67-80
years respectively. Although the number of males and females in the age classes were
statistically similar, the oldest age class was dominated by females (Figure 4.6).

67
 n = 200

60
50
% of

40
Male
30 Female
20
10
0
18-30 31-42 43-54 55-66 67-80
Age Classes

Figure 4.6: The declared age classes of the 200 respondents from the study villages
combined

Length of residence
Of the interviewees, 151 (76%) were found to be resident in the area while 49 (24%)
were immigrants. Mji mwema village appeared to have the highest number of
immigrants (60%) compared to other villages (Figure 4.7) probably because it is one
of the newly formed villages in the area.

Socio economic characteristics of the people in the studied villages

Local community in the villages around Ngezi depend mainly on Agriculture, some
livestock keeping, small-scale business and fishing for their livelihood. Farming was
reported to be the highest (80%) income source, while fishing appeared to be
important to some respondents (9.5%). At least 8.5% of the respondents said they
were either practicing some small business or were carpenters. Very few respondents
(2%) said were the government employees, or had some kind of jobs where they got
paid salaries. Of the interviewed respondents, those from Msuka Gombani appeared to
have the highest number (92%) of farmers while those from Mkia wa Ng’ombe had
the highest (37%) number of fishermen. Only few (10%) respondents from
Makangale reported to have some sort of employment from the government, either
working with the forestry department or as teachers indicating poor economy of the
community around Ngezi forest (Figure 4.8).

4.4.2 Crops grown

Cassava, sweet potatoes, millet and bananas were some of the crops reported by the
respondents in the area. A majority (69%) of the respondents said that they grew these
crops mainly as source of food, and only occasionally they sold cassava for some
cash.

68
 n = 200

100

90

80

70
% of respondents

60
Resident
50
Immigrant
40

30

20

10

be
ni

a
da

ni

a
le
uu

ni
jin
em

oj
ga

m
ga

ba
an

oo
ik

em
iji

g'o
w
an

an

om
aM

nd
ar

K
m
ip

ak

aN
Jiw
nd

To
G

ji
K

kw

M
Ba

M
ka

aw
yu

su
u
iu

ki
M
iu
K

M
K

Village

Figure 4.7: Reported origins of the respondents in the studied villages

4.4.3 Livestock keeping

Animals possessed by people in the study area include chicken, cattle, goats, dogs,
cats, ducks and guinea fowls. Majority of people keep cattle (58.9%) and goats
(30.5%). Dogs are possessed by quite a good number of people (12.8%), while only
few (1%) people own guinea fowls. All cattle owners (100%) said they tied their
animals in the field and left, while chicken were left to find food themselves. The
respondents said that livestock was mainly source of food (chicken, ducks and guinea
fowl) and for small business (mainly cattle) when one needed some money.

4.4.4 Resource utilization

Many respondents regarded Ngezi forest as an important area in terms of resource
acquisition. Firewood and timber (Figure 4.9) appeared the most important resources
that were obtained from this forest although the majority complained about the
difficult in obtaining them after the start of total protection programme. Other
resources like building materials, materials for handcrafts and food (especially wild
meat, fish and wild fruits) materials appeared to be obtained from the area. Many
respondents did not feel free in mentioning these resources in fear of being caught as

69
poachers. They said, some people were allowed to enter the forest through bribing the
guards, indicating some conflicts
n = 200

100 Farming
90 Small business
Carpentry
80
Fishing
70
% of respondents

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

be
a M ni
nd da

m ni

K a

em i
ki Ton ja

g'o i
om e
M ak u

Jiw ijin

a N on
em
l
M ku
k w ga

ba

m
ka nga
Ba an

a w do
yu ipan

ij
w
i
ar

a
G
K uK

ji
M
y

su
iu
iu
K

M
Villages

Figure 4.8: Reported activities/occupation of the respondents in the studied villages

800
Frequency of respondents

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
s

s
d
r

od

fts
e
be

le

el
in
oo
Fo

ra
po

ss
ic
m

dc

ve
ed
Ti

ls/

el

an
M
Fu
ia

g
in
H
er

h
at

fis
m

of
g
in

n
ild

tio
Bu

uc
tr
ns
Co

Plant uses

70
Figure 4.9: Declared uses of the forest products by the respondents from the studied
villages

between the villagers and foresters. They said they wanted to be given at least some
use rights for their basic needs. Interestingly is that, some respondents reported that,
they got promised to be given some alternative areas where they would be obtaining
their basic needs, but this had never been kept since then.

Ngezi forest was also regarded as an important area for cultural activities. Many
(86%) respondents reported some important areas where traditional
prayers/worshiping practices were conducted. The most (75%) common area was
called “Kwa Shariff”. Only few respondents (4%) did not know if there were such
areas in this forest, majority of whom were immigrants. Also, the area was reported to
be useful in terms of plant and animal produce (Appendix 1c and 9c).

As seen above, Ngezi forest is facing large pressure from the community around it.
The main problem is that, majority of people living adjacent to this forest depend on it
for many uses, which is not a new thing to all communities around forests all over the
world (Pimbert and Pretty, 1995). All people around Ngezi appear to use firewood as
source of energy for cooking, and further, depend on it for other important day to day
needs (Figure 4.9). Also the study by Khatibu and Suleiman, (1993) indicated this
severe use of the forest resources especially firewood. They suggested that if Ngezi
forest is really to be protected, and then collection of firewood and poles should be
completely stopped or alternatively be allowed only in limited areas. The idea was
good, but one has to consider the really effect to the surrounding community,
especially under the fact that, the forest appears to be their main source of firewood
and other basic needs for life. Robinson and Redford, (1994); Metcafe, 1995; Adams
and Hulme, 2001 and Brown, (2002), argue that, local communities can contribute to
the conservation of natural systems only if their needs are met. They should be given
user rights of these resources; but in most countries they are seldom recognised.

Studies suggest that, ignoring the dependence of local people on the park resources
for their subsistence needs and emphasizing law enforcement tend to aggravate the
conflict between them and PAs managers (Sharma, 1990). This was also observed in
the interviews undertaken in the study area. The respondents, especially those very
close to the forest appeared unhappy with the management of this forest. They
showed their need to be given some user rights (Table 4.19) of the forest as it was in
the past.

Some respondents in Manda village said that there are people around the forest who
sometimes went to the area just for the purpose of destroying. One in Manda said, that
despite the fact that she never went to destroy the forest, she would never report any
illegal incidence because their village despite it being a way to the forest, when it
came to employment, none of the village members was taken. A similar situation is
said to be common in many developing countries, where around protected areas
people who feel excluded intentionally destroy natural resources (Pimbert and Pretty,
1995). In India, resentment by local people to national parks legislation led to acts of
sabotage and civil disobedience. Villagers set fire to large areas of the protected areas
such as the Kunha National Park of Madhya Pradesh (Gadgil and Guha, 1992).

71
4.4.5 Threats to biodiversity
Some plants (Mvule, Ukindu, Mkandaa, and Mshubiri mwitu) and animals (Wildpigs,
chesi and hyraxes) were reported as either completely disappeared or remained in
small numbers. Reasons behind this were said to be over exploitation for plants and
illegal hunting for animals. Respondents declared that, before the present programme
of complete protection started, people were free to enter the forest hence did a lot of
destruction. Other reported reasons were such as weather change, sabotage while
others did not know any of the causes although declared the disappearance of some
plants and animals.

Wild pigs were reported as completely disappeared animals in Ngezi forest. The
respondents said that Wamakonde were the main poachers of these species, where
they used them as a source of food. Other respondents (2%) further reported that, wild
pigs were killed because of their destructive nature. Plants reported as completely
disappeared were mainly used for fuel wood (54%) and timber production (20%).
Some respondents felt disadvantaged as a result of total protection of Ngezi forest.
They said they lost their freedom to use the forest produce, and even in passing in the
forest. Others indicated their concerns on the loss of access to building poles and
firewood (Table 4.20). However, many respondents (33%) appeared happy with the
present protection system.

Table 4.20: The reported disadvantages experienced after the initiation of total
protection programme at Ngezi forest

Disadvantage Frequency Percentage (%)

None 66 33
Loss of freedom to use the forest for everyday needs 39 19
Lack of wild meat 5 2
Lost access to building materials and firewood 92 46
Total 202 100
Source: Field data, (January 2005)

Following the high demand of the forest products by the surrounding community, the
study predicted that if measures are not taken, then Ngezi forest would be in serious
danger in the near future. Studies by Khatibu and Suleiman, (1993); Smith and Scherr,
(2002); Ngece, (2003) also indicated the high demand of firewood and other forest
products by the community around forests. The study by Khatibu and Suleiman,
(1993) also suggested some alternative provisions to the community such as use of
efficient stoves, establishment of a programme on integrated land-use around the area,
introduction of tree planting for different purposes etc. All these ideas appear useful,
but the main problem for their implementation is the size of the land available in
relation with the population growth rate of the area. Many respondents complained
that they had small land, and the little they had was existed. What makes things worse
is the promise made by the Ministry on providing the locals with alternative land for
their basic needs. Some respondents reported this and they indicated to be unhappy
with the situation hence indicating some conflicts between the two groups.

4.4.6 Future management of Ngezi Forest Reserve

When it came to what respondents had as suggestions for harmonious conservation of
the area, many (40%) said they wanted to have an access to small uses of forest

72
produce, especially firewood and building materials (Table 4.21). However, quite a
good number of respondents (22%) said that the forest should continue to be protected
for present and future generations. It appeared that, some people were illegally
allowed to enter the forest through bribing the guards, which can be detrimental to the
forest if care will not be taken. All these and others were offered as comments for
future to serve the forest (Table 4.21).

Table 4.21: The declared suggestions/comments offered by the respondents regarding

their views for future management of Ngezi forest

Comment Frequency Percentage (%)

They should continue protecting the forest 56 22
They should consider us for small uses such as firewood and 102 40
building materials
There should be an equal utilisation of forest products 5 2
Considerations for employment of members from the village 27 11
around Ngezi
Seasonal hunting of small mammals should be allowed sometimes 1 0
in the year
Provision of social services from the management 3 1
No comments 23 9
The government should keep the promise of providing alternative to 14 5
forest use
Benefit sharing to all villages around Ngezi forest 13 5
Utilization to be allowed to trees old enough, or dropped dry tree 4 2
trunks
Provision of Conservation education to the community 9 3
Total 257 100

Having seen the comments/suggestions from the respondents, it appears that the
community around Ngezi forest is desperate in getting their user right of the forest.
Many said they wanted to be allowed to use the forest especially for their basic needs.
In a way, this appeared reasonable, although one has to work it out before the rule is
out. Previous studies around Ngezi have suggested that the area should be changed to
a higher status in conservation (Pirinen, 1995, Abdullah et al. 1996). Pirinen, (1995)
further indicated that, the management of Ngezi forest natural resources also means
that local communities should be fully involved in and benefit from the management
of natural forests and conservation areas. Pirinen further suggested the improvement
of traditional relationship between villagers and foresters. These suggestions appear
relevant for the area, but more effort is needed to successfully meet the target of
conserving the area.

The idea of changing the area to National Park appears useful, but one has to consider
other drawbacks to this step. Since the land they possess is small compared to
population annual growth rate obtained (5.4%) (URT, 2002), a more user-friendly
technique could be found to avoid most of the side effects. Since the community
around indicated their desire to use some important resources, then one need to find
something worthwhile.

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From the declared information it appears that collaborative1 (Technical Expert Group
of Protected Areas, 2003; Berkes, 2004) forest management would be the best
approach to manage Ngezi forest. Studies indicate that effective forest conservation
can only be achieved through considering communities as contributors to the
management systems and the realization of their tenure rights (Pimbert and Pretty
1995; Wily, 1995; Mayers, 2001; Mayers and Vermeulen, 2002; Smith and Scherr,
2002; Ngece, 2003). Ngece, (2003) argues that, since communities around forest areas
are protecting water supplies and catchments for hydropower plants, then certainly
they should co-manage and benefit from the sale of these products. It should however
be remembered that effective management requires procedures to enforce the agreed
regulations (Hannah, 1992); and that only in a few institutions indigenous people
actively secure their areas without an outside assistance (Colchester, 1997). Further,
to sustainably manage forest resources, issues related to governance, decentralisation,
and democratisation must be taken into account
(http://www.icimod.org/focus/cpr/forth2.htm).

4.4.7 Socio economic recommendations

Local involvement
There is an urgent need for improved communication between the surrounding
communities and the institutions responsible with the management of Ngezi forest to
increase local awareness of the roles and activities of these institutions as partners for
co-management of the area. Any future management plan of the area needs to be
developed with the active participation of local communities. The collaborative
management strategy would probably be the best approach in the future

Legal framework and clear boundary definition

There is a need to establish a legal framework under which communities can
collaborate in conservation. The framework should give clear definition of boundaries
of the area, rights and responsibilities to the community; therefore the responsible
managers of Ngezi forest should revise the existing bylaws, legislation and policies.

Equitable benefit sharing

Structural inequalities existing within the community must be taken into account in
building local level institutional mechanisms to ensure equitable distribution of forest
products. At the moment there are some people benefiting from the forest through
illegal use (by bribing the guards) or getting employment, while majority are not. In
case there is an employment (especially non- collar jobs), every village should be
equal chance of getting the job.

Status improvement
The area’s conservation and biodiversity value, importance for ecosystem
maintenance, and its scenic beauty warrant it being given a higher protected area

1
A partnership by which various stakeholders agree on sharing among themselves the management
functions, rights and responsibilities for a territory or set of resources under protected status. The
stakeholders primarily include the agency in charge and various associations of local residents and
resource users, but can also involve non-governmental organisations local administrations, traditional
authorities, research institutions, and business e.t.c. It is a situation in which two or more social actors
negotiate, define and guarantee amongst themselves a fair sharing of management functions,
entitlements and responsibilities for a given territory, area or a set of natural resources. (Technical
Expert Group of Protected Areas, 2003; Berkes, 2004).

74
status, which would be beneficial for both the environment and the surrounding
community and which will further contribute to the national GDP. The fact that
human population around the area is increasing at a high rate is an important factor to
prove the area’s need for a more strict protection.

Conservation education and capacity building

A large percentage of the people living in and around Ngezi forest are poor, there is a
need for effective grassroots community developments to help this community. This
should run over the long term in order to impact on poverty alleviation and to realise
sustainable development through income diversification and livelihood security.

Most people living in and around Ngezi are illiterate; therefore appropriately targeted
education could be an important component of future community development
activities. Use of video shows/cinemas and study tours on the importance of forests
and conservation organised to all villages around the area could be the best way in
imparting knowledge to the community around Ngezi forest.

Need for revision

The suggestions put forward by Khatibu and Suleiman, (1993) and Harkonen and
Seitz (1993) concerning total exclusion of the locals from any utilisation of Ngezi
forest were reasonable, but one should consider this, over 75% of people around the
Ngezi forest appears dependent on it for firewood, food or building materials. As seen
the forest is diminishing as a result of illegal utilisation, encroachment or sabotage.
Now, what is to be done? Keep excluding them for more destruction or devolving
powers to them through a collaborative forest management?

75
6.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND THEIR
CONSERVATION VALUE
Although in terms of biodiversity Pemba and Zanzibar may not be as rich as the
coastal forests (Frontier, 1995) and Eastern arc mountains on the mainland most of the
species in Pemba are isolated from the mainland populations. Some are endemic or
near endemic and others are races of their congeners on the mainland. Others are
threatened or endangered. All these species need to be protected and some of them
may need special attention and conservation programmes.

Apart from maintaining biological diveristy, plant resources at species and community
level are important in many respects ranging from life support systems, climate
control, ecological processes and as wildlife habitats.

A number of animal species are, like the plants, endemic or near endemic and there
are also species which are threatened or endangered. Animal resources contribute to
the biological diversity and also help to boost tourism. Most of the species are
threatened by exploitation, habitat loss, fragmentation and pollution. Species
designated endemic or near endemic and threatened need appropriate conservation
programmes.

Apart from their aesthetic value, the lepidopterans (Butterflies and Moths) and
Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) are important as they form a large section of
the natural ecosystem in terms of number of individuals and species richness. They
are also important in maintaining the health of the ecosystem by controlling
vegetation through their herbivory and pollination activities (lepidopterans), and by
checking the population growth of other invertebrates through predation (Odonata). In
addition to the above, the two groups are useful as indicators of the health of the
ecosystem. They also form an important part of the food chain as a source of food to
many species of other animals.

7.0 POTENTIAL THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY

Nahonyo et al., (2002) reported that in the past traditional systems of land and
resource use caused some damage to habitat and biodiversity but probably
regeneration occurred as long as population levels were low. Human activities placed
relatively little pressure on the available land resources. Also certain cultural norms
helped to ensure sustainable use of resources. Rapidly growing human populations
and associated socio-economic and political issues, and probably climatic changes
associated with greenhouse effects all together or individually have contributed
towards ecological instability. In the Eastern Arc Mountains the immediate threats to
biodiversity were identified as deforestation, forest fragmentation, forest degradation,
over-exploitation of species, and the introduction of exotic species (Newmark, 2002).
The situation in Ngezi - Vumawimbi is similar to that found in the Eastern Arc
Mountains on the mainland. From the observations done in the field, interviews and
documented literature the following were identified as threats to Ngezi - Vumawimbi
forest reserves biological diversity:

i. Human population pressure

Humans are a major cause of biodiversity loss in coastal ecosystems (Martens, 1992).
Pemba is experiencing a fast growing population (annual population growth rate r =
0.03). Ngezi - Vumawimbi forests are important source of fuelwood, charcoal,

76
building poles, medicines, food and fodder. Over-use of the resources is one major
threat to the forest and loss of species. Increased population puts pressure on land for
farming and crops involve land clearance and thus a loss of habitats.
ii. Grazing impact
A number of people surrounding Ngezi and Vumawimbi areas keep livestock
especially cattle. Currently the number and nature of keeping livestock (see section
4.4.3 above) does not pose as as a threat to the forest resources. However, if the
number of livestock does increase in future then there will be a potential threat to the
forest as livestock will definitely utilises the forest for grazing and browsing.

iii. Effect of alien species

This is one of the major threats to native biological diversity (IUCN, 1990). Invasive
species are found in all taxonomic groups including introduced viruses, fungi, algae,
mosses, ferns, higher plants, invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
The impacts of invasive species are immense, insidious, and usually irreversible.
Hundreds of extinctions, especially on islands (like Pemba), have been caused by
alien species (IUCN, 1990). Article 8 (h) of the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) of which Tanzania is a Party states that "each Contracting Party shall, as far as
possible and as appropriate, prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those
alien species which threaten ecosystem, habitats or species".

The decision to use only alien species in plantation forests may have a negative effect
on the local biodiversity through destruction of the habitat prior and after planting.
Such introduced exotic species may suppress local species, which may disappear from
the area. For example Maesopsis eminii tree (Rhamnaceae) was introduced in East
Usambara from western Tanzania in the 1960s. Since then the tree has been spreading
fast and it is predicted that in 200 years it will cover 50% of the area originally under
natural forest (Binggeli, 1989). In all forest plantations plant species diversity was
low. Some are comprised of pure stands of planted trees with only a handful of local
species. This may be due to low competitive ability by the local species suggesting
that in the long run the area may have most of local species completely out-competed.
In plantation forestry indigenous species are considered as weeds so that during
tending operations they have to be weeded out. Maesopsis eminii have been
introduced in Ngezi forest and currently forms one of key forest habitats. Plans to
eliminate the species from the forest need to be carefully planned after a proper study
in order to avoid a potential ecological problem that may arise for removal of large
Maeopsis trees in the forest.

A number of alien species have been introduced to Pemba including the Javan civet
(Viverricula indica), Common House rat (Mus musculus) and Black rat (Rattus rattus)
(Moreau and Pakenham, 1941). Their effect remains unknown but some like the
house rat are pests and potential vectors for diseases such as plague. Rattus rattus
have been reported to cause damage to indigenous forest in New Zealand (Daniel,
1972) and to coconut palms in Fiji (Williams, 1974). Detailed recommendations on
the Rattus rattus problem has been outlined in the text.

iv. Extraction of forest resources

Timber harvesting is one of the most pressing threats to biodiversity in the study area.
The basal areas of many of the timber trees were also very low indicating timber tree
sizes had already been over-harvested. Collection of fuelwood, building poles and

77
medicinal plants are other activities that may cause loss of species and therefore pose
a threat to biodiversity.

v. Agriculture
Most of the areas in Ngezi - Vumawimbi are suitable for farming. Given the relatively
high rainfall in Pemba and good soils suitable for crops such as cassava, maize, sweet
potataoes, Banana, cloves, coconut palms and fruit crops most of the forest in both
Ngezi and Vumawimbi has been encroached. Tha farmland has gone close to the
forest such that there is no buffer zone but forest edge is where the farms start. This
was evident in places such as Tondoooni, Makangare, Mkia wa Ng'ombe, Ngezi gate
and Kisiwani.

vi. Habitat loss and fragmentation

This is one of the major threats to biodiversity. It arises mainly from converting
natural vegetation into agricultural land or settlements. It is a major threat to most
fauna species from large mammals to invertebrates. In Ngezi and Vumawimbi, forest
loss and fragementation is evident in many places such that there are many
encroached places and roads and passage ways are found almost everywhere in the
forests. This is not a healthy situation for the forests. It has been observed in
Usambara Mountains that frugivore species declined with decreasing forest fragment
size. Consequently, the loss of these dispersal agents depressed tree recruitment in the
course of forest fragmentation (Cordeiro and Howe, 2001). The lepidopterans
(Butterflies and Moths) are completely dependent on specific plant species during
their larval stage, which is the feeding stage. Any activities that result in the loss of
the natural vegetation would adversely affect this group of insects. The larval stage of
Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata nymphs) are aquatic predators. They are
completely dependent on availability of fresh-water habitats. Any activity that results
into modification or loss of fresh-water bodies would adversely affect the Odonata.
For marine environment harvesting methods such as dynamiting and use of beach
seines can cause serious habitat damage.

vii. Hunting/over exploitation

This includes both illegal and uncontrolled legal hunting. In Ngezi - Vumawimbi area
hunting has been reported to affect species like wild boar, duikers, vervet monkeys,
Zanzibar red colobus, and Pemba flying fox. It can be stated that huning is the
primary cause of decline in numbers for most species in Ngezi - Vumawimbi followed
by other factors. The Makonde immigrants are reported to be leading in hunting
species such as the primates, wild boar and others. There are reports, which suggest
that the currrent distribution of Zanzibar red colobus in Ngezi forest is greatly
influenced by the Makonde activities. The colobus avoid areas where the Makonde
are active as such they tend to be confined only in a certain relatively safe places of
the forest so limiting their distribution range.

viii. Diseases
Transmission of diseases between people-wildlife-livestock has been reported to
occur in Tanzania (GL-CRSP, 2002). Primates are close relatives of humans and
diseases like polio, pneumonia, measles and flu and there are over 20 known,
potentially lethal viruses that can be transmitted between non human primates and

78
humans including Ebola, Marbug, hepatitis A and B, herpes B, SV40 and SIV (Fano
et al, nd). This may not be an immediate problem for Ngezi - Vumawimbi area but it
is something to be noted and taken seriously due to increasing number of visitors in
the area coming from all over the world.

ix. Pollution
Observations in Ngezi - Vumawimbi forests showed that solid waste from litter is the
main source of pollution. Materials like plastics, cans, bottles, papers were often
found scattered in many parts of the survey area. The number visitors coming to
Ngezi is not very high at the moment hence most of this litter originates from local
people passing or utilising the area.

x. Small population paradigm (Caughley, 1994)

Most of the plant and animal species and communities in Pemba are in terms of
numbers small and may also be rare, endemic or near endemic. These populations are
isolated from their congeners on the mainland and hence may be subjected to
inbreeding. The exception here could be the marine organisms, which are possibly not
separated by any barriers from other populations and flying creatures, like bats and
birds (Moreau and Pakenham, 1941). Island populations of plants and animals may
appear healthy but could be genetically poor. Woody vegetation communities with
long generation time mostly tend to exhibit this phenomenon whereby they
physiognomically look healthy but are genetically poor (Burgess and Clarke, 2000).
Such plant communities eventually suffer from inbreeding depression problems and
may become locally extinct. Genetic studies may be necessary to establish the genetic
status of some important species so that modern techonologies may be employed to
improve the genetic status of the species of interest.

xi. Declining population paradigm (Caughley, 1994)

Generally island populations have higher extinction rates than continental populations
(Moreau and Pakenham, 1941). Since most of these populations are small and may
not be viable, the presence of agents resulting in decline in their number often
becomes detrimental. Such agents could be over-exploitation or habitat loss and
fragmentation or pollution. Animals like blue duiker, wild boar (naturalised) and some
plant species could be affected by this problem. These populations are known to be
declining and if this trend is not halted or reversed these species are likely to go
locally extinct.

xii. Tourism
The number of tourists visiting Ngezi -Vumawimbi is currently low. However, given
the attractiveness of the area and if efforts are done improve the infrastructure and
advertise the area there is a high possibility that the number of visitors will increase
substantially. Moreover Ngezi is the most important tourist destination in Pemba.
There are a number of impacts arising from tourism including cultural, economic and
environmental (e.g. pollution, disease transmission). The Ngezi management may use
this time to work on aspects like, limits of acceptable use, and acceptable number of
visitors, which can visit the area without having serious negative impact on the
environment.

Table 6.1: Summary of potential threats to biodiversity in Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest

reserves, Pemba

79
 Group Species Threats
Protected Encroachment, vegetation clearing, resources
area exploitation, habitat fragmentation
Mammals Zanzibar red Hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation
colobus
Pemba flying fox Hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation, loss of
roosting sites
Blue duiker Hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation, small &
declining populations paradigm
Pemba Blue Hunting
Duiker
Galagos Habitat loss
Group Species Threats
Mammals Marsh mongoose Habitat loss, drought
Pemba Clawless Habitat loss, drought
Otter
Birds Waterbirds Water pollution, drought
Other species Habitat loss and fragmentation

Reptiles Sea turtles Exploitation, loss of nesting sites, marine pollution

Tortoises Wildfires, habitat loss
Amphibia Pollution, habitat loss
ns
Fish Exploitation, marine pollution, habitat damage
Invertebra Molluscs Pollution, wildfires
tes (terrestrial, fresh
water)
Molluscs (marine) Marine pollution, exploitation
Lepidoptera Pollution, wildfires
Orthoptera Pollution, wildfires
Odonata Pollution, wildfires

8.0 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves have about 12 main habitat types but although
these appear few the area is relatively very rich in endemic, near endemic and rare
species despite its small size.

Ngezi – Vumawimbi forests have a variety of habitats rich in species. The availability
of resources differs in quantity and quality from one habitat to another therefore
making some habitats more vulnerable than others. In order to manage the biological
resources available in the reserves. All decisions on management and planning
optimization should embrace relevant factors including available technology (by local
people) as well as indigenous knowledge, social-economic, cultural and political
considerations (Herlocker, 1999). The managemnt plan of the forest needs to address
and incorporate certain key issues for effective conservation of the area. These include
the conservation of the rare, threatened, endangered and endemic species of flora and
fauna. The impact of humans living on the edge of the park on the resources inside the
park is an important aspect to consider when designing the management strategy of

80
the proposed park. Likewise, the relevant organs should investigate the possibility of
including the people on the edge of the park in the planning process. In view of these,
the following recommendations are put forward:

However, there are four key areas, which need to be considered when formulating the
strategic conservation and management plan for Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves.
These include:
• the Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves
• the surrounding habitats and communities involving neighbours to the forest
reserves
• the coastal shoreline, beaches and associated peninsulas and islands
• the forest plantations

1. Create tourist and recreation sites to promote tourism for Pemba Island. Ngezi
Forest Reserve is the only vestige of what a natural forest looked like before
the large forest coverage was cleared for land use. Tourists want to take their
recreations in sites of natural environmental surroundings. Create biological
and cultural information flow concerning the attractions of Ngezi Forest
Reserve. It was a good Government decision not to allow hotel development
within the reserve. Ngezi forest is very rich in invertebrate fauna such
butterflies which if properly adverstised could form a very paying ecotourism
attraction.
2. Improve the road condition from Konde across the reserve to Makangale. The
road section especially from the forest gate to Makangale is too narrow and
with many potholes which makes driving through difficult. The section in
particular, should be made more concrete. The traffic from Konde to
Makangale is heavy and leads to a tourist hotel beyond Verani village.
Endemic and endangered plant species are important in drawing attention of
tourists who admire nature. Orchids and unique habitats like the heath-land
would be exciting sites to visit. Many orchid populations are located in swamp
areas of Barringtonia racemosa. It is a good decision to create accessible paths
through these sites. Prepare self-guided tour routes to these sites. Due to the
small size of the forests it is advisable to emphasize on trails and foot paths for
tourists rather than the formal roadways.
3. A public land should be acquired to establish forest plantations to meet fuel
crisis and sources of building poles and other forest products. A botanical
garden should be established where to raise plant seedlings. People living in
the surroundings of the reserve and beyond should be encouraged to raise trees
for their requirements in order to reduce pressure to obtain their basic
resources from the reserve.
4. Some tree species are excessively harvested for various uses. Medicinal plants
especially Croton sylvaticus, are very effective against some diseases. Other
tree species being heavily harvested for building poles and charcoal. For all
these cases it is important to initiate and maintain a heavy flow of biological
information through monitoring programme to arrest trends of over harvest. If
any restoration is being programmed it should reflect social and economic
systems of the surrounding villages.
5. Forest conservation requires explicit efforts to eliminate the invasive exotic
species initially introduced to fill up gaps created by over harvesting of
indigenous forest trees. To meet the timber supplies, building material and

81
 useful fuel wood supplies the government should take considerations in
establishing forest plantation in the acquired public land. Ngezi forest reserve
is categorized among the ‘high priority sites’ for conservation along coastal
forests. It is difficult to imagine if some of the endemic species were not
affected by the clearance of forest to pave way for the exotic species. Exotic
species are vigorous invaders of the new habitats and suppress the
regeneration of indigenous species. It is recommended to monitor the impacts
of the introduced trees. The impacts of Maesopsis eminii for the forest in
Eastern Usambara are well documented. Cedrella mexicana in Kimboza forest
is also becoming a nuisance to the neighboring habitats. However some
ecologists argue that some opportunistic weed species may create only places
where most of today’s weeds are most information carriers of the genetic
information for environmental toughness. Nevertheless, the decision to
eliminate exotic species such as Maesopsis eminii which already forms an
important microhabitat, should be done carefully after a scientific stucdy has
been conducted.
6. The foresters entrusted with patrolling and maintaining the forest reserve
should cope up and arrest offenders who illegally harvest forest produce. All
forest routes used to collect forest produce should be blocked. Mr. Seleman
showed us some of the methods the forest department staff apply to block such
road trails and footpaths.
7. A management policy to conserve a maximum number of species or
endangered/rare species should be avoided. Such management policy usually
causes fragmentation of the forest into un-natural mosaic of succession types.
8. Compartment blocks are useful for monitoring species diversity and relocating
where management efforts should be directed. Compartment boundaries are
obliterated. This study could make use of the data by Rodgers et al. and
Beentje. The boundaries of these compartment blocks should be restored. It
was sadly observed to see the assignment of a higher priority to other
disciplines.
9. It is important to know peoples’ basic perception about their environmental
awareness of forest conservation involving natural curiosity of rare plants, the
primary source of commonly used necessities, focal species (flag species) e.g.
save the rhino. Flag species need to be widely known by the target audience.
Decision makers should attempt to have format and means of dispersing
information. Neighboring communities may be very effective in the successful
forest conservation.
10. The knowledge of biological diversity will be meaningless to humanity unless
the motivation to use it exists. There should be economic, cultural, social and
conservation links. The problems of human beings (over population, habitat
destruction, uncertainity of food, medicine and shelter) can partially be solved
by making parts of biological diversity a source of economic wealth.
11 A museum/reference collection should be built to accommodate limited
mounted specimens of both plant and animal and invertebrate specimens
occurring in the reserve, and any other historical and cultural documents.
Permanent staff should be trained to manage such a museum. There is
inadequate number of professionals to support conservation of Ngezi Forest
Reserve. Opportunities should be made available to train enough staff.
Research facilities should be incorporated into the management plan.

82
12 The number of plant and animal populations in the forest are either rare,
endemic, small or declining. Some populations may even be not ecologically
viable. Immediate measures need to be taken to serve these species from
disappearing. These species should also be subjected to monitoring
programmes. Furthermore, the use, extraction and harvesting of all rare plant
species should be controlled even if it means banning their utilisation. Simple
habitat protection and controlling exploitation may be initial measures to
conserve some of the affected animal populations. Few ecological studies have
been conducted in Pemba hence little is known of what was in the past and
even at present both in Ngezi and on the island as a whole. An isolated island
like Pemba is always a potential of finding new discoveries everytime a study
is conducted. It is recommended that a survey be done to establish species
present in other areas of the island outside the forest in order to understand the
species present and also enable plan for appropriate species conservation
strategies.
13 Using the available baseline data, there should be a close follow-up of any
ecological change that might bring ecological imbalance and consequently loss
of biodiversity.
14 Seek cooperation from appropriate specialists who can help to identify some
of the lesser known groups of plants and animals. For example invertebrate
fauna have not been exhaustively studied, and Pemba is expected to have
insular species because it is an island.
15 In order to conserve the invertebrate fauna of the area it is important to
conserve their habitat (e.g. forest, water bodies etc.), since they are completely
dependent on it. Invertebrates have a high reproductive potential, and most
insect species can sustain their population if there is minimum human
interference. The chief threat for the invertebrate diversity is likely to come
from loss of habitat through human activities, rather than any direct effect on
the species themselves. Forest habitats are especially under pressure from
surrounding human population through increased agricultural use (including
cattle raising), collection of firewood and timber, and the harvesting of non-
timber forest resources (medicinal plants, mushrooms, honey etc.).
16 Undertake the study of the ecology and forest dynamics of Ngezi forest to
identify the key pollinators and dispersal agents in the ecosystem.
17 Monitor the introduced species of plants and animals on the ecology of the
forest and determine their potential threats to the indigenous populations of
plants and animals and take appropriate measures to control the situation
18 People living on the forest edge through generations have used the forest area.
There are no forest plantations surrounding the forest except those of rubber.
The forest has been the source for fuelwood, poles, medicines and hunting
ground. Members of the local community have been earning their living from
the forest resources. Therefore, a better approach should be designed to
allocate resource-use areas for human activities such as extractions and
farming outside the forest.
The presence of forest plantations is very important to take the pressure off the
natural forest. The management strategy should aim to increase the area under
forest plantation. Furthermore, increase in fuelwood prices could be a
sufficient stimulus to encourage villagers to plant trees on their farms.
Encouraging villagers to plant trees on their farms and around their homes or
along the farm boundaries is a rational option because such trees act as

83
 windbreak, provide shade and could be sustainably harvested as fuelwood
hence stop people from harvesting in protected areas. Decentralization of
nurseries as much as possible is important to minimize transport costs and by
doing so every village will be able to raise enough tree seedlings for their own
woodlots or sale. Local residents should be encouraged to expand plantations
of fast growing species that have proved to grow well in the project area.
19 To embark on ethnobotanical surveys to identify all plant species used or with
potential use to the local communities. Efforts should aim at selecting the
potential species for further phytochemical investigation. Domesticating such
species and development of harvesting protocols may be a useful tool for
sustainable production systems. Some rare plant species should be introduced
into the gardens in town (ex situ conservation).
20 Evaluate the agricultural practices in areas surrounding the forest to determine
potential threats to biodiversity arising from these practices including use and
disposal of pesticides and other pollutants
21 The local community's awareness, willingness and attitude towards
biodiversity conservation are very important aspects. Educate local community
through workshops or other means on the need, importance and benefits of
biodiversity conservation. Emphasis could be put on the positive impacts of
conservation such as increase in income earnings through tourism at the
national, local community and individual levels. People should also be
informed of other benefits such as employment opportunities to local people
and improved social services such as health and education from revenues
accrued from wildlife conservation. The importance of forests in influencing
weather conditions can also be addressed.
22 Indigenous knowledge should be incorporated in the management of
biodiversity. The approach should be communal resource management which
satisfies communal needs and sustainable biodiversity conservation. In this
respect community forest management should be emphasized to ensure
effective forest conservation.
23 Integration of biodiversity management with land use resources is an effective
approach of conservation. Planning should therefore include provisions of
zonation and dermarcation of core areas in which sensitive species and
ecosystems are protected. Establishment of a buffer zone may help to control
entry and encroachment into the forest in order to maintain a healthy forest
24 To initiate and maintain a flow of biological information from the site. The
focus should be on habitat stability. Habitat changes and their consequences
on biodiversity change should be monitored through follow-up studies.
25 Initiate monitoring programmes to monitor changes in key biological and
physical resources, environmental parameters and human demography in the
project area
i. A monitoring system is required to evaluate the consequences of the
rapid decline of the forest and assess the prospects for their restoration.
The major threats to the ecological conditions of the forest include
timber exploitation, habitat degradation, land clearance for agriculture,
fuel wood collection, building materials, medicinal plant uses and
many other human activities involving forest resources
ii. It is important to have regular basic ecological data such as rainfall,
termperature and humidity

84
 iii. Ensure that Zanzibaris are trained to develop the capacity and
institutional strength in cooperation with other organs to carry out
monitoring
iv. Monitor vegetation changes in areas where this survey was conducted.
This study has provided a baseline data from which to start the
monitoring
26 Improve the publicity of Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves at the same time
taking precaution on the effect of having too much ecotourism. Emphasize on
high paying low volume tourism.
27 This report provides conditions outside the forest in 2005. There is a need to
conduct modelling to predict the situation on long-term basis say 50 years. The
strategic plan should incorporate data on what is happening outside and inside
the forest reserves.

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Stanley, W.T, Kihaule, P.M., Howell, K.M. and Hutterer,R. 1998. Small Mammals of
the Eastern Arc Mountains,Tanzania. J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. 87: 91-100.
Stohlgren, T. J., Falker, M. A. and Schell, L. D. (1995) A Modified Whittaker
Vegetation Sampling Method. Vegetation 17: 113-121.
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Swai, I. S. (1983b) Problems associated with wildlife conservation in Zanzibar.
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92
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93
 TERMS OF REFERENCE
Outputs of the contract
♦ A vegetation map of the forest showing vegetation types and their distribution. The map
should be at a scale of 1: 10,000 and in colour. Three copies of the map should be
supplied (unless provided in digital form - MapInfo compatible)

♦ A vegetation species list for the habitats identified in the vegetation map with a
quantitative assessment of species abundance.

♦ A complete species list with an indication of distribution and relative abundance for the
following taxa: Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish, Butterflies and moths

♦ A final report summarising the data collected and evaluationg the biological resources
found within the forest reserves. The report should contain detailed assessment of
important and endemic species, including IUCN status, conservation status and current
threats. Management recommedations should also be provided.

94
Appendix 1a:
An annotated checklist of the Flora of Ngezi Forest, Reserve, NE, Pemba
The present account is an up-dated checklist of plant and mushroom species known to occur
in Ngezi Forest Reserve including areas recently annexed to the reserve. The study
incorporates species list reported by Beentje 1990 and Ruffo 1991. The species richness of
the flora may increase if more intensive study is carried out. This is because some habitats
were not reached at all and others were inadequately sampled. The check list is arranged
alphabetically including families, genera and species. The fungi come first in the
arrangement, ferns and dicots follow and monocots come last.

The additional information of the fungal flora (Harkonen et al. 2003) has always been
neglected in the previous floristic studies. Some 13 fungal species have been recorded. Some
of the specimens have only been named to generic level. This is because it was dry season
during this study and the specimens were dry. For specific identifications it is necessary to
have fresh materials.

Vernacular names of plants are provided for those species known by the indigeneous people.
Such vernacular names are available for those plants which are economically, socially or
culturally useful such as timber trees, building material species and which provide medicines,
fruits, vegetables or very common species in the forest.

This checklist may prove useful for monitoring purposes, and may also be particularly useful
source of information for future scientific researchers, for foresters and their auxiliary staff
attached to Ngezi Forest Reserve. The list provides additional and new information for the
flora of Tropical East Africa. For instance, Voacanga africana, Uvaria acuminata, Uvaria
lucida, Sphaerocoryne gracile and many others, were not known to occur in Ngezi Forest
Reserve in the Flora of tropical East Africa. (Polhill & Beentje 1970 – present). One specie
was not known at all. Unkown sp. by Beentje is actually Blighia unijugata. Four species are
known to generic level only. These are Uvaria sp., Tarenna sp., and Cyphostemma sp.

List of vascular plants and mushroom species

BN - Collection by Beentje
RMH - Collection by Rodgers, Mwasumbi and Hall. Records seen by Rodgers, Hall,
Mwasumbi, Swai and Vollesen have been incorporated in this list; where I have not
been able to confirm their sightings, I have indicated such.
SR - Denotes sight record by both Rodgers et al., and Beentje; otherwise there is a qualifier.
fi - Denotes field identification (this differs from sight record: in FI one actually gets a piece
of the plant and uses keys to identify it)
M - Mwasumbi
sr – site records
Plants are arranged by family; the families are listed alphabetically, within the super
groupings Mushrooms/Pteridophytes/Dicotyledons/Monocotyledons.

Mushrooms
Microporus xanthopus (Fr.) Kuntze
Previously known to cause white-rot in mountain forests and miombo. Common saprophyte,
said to be rare in Tanzania

Phellinus sp.
Hard white fruit body (young)

Ganoderma sp.1
Stipulate fruit bodies, dark brown (rusty) inside with an encored white margin, and upper
surface dark brown with concentric rings.

95
Ganoderma sp.2
Stipulate young fruit body, stripe smooth brown, continuing to round half central upper part,
vest upper part cream. Lower surface all smooth cream

Pleurotosus sajur – carju

Gills corrugated, light brown. Upper surface rough light cream; upper fruit body overlying
lower two ones. Fruit bodies stem less.

Trametes cf. gibbosa

Stem less, corrugated fruit body; wrinkled upper fruit body, imbricate overlapping ones; with
faint concentric lines. Gills indistinct.

Trametes vesicolor
Substipitate stem of fruit body and marginal rim of fruit body is cream white. Upper surface
of fruit body is dark brown with indistinct or faint concentric rings while the lower surface is
dusty cream.

Microporus sp.1
On dead logs of Maesopsis; same location and almost similar with Xanthopus, but regular rim
is not white. Indistinct concentric rings on dark purple upper funnel-shaped surface.

Trametes elegans
Substipitate on dead logs. White both surfaces.

Microporus sp.2
Funnel shaped fruit body, white cream below. Concentric stripes quite distinct, cream and
light brown.

Laetiporus sulphorus (chicken of the woods)

Yellow thick layer of the fruit body with rough upper surface and quite smooth lower surface.

Funalia polyzona
Overlapping upper layers, distinct concentric strips, and cream – yellow.

Schizophyllum commune
Small fruit bodies, many clustered together on dead trunks along the road. Margins of fruit
bodies irregularly, with left.

Xylaria is an Ascomycete genus which is associated with termite, but their fruit bodies are
hard and inedible.

PTERIDOPHYTES: Common and rare ferns

Families Species name Vern. Notes Reference

Name
Aspleniaceae Acrostichum - Mangrove fern RMHS –
aureum L SR

96
 Asplenium nidus - Common birds SR
L. nest-fern
epiphyte on
tree trunk
Thelypteridaceae Cyclosorus RMHS –
interruptus SR
(Willd.) H.Ito
Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris Forms dense RMHS –
linearis (Burm.f.) tangles on poor SR
Undrew. soils, and after
fire in many
habitats
Lomariopsidaceae Elaphoglossum Epiphyte,
lastri (Bak.) C. simple fronds
Chr.; no indusia
Lomariopsis Mgimbikuti Climbing fern, BN 4313
warneckei rhizome with
(Hieron,) Alston linear brown
– scales
Polypodioaceae Microsorum New for Ngezi,
punctatum (L.) Pemba and
Copel Zanzibar
Polypodiaceae scolopendria Common SR
(Burm.f.) Pichi- terrestrial or
Serm. climbing fern
oil used to
flavour
coconut oil
Davalliaceae Nephrolepis Common RMH 2691
biserrata (W.) terrestrial fern
Schott
Phymatosorus
Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium Terrestrial in
aquilinum (L.) ruderal
Kuhn situations,
ssp.caudatum (L.) pioneer species
Bonap.
Pteridaceae Pteris In forest shade M - sr
acanthoneura
Alston
Pteris atrovirens In forest shade M - sr
Willd.
Pteris hamulosa Woody
(Christ) erect/creeping
rhizome in
forest – FTEA
2002
Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum Small - RMH 2784
(L.) Beauv. terrestrial on
rocks in

97
 riverbed or
epiphytic on
palm trees, or
terrestrial herb.
Lomariopsidaceae Lomariopsis Climbers in RMH 2783
warnekei swamps
(Hieron) Alston
Vittariaceae Vittaria elongata Small RMH 2713
Sw. epiphyte,
linear hanging
usually
together with
birds-nest fern
(Asplenium
nidus)

DICOTYLEDONS

ACANTHACEAE
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Adhatoda englerana (Lindau) CB.CI. - Woody herb, moist forest *
Asystasia multiflora KI. Herb RMH 2669
Hygrophilla auriculata (Schumach.) Indicator, of seasonal wet *
Heinc cotton soils, a weed of
ricefields
Justicia tenella (Nees) T. Anders Herb, annual RMH 2750
Pseuderanthemum tunicatum (Afz.) Woody herb, forest BN 4317
Milne-Redh.
Ruspolia sp. Woody herb RMH
Whitfieldia elongata (Beauv.) C.B.CI. Mnyenyapaa Shrub in moist forest RMH 251

ALANGIACEAE
Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin Mavimavi Canopy tree RMH 2707
AMARANTHACEAE
Achyranthes aspera L Weedy annual herb, SR
indicator of disturbed sites
Cyathula prostrata (L.) BI. Herb RMH 2697
Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. Herb RMH sr
ANACARDIACEAE
Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl.) Engl. Muumba Mfupavu Canopy tree, coastal BN-fi
var. acutifoliolata (Engl.) Kokw. Kenya and Tanzania,
Zanzibar and Pemba
Mangifera indica L. Mwembe Mango tree, introduction sr
from Asia usually
associated with human
habitation, spread in forest
by humans and birds
Rhus natalensis Krauss - Shrub, only found sterile BN - sr
Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. Mpilipili doria Medium seized tree, BN 5240
especially in coastal bush
land;East Africa and
Madagascar

98
ANNONACEAE
Annona senegalensis Pers. ssp. Mtopetope Shrub tree, edible fruit, sr
senegalensis mchekwa medicinal roots, fuelwood
Sphaerocoryne gracileVerdc. Scandent shrub in coastal sr
dry forest
Uvaria acuminata Oliv. Strong black liana coastal sr
coral rock forest and
thicket
Uvaria lucida Benth. Liana edge of coastal M-sr
bushland/coral rag forest
Uvaria sp. B. of FTEA as BN states Liana, coastal, BN 4366
bushland/thicket
APOCYNACEAE
Alafia caudata Stapf Large liana, milky sap RMH 277
Ancylobotrys petersiana (KI.) Pierre Mbungo kidogo Medium sized liana in UOPZP (1949)
forest
Funtumia africana (Benth.) Stapf Mtonga, Medium to large liana BN 4949
mlangamakelele
Landolphia kirkii Dyer Mpoo Large Liana M-sr
Oncinotis tenuiloba Stapf - Small climber new FTEA BN 4323
record for Pemba
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Rauvolfia mombassana Stapf Mwengechaa Shrub/small tree BN-fi
Saba comorensis (Bojer) Pichon Mbungo Large common lianfruits BN &
edible also sold in market CBM - fi
stall and way sides
Schizozygia coffaeoides (Bojer) Baill. Mtonga mwitu shrub BN 4310
Strophanthus zimmermannii Monach - Medium sized liana; south BN 4319
coastal Kenya, coastal
Tanzania new record for
Ngezi, rare species
Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf Mtonga mwitu Medium sized forest RMH 2788
margin tree
Tabernaemontana ventricosa A.D.C Mapumba ya kima Large tree BN 4364
Voacanga africana Stapf - Tall tree on raised sand sr
beach, new record
uncommon
ARALIACEAE
Cussonia zimmermannii Harms Mpapai dume, Large tree in coastal BN - fi
Mpapai mwitu thicket
Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms Mbirimbi mwitu Tall tree, may be BN 4374
introduced as it differs
from local populations
upland areas.
ASCLEPIDIACEAE
Secamone retusa N.E Br. - Climber in heath and BN 4360
forest margins. New
record for Pemba
Tacazzea apiculata Oliv. - Climber in coral rag forest sr

BALSAMINACEAE
Impatiens wallerana Hook.f. Matuanange Herbs of moist sites, RMH 2645
especially riverbanks
BIGNONIACEAE
Tabebuia pentaphylla (Bertol) DC Majani matano Exotic timber tree RMH 2690
BOMBACACEAE
Adansonia digitata L. Mbuyu Isolated trees on coral rag M - sr
coast forest
Bombax rhodognaphalon K. Schum. Msufi mwitu Tree in moist and coastal BN 4341
var. rhodognaphalon(rhodognaphalon foest unlike Beentje

99
/ schumannianum) records also in Tanzania
BORAGINACEAE
Boureria petiolaris (Lam.) Thulin Mbunduki Shrub or small tree in BN 4334
(Ehretia petiolaris) coral rag dry forest
Cardia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Mkamasia mkodia Introduced timber, tree sr
Oken
CAPPARACEAE
Cladostemon kirkii (Olv.) Pax & Gilg Shrub or small tree in RMN 2771
coastal thick
CASUARINACEAE
Casuarina equisetifolia L. Mvinje Large introduced tree on sr
beach crest, now being
naturalized
CELASTRACEAE
Elachyptera parvifolia (Oliv.) N.Halle Big liana >10 igh RMH
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Excell Mdinga ndewe Small piny tree RMH 2706
mnyonyao
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thumb.) Mlimbolimbo Medium sized tree or RMH 2782
Loes shrub forming bush
Salacia elegans Oliv. Mguko Shrub or liana RMH 2782
Salacia leptoclada Tul. Liana M-sr
Salacia madagascariensis (Lam) DC – Mtora, mtoria, Liana, yellow roots M-sr
mguku
CHRYSOBALANACEAE
Hirtella zanzibarica Oliv. Large tree RMH - sr
Parinari curatellifolia Benth.ssp. Mmbura Large tree BN 4342
curatellifolia

COMBRETACEAE
Combretum paniculatum Vent - Spreading large liana on BN 4375
tall trees where it forms m-sr
bush. Bright red flowers.
Combretum sp.cf. umbricola - Liana over canopy trees Sr
Terminalia boivinii Tul. [T.fatraea] Mkunguni Branched tree coastal BN - fi
forest and thicket
Terminalia catappa L. Mkungu Inroduced tree sr
Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. or Mkungu india Introduced timber tree RMH – sr
Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels
Terminalia sambesiaca Engl. & Diels Large tree RMH - sr
COMPOSITAE
Ageratum conyzoides L. Kimavi cha kuku; Annual weedy herb in M - sr
mtumbaku ponds and fields
Pulchea sordida (Vatke) Oliv. & - Woody herb/small shrub RMN - sr
Hiern.
Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke Mkengeta; mwezi shrub M – sr
upande
Vernonia zanzibarensis Less. Mtumbako mwitu Shrub especially in edges RMH 2760
of Erica mafiens is and
coastal dry forest
CONNARACEAE
Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill. Liana M- fi
Connarus sp. nov. = 4159/Rodgers et Liana M- fi
al.
Cnestis corniculata Lam. Liana BN 4370
DICHAPETALACEAE
Tapura fischeri Engl. Mtama mwitu Medium tree RMH 2658

100
DILLENIACEAE
Tetracera litoralis Gilg Mkala Shrub, extends to coastal BN 4315
Mpalafisi Kenya, Tanzania
EBENACEAE
Diospyros consolatae Chiov. Mjengo Tree, coastal dry forest BN 4328
and thicket
Euclea racemosa Murr. ssp. schimperi Mdaa-mwitu RS
(A.C.D.) F.White

ERICACEAE
Erica mafiensis Engl.. Mdamba Shrub forms denses, BN 4337
(= Phylippia mafiensis) dominant bush; Endemic
Hypericum sp. - Forms dense mat on ponds M - fi
in moist forest
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. Shrub on coastal thicket BN - fi

EUPHORIBIACEAE
Acalypha neptunica Muell.Arg. Muweza Shrub in moist forest M - fi
Antidesma membranceum Muell. Arg. Msisimizi Shrub/small tree Greenway 2702
Antidesma venosum Tul. Msisimizi Shrub or smalltree BN 4365
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill... – Mkarati, Mtutututu Small tree, building poles, RMH 2669
terminat-resistant
Croton scheffleri Pax - Shrub RMH 2708
Croton sylvaticus Kraus Mdawadawa Tree in moist RMH 2671
Drypetes natalensis (Harv...) Hutch. Mjafari, Tree, restricted to coastal BN 4302
var. leiogyna Brenan mgandama, Kenya, NE and west
msunduri Tanzania, Zanzibar

Drypetes reticulata Pax - Tree, coastal evergreen RMH 2761

and moist forest
Erythrococca kirkii (Mull.Arg.) Prain Mgombere Shrub in coral rag forest RMH 2673
Flueggia virosa (Willd.) Voigt Mkwamba Shrub BN - fi
Macaranga capensis (Baill.) Sim. - Mlangamakelele, Canopy tree sr
Mkaranga
Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) - Large tree in dry coastal RMH 2683
Webster var triplosphaera forest. Used as building
(Baill.) Webster poles
Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. - Annual herb BN 4301

Suregada zanzibariensis Baill. Mdimu msitu Shrub or small tree BN 4216

Tragia furialis Bojer Weni, Kiwavi Trailing climber, stinging BN - sr
Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. Mchenza msitu Large tree in moist forest BN 2615
and swamp forest
Uapaca sansibarica Pax - Large tree new for Pemba RMH - sr
FLACCOURTIACEAE
Casaeria gladiiformis Mast. - Medium tree RMH 2681
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Mchongoma Tree BN - fi
Ludia mauritiana Gmelin Shrub RMH 2761
Rawsonia lucida Harv... & Sond. Mpera mwitu Tree RMH 2693
Xylotheca tettensis (Klotzsch) Gilg Mchakachaka Shrub M - sr
var. kirkii (Oliv.) Wild -
GOODENIACEAE
Scaevola prumieri (L.) Vahl - Salt bush, succulent on M - sr
coastal sandy beach

101
GUTTIFERAE
Calophyllum inophyllum L. Mtondoo Exotic timber tree SR
Garcinia livingstonei T. Anders - Tree RMH - sr
Harungana madagascariensis Poir. Mdamudamu Forest margin tree, small SR
tree in forest relicts
ICACINACEAE
Apodytes dimidiata Arn. ~. var. - Tree on edges of Erica SR
acutifolia (A. Rich.) Boutique bushland

Leptaulus holstii (Engl.) Engl. Small shrub

LECYTHIDACEAE
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Sprang Mtomondo (mke) Tree in swamp forest, host RMH 2744
of many epiphytic orchids
Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kuntz Canopy Tree Introduced
LEGUMINOSAE – CAESALPINIACEAE
Afzelia quanzensis Welw. Mbambakofi, Forest tree, coastal SR
mkongo
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Mkomwe, Mkete Spiny bush forming M - sr
rambler
Caesalpinia volkensii Harms Liana with prickles, BN 4377
restricted to Uganda,
Kenya and Tanzania
Cassia sp. - Hairy shrub M – sr
Erythophloeum suaveolens (Guill... & Mwavi Canopy tree SR
Perr.) Brenan
Tamarindus indica L. Mkwaju Canopy tree/emergent in BN - fi
coastal thicket
LEGUMINOSAE – MIMOSACEAE
Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) Mchapia tumbili Canopy tree RM 2727
W.F. Wight
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Mvunja shoka Small tree especially in BN - sr
Arn.ssp.cinerea – disturbed areas and forest
edge
Entada pursaetha DC Mkuungo, Mukuno Large Liana SR
Mimosa pudica L. Kifa uongo Weed, edge of seasonal M - sr
pond
Prosopis sp. - Introduced tree Reported
LEGUMINOSAE – PAPILIONACEAE
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Oerr Mpingo Medum coastal thicket/ BN 4348
forest tree
Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. Trailing herb M - sr
Eriosema parviflorum E. Mey. Mchunga mbuzi Fringing swamp M - sr
Indigofera astragalina DC. Woody herb M - sr
Indigofera trita L.f. Bush forming woody herb M - sr
edge of bushland
Millettia oblata Dunn ssp. intermedia Tree RMH 2716
Gillett
Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. Upupu Large liana SR
Teramnus labialis (Linn.f.) Spreng Fringing swamp M - sr
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Mdamudamu Introduced large branched SR
tree as a boundary market
Sophora tomentosa L. ssp. tomentosa Mtupwa Shrub, seashore for fish M - sr
poisoining
LENTIBULIARACEAE
Utricularia gibba L. Submerged herb in RMH 2785
pools/swamps

102
LOBELIACEAE
Lobelia anceps (Thunb) Thulin Kikwayakwaya Herb, forest margins BN – sr
Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg Mpamba mwitu Tree of swamp forest SR
Strychnos angolensis Gilg Mvinje Msitu Liana RMH 2778
Strychnos panganensis Gilg Mbugu-bafe Bush forming liana, M – sr
coastaldry forest

LYTHRACEAE
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Pemphis acidula Forst. & Forst .f. Mkaa pwani Shrub on coral beac crest BN - fi
MALPHIGIACEAE
Acridocarpus zanzibaricus (L.) A. Mkenge wa Paka Liana/climber, coastal SR
Juss. thicket. Somalia to
Central East Tanzania
MALVACEAE
Gossypioides kirkii (Mast...) J. B. Mpamba mwitu Shrub BN 4316
Hutch
Hibiscus surattensis L. - Scrambling herb M -sr
Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Mkakawa Shrub on beach RMN 2703
MELASTOMATACEAE
Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana Kichinja uthia Creeping herb BN - SR
Mchenja ziwa
Melastomastrum segregatum (Benth.) - Shrub edge of RMH 2768
A. & R. Fernandes pools/swamps
Tristemma mauritianum J.F. Gmel. - Shrubby herb marshy open RMH 2718
sites

MELIACEAE
Cedrela mexicana M. Roem - Introduced timber tree SR
Entandophragma sp. - Timber tree said to be BN
introduced
Khaya anthotheca? (welw.) C.D.C. - Introduced timber tree SR
Trichilia emetica Vahl - Tree RMH – SR
Xylocarpus granatum Koen. Mtonga Mangrove tree species BN - sr
MENISPERMACEAE
Discoreophyllum volkensii Engl. var. Liana RMH 2769
volkensii
Tinospora oblongifolia (Engl.) - Liana, new record for BN - sr
Troupin Pemba
Triclisia sacleuxii (Pierre) Diels var. - Liana BN 4344
sacleuxii
MENYANTHACEAE
Nymphoides cf. kirkii (NE Br.) ined. - Floating aquatic in ponds, BN sr
new record for Pemba
MORACEAE
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Mgulele Canopy timber tree SR
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Mshelisheli Introduced tree with edible SR
Mfenesi mfuu breadfruit
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Mfenesi (Jackfruit) Introduced tree SR
Dorstenia tayloriana Rendle - Woody herb, rare new for BN 4372
Pemba
Ficus exasperata Vahl Msasa dume Canopy tree SR
Ficus lutea Vahl Mlangawa Canopy tree RMH 2783
Ficus rokko Warb. & Schweinf.. Mlandenge Canopy tree SR
Ficus scasselatii Pamp Mtonga mwitu Large tree BN - fi

103
Ficus sur Forssk. [F.capensis] Mkuyu Canopy tree RMH 2680
Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg Mvule Canopy timber tree SR
(Chlorophora excelsa)
MYRTACEAE
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Eucalyptus sp – Mkaratusi Mkaratusi Introduced may be more SR
than one species
Eugenia capensis (= Vaughan 1676) Mkaage New species restricted to BN 4219
Zanzibar and Pemba only
Syzgium cordantum Krauss Mzambarau ziwa Medium tree in heathland, SR
swamps and coastal forest
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels – Mzambarau Naturalized canopy tree BN 4238
NYMPHAESCEAE
Nymphaea nouchali Burm... var. Myungiyungi Aquatic herb BN -sr
zanzibarensis (Casp.) Verdc.
OCHNACEAE
Ochna chomasiama Engl. & Gilg Shrub in coastal forest M - sr
Sauvagesia erecta L RMH 2735
OLEACEAE
Olea woodiana Knobl. Mchunga mwitu Tree in coastal forests BN 4332
ONAGRACEAE
Ludwigia abyssinica A. Rich. - Shrubs in muddy silt M –sr
ponds
Ludwigia jussioaeoides Desr - Herb, in seasonal wet M - sr
ponds moist forest
Ludwigia stolonifera (Guill. & Perr.) Prostrate herb in seasonal M - sr
Raven ponds/wet sites
OXALIDACEAE
Averrhoa sp. (A. carambola in Mbirimbi Introduced tree SR
Forestry records)
PASSIFLORACEAE
Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms var. - Climber in forest BN 4346
gummifera edges/disturbed sites
Adenia rumicifolia Engl. Mgole Climber in forest margins RMH 2677
Piper betle L. Mtambuu Small climber possibly BN 4368
introduced
RHAMNACEAE
Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. - Climbing shrub BN - fi
Maesopsis eminii Engl. Msisi Introduced timber tree SR

Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurtz Msoo Climber with spines, new BB - fi

for Pemba
RHIZOPHORACEAE
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. Mchonga Mangrove tree SR
Cassipourea euryoides Alton Medium sized tree Rare species
Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. var. Msikundazi Medium sized tree BN - sr
verticillata (N.E Br.) J. Lewis
Ceriops tagal (Perr.) CB Robinson Mkandaa Mweupe Mangrove tree BN - sr
Rizophora mucronata L Mkoko Mangrove tree SR

RUBIACEAE
Agathisanthemum bojeri Klotzsch - Herb open sites RMN – sr
Canthium mombazense Baill. Shrub BN 4343

104
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Chassalia umbraticola vatke ssp. Mwango Mpelepele Shrub RMH 2649
umbatricola
Craterispermum scheweinfurthii Hiern Small tree Greenway 1482
Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.) K. Mkanja Shrum or small tree BN - fi
Schum.ssp. confluens (K.Schum.)
Verdc.
Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnston - Herb RMH 2790
Guettarda speciosa L. Mkaa pwani Beach tree RMH 2704
Heinsia zanzibarica (Boj.) Verdc Mfifiyo Shrub or small tree M - sr
Keetia gueinzii (Son.) Bridson, Mpendapendapo Climber/liana forming RMH - sr
bush
Kraussia speciosa Bullock - Shrub/small tree BN 4325
Kohatia sp. Herb fringing a swamp M - sr
Laygnias pallidiflora Bullock
Lampthrothamus zanguebaricum Mkokobara mchesi Small tree M - sr
Hiern
Leptactina platyphylla (Hiern) Wernh. Mbuni mwitu Small tree for poles BN 4378

Oldenlandia lancifolia (Schumch.) - Herbs in seasonal M - sr

DC. var. scarbridula Bremek pools/swamps
Pavetta sp. Shrub RMH 2647
Pentas micrantha Bak. Kivuma nyuki Forest edges or open sites RMH 2647
Herb
Pentodon pentandrus (Schumach. & - Weak herb in balck damp M - sr
Thonn.) Vatke var. minor Bremek soils of ponds/swamps
Polysphaeria parvifolia Hiern Mkanja Shrub SR
Psychotria sp. - Shrub BN 4311
Psychotria holtzii (K.Schum) Petit var. Mangwe Shrub in heathand, forest BN 4359
holtzii edges
Psychotria lauracea (K.Schum) Petit Msigande Shrub RMH 2725

Psychotria riparia (K.Schum. & K. Shrub Vaughan 742

Krauss) Petit.
Psychotria schliebenii Petit var. Shrub RMH 2659
schliebenii
Psychotria tanganyikensis Verdc.var. - Shrub RMH 2724
ferruginea Verdc
Psydrax kaessneri (S. Moore) Bridson Shrub in heathland RMH 2751
[canthium kaessneni]
Psydrax livida (Hiern) Bridson Shrub RMH 2799
[Canthium huillense]
Psydrax recurvifolia (Bullock) Mtengeji Scandent shrub or small RMH – sr
Bridson tree
Pyrostria bibracteata (Bak.) Cavaco Mfupapu Shrub or small tree RMH 2763
[Canthium bibracteatum];
Spermacoce princeae (K.Schum.) Herb in seasonal wet
Verdc. [= S.hispida L] ponds M - sr
Tarenna pavettoides (Harv.) Sims sp. - shrub BN 4361
affinis (K.Schum.) Bridson
Uncaria africana G.Don var.orientalis Msoo Climber to canopy BN 4388
Verdc.
Vangueria sp. A of FRTEA - Shrub, endemic Burgess 2000

RUTACEAE
Vepris eugeniifolia (Engl.) Verdorn Mchunga mwitu shrub BN 4336

SAPINDACEAE

105
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Allophylus griseo-tomentosum Gilg - Shrub or smallt ree RMH – sr
Allophylus pervillei Bl. Mchacha Liana or shrub BN - fi
Allophylus vestitus F.G. Davies. - BN 4339
Allophylus sp. near grotei - Shrub BN 4330
Blighia unijugata Bak. (includes the Mkivuli, Tree RMH 2723
unknown species) Mwakamwatu
Deinbollia borbonica Scheff. Mkunguma Small tree SR
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Mkaa pwani, Shrub, coastal forest M - sr
Mkengata
Haplocoelum inoploeum Radlk. Mtumbi Tree in dry coastal forest SR
and thicket
Majidea zanguebarica Oliv. Mchenya Canopy tree RMH 2702
Paullinia pinnata L Mmbugu Climber in forests SR
SAPOTACEAE
Englerophytum magalismontanum - Medium tree BN - fi
(Sond.) Pennington
Chrysophyllum lanceolatum (BI.) Small tree only known Peddington
DV.var. stellatocarpum van Royen from Pemba
Inhambanella henriquesii (Engl. & Msikundazi Medium tree new for BN 4389
Warb.) Dubard Pemba
Monotypic sp. in SE Trop.
Africa
Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Medium tree RMN 2775
Dubard
Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard Small tree BN - fi
Pouteria brevipes (Baker) Pennington Mchocha jike Canopy tree SR
Pouteria msolo (Engl.) Peddington Mchocha dume Canopy tree SR
Sideroxylon inerme L. ssp. - Small branded tree BN – fi
diospyroides (Baker) J.H Hemsl.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Bacopa crenata (P. Beauv.) Hepper - herb RMH 2700
Limnophila indica (L.) Druce Herb, aromatic in marsh RMH 2669
Scoparis dulcis L.
SIMAROUBACEAE
Quassia indica (Gaertner) Nooteb. Mtomondo dume Tree in swamp forest an BN 4322
[Samadera indica] eastern Asia species,
medicinal oil and
insecticide
Quassia undulata (Guill...& Perr) D. Mjoho Canopy tree BN 4307
Dietr. [Odyendea zimmermannii]
SONNERATIACEAE
Sonneratia alba Sm. Mpira, Mlilana Mangrove tree species SR
STERCULIACEAE
Heritiera littoralis Ait. Msikundazi Mangrove tree species SR
Melochia corcholfolia L - Invasive herb in seasonal M - sr
wet pond
THYMELEACEAE
Synaptolepis kirkii Oliv. Mkatu Small shrub or climber SR

Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference

TILIACEAE
Grewia plasiocarpa K. Schum. - Shrub M - sr

106
Grewia stuhlmannii K. Schum. Mfukufuku Shrub or liana forming BN - fi
bush
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Mchokochole Woody herb M-sr
ULMACEAE
Trema orientalis (L.) BI. Mpesi Small tree SR
VERBENACEAE
Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh Mchu Mangrove tree SR
Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey. Mtozatoza Shrub M - sr
mlanyuni
Clerodendrum hildebrandtii Vatke Shrub; coastal bushland M - sr
Premna obtusifolia R. Br. Shrub common in coral RMH 2728
rock forest
Stachytaphytta urticifolia Sims Kikwayakwaya Invasive herb M - sr
Tectona grandis L.f. Msaji Introduced timber tree SR
(teak tree)
Vitex doniana Sweet Sweet –Mfuru, Medium tree in open areas SR
mfuu
Vitex ferruginea Schum. M - sr
VIOLACEAE
Rinorea arborea (Thou.) Baill. - Trees in Coastal Kenya to BN 4327
Mozambique, Madagascar
VITACEAE
Ampelocissus africana (Lour.) Merr. Liana; coastal forest on M - sr
coral rock
Cisssus integrifolia (Bak.) Planch. Climber in forest margins. BN 4327
New record for Pemba
Cissus oliveri Gilg Climber, not in FTEA for RMH 2666
Pemba & is high altitude
species
Cissus quadrangularis L.var. Succulent liana with BN 4345
quadrangularis winged stem segment
Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl.var. Vigorous climber M - sr
rotundifolia
Cyphostemma sp. Climber in coral rock M - sr
forest
Rhoicissus revoilii Planch. Climber BN - fi
Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Climber BN - fi
Drum.

MONOTCOTYLEDONS

ALOACEAE
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Aloe massawana Reynolds Mshubiri-mwitu Succulent herb, new for M - sr
Pemba
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. Yungimanga Herb SR
ARACEAE
Culcasia orientalis Mayo Climber SR

Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.) Engl. Herb SR

Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference

Typhonodorum lindleyanum Schott Herb; restricted to SR
Madagascar and Pemba,
Unguja
Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd.) Wangadume Herb SR
Engl.
BROMELIACEAE
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. var. Mnanasi pori Herb, is endemic SR

107
nov.
COMMELINACEAE
Commelina diffusa Burm...f. Herb RMH 2695
Murdannia axillaries Brenan Herb RMH 2698
CYPERACEAE – the sedges (after Haines et al. 1983)
Cyperus erectus (Schum.) Mattf. & Perrenial with creeping M - sr
Kuk. Not in Haines (1983) at low rhizome on seasonal wet
attitudes ponds
Cyperus macranthus Boeck in ponds M - sr
Cyperus prolifer Lam. ssp. Perrenial in permament wet RMH 2756
isoclados Kukenth ponds and swamps
Cyperus polystachyus Tufted perennial in dry M - sr
Rottb.var.laxiflorus (Benth.) K. Lye ponds
Cyperus tenax Boeck. var tenax RMH 2754
Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Annual in seasonal and RMH 2741
Schult. permanent pools
Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. Annual in seasonal ponds RMH 2742
& Schult. and streams
Fimbristylis longiculmis Steud. Tufted perennial in ponds RMH 2737
Fuirena clavisetta Poir. Perennial in open swamps’ RMH 2732
edges.
Fuirena ochreata Kunth. Common in swamps M - sr
Fuirena umbellata Rottb. RMH 2729
Cyperus lanceolata Poir. RMH 2733
Cyperus mundtii (Nees) Kunth. Perrenial RMH 2730
Rhynchospora candida (Nees) RMH 2740
Boeck
DIOSCAREACEAE
Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax Mchochoni, Ndiga, Wild yam, climber; new BN 4314
Vikwa record for Pemba
FLAGELLARIACEAE
Flagellaria guineensis Schum. Mkalamu, Mpelewa Climbing shrub M - sr

GRAMINEAE – the grass family

Imperata cylindrical (L.) Raeuschel Msufi wa bara, Worst perrenial in sr
moto moto cultivated land
Olyra latifolia L. Weed in damaged forest RMH 2665
Oplismenus sp. SR
Panicum brevifolium L. M – sr
Panicum laticomum Nees RMH 2652
Panicum parvifolium L. RMH 2753
Panicum subflabellatum Stapf RMH 2738
Paspalum vaginatum Sw. RMH 2736
Pseudoechinolaena polystachya RMH 2726
(Kunth.) Stapf
Sacciolepis curvata (L.) Chase M – sr
Schizachyrium rupestre (K. RMH 2755
Schum.) Stapf
Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) Th. FTEA
Dur. & Schinz
Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Pemba grass Native of Pemba fodder, SR
Brongn. and effective cover in
supprg weeds
Vetiveria nigritiana (Benth.) Stapf Fragrants in scent making RMH –sr
LILIACEAE
Species name Vern. Name Notes Reference
Asparagus falcatus L. Kinywele Climber SR
Chlorophytum sp. M – sr
Dracaen deremensis Engl. Small shrub of high forest, RHM 4363
also coral rag forest. New
recordfor Pemba
Dracaena laxissima Engl. Mpelwa Sarmentose shrub RHM 26
Sansevieria conspicua N.E Br. Mkonge pori Succulent herb in coastal SR
thicket
MUSACEAE

108
Ensete sp. near proboscideum Mgombatumbili Wild banana; endemic to BN 4362
(Oliv.) Cheesm = Musa acuminata Ngezi Forest; A vulnerable
colla species
ORCHIDACEAE – the orchids
Acampe sp. RMH - sr
Aerangis hologlottis (Schltr.) RMH 2787
Schltr.

Aerangis kirkii (Reichb.f.) Schltr. RMH 2765

Bulbophyllum sp. RMH – sr
Calanthe sylvatica (Thou.) Lindley New record for Pemba RS
Disperis johnstonii Rolfe Small terrestrial orchid. BN 4367
New record for Pemba
Eulophia s.p. BN 4333
Nervilia umbrosa (Reichb.f.) Small terrestrial orchid BN 4335
Schltr.
Vanilla roscheri Reichb. Mvanila Liana SR
Vanilla zanzibarensis Mvanila Leafless creeper with aerial SR
roots clinging on tree stems,
rocks, scattered hard elliptic
leaves
PALMAE
Calamus deesratus G. Mann & H. Scipionum lour. Spiny climber. Cane for M – sr
Wendl. (Its identity needs walking sticks
confirmation) prob. calamus
Chrysalidocarpus pembanus Moore Mpapindi Medium-sized palm tree. BN 4387
Endemic to Ngezi forest. A
vulnerable species.

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Mchikichi The oil palm (occurs wild) RMH 2662

Phoenix reclinata Jacq. Mkindu The wild date palm RMH 2661
Raphia farinifera (Gaertn) Hyland Mwale The Raffia palm; forms BN- fi
[Raphia ruffia] stands in swamps
PANDANACEAE
Pandanus kirkii Rendle Msariaka The beach screw pine SR
SMILACACEAE
Smilax anceps Willd. Mkekewa Spiny climber SR
[S.kraussiana]
XYRIDACEAE
Xyris anceps Lam. Small aquatic or swamp BN 4338
species in Erica bush land
ZINGIBERACEAE
Aframomum angustifolium (Senn.) Matunguu Herb in moist sites RMH 2667
K.Schum.
Costus sarmentosus Bojer Vitunguu dume Herb RS

109
Appendix 1b: Relative densities and relative frequency
Transect No.1 Herbs

Transect No.2 Herbs

Species name R.D R.F
Adenia rumicifolia 2.31 3.57 Species name R.D R.F
Antiaris toxicaria 5.78 1.79 Zammioculcas zamiifolia 47.31 19.23
Artocarpus heterophyllus 0.58 1.79 Flagellaria guineensis 6.45 7.69
Barringtonia racemosa 2.89 1.79 Landolfia kirkii 6.45 11.54
Blighia unijugata 1.16 3.57 Adenia rumicifolia 5.38 3.85
Bombax rhodognaphalon 0.58 1.79 Sansevieria conspicua 5.38 3.85
Chassalia umbraticola 1.16 3.57 Phymatosarus scolopendria 5.38 3.85
Cissus integrifolia 0.58 1.79 Cremaspora triflora 5.38 3.85
Cremaspora triflora 1.73 3.57 Calanthe sylvatica 2.15 3.85
Culcasia orientalis 1.73 5.36 Haplocoelum inoploeum 2.15 7.69
Cyperus renschii 2.89 3.57 Chassalia umbraticola 2.15 3.85
Dioscorea sansibarensis 1.16 1.79 Terminalia boivinii 2.15 3.85
Diospyros consolatae 1.16 1.79 Diospyros consolatae 2.15 3.85
Elaeis farinifera 2.89 1.79 Gonatopus boivinii 1.08 3.85
Erythrophloeum suaveolens 0.58 1.79 Garcinia livingstonei 1.08 3.85
Flagellaria guineensis 1.73 3.57 Heinsia zanzibarica 1.08 3.85
Garcinia livingstonei 2.89 1.79 Culcasia orientalis 1.08 3.85
Landolfia kirkii 13.29 5.36 Vernonia hildebrandtii 1.08 3.85
Mangifera indica 1.73 3.57
Olyra latifolia 0.58 1.79
Oncinotis tenuiloba 0.58 1.79 Transect No.2 Shrubs
Polyscias fulva 0.58 1.79
Polysphaeria parvifolia 0.58 1.79 Species name R.D R.F
Pouteria brevipes 4.05 5.36 Cremaspora triflora 14.89 10
Rawsonia lucida 6.36 3.57 Pouteria brevipes 12.77 10
Smilax anceps 0.58 1.79 Rawsonia lucida 12.77 10
Sorindeia madagascariensis 1.73 1.79 Cordia alliodora 10.64 5
Stenotaphrum dimidiatum 5.78 1.79 Costus tomentosus 8.51 5
Strophanhus engleri 3.47 1.79 Salacia madagascariensis 6.38 5
Tabernaemontana ventricosa 0.58 1.79 Erythrophloeum suaveolens 6.36 5
Thelypteris totta 5.78 5.36 Chassalia umbraticola 4.26 5
Whitfieldia elongata 5.20 3.57 Tabernaemontana ventricosa 4.26 5
Zammioculas zamiifolia 13.87 8.93 Tabebuia pentaphylla 4.26 5
Dracaena laxissima 2.13 5
Quassia undulate 2.13 5
Tetracera littoralis 2.13 5
Landolfia kirkii 2.13 5
Whitfieldia elongate 2.13 5
Antiaris toxicaria 2.13 5
Citrus aurantifolia 2.13 5

Transect No.3 Shrubs

Species name R.D R.F

Heinsia zanzibarica 9.76 5.77
Uvaria sp.nov. 9.76 5.77
Chassalia umbraticola 8.54 7.69
Salacia madagascariensis 7.32 7.69
Landolfia kirkii 4.88 7.69
Tarenna pavettoides 4.88 1.92
Cremaspora triflora 3.66 5.77
Psychotria sp. 3.66 1.92
Leptactina platyphylla 3.66 1.92
Polysphaeria parvifolia 3.66 1.92
Pyrostria bibracteata 3.66 1.92
Sorindeia madagascariensis 3.66 1.92
Flagellaria guineensis 2.44 3.85
Boureria petiolaris 2.44 1.92
Tetracera littoralis 1.22 1.92

110
 Saba comorensis 1.22 1.92
Garcinia livingstonei 1.22 1.92
Annona senegalensis 1.22 1.92
Rauvolfia mombasiana 1.22 1.92
Blighia unijugata 1.22 1.92
Cissus rotundifolia 1.22 1.92
Ludia mauritiana 1.22 1.92
Maytenus senegalensis 1.22 1.92
Caesalpinia volkensii 1.22 1.92
Grewia forbesii 1.22 1.92
Strophanthus zimmermannii 1.22 1.92
Dioscorea sansibarensis 1.22 1.92
Rhoicissus sp. 1.22 1.92
Keetia zanzibarica 1.22 1.92
Flueggia virosa 1.22 1.92
Diospyros consolatae 1.22 1.92
Haplocoelum inoploeum 1.22 1.92

Transect No.3 Herbs

Species name R.D R.F

Asystasia gangetica 27.08 15
Phymatosorus scolopendria 19.79 10
Stenotaphrum dimidiatum 15.63 10
Rawsonia lucida 15.63 5
Terminalia boivinii 8.33 5
Diospyros mespiliformis 2.08 5
Sorindeia madagascariensis 2.08 5
Sansevieria sp 1.04 5
Cyphostemma sp 1.04 5
Barringtonia racemosa 1.04 5
Garcinia livingstonei 1.04 5
Cremaspora triflora 1.04 5
Smilax anceps 1.04 5
Sideroxylon inerme 1.04 5
Kyllinga (Cyperus) sp. 1.04 5

Transect No.4 Herbs

Species name R.D R.F

Phymatosorus scolopendria 44.19 21.43
Nephrolepis biserrata 16.28 7.14
Haplocoelum inoploeum 9.30 7.14
Synaptolepis kirkii 6.98 14.29
Polysphaeria parvifolia 4.65 7.14
Garcinia livingstonei 4.65 7.14
Flagellaria guineensis 4.65 7.14
Sophora tomentosa 2.33 7.14
Ochna thomasiana 2.33 7.14
Asplenium sp. 2.33 7.14
Pyrostria bibracteata 2.33 7.14

Transect no.4 Shrubs: Relative Density & Frequence

Species name R.D R.F

Clerodendrum glabra 23.33 11.11
Barringtonia racemosa 20.00 5.56
Sophora tomentosa 8.33 5.56
Terminalia cattapa 6.67 5.56
Pandanus kirkii 5.00 5.56
Afzelia quanzensis 5.00 5.56
Salacia madagascariensis 5.00 5.56
Pavetta sp. 3.33 5.56

111
 Rawsonia lucida 3.33 5.56
Allophylus pervillei 3.33 5.56
Maytenus heterophylla 3.33 5.56
Antidesma venosum 3.33 5.56
Ludia mauritiana 1.67 5.56
Lantana camara 1.67 5.56
Syzygium cuminii 3.33 5.56
Boureria petiolaris 1.67 5.56
Terminalia boivinii 1.67 5.56

Transect no.5 Herbs: Relative Density & Frequence

Species name R.D R.F

Asystasia gangetica 22.22 10
Cremaspora triflora 13.33 10
Ludia mauritiana 13.33 10
Phymatosorus scolopendria 11.11 10
Garcinia livingstonei 11.11 10
Haplocoelum inoploeum 8.89 10
Pandanus kirkii 6.67 10
Zammioculcas zamiifolia 6.67 20
Strychnos hemningsii 6.67 10
Salacia madagascariensis 6.67 10

Transect no.5 Shrubs: Relative Density & Frequence

Species name R.D R.F

Cremaspora triflora 21.21 6.25
Ludia mauritiana 15.15 6.25
Mystroxylum aethiopicum 9.09 6.25
Haplocoelum inoploeum 9.09 6.25
Manilkara sansibarensis 6.06 6.25
Suregada zanzibariensis 6.06 6.25
Pyrostria bibracteata 6.06 6.25
Rhoicissus sp. 3.03 6.25
Flagellaria guineensis 3.03 6.25
Acridocarpus zanzibaricus 3.03 6.25
Salacia madagascariensis 3.03 6.25
Uvaria ssp.nov 3.03 6.25
Keetia zanzibarica 3.03 6.25
Cissus rotundifolia 3.03 6.25
Cissus quadrangularis 3.03 6.25
Grewia sp 3.03 6.25

Transect no. 1 Plots 1 – 8: Trees Relative Density and Frequence

Species Name RD RF
Polyscias fulva 0.71 2.63
Bombax rhodognaphalon 5.03 5.26
Croton syslvatiens 1.07 3.94
Chrysalidocarpus pembanus 23.02 5.26
Alangium salviifoia 0.35 1.31
Pouteria brevipes 5.39 7.89
Antiaris toxicaria 6.47 5.26
Quassia undulata 8.27 5.26
Elaeis guineensis 4.67 7.89
Drypetes natalensis 0.71 1.31
Leptactina platyphylla 0.35 1.31
Tabernaemontana pachysiphon 0.71 2.63
Milicia excelsa 1.43 3.94
Rawsonia lucida 0.71 2.63
Uapaca guineensis 5.39 3.94
Artocarpus heterophyllus 0.35 1.31

112
 Cremaspora triflora 0.71 1.31
Erythrophloeum suaveolens 4.31 3.94
Vitex doniana 1.79 2.63
Syzygium cordatum 4.31 1.31
Raphia farinifera 0.71 1.31
Parinari curattelifolia 0.35 1.31
Rauvolfia mombasiana 0.71 1.31
Sorindeia madagascariensis 1.07 2.63
Tabernaemontana ventricosa 0.71 2.63
Muivuivu 0.35 1.31
Hibiscus tiliaceus 0.35 1.31
Blighia unijugata 0.71 2.63
Macaranga capensis 1.43 2.63
Terminalia ivorensis 0.35 1.31
Pouteria msolo 1,07 1.31
Barringtonia racemosa 26.61 2.63
Funtumia africana 0.35 1.31
Lannea schweinfurthii 0.35 1.31
Garcinia livingtonii 1.07 1.31
Trema orientalis 0.71 1.31

Transect no. 2 Plots 1 – 3: Trees Relative Density and Frequence

Species Name RD RF
Olea woodiana 1.78 3.33
Terminalia ivorensis 4.46 3.33
Leptactina platyphylla 0.89 3.33
Artocarpus heterophyllus 0.89 3.33
Antidesma venosum 0.89 3.33
Terminalia catappa 1.78 3.33
Tabebuia pentaphylla 1.78 3.33
Chrysalidocarpus pembanus 3.57 3.33
Antiaris toxicaria 14.28 6.66
Pouteria brevipes 0.89 3.33
Alangium salviifolia 0.89 3.33
Croton sylvaticus 0.89 3.33
Quassia undulata 0.89 3.33
Milicia excelsa 2.67 10.0
Cordia alliodora 38.39 6.66
Tectona grandis 3.57 3.33
Mangifera indica 0.89 3.33
Quassia undulata 8.03 3.33
Polyscias fulva 0.89 3.33
Rauvolfia mombasiana 0.89 3.33
Elaeis guineensis 0.89 3.33
Tabernaemonta ventricosa 1.78 3.33
Sorindera madagascariensis 0.89 3.33
Cordia aliodora 4.46 3.33
Cedrella mexicana 3.57 3.33

T3 P1

Species Name RD RF
Bridelia micrantha 2.36 2.56
Terminalia catappa 1.55 5.12
Calophyllum inophyllum 3.14 5.12
Syzygium cuminii 1.55 2.56
Afzelia quanzensis 10.23 2.56
Haplocoelum inoploeum 16.53 10.25
Cussonia zimmermannii 14.57 5.12
Milicia excelsa 1.57 5.12
Erythrophloeum suavelens 3.93 5.12
Blighia unijugata 0.78 2.56

113
 Chrysalidocarpus pembanus 16.53 5.12
Lannea schweinfurthii 1.57 5.12
Cremaspora triflora 0.78 2.56
Bourreria petiolaris 0.78 2.56
Pouteria brevipes 3.93 2.56
Blighia unijugata 0.78 2.56
Croton sylvaticus 0.78 2.56
Elaeis guineensis 0.78 2.56
Sorindeia madagascariensis 2.36 5.12
Antiaris toxicaria 0.78 2.56
Diosypyros consolatae 3.93 2.56
Adansonia digitata 1.57 2.56
Voacanga africana 0.78 2.56
Ficus lutea 0.78 2.56
Terminalia boivinii 0.78 2.56
Manilkara sulcata 1.57 2.56

T5P1 Dry coastal forest on sandy soils

Species Name RD RF
Afzelia quanzensis 13.3 9.8
Ficus lutea 0.74 1.96
Casuarina equisetifolia 2.96 3.92
Sideroxylon inerme 12.59 5.88
Mwingajini 0.74 1.96
Sorindeia madagascariensis 1.48 3.92
Diospyros consolatae 0.74 1.96
Ludia mauritiana 0.74 1.96
Pndanus kirikii 3.70 1.96
Barringtonia racemosa 2.22 1.96
Terminalia catappa 0.74 1.96
Bourreria petiolaris 0.74 1.96
Ficus lutea 0.74 1.96
Psychotria sp. 5.92 3.92
Drypetes natalensis 3.70 3.92
Lannea schweinfurthii 2.22 3.92
Terminalia boivinii 0.74 1.96
Manilkara sansibarensis 17.03 7.84
Brexia madagascariensis 0.74 1.96
Vitex doniana 0.74 1.96
Syzygium cordatum 6.66 7.84
Chrysalidocarpus pembanus 8.88 3.92
Olea woodiana 1.48 3.92
Sp.x 0.74 1.96
Ficus scasselatii 1.48 3.92
Diospyros consolatae 2.96 3.92
Rauvolfia mombasiana 0.74 1.96
Vitex ferruginea 0.74 1.96
Casearia gladiiformis 2.96 3.92
Pandus kirikii 0.74 1.96
Maytenus senegalensis 0.74 1.96

T6 P1 Chokaani

Species Name RD RF
Voacanga africana 4.0 11.11
Haplocoelum inoploeum 18.0 11.11
Terminalia boivinii 8.0 5.55
Manilkara sansibarensis 8.0 5.55
Adansonia digitata 4.0 5.55
Bourreria petilaris 4.0 11.11
Manilkara sulcata 2.0 5.55
Cussonia zimmermannii 6.0 11.11

114
Diospyros consolatae 8.0 11.11
Sorindeia madagascariensis 30.0 5.55
Pandanus kirkii 2.0 5.55
Allophylus pervillei 4.0 5.55
Syzygium cordatum 2.0 5.55

115
Appendix 2: Reported plant species and their main uses in the studied villages around Ngezi forest, Pemba

FREQUENCY OF USE FREQUENCY OF TISSUE USED

construction of fishing vessels

Buileing materials
Fooe eg juice, fruits

medicine
Fuel wooe

hanecrafts e.g baskets, mikeka

na makawa
Timber proeuction

branches
leaves

seeds
S/N Local name Scientific name

roots
stem
fruit
Afzelia quanzensis
1 Mbambakofi 38 4 2 54 0 0 4 2 54 0 1 34 0
2 Mbungo Saba comorensis 1 59 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
3 Mbugu
4 Mchekundu 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0
5 Mchenza mwitu Kapaca guineensis 10 3 6 30 2 1 0 2 25 0 3 21 1
6 Mchi 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0
7 Mchikichi 4 4 32 2 1 3 1 0 7 1 22 13 4
8 Mchocha 9 22 10 42 1 4 3 26 42 1 1 31 2
9 Mchongoma Flocourtia indica 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
10 Mdalidali 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
11 Mdamdam Harungana madagasariensis 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 2 0
12 Mfenesi Artocarpus hetorophyllus 45 58 1 24 0 0 3 58 55 0 2 20 0
13 Mfuu Vitex doniana 17 8 2 19 0 0 0 9 20 0 0 6 2
14 Mgomba tumbili Musa acuminata 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
15 Mgulele Antiaris toxicaria 2 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0
16 Mibale 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
17 Mibungo 0 12 1 0 1 0 0 70 4 0 0 0 2
18 Mibura Pasinani curatellifolia 0 3 2 9 2 0 0 3 9 2 0 3 0
19 Mikali 1 4 0 1 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0
20 Mikanja Cremaspora trifolia 1 1 17 21 4 0 0 1 37 1 1 21 0
21 Mipo 2 19 0 0 0 0 0 16 3 0 0 0 1

116
 FREQUENCY OF USE FREQUENCY OF TISSUE USED

Buileing materials
Timber proeuction

construction of fishing
vessels
hanecrafts e.g baskets,
Fooe eg juice, fruits

medicine
Fuel wooe

mikeka na makawa

branches
leaves

seeds
S/N Local name Scientific name

roots
stem
fruit
Casuarina equisetifolia
22 Mivinje 2 0 6 11 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
23 Mjafari Drypetes natalensis 0 0 0 0 62 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 0
24 Mkandaa 3 1 13 53 5 0 0 2 66 0 2 40 1
25 Mkarati Bridelia micrantha 23 1 1 22 0 0 2 1 29 0 0 8 0
26 Mkindu 0 0 9 0 0 63 0 1 2 1 70 2 0
27 Mkoko 0 0 1 2 4 0 0 2 5 1 1 1 0
28 Mkorosho Anacardium occidentales 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0
29 Mkungu Terminalia catappa 45 41 4 50 0 1 1 42 59 0 1 28 1
30 Mkuu kilemba 5 0 5 21 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 16 0
31 Mkwamba Margaritaria discoidea 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
32 Mlimau Citrus limonn 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 2 0
33 Mnamia maji 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0
34 Mnanasi mwitu 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
35 Mninga Pterocarpus angolensis 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
36 Mnyungwa-tambuu 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
37 Mpera Mwitu Racosonia indica 0 4 0 5 1 0 0 4 4 0 1 3 0
38 Mpilipili Lorindeia madagascariensis 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0
39 Mpopoo 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
40 Mranga makele 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
41 Msaji Tectona grandis 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0
42 Msasa Ficus exasperata 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
43 Mshubili-mwitu 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 7 1 1 0
44 Msikundazi 2 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
45 Msinduzi Croton sylvaticus 0 0 0 2 78 0 0 0 75 38 1 0 0

117
 FREQUENCY OF USE FREQUENCY OF TISSUE USED

Buileing materials
Timber proeuction

construction of fishing
vessels
hanecrafts e.g baskets,
Fooe eg juice, fruits

medicine
Fuel wooe

mikeka na makawa

branches
leaves

seeds
S/N Local name Scientific name

roots
stem
fruit
46 Msisi Tiliacora funifera 11 1 0 15 1 0 0 0 14 0 2 11 0
47 Msoo Scutia myntina 4 1 1 0 37 0 1 0 0 38 0 0 0
48 Msufi Ceiba petandra 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
49 Mtanda-kaanga 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
50 Mti maziwa 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
51 Mtondoo Calophyllum inophyllum 37 0 3 29 0 0 8 2 40 0 0 20 2
52 Mtonga Funtumia africana 21 4 1 38 36 0 0 45 31 1 1 37 3
53 Mtoria 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0
54 Muale Raphia faninifera 0 0 6 2 0 8 1 0 5 0 9 3 0
55 Muhina-mwitu 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
56 Muivuivu 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 1 5 0 0 1 0
57 Muuje Strychnos angolensis 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
58 Mvinje Casuarina equisitifolia 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
59 Mvule Milicia excelsa 42 0 0 16 0 0 0 5 41 0 0 9 1
60 Mvunja shoka Dicrostachys cinerea 1 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 5 0 2 1 0
61 Mwambo 2 2 2 5 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 4 0
62 Mwarobaini Azadarachta indica 2 0 0 5 32 0 0 0 41 12 14 6 1
63 Mwavi 41 1 0 40 1 0 0 1 42 0 0 28 0
64 Mwembe Mangifera indica 322 572 4 1263 147 251 414 87 77 0 1 40 2
65 Mwembe mwitu 7 2 10 17 0 0 1 1 20 0 1 9 2
66 Mwezi upande 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
67 Mzambarau Sygygium cuminii 46 48 1 67 0 0 2 54 70 0 4 31 3
68 Mzambarau samli 3 8 0 6 2 0 0 5 8 0 0 7 0
69 mziwaziwa Euphobia hirta 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
70 Ndaamba 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

118
Appendix 3: A checklist of mammals recorded at Ngezi forest reserve and the
surroundings, Pemba

Previous Present
Common name
Family/Species records study Status

Soricidae
Crocidura Zanzibar Tiny Musk
fuscomurina Shrew x -
Crocidura sp. x

Pteropodidae
Eidolon helvum Straw-coloured Fruit Bat x -
Epomophorus Wahlberg's Epauletted
wahlbergi Fruit Bat x -
Pteropus voeltzkowi Pemba Flying Fox x x Endemic
Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian Fruit Bat x x

Emballonuridae
Coleura afra African Sheath-tailed Bat x -

Hipposideridae
Hipposideros Giant African Leaf-nosed
commersoni Bat x x
Hipposideros rubber Noack's Leaf-nosed Bat x x

Molossidae
Chaerephon pumila Little Free-tailed Bat x -
Mops brachypterus Peter's Free-tailed Bat x -
Chaerephon limbatus x

Nycteridae
Nycteris grandis Large Slit-faced Bat x -

Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
hildebrandti eloguens x
Decken's Horseshoe
Rhinolophus deckeni Bat??? x
Rhinolophus swinnyi Swinny's Horseshoe Bat x

Vespertilionidae
Pipistrellus nanus Banana Bat x -
Scotophilus dinganii African Yellow House Bat x x

Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecus
aethiops Pemba green monkey x x

119
 Previous Present
Common name
Family/Species records study Status
Cercopithecidae
Small-eared Greater
Otolemur garnettii Galago x x
Colobus badius kirkii Zanzibar red colobus x x Introduced

Herpestidae
Atilax paludinosus Marsh (Water) Mongoose x x

Viverridae
Introduced
Viverricula indica Small Indian Civet x - species

Mustelidae
New record
Aonyx capensis Cape Clawless Otter - x for Pemba

Procaviidae
D. v.
neumanni
endemic to
Dendrohyrax validus East African Tree Hyrax x x Z,P

Bovidae
Harvey's (Red Forest)
Cephalophus harveyi Duiker x
C. monticola
Cephalophus pembae
monticola Blue Duiker x x endemic to P
Introduced
Feral animals
reported to
Sus scrofa Wild Boar x - breed

Muridae
Mus musculus Common House Mouse x - Introduced
Rattus rattus Black Rat x x Introduced

120
Appendix 4: A checklist of birds recorded at Ngezi Forest Reserve and the surroundings,
Pemba Island. Legend: Vag. = Vagarant species, M. = Migratory species (based on
Pakenham, 1979), x = presence, - = not recorded during the survey.

Family/Species Common name Previuos Present Status

record study
SULIDAE
Morus capensis Cape Gannet x - Vag
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax africanus Long-tailed Cormorant x x Vag

Previous
Common name
Family/Species records Present study Status
ARDEIDAE
Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern x -
Gorsachius leuconotus White-backed Night Heron x - M
Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron x - M
Ardeola idea Madagascar Squacco Heron x - Vag
Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret x x
Butorides striatus Green-backed Heron x -
Egretta alba Great White Egret x -
Ardea purpurea Purple Heron x x
Ardea cinerea Grey Heron x x
Ardea melanocephala Black-headed Heron x x
CICONIIDAE
Anastomus lamelligeus Open-billed Stork x Vag
Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked Stork x -
THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Bostrychia hagedash Hadada Ibis x x
PHOENICOPTERIDAE
Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo x - Vag
ANATIDAE
White-faced Whistling
Dendrocygna viduata Duck x x Vag
Thalassornis leuconotus White-backed Duck x -
Nettapus auritus Pygmy Goose x x
ACCIPITRIDAE

Macheiramphus alcinus Bat Hawk x -

Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite
Milvus migrans Black Kite (y billed) x -
Haliaeetus vocifer Fish Eagle x -
Gypohierax angolensis Palm-nut Vulture x x
Polyboroides radiatus Gymnogene x x
Circus aeruginosus Eurasian Marsh Harrier x x Vag
Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier x - Vag
Circus pygargus Montagu's Harrier x - Vag
Accipiter melanoleucus Great Sparrowhawk x -

121
Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk x x
PANDIONIDAE

Pandion haliaetus Osprey x - M

FALCONIDAE

Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel x - Vag

Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel x -
Previous
Common name
Family/Species records Present study Status
Falco dickinsoni Dickinson's Kestrel x x Endemic
Falco amurensis Amur Falcon x - Vag
PHASIANIDAE

Coturnix delegorguei Harlequin Quail x - Vag

Coturnix adansonii Blue Quail x -

NUMIDIDAE

Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl x x

TURNICIDAE

Turnix sylvatica Common Button-quail x -

RALLIDAE

Sarothrura elegans Buff-spotted Flufftail x -

Sarothrura rufa Red-chested Flufftail x -
Amaurornis flavirostra Black Crake x x
Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen x x
JACANIDAE

Actophilornis africanus Jacana x x

ROSTRATULIDAE

Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe x - Vag

HAEMATOPODIDAE

Haematopus ostralegus Euasian Oystercatcher x - M

DROMADIDAE

Dromas ardeola Crab-plover x - M

BURHINIDAE

Burhinus vermiculatus Water Thicknee x x

CHARADRIIDAE

Charadrius hiaticula Ringed Plover x - M

Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sandplover x - M
Pluvialis squatorola Grey Plover x - M

122
Vanellus lugubris Senegal Plover
SCOLOPACIDAE

Gallinago media Great Snipe x - M

Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel x - M
Previous
Common name
Family/Species records Present study Status
Numenius arquata Eurasian Curlew x - M
Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank x - M
Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper x - M
Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper x - M
Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper x - M
Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper x - M
Arenaria interpres Turnstone x - M
Calidris alba Sanderling x - M
Calidris minuta Little Stint x - M
Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper x - M
LARIDAE

Larus hemprichii Sooty Gull x x M

Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull x M

Sterna bergii Greater Crested Tern x x Vag
Sterna bengalensis Lesser Crested Tern x -- M
Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern x - Vag
Sterna fuscata Sooty Tern x - Vag
COLUMBIDAE

Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Dove x x

Emerald-spotted Wood
Turtur chalcospilos Dove x x
Turtur afer Blue-spotted Wood Dove x -
Turtur tympanistria Tambourine Dove x x
Treron pembaensis Pemba Green Pigeon x x
PSITTACIDAE

Poicephalus cryptoxanthus Brown-headed Parrot x x

CUCULIDAE

Chrysococcyx caprius Didric Cuckoo x x

Ceuthmochares aereus Yellowbill x
Centropus superciliosus White-browed Coucal x x
TYTONIDAE
Tyto alba Barn Owl x x
STRIGIDAE
Otus pembae Pemba scops Owl x x
CAPRIMULGIDAE
Caprimulgus fossii Gabon Nightjar x x

123
APODIDAE
Cypsiurus parvus Palm Swift x x
Apus affinis Little Swift x x
Previous
Common name
Family/Species records Present study Status
ALCEDINIDAE
Corythornis cristata Malachite Kingfisher x x
Ceyx picta Pygmy Kingfisher x x
Halcyon leucocephala Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher x - Vag
Halcyon senegaloides Mangrove Kingfisher x x
Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher x x

MEROPIDAE

Merops superciliosus Madagascar Bee-eater x -

Merops persicus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater x x M
CORACIIDAE

Coracias caudata Lilac-breasted Roller x -

Eurystomus glacurus Broad-billed Roller x x M
UPUPIDAE

Upupa africana African Hoopoe x - M

BUCEROTIDAE

Tockus alboterminatus Crowned Hornbill x x

HIRUNDINIDAE

Phedina borbonica Mascarene Martin x - vag

Hirundo abyssinica Lesser Striped Swallow x x
Hirundo smithii Wire-tailed Swallow x x
MOTACILLIDAE

Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail x - M

Motacilla aguimp African Pied Wagtail x x Vag
Anthus cinnamomeus African Pipit x x
TURDIDAE

Oenanthe isabellina Isabelline Wheatear x - Vag

SYLVIIDAE

Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed Warbler x - Vag

Acrocephalus Boeticatus African Reed Warbler x -
Acrocephalus gracilirostris Lesser Swamp Warbler x -
Acrocephalus rufescens Greater Swamp Warbler x -
Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola x -

124
 Previous
Common name
Family/Species records Present study Status
MUSCICAPIDAE

Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher x x M

Terpsiphone viridis Paradise Flycatcher x x
TIMALIIDAE

Trichastoma rufipennis Pale-breasted Illadopsis x -

NECTARINIIDAE

Nectarinia olivacea Olive Sunbird x x

Nectarinia senegalensis Scarlet-chested Sunbird x x
Nectarinia pembae Pemba Sunbird x x

ZOSTEROPIDAE

Zosterops vaughani Pemba White-eye x x Endemic

ORIOLIDAE

Oriolus oriolus Golden Oriole x - M

Oriolus larvatus Black-headed Oriole x x M
LANIIDAE

Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike x - M

DICRURIDAE

Dicrurus adsimilis Fork-tailed Drongo x x

CORVIDAE

Corvus albus Pied Crow x x

STURNIDAE
New
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Violet-backed Starling - x record
Black-breasted Glossy
Lamprotornis corruscus Starling x x
PLOCEIDAE

Passer griseus Grey-headed Sparrow x -

Euplectes hordeaceus Black-winged Red Bishop x -
Anomalospiza imberbis Parasitic Weaver x -
Ambylospiza albifrons Grosbeak Weaver x -
ESTRILDIDAE

Mandingoa nitidula Green-backed Twinspot x -

Amandava subflava Zebra Waxbill x -
Lonchura cucullata Bronze Mannikin x x
Previous
Common name
Family/Species records Present study Status

125
Lonchura bicolor Black & White Mannikin x x
Lonchura fringilloides Magpie Mannikin -
Lonchura oryzivora Java Sparrow x -

126
Appendix 5: A checklist of reptiles recorded at Ngezi Forest Reserve and the
surroundings, Pemba

Previuo Presen
Species Common name s t Status
records study
Cheloniidae
Chelonia mydas Green Turtle x -
Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle x -
Dermochelyidae
Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle x -
Pelomudusidae
Yellow-bellied Hinged
Pelusios castanoides Terrapin x x
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus mabouia Tropical House Gecko x x
Hemidactylus platycephalus Tree Gecko x -
Lygodactylus capensis Cape Dwarf Gecko x x
Lygodactylus viscatus Copal Dwarf Gecko x x
Phelsuma abbotti Pemba Day Gecko x x Endemic
Scincidae
Cryptoblepharus boutonii Coral Rag Skink x x
Pemba Island Writhing
Lygosoma pembanum Skink x x Endemic
Mabuya albotaeniata Pemba Island Skink x x Endemic
Mabuya striata Striped Skink x x
Panaspis sp. Lizard x New record
Chamaeleonidae
Chamaeleo dilepis Flap-necked Chameleon x -
Typhlopidae
Ramphotyphlops braminus Flower-pot Blind Snake x -
Rhinotyphlops pallidus Zanzibar Blind Snake x -
Leptotyphlopidae
Leptotyphlops pembae Pemba Worm Snake x x Endemic
Leptotyphlops emini Emin Pasha's Worm Snake x -
Colubridae
Dispholidus typus Boomslang x x
Lamprophis fuliginosus Brown House Snake x x
Lycophidion pembanum Pemba Wolf Snake x - Endemic
Natriciteres pembana Pemba Marsh Snake x x Endemic
Philothamnus
semivariegatus Spotted Bush Snake x x
Elapidae
Naja mossambica Mozambique Spitting Cobra x x

127
Appendix 6: A checklist of amphibians recorded at Ngezi forest reserve and the
surroundings, Pemba

Previuos Present Status

Species Common Name records study

ARTHROLEPTIDAE
New
Schoutedenella xenodactyloides - x record

BUFONIDAE
Bufo gutturalis Guttural toad x x

HYPEROLIIDAE
Fornasini's spiny reed
Afrixalus fornasini frog x x
New
Hyperolius sp. - x record
RANIDAE
Galam white-lipped
Amnirana galamensis frog x x
East African puddle
Phrynobatrachus acridoides frog x -
Phrynobatrachus sp
"pakenhami"? x x Endemic
Ptychadena anchietae Anchieta's ridged frog x x
Ptychadena sp. x -

128
Appendix 7a: Marine fish recorded in nine villages around Ngezi forest (4th January to
12th January 2005)

FAO Name Family Scientific name

Baelama Anchovy Engraulidae Thryssa baelama
Barlai flathead Platycephalidae Platycephalus insidiator
Barracuda Sphyraenidae Sphyraena jello
Big eye Priacanthidae Priacanthus hamrur
Big eye trevally Carangidae Caranx sexfasciatus
Black edged conger Congridae Conger cinereus cinereus
Black Marlin Istiophoridae Makaira indica
Blotch eye Soldier fish Holocentridae Myrpristis murdjan
Blue fin trevally Carangidae Caranx melampygus
Blue & Gold fusilier Caesionidae Caesio caerulaureus
Cheilodipterus
Sharp tooth Cardinal Apogonidae quinqueilineatus
Stripped eel Catfish Plotosidae Plotosus lineatus
Cigar wrasse Labridae Cheilio inermis
Common dolphin Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus
Cow fish Ostraciidae Lactoria cornuta
Croakers Scianidae Johnnius dussumieri
FAO Name Family Scientific name
Daisy parrotfish Scaridae Scarus sordidus
Dash dot got fish Mullidae Parupeneus barberinus
Devis anchovy Engraulidae Stelephorus indicus
Spotted Eagle Ray Myliobatidae Aetobatus narinari
Variegated Emperor Lethrinidae Lethrinus variegatus
Flora moray Muraenidae Echidna nebulosa
Frigate tuna Scombridae Auxis thazard
Butterfly Goby Gobiidae Amblygobius albimaculatus
Golden cardinal Apogonidae Apogon aureus
Great barracuda Sphyraenidae Sphyraena barracuda
Cephalopholis miniata
Grouper Serranidae
Halfbeak Hemiramphidae Hemiraphus far
Half-moon triger fish Monacanthidae Cantherhines melanopterus
Hamphead wrasse Labridae Cheillinus undulatus
Tylosurus crodilus
Hound needle Belonidae crocodiuse
Indian Mackerel Scombridae Rastreliger kanagurta
Jackfish Carangidae Seriola revoliana
Cutlassfish Trichiuridae Trichiurus lepturus
Leopard flounder Bothidae Bothus pantherinus

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Lobster Palinuridae Palinurus delagoae
Lobster Palinuridae Panulirus homarus
Lemon shark Carcharhinidae Negaprion acutidens
Mackerel/Kawakawa Scombridae Euthynnus affinis
Mangrove Red snapper Lutjanidae Lutjanus argentimaculatus
Manta Ray Mobulidae Manta birostris
Sailfish Istiophoridae Istiophorus platypterus
Moorish Idol Zanclidae Zanclus canescens
Flathead Mullet Mugilidae Mugil cephalus
Blue spot Mullets Mugilidae Valamugil seheli
Octopus Octopodidae Octopus macropus
Queen coris Labriidae Coris formosa
Queen fish Carangidae Scomberoides tol
Rabbit fish Siganidae Siganus sutor
Red cornet fish Fistulariidae Fistularia petimba
Reef shark Carcharhinidae Triaenodon obesus
Round herring Clupeidae Spratelloides gracilis
FAO Name Family Scientific name
Parexocoetus brachypterus
Sail fin Flying fish Exocoetidae brachypterus
Sardines Clupeidae Sardinella gibbosa
Sea grass parrot fish Scaridae Leptoscarus vaigiensis
Sea turtle Cheloniidae curetta curetta
Shrimps Hippolytidae Exhippolysmata ensirostris
Sickle fish Drepanidae Drepane punctata
Siderial moray Muraenidae Siderea picta
Silver biddy Gerreidae Gerres oyena
Silver moony Monodactylidae Monodactylus argenteus
Skipjack Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis
Blue emperor Lethrinidae Lethinus nebulosus
Squids Loliginidae Loligo duvaucelli
Squids Sepiidae Sepia pharaonis
Sting ray Dasyatidae Himantura uarnak
Stone fish Synanceiinae Synanceia verrucosa
Sulfur goatfish Mullidae Upenaus sulphureus
Surgeonfish Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus striatus
Sweeper Pempheridae Pempheris mangula
Terrapins Teraponidae Terapon jarbua
Thin tail Thresher shark Alopiidae Alopias vulpinus
Black spot emperor Lethinidae Lethrinus harak
Tooth pony Leognathidae Gazza minuta

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Black bar Trigger fish Balistidae Rhinecanthus aculeatus
Tropical Halfbeak Hemirhaphidae Hyporhamphus affinis
Turkey moray Muraenidae Gmnothorax meleagris
Unicorn fish Acanthuridae Nasso brevirostris
Vagabond butterfly fish Chaetodontidae Chaetodon vegabundus
Wahoo fish Scombridae Acathocybium solandri
Epinephelus
White spot grouper Serranidae caeruleopunctatus
Yellow fin tuna Scombridae Thunnus albacares

Appendix 7b: Freshwater fishes around Ngezi forest

FAO Name Family Scientific name

African Catfish Clariidae Clarias gariepinus
Bonefish Albulidae Albula vulpes
Fresh water eel Anguilidae Anguilla bicolor bicolor
Sleepers Gobiidae Eleostris fusca
Ladyfish Elopidae Elops machnata

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Appendix 8a: Butterflies sampled in six transects in Ngezi forest, Pemba

Species / Transect T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Total

Family Acraeidae

Acraea egina pembanus

Kielland 1 0 0 0 0 1 2
Acraea encedon Linnaeus 1 5 0 0 0 3 9
Acraea natalica Boisduval 6 1 0 1 0 0 8
Acraea pseudolycia Butler 2 0 1 0 0 9 12

Family Danaidae
Amauris niavius dominicus
Linnaeus 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus 0 2 0 0 0 0 2

Family Hesperiidae
Spialia diomus Hopffer 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Family Lycaenidae
Leptotes sp. 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Zizeeria knysna Trimen 3 5 0 1 1 0 10

Family Nymphalidae
Bebearia orientis insularis
Kielland 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Byblia anvatara acheloia
Boisduval 1 0 0 0 0 2 3
Charaxes varanes vologeses
Mabille 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Charaxes jahlusa Trimen 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Cymothoe coranus Grose-Smith 4 0 1 9 9 0 23
Euphaedra neophron rydoni
Howarth 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Eurytela dryope Cramer 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Euxanthe wakefieldi Ward 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Hypolimnas misippus Linnaeus 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Junonia oenone oenone
Linnaeus 0 5 0 0 0 7 12
Lachnoptera iole ayresi Trimen 0 0 0 1 1 0 2
Phalanta phalanta aethiopica
(Rothschild and Jordan) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pseudacraea boisduvali pemba
Kielland 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Pseudacraea lucretia Cramer 1 0 0 0 0 3 4

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Family Papilionidae
Papilio demodocus Esper 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Species / Transect T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Total
Princeps dardanus Brown 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Family Pieridae
Belenois thysa Hopffer 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Catopsilia florellaFabricius 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Colotis evippe Linnaeus 0 0 0 3 0 0 3
Eurema brigitta Cramer 2 0 0 1 0 0 3
Eurema hapale Mabille 7 0 0 4 2 0 13

Family Satyridae
Bicyclus anynana anynana
Butler 0 1 0 0 1 0 2
Bicyclus campinus Aurivillius 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Melanitis leda africana
Fruhstorfer 0 0 2 1 1 0 4
Ypthima rhodesiana Carcasson 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ypthima sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Total 30 21 5 23 22 35 136

Appendix 8b: Moths sampled in six transects in Ngezi forest, Pemba

Family / Transect T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Total

Arctiidae 12 6 0 4 7 20 49
Gelechiidae 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Geometridae 4 9 4 5 5 5 32
Lasiocampidae 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Noctuidae 31 13 9 4 2 10 69
Oecophoridae 0 0 0 0 2 1 3
Psychidae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Pterophoridae 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Pyralidae 1 0 0 0 0 10 11
Sphingidae 1 0 0 0 0 1 2
Tineidae 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Tortricidae 1 3 2 6 1 1 14
Zygaenidae 0 1 0 6 0 1 8
Total 53 32 16 26 19 49 195

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Appendix 8c: Odonata sampled in six transects in Ngezi forest, Pemba

Species T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Total
Family Calopterygidae
Phaon sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagna sp. 4 17 10 4 4 2 41
Pseudagrion sp. 1 2 0 0 0 1 4
Family Libellulidae
Notiothermis jonesi 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Orthetrum julia 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Palpopleura lucia 9 1 0 2 0 21 33
Tetrathermis sp. 0 1 0 0 0 4 5
Trithermis annulata 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Zygonyx sp. 3 2 22 6 1 5 39
Unidentified Libellulidae 2 5 2 2 2 7 20
Total 22 29 34 14 7 40 146

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Appendix 9a: Checklist of Lepidoptera (butterflies and Moths) from Ngezi Forest
Reserve, Pemba (Key: * = First record in Pemba, ** = Endemic to Pemba, *** =
Endemic to Pemba and Zanzibar, f = forest-dependent species).
ORDER LEPIDOPTERA
Family Acraeidae
Acraea egina pembanus Kielland***
Acraea encedon Linnaeus*
Acraea natalica Boisduval
Acraea pseudolycia Butler*
Family Danaidae
Amauris niavius dominicus Linnaeusf
Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus
Family Hesperiidae
Spialia diomus Hopffer*

Family Lycaenidae
Leptotes sp.
Zizeeria knysna Trimen*
Family Nymphalidae
Bebearia orientis insularis Kielland**f
Byblia anvatara acheloia Boisduval*
Charaxes varanes vologeses Mabille*
Charaxes jahlusa Trimenf
Cymothoe coranus Grose-Smithf
Euphaedra neophron rydoni Howarth**,f
Eurytela dryope Cramerf
Euxanthe wakefieldi Ward
Hypolimnas misippus Linnaeus
Junonia oenone oenone Linnaeus*
Lachnoptera iole ayresi Trimenf
Phalanta phalanta aethiopica (Rothschild and Jordan)
Pseudacraea boisduvali pemba Kielland**f
Pseudacraea lucretia Cramerf
Family Papilionidae
Papilio demodocus Esper
Princeps dardanus Brownf
Family Pieridae
Belenois thysa Hopffer
Catopsilia florella Fabricius
Colotis evippe Linnaeus
Eurema brigitta Cramer
Eurema hapale Mabille*
Family Satyridae
Bicyclus anynana anynana Butler*f
Bicyclus campinus Aurivillius*f
Melanitis leda africana Fruhstorfer
Ypthima rhodesiana Carcasson*
Ypthima sp.

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 Appendic 9b: Checklist of Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) sampled from Ngezi forest, Pemba
Family Calopterygidae
Phaon sp.
Family Coenagrionidae
Enallagna sp.
Pseudagrion sp.
Family Libellulidae
Notiothermis jonesi
Orthetrum julia
Palpopleura lucia
Tetrathermis sp.
Trithermis annulata
Zygonyx sp.
Unidentified Libellulidae

Appendix 9c: Reported use of some animals and birds from Ngezi forest, Pemba

Local name English name Scientific name Use

Bata maji Ducks Food
Popo wa Pemba Pemba flying fox Pteropus voeltzkowi Food
Popo Bats Food
Grey headed Paradise Terpsiphone viridis
Chechele
Flycatcher plumbeiceps Food
Red winged Paradise Terpsiphone viridis
Chechele
Flycatcher ungujaensis Food
Chekea mwezi none
Marsh mongoose Atilax paludinosus
Chonjwe
rubescens Food
Broad-billed Roller Food and
Chore Eurystomus glaucurus
Medicine
Chozi Sunbird Food
White browed coucal Centropus
Fufu
superciliousus Food
Kanga mwitu Guinea fowl Food
Kifaumu Food
Kima Monkey none
Kimapunju Zanzibar red colobus Colobus badius kirkii Food
Kipanga Kite none
Kisharifu none
Kituitui none
Kobe Brown terrapin Pelusios cataneus none
Koho/Bata Palm nut vulture
Gypohierax angolensis
mchikichi Food
Komba Greater bushbaby Otolemur garnettii Food

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Kong'ho Food
Korongo Food
Kuku ziwa Little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Food
Kunguru Pied crow Food
Kwarara Hadada ibis Bostrychia hagedash Food
Brown headed parrot Poicephalus
Kwau
cryptoxonthus Food
Kwembe Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus Food
Manja Pemba white eye Zosterops vaughani Food
Miramba Starling Food
Ngawa Javan Civet Viverricula indica Food
Nguruwe Wild boar Sus scrofa Food
Ninga Green pigeon Treron pembaensis Food
Njiwa Pigeon Food
Nyoka Snake none
Pemba blue Duiker Cephalophus monticola
Paa/chesi
pembae Food
Panya Rat none
Zanzibar tree Hyrax Dendrohyrax validus Food and
Pelele
neumanni Medicine
Pugi Tambourine dove Turtur tymphanistria Food
Salile Food
Local name English name Scientific name Use
Sauti Food
Sorohombi Food
Pemba Vervet monkey Food and
Tumbili Cercopithscus aethiops
Medicine
Vihodi Pemba scops owl Otus pembae Food
Vijimbi Msitu Mangrove kingfisher Halcyon senegaloides Food

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