Class 10 - Social Science

Sample Paper - 01 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises Six Sections – A, B, C, D, E and F. There are 37 questions in the Question paper. All
questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – From questions 1 to 20 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Questions no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 2 marks each. The answer to each
question should not exceed 40 words.
4. Section C contains Q. 25 to Q.29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 60 words
5. Section D – Questions no. 30 to 33 are long answer type questions, carrying 5 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 120 words.
6. Section-E - Questions no from 34 to 36 are case-based questions with three sub-questions and are of 4 marks each. The
answer to each question should not exceed 100 words.
7. Section F – Question no. 37 is map-based, carrying 5 marks with two parts, 37a from History (2 marks) and 37b from
Geography (3 marks).
8. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in a few questions. Only one
of the choices in such questions has to be attempted.
9. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section A
1. Who among the following led the peasant movement in Bardoli in 1928?
a) Vallabhbhai Patel
b) Subhash Chandra Bose
c) Baba Ramchandra
d) Jawaharlal Nehru
2. The Bhakra - Nangal project water is being used both for:
a) agriculture and industries
b) hydel power production and irrigation
c) domestic and industrial
d) transport and recreation
3. Read the following data and identify the country where people (aged 25 years and above) have minimum years of
schooling.
Gross National Income Life
Mean Years of Schooling of People HDI Rank in the
Country (GNI) per capita Expectancy at
aged 25 and above world (2018)
(2011 PPP $) birth
Sri Lanka 12,707 77 10.6 73
India 6,681 69.7 6.5 130
Myanmar 4,961 67.1 5.0 148

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 Pakistan 5,005 67.3 5.2 154

Nepal 3,457 70.8 5.0 143

Bangladesh 4,976 72.6 6.2 134

Source: Human Development Report, 2020, United Nations Development Programme, New York.
a) Myanmar
b) Both Nepal and Myanmar
c) Nepal
d) Bangladesh
4. Which of the following options represents the steps that can be involved to produce rice in Haryana and Punjab?
i. Using high-yielding variety seeds.
ii. Using insecticides and pesticides and chemical fertilisers.
iii. Using machines and other modern methods for cultivation.
iv. Production of rice involves subsistence farming methods.
a) Statement i and ii are correct.
b) Statement ii is correct.
c) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
d) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
5. Which of the following is a subject of the State List?
a) Commerce
b) Banking
c) Foreign Affairs
d) Currency
6. Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes the prudential and moral reasons for power sharing?
a) Prudential reasons emphasize the unity of the nation, while moral reasons prioritize the exercise of power by the
minority.
b) Prudential reasons argue for the legitimacy of a government through citizen participation, while moral reasons
highlight the negative consequences of power sharing.
c) Prudential reasons advocate for imposing the will of the majority community, while moral reasons highlight the
oppressive nature of power sharing.
d) Prudential reasons focus on reducing social conflict and ensuring political stability, while moral reasons emphasize
the value of power sharing in a democratic system.
7. Assertion (A): Democracy is not simply ruled by majority opinion.
Reason (R): The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general
view.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
8. Read the information given below and select the correct option
A shoe manufacturer, M. Salim has to make a payment to the leather supplier and writes a cheque for a specific amount.
This means that the shoe manufacturer instructs his bank to pay this amount to the leather supplier. The leather supplier
takes this cheque and deposits it in his own account in the bank. The money is transferred from one bank account to
another bank account in a couple of days. The transaction is complete without any payment of cash. What kind of
payment system is indicated here?

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 a) Loan activities of Bank
b) Demand Draft
c) Cheque Payments
d) Electronic payments
9. In India, the third tier of the government is called:
a) Provincial or State
b) Official or Public
c) Union or Central
d) Panchayat or Municipality
10. Identify the painting from the options given below.

a) Frankfurt parliament
b) The proclamation of the German empire
c) Duma
d) Unification of Germany
11. Evaluate the impacts of using information and communication technology in Globalisation by identifying the appropriate
statements among the following options:
i. MNCs give online support to anyone in the world using customer care in India.
ii. Designers in the Delhi office design the magazine for the head office in London.
iii. Computer accessories and parts manufactured in a foreign country and sold in another.
iv. Children’s toy cars are produced in China for Indian customers.
a) Statements i, ii and iii are appropriate.
b) Statements i and ii are appropriate.
c) All the statements are appropriate.
d) Only statement iv is appropriate.
12. Which one of the following factors does not play a significant role in the economic development of a country?
a) Size of the population
b) Co-operation from other countries on globalisation
c) Economic priorities adopted by the Government
d) Territorial issues with neighbouring countries

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13. Arrange the following statements in sequential order:
i. Alluri Sitarama was Raju arrested ending a two-year armed tribal struggle.
ii. The Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
iii. Gandhiji withdraws Non-Cooperation movement.
iv. Ambedkar establishes Depressed Classes
a) iv, iii, ii, i
b) iii, i, ii, iv
c) ii, iv, i, iii
d) ii, iii, iv, i
14. In a small village in India, Ravi, a skilled farmer, and his wife, Meera, a talented artisan, struggled to find consistent
work to support their family. However, their lives took a turn when the government implemented the Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005). Ravi and Meera started work, providing them
stability and the opportunity to contribute to the development of their community. What does the Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005) ensure?
a) Free education for rural children.
b) Guaranteed employment for 100 days in a year for rural individuals.
c) Financial support for farmers during crop failures.
d) Access to healthcare for all rural residents.
15. Consider the statements given below and choose the correct answer
Statement I: As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different
countries. More than 50 scribes often worked for one bookseller.
Statement II: The production of handwritten manuscripts satisfied the demand for books.
a) Both (i) & (ii) are correct
b) Statement (i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct
c) Statement (i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect
d) Both (i) & (ii) are incorrect
16. Which one of the following terms is used to identify the old and new alluvial respectively?
a) Tarai and Bangar
b) Tarai and Dvars
c) Bangar and Khadar
d) Khadas and Tarai
17. Which of the following statements will be considered as a factor that contributes to strengthening federalism and
democracy in our country?
Statement i: Not a single national party is able to secure on its own a majority in the general elections.
Statement ii: Every party in the country registers with the Election Commission.
Statement iii: The Election Commission classifies major parties as ‘State parties’.
Statement iv: State parties get an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national-level coalition government.
a) Statement i and ii are right.
b) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
c) Only statement iv is right.
d) Statement iii is right.
18. In which of the following countries is the participation of women in politics very high?
a) Latvia
b) Russia
c) Hungary
d) Finland

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19. Which of the following is false with respect to the Political party?
a) Political party hold power in the government
b) A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections
c) Elected Political party choose its own prime minister in the government
d) A political party agrees on some policies and programmes for the Government with a view to promote the
collective good
20. People with extra money deposit it in the banks by opening a bank account in their name. Banks accept deposits and also
pay an interest rate on deposits. In this way, people's money is safe with the banks and it earns interest. People also have
the provision to withdraw the money as and when they require. Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn
on demand.
What is the term used in the above, when money can be withdrawn on demand?
a) Demand Deposit
b) Surplus Deposit
c) Fixed Deposit
d) Term Deposit
Section B
21. Study the map thoroughly and mention the language that is dominantly spoken in the Wallonia region.

22. Highlight any three measures and practices that French revolutionaries introduced to create a sense of collective identity
among the French people.

OR

How was the ideology of liberalism allied with National Unity in early 19th century in Europe?
23. State any three features of Rabi cropping season in India.
24. What are the three lists given in the Constitution?
Section C
25. 'With the printing press, a new public emerged in Europe'. Justify the statement.
26. Distinguish between large scale and small scale industries. Give two examples each.

OR

Examine what are the causes of industrial pollution of freshwater resources.

27. Highlight the factors responsible for the growth of service sector in the Indian economy.
28. "Local governments have made a significant impact on Indian democracy. At the same time there are many difficulties".
Explain.
29. Compare Tables “A” & “B” and answer the question given below.
Table- A

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 Share of Sectors in GDP in %

Year Tertiary Secondary Primary

1973-74 50 10 40

2013-14 68 21 11

Table -B

Share of sectors in employment in %

Year Tertiary Secondary Primary

1977-78 18 11 71

2017-18 31 25 44

A remarkable fact about India is that while there has been a change in the share of the three sectors in GDP, a similar
shift has not taken place in employment. Why didn’t a similar shift out of the primary sector happen in the case of
employment? Substantiate your answer.
Section D
30. How can biogas solve the energy problem mainly in rural India? Give your suggestion.

OR

"Consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country. There is an urgent need to develop a
sustainable path of energy development and energy saving". Suggest and explain any three measures to solve this
burning problem.
31. What happened during the year following 1815 when the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground?
Explain.

OR

Examine the main features of the process of German unification under the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck.
32. Caste can take various forms in Politics. Explain with examples.

OR

Describe the necessity of political parties in democracy.

33. Explain various functions of banks in India.

OR

What is a collateral? Why is it a main reason to prevent the poor getting a loan from banks? Explain.
Section E

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34. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled
schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections
were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that
entering the council was one way of gaining some power - something that usually only Brahmans had access to. The
effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops
picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value
dropping from ₹ 102 crore to ₹ 57 crore. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or
finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only
Indian ones, the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
i. Explain the meaning of picketing liquor shops. (1)
ii. When did the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement begin? (1)
iii. Why did the movement in the cities gradually slow down? (2)
35. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Most of the objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the purposes for which they were built.
Ironically, the dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall. You may
have seen or read how the release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in Maharashtra
and Gujarat in 2006. The floods have not only devastated life and property but also caused extensive soil erosion.
Sedimentation also meant that the flood plains were deprived of silt, a natural fertiliser, further adding on to the problem
of land degradation. It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water-borne
diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
i. What is one of the impacts of sedimentation in reservoirs? (1)
ii. What impact did the release of water from dams during heavy rains have on the flood situation in Maharashtra and
Gujarat in 2006? (1)
iii. Explain the negative environmental impacts associated with multi-purpose projects. (2)
36. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The average person in Haryana has more income than the average person in Kerala but lags behind in the crucial areas.
The reason is - money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. So, income
by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use.
Actually for many of the important things in life the best way, also the cheapest way, is to provide these goods and
services collectively. Even now, in many areas, children, particularly girls, are not able to go to high school because the
government/ society has not provided adequate facilities. Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has an
adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. Similarly, in some states, PDS functions well. Health and
nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better.
i. Why in some areas children are unable to go to high school? (1)
ii. State the effect of adequate public facilities. (1)
iii. Substantiate the statement with two instances:
Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services. (1)
Section F
37. a. Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write their correct names
on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where Indian National Congress session was held in 1927
B. The place associated with Calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement
b. On the same outline map of India locate and label any four of the following with suitable Symbols. (any three)
i. Tuticorin - Major Sea Port

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 ii. Bengaluru - Software Technology Park
iii. Vijaynagar - Iron and Steel industry
iv. Kakrapara- Nuclear Power Plant
v. Chattrapati Shivaji International Airport

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 Class 10 - Social Science
Sample Paper - 01 (2024-25)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) Vallabhbhai Patel
Explanation: Vallabhbhai Patel
2. (b) hydel power production and irrigation
Explanation: For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra - Nangal project water is being used both for hydel
power production and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water
with flood control.
3. (b) Both Nepal and Myanmar
Explanation: Both Nepal and Myanmar
4. (c) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
Explanation: Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop. The main
characteristic of Commercial Farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV)
seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The degree of
commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another.
5. (a) Commerce
Explanation: The State List in India consists of subjects on which the state governments have the authority to make
laws. Commerce, including trade and commerce within the state, is one such subject that falls under the jurisdiction of
the state governments.
6. (d) Prudential reasons focus on reducing social conflict and ensuring political stability, while moral reasons emphasize
the value of power sharing in a democratic system.
Explanation: The first set of reasons, referred to as prudential reasons, highlight the benefits of power sharing in terms
of reducing conflict between social groups, avoiding violence and political instability, and preserving the stability of the
political order. These reasons focus on practical outcomes and the well-being of the society as a whole. On the other
hand, the second set of reasons, referred to as moral reasons, emphasize the fundamental principles of democracy. They
highlight that power sharing is the very spirit of democracy, involving the inclusion of those affected by power and
allowing citizens to participate in decision-making. These moral reasons emphasize the intrinsic value and legitimacy of
power sharing in a democratic system.
7. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply ruled by majority opinion. The majority always
needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view.
8. (c) Cheque Payments
Explanation: For payment through cheque, the payer who has an account with the bank, makes out a cheque for a
specific amount. A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the
person in whose name the cheque has been issued.
9. (d) Panchayat or Municipality
Explanation: In India, we have a three-tier government. Union level, State level, and Local level (Panchayati Raj).
10. (b) The proclamation of the German empire
Explanation: The proclamation of the German empire

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 11. (b) Statements i and ii are appropriate.
Explanation: Statements i and ii are appropriate.
12. (d) Territorial issues with neighbouring countries
Explanation: Territorial issues with neighbouring countries
13. (b) iii, i, ii, iv
Explanation: iii, February 1922: Gandhiji withdraws Non-Cooperation movement.
i. May 1924: Alluri Sitarama was Raju arrested ending a two-year armed tribal struggle.
ii. December 1929: the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
iv. 1930: Ambedkar establishes Depressed Classes
14. (b) Guaranteed employment for 100 days in a year for rural individuals.
Explanation: Under MGNREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of, work in rural areas are guaranteed
100 days of employment in a year by the government.
15. (c) Statement (i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect
Explanation: As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different
countries. Book fairs were held at different places. Production of handwritten manuscripts was also organised in new
ways to meet the expanded demand. Scribes or skilled handwriters were no longer solely employed by wealthy or
influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers as well. More than 50 scribes often worked for one bookseller. But
the production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books.
16. (c) Bangar and Khadar
Explanation: According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial
(Khadar). The Bangar soil has a higher concentration of Kanker nodules than the Khadar. It has more fine particles and is
more fertile than the Bangar.
17. (c) Only statement iv is right.
Explanation: No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in the Lok Sabha, until 2014. As a result, the
national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties. Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has
got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the
strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.
18. (d) Finland
Explanation: Finland
19. (d) A political party agrees on some policies and programmes for the Government with a view to promote the collective
good
Explanation: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the
government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the "society" with a view to promote the collective good.
20. (a) Demand Deposit
Explanation: People with extra money deposit it in the banks by opening a bank account in their name. Banks accept
deposits and also pay an interest rate on deposits. People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when
they require it. A demand deposit consists of funds held in an account from which deposited funds can be withdrawn at
any time from the depository institution.
Section B
21. Country’s 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French.
22. The following are the measures and practices that French revolutionaries introduced to create a sense of collective
identity among the French people.
i. The ideas of la parties (the fatherland) and le citizen (the citizen) emphasized the nation of united community
enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
ii. A new fresh flag, the tricolor was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
iii. The estate General was elected by the body of active citizen and renamed the National Assembly.

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 iv. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
v. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform leave for all citizens within its
territory.
vi. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
vii. Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.

[Any three relevant points]

OR

The ideology of liberalism allied with Nationalism in the following ways:

i. In the political sense, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
ii. It emphasized the concept of government by consent. It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges. It
emphasized the inviolability of private property.
iii. It believed in a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
iv. From the very beginning, universal suffrage i.e. voting rights were granted only to the property-owning men,
excluding men without property and all women. However, throughout the nineteenth century and early twenties,
many movements were organised demanding equal political rights.
23. Features of Rabi cropping season are as follows:
i. Sown in winter from October to December.
ii. Harvested in summer from April to June.
iii. Wheat, Barley, peas are some important crops.
iv. Main states-Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand etc.
v. The availability of precipitation during winter months due to Western temperate cyclones helps in the success of rabi
crops.

Any three relevant features

24. The Constitution clearly provides a three fold distriibution of legislative powers between the union government and state
governments. Thus it contains three lists.
The three-fold distribution of legislative powers :
i. Union list: Union list consists of 97 subjects. It includes subjects of national importance such as the defence of the
country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. They are included in this list because we need a
uniform policy on these matters throughout the country. The Union government alone can make laws in these
subjects.
ii. State list: State list consists of 66 subjects. It contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade,
commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The state government alone can make laws on these subjects.
iii. Concurrent list: Concurrent list consists of 47 subjects It includes subjects of common interest to both such as
education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both the union as well as the state government
can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the laws of the Union
government will prevail.
Section C
25. With the printing press, a new public emerged in Europe as:
i. Wider sections of people started having easy access to books.
ii. Books were printed in large numbers with greater ease. The prices fell and they became affordable for a large public.
iii. Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites while common people relied only on oral culture i.e., knowledge was
transferred orally but now books were available easily.

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 iv. It transformed the lives of people changing their relationship to information and knowledge and with institutions and
authorities. It influenced popular perception and opened up new ways of looking at things.
v. The hearing public and reading public became intermingled.
26. Large Scale Industries:
i. Large scale industries are known for Manufacturing large quantities of finished goods.
ii. Requirements of raw material and capital investment are on large scale.
iii. Example: Iron and steel industry, cotton textile industry.

Small Scale Industries:

i. Small scale industries are known for the manufacturing of small goods in small quantity.
ii. Less quantity of raw material, as well as less, capital is required.
iii. Example: Garment industry, toys making industry.

OR

Fresh water sources are mainly polluted by organic and inorganic wastes and effluents discharged by industries into
rivers. The main pollution causing industries are paper and pulp, chemical, textile, petroleum, refineries, tanneries etc.
Besides this over use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides also causes fresh water pollution.
27. The following are the factors responsible for the growth of the service sector in the Indian economy.
a. In every country, certain basic services like hospitals, educational institutions, post offices, and police stations are
required for the betterment of the citizens. It is the responsibility of the government to provide these services to the
people.
b. With an increase in the number of people in the country, the demand for service sector has increased. Demands for
service like schools, health department and nursing homes have increased.
c. Development of primary and secondary activities leads to the development of services like transport, trade, and
storage.
d. The income levels of the people have increased. People thus demand services such as tourism, professional training,
and shopping.
e. With the passage of time, there has been a massive increase in the number of working women in India. This has led
to increase in demands in the service sector like household help, babysitters and cooks.
f. In recent years, certain new services based on Information and Communication Technology have become important
and essential, which has further increased the production of these services.
28. The new system of local self-government is the largest experiment in Indian democracy. The significant achievements of
this government are
i. The constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen democracy in our country.
ii. They have made local administration much easier and more effective.
iii. It has increased women’s representation and voice in our democracy.
iv. The local government structure goes right upto the district level.

At the same time the local self-government has many difficulties. These are
i. While elections are held regularly, Gram Sabhas are not held regularly to review the performance of the Gram
Panchayat.
ii. Most State Governments have not transferred significant powers and adequate resources to the local governments.
iii. We are thus still a long way from realising the ideal of self government.

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29. There has been a big change in the three sectors of economic activities but a similar shift has not taken place in the share
of employment due to the following reasons:
i. There has been an increase in the industrial output by 8 times but employment in the sector has increased only by 2-5
times.
ii. The production of services rose by 11 times in the tertiary sector but employment in the services rose only by 3 times.
iii. More than 50% of workers in the country are working in the primary sector producing only one-quarter of the goods.
iv. Secondary and tertiary sectors produce three-fourths of the product whereas they only employ half of the country's
workers.
v. Primary sector has disguised employment whereas workers in secondary and tertiary sectors work overtime.
Section D
30. Biogas can solve the energy problem in the rural areas due to the reasons mentioned below:
i. It produces a gas having higher thermal efficiency than charcoal and kerosene.
ii. It provides a way for optimum utilization of animal and plant waste.
iii. It produces enriched organic manure that can supplement or even replace chemical fertilizers.
iv. It burns smoothly and does not leave much residue behind.
v. It is easy to produce and store.
vi. It is a renewable source of energy.
vii. It will reduce the burden on conventional sources of energy.
viii. It is eco-friendly, therefore it will help in reducing environmental pollution.
ix. It provides twin benefits to farmers by acting as an energy resource and improved quality of manure.

Some suggestions to improve the biogas energy production in rural areas given below
i. The Government should provide monetary assistance to people in rural areas.
ii. Also, awareness must be created for using this alternative sources of energy.

OR

Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. The strategy of economic development that India adopted
since independence necessarily required an increasing amount of energy consumption. As a result, the consumption of
energy in all forms has been rising.
To take care of this concern various measures that need to be adopted are as follows:
i. We need to increase the use of renewable energy resources like solar, wind power, biogas, tidal energy, and
geothermal energy. This will decrease the dependence on non-renewable sources.
ii. The use of public transport systems instead of individual vehicles can help in minimising the usage of resources such
as petroleum or diesel. Pooling is a very sustainable option in this regard as well.
iii. Another measure that needs to be adopted is the promotion of energy conservation, e.g., switching off electrical
devices when not in use.
31. During the year following 1815 when the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground the following
events happened:
i. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
ii. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the
Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
iii. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
iv. One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. He was an Italian revolutionary founded two
more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were
like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy, and the German states.

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 v. Giuseppe Mazzini believed that nations are natural units of mankind. In his view, the creation of nation-states is a
necessary part of the struggle for freedom. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and
kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone
could be the basis of Italian liberty Following his model, secret societies were set-up in Germany France, Switzerland
and Poland.
vi. He was opposed to monarchy and believed in the vision of democratic republics. He did not believe in small states
and kingdoms.
vii. Giuseppe Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the
conservatives, Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.

OR

Otto von Bismarck played an important role in the unification of the country. He is known for his policy of 'Blood and
Iron'.
Otto von Bismarck and the German unification:
i. The middle-class Germans in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state.
ii. Otto von Bismarck; the chief minister of Prussia, was the architect of this process.
iii. He took the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy in his endeavour.
iv. Three wars were fought over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France. The wars ended in Prussian
victory and completed the process of unification.
v. The Prussian king, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles on 18th
January 1871 in the presence of important officials, army representatives and Otto von Bismarck.
32. Caste in politics-
i. When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate
candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections.
ii. When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes
find a place in it.
iii. Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support.
iv. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
v. Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task
of mobilising and securing political support. It brings consciousness among the people who were treated as inferior
and low.

OR

i. We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties. Every candidate in the
elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy
changes.
ii. The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain.
iii. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality. But no one will be
responsible for how the country will be run.
iv. Political parties are directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies As societies became large and
complex, they also needed some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the
government.
v. They needed some ways, to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed.
vi. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them.

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33. As a legal institution or organisation, a bank helps the public and the government manage the money in the economy.
There are many state banks and a central bank in India. The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank that supervises the
functioning of formal sources of loans. Issuing currency notes on behalf of the central government is the unique function
of the RBI. Banks help in management of finances by providing two chief services to the public:
i. Depositing their savings
ii. Withdrawal of these savings on demand.

The main functions of the banks are:

Accepting deposits from the public and others.
Lending money to the public (Loans) and other institutions.
Transferring money from one place to another (Remittances)
Collecting money on cheques, drafts and bills.
Conducting foreign exchange transactions.
Keeping valuables in safe custody.
Issuing letters of credit and guarantee
Conducting government transactions (State and Central)

OR

Collateral refers to an asset or property that a borrower pledges as security for a loan. It acts as a guarantee to the lender
that if the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender can seize and sell the collateral to recover the outstanding amount.
Collateral can be a significant barrier for the poor to obtain loans from banks. Often, the poor lack valuable assets to
offer as collateral, making it difficult for them to access credit. This exclusion perpetuates the cycle of poverty as they
can't invest in income-generating activities or cope with emergencies. Moreover, lenders may be reluctant to accept
lower-value assets as collateral due to the costs involved in valuation and repossession. Lack of education and awareness
among the poor restricts them from knowing about it in detail. As a result, collateral requirements disproportionately
disadvantage the poor, limiting their access to formal financial services.
Section E
34. i. Picketing is a form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory, or office.
ii. The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921.
iii. The movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons: Khadi being expensive was unaffordable
was poor people, lack of alternative Indian institutions posed a problem in boycotting British institutions.
35. i. One of the impacts of sedimentation in reservoirs is the triggering of floods.
ii. The release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat in
2006.
iii. The negative environmental impacts associated with multi-purpose projects include
The triggering of floods due to sedimentation in reservoirs.
Failure to control floods during excessive rainfall.
Soil erosion caused by floods.
Deprivation of silt as a natural fertilizer for flood plains.
Induced earthquakes, water-borne diseases and pests, and pollution resulting from excessive water usage.
36. i. Due to the lack of adequate government facilities in many areas particularly girls are not able to go to high school in
many areas.
ii. Having adequate public facilities can improve the overall health condition of a region. For example, Kerala has a low
Infant Mortality Rate because it has an adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
iii. Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services, for instance:

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 a. Money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you
can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things.
b. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases unless the whole of your community takes
preventive steps.
Section F
37. 37. a. A. Madras
B. Chauri Chaura
b.

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