1. Define technical textile.

Give the detailed classification of

technical textile with examples.
Definition: Technical textiles are defined as textile materials and
products used primarily for their technical performances and functional
properties rater than their aesthetic or decorative characteristics.
According to Nemoz Technical textile are materials meeting high
technical and quality requirements (mechanical, thermal, electrical,
durability) giving them the ability to offer technical function.
According to Memon and Zaman Technical textile is defines as textile
material and products manufactured primarily for their technical
performance and functional properties rather than for their aesthetics
and decorative characteristics
Classification of technical textiles:
1. Agrotech (Agricultural Textiles)
Textiles used in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry to enhance
productivity and reduce environmental impact.
Examples:
• Shade nets
• Crop covers
• Mulch mats
• Fishing nets
2. Buildtech (Construction Textiles)
Textiles used in construction and architectural applications for
durability, aesthetics, and structural support.
Examples:
• Scaffolding nets
• Geogrids
• Roofing membranes
• Concrete reinforcements
3. Clothtech (Clothing Textiles)
Textile components incorporated into garments to improve their
functionality or durability.
Examples:
• Sewing threads
• Interlinings
• Elastic bands
• Labels
4. Geotech (Geotextiles)
Textiles used in civil engineering and environmental projects for soil
stabilization and erosion control.
Examples:
• Geomembranes
• Erosion control mats
• Drainage composites
• Road reinforcements
5. Hometech (Home Textiles)
Textiles used in home furnishings and domestic applications for
comfort, functionality, and durability.
Examples:
• Carpets
• Mattress protectors
• Furniture upholstery
• Curtains
6. Indutech (Industrial Textiles)
Textiles used in industrial processes and manufacturing for specific
functional requirements.
Examples:
• Conveyor belts
• Filters
• Abrasive fabrics
• Coated fabrics
7. Medtech (Medical Textiles)
Textiles used in healthcare and hygiene products for medical
applications.
Examples:
• Surgical gowns
• Bandages
• Artificial ligaments
• Diapers
8. Mobiltech (Automotive Textiles)
Textiles used in the automotive and transportation industries for
functional and safety purposes.
Examples:
• Seat belts
• Airbags
• Upholstery fabrics
• Tire cords
9. Oekotech (Environmental Textiles)
Textiles used for environmental protection and waste management.
Examples:
• Oil-absorbent mats
• Waste containment fabrics
• Erosion control nets
10. Packtech (Packaging Textiles)
Textiles used in packaging applications to improve durability and
sustainability.
Examples:
• Sacks
• Leno bags
• FIBCs (Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers)
• Wrapping fabrics
11. Protech (Protective Textiles)
Textiles designed for personal protection against hazardous conditions
or environments.
Examples:
 • Fire-resistant fabrics
• Bulletproof vests
• Chemical-resistant clothing
• High-visibility fabrics
12. Sportech (Sports Textiles)
Textiles used in sports and recreational equipment for performance and
safety.
Examples:
• Sportswear
• Parachutes
• Tents
• Artificial turf

2. Differentiate between traditional textile and technical textile.

Aspect Traditional Textiles Technical Textiles
Purpose Aesthetic, cultural, Engineered for
and basic functional specific technical or
use. functional needs.
Focus Comfort, design, and Performance,
durability. innovation, and
specialized
applications.
Material used Natural fibers (cotton, Advanced fibers
silk, wool) or general (Kevlar, carbon fiber,
synthetics. nanofibers).
Properties Soft, breathable, Strong, fire-resistant,
colorful, and water-repellent, etc.
decorative.
Application Clothing, household Healthcare,
decor, and ceremonial construction,
items. automotive, defense,
etc.
Examples Sarees, shirts, Geotextiles, airbags,
carpets, and curtains. medical implants, and
filters.

3. Define agro textile. Write some advantages of agro textile.

Agro textiles are a category of technical textiles specifically designed for
use in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and aquaculture. These textiles
are engineered to enhance productivity, protect crops, improve water
efficiency, and optimize farming conditions. Examples include shade
nets, crop covers, weed control mats, and aquaculture nets.
Advantages of Agro Textiles
1. Crop Protection:
o Protects plants and crops from environmental factors such as
UV radiation, frost, wind, and heavy rain.
o Reduces damage caused by pests, birds, and insects.
2. Improved Yield:
o Helps create a controlled microclimate, optimizing
temperature, moisture, and light for better growth.
o Promotes early germination and faster crop growth.
3. Weed Control:
o Weed control fabrics prevent unwanted plant growth by
blocking sunlight while allowing water penetration, reducing
the need for chemical herbicides.
4. Water Efficiency:
o Conserves water by reducing evaporation and controlling soil
erosion.
 o Drip irrigation-compatible agro textiles ensure efficient
water distribution.
5. Durability:
o Resistant to environmental wear and tear, making them
long-lasting and cost-effective.
6. Environmentally Friendly Options:
o Many agro textiles are made from biodegradable or
recyclable materials, reducing environmental impact.
7. Improved Quality of Produce:
o Minimizes damage caused by physical and environmental
stress, leading to healthier and more marketable crops.
8. Cost-Effectiveness:
o Reduces the need for labor, pesticides, and water, lowering
overall operational costs for farmers.
4. What is nanotechnology? How nano technology can be
incorporated with textile.
Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating, understanding,
controlling, and determining the biophysical or chemical aspects and
factors of material between the length of 1 nm and 100 nm. It aims at
improving the quality and structure of a material by altering,
synthesizing, and engineering it.
Incorporation of nanotechnology with textile:
Antimicrobial Textiles:
• Silver nanoparticles prevent bacterial growth, making them ideal
for healthcare, sportswear, and undergarments.
Water-Repellent Fabrics:
• Nano coatings create superhydrophobic surfaces, used in outdoor
clothing and military uniforms.
UV-Protective Textiles:
• Titanium dioxide or zinc oxide nanoparticles block harmful UV
rays, protecting skin and enhancing fabric longevity.
Self-Cleaning Fabrics:
• Nanostructures with photocatalytic properties break down dirt
and organic matter under sunlight.
Conductive Fabrics:
• Carbon nanotubes or metallic nanoparticles are used to create
fabrics for electronic applications, such as smart sensors or
wearable devices.
Improved Durability:
• Nanoparticles strengthen fibers, increasing resistance to abrasion,
tearing, and wear.
5. Describe the classification of medical textile.
Classification of Medical textile:
1) Implantable: These are textiles implanted into the human body for
long-term or short-term purposes.
Artificial tendon
Artificial ligament
Artificial skin
Artificial joints/bones
Vascular grafts
2) Non-implantable: These are materials used externally on the body
and do not require insertion into the body.
Wound dressings
Simple elastic/inelastic
Gauzes
Plaster
Bandages
3) Extra corporal device: These textiles are used outside the body but
interact directly with body fluids.
Artificial kidney
Artificial liver
Mechanical lung
4) Healthcare & Hygiene products: Textiles designed for personal
hygiene and cleanliness, often disposable.
Surgical gowns
Surgical drapes, clothes, hosiery, sheets, caps
Protective clothing
Diaper
6. Write short note on Kevlar fiber.
Kevlar is a high-performance synthetic fiber developed by DuPont in
1965, known for its exceptional strength, durability, and lightweight
properties. It is five times stronger than steel on an equal weight basis
and offers excellent resistance to heat, chemicals, and abrasion. Due to
its high tensile strength and energy-absorbing capabilities, Kevlar is
widely used in bulletproof vests, helmets, fire-resistant clothing, and
industrial applications like conveyor belts and ropes. If you are from
niter you know what you are. It also finds use in aerospace, automotive,
and sports equipment for lightweight reinforcement. Although highly
durable, Kevlar is sensitive to UV radiation and is relatively expensive,
but its unparalleled performance makes it indispensable in critical
applications.
7. Describe the main functions of geotextile.
Main functions of geotextiles are:
Separation: To maintain the properties of two different types of soil,
geo-textile plays and important role in this separation. The main
purpose of this type of geo textile id that when water enters the soil
layers, the geo-textile will prevent water form mixing with the soil. Also,
during road construction, it helps to keep fine sub grade level soil
separate from the lower coarse soil.
Reinforcement: When geo-textile are used to improve soil properties,
its design is based on a number of basic factors, such as abrasion-
capable, load bearing etc. As a result, it strengthens the soil by mixing
with soil. There are various types of reinforcement composites like
knitted reinforcement, braided reinforcement woven reinforcement etc.
Filtration: Geo-textile plays an important role in filtration. Filtration is
one of the most important function of textiles used in civil engineering
earthworks. Depending on the permeability of material, geo-textiles
increase the lateral flow of drain water, Developing the kinetic energy of
groundwater. Also helps to solve drainage problems around the house
or on the street
Sealing: A non-woven geo-textile fabric capable of restricting fluid flow
from both sides. Impermeable geo-textiles are used to prevent
contamination of pollutants above foul-smelling soils or groundwater
Drainage system: A geotextile acts as a drain when it collects and
transports the liquid or gas towards the outlet. Dense non-woven geo
textiles provide an opportunity for water flow through three-dimension
flat surface.
 8. Write down the working principle of smart textile.
Smart textiles, also known as e-textiles or intelligent textiles, integrate
technology and fabrics to perform specific functions beyond traditional
textiles. Their working principle is based on sensing, reacting, and
sometimes adapting to environmental or user-generated stimuli. Here's
a breakdown of their functionality:
1. Sensing
Smart textiles incorporate sensors that detect specific stimuli such as
temperature, pressure, humidity, light, movement, or biochemical
signals. These sensors can be embedded into the fabric, printed on its
surface, or woven into the fibers.
Example: Temperature sensors in wearable textiles to monitor body
temperature.
2. Data Processing
The detected signals are transmitted to embedded electronic circuits or
connected devices for processing. The data is interpreted to determine
the appropriate response.
Example: A heart rate monitor processes electrical signals from the
body to display real-time heart rate.
3. Response/Action
Based on the processed data, smart textiles trigger a specific action,
such as:
• Emitting light or changing color.
• Generating heat or cooling the fabric.
• Sending data to a connected device (e.g., smartphone).
 • Example: Heating textiles in jackets adjust their warmth based on
ambient temperature.
4. Feedback Mechanism (For Adaptive Textiles)
Advanced smart textiles can use feedback loops to continuously
monitor and adjust their responses dynamically.
Example: A self-regulating cooling fabric adjusts airflow as body heat
increases.

9. Write down the importance of smart textile.

Smart textiles are defined as textiles that interact with their
surroundings. Basically smart textiles are referred to as those textiles as
those textiles that are able to react and adapt to an environment
stimulus. Smart textile has great significance in many aspect of life. The
importance of smart textiles are given below:
 1. Smart Textiles are becoming internationally a dynamic innovation
for textile sector.
2. For textile sector smart textiles, is promoting a good strengthen
position internationally and create new job opportunities for the
poor people.
3. Smart textile is a new field to spread knowledge to develop
through textile material and textile processes.
4. Textile is a material close to the human being and it is a natural
carrier of technology. So smart textile can easily contribute for the
upcoming textile sector.
10. What do you understand by high performance fibers? Give
some examples of high-performance fibers with their trade
name.
Fiber and its properties are very important to the performance of the
final textile products. High-performance fibers are derived from their
unique molecule and phase structures. Besides high tensile strength
and modulus, they may also have very high levels of other properties
such as operating temperature, heat resistance, flame retardancy, and
chemical resistance.
Fiber Type Trade Name
Aramid Fibers Kevlar® (DuPont)
Twaron® (Teijin Aramid)
Nomex® (DuPont)
Carbon Fibers Torayca® (Toray Industries)
HexTow® (Hexcel)
Toho Tenax® (Teijin)
Zoltek®
Ultra-High Molecular Weight Dyneema® (DSM)
Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Spectra® (Honeywell)
 PBO (Polybenzoxazole) Fibers Zylon® (Toyobo)
Polyimide Fibers P84® (Evonik)
Ceramic Fibers Nextel® (3M)
Glass Fibers E-glass, S-glass

11. Define aggrotech? Write down the advantages of it.

Agriculture, forestry, horticulture, floriculture, fishing segments,
landscape gardening, animal husbandry, aquaculture and agro-
engineering all these sectors combined together are popularly called as
Agro-tech sector. Agro textiles are the application of textile materials in
those sectors.
Advantages of Agro-tech
1. Enhanced Crop Protection:
Safeguards crops from pests, insects, birds, and harsh weather
conditions like frost, hail, and excessive rain.
2. Improved Water Management:
Conserves water by reducing evaporation and promoting efficient
irrigation through materials like geotextiles and mulching fabrics.
3. Weed Control:
Weed mats suppress unwanted plant growth, reducing the need for
chemical herbicides.
4. Increased Yield:
Creates a controlled environment by optimizing temperature, humidity,
and light, which boosts plant growth and productivity.
5. Soil Conservation:
Prevents soil erosion and maintains fertility by stabilizing the soil
structure with geotextiles.
6. Durability and Cost-Effectiveness:
Long-lasting materials reduce maintenance costs, making them
economically viable over time.
7. Eco-Friendly Solutions:
Biodegradable options minimize environmental impact, supporting
sustainable agricultural practices.
8. Livestock Protection:
Protects animals with windbreaks, shelters, and nets, ensuring better
animal health and productivity.
9. Improved Quality of Produce:
Reduces exposure to environmental and physical stress, resulting in
healthier and more marketable crops.
10. Versatile Applications:
Useful in various fields, including greenhouse farming, aquaculture, and
landscaping.
12. Write down the chemistry of producing Kevlar fiber from its raw
materials. Give some example of Kevlar fiber.
Kevlar is the trade name of Dupont’s para-aramide fiber.
Process of Kevlar production:
P-phenylene diamine + terepthaloyl chloride
↓
(Condensation polymerization with lithium chloride with low temp)
 Poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) + HCL
↓
Liquid crystal polymer (LCP)
↓
Dry-Jet wet spinning2
↓
Drawing at more than 300 ° c at 15-20 draw ratio
↓
FDY or staple fibre of Kevlar

DIFFERENT TYPES OF KEVLAR

• Kevlar – Tire cord yarn
• Kevlar 29 – Multipurpose yarn
• Kevlar 49 – High modulus yarn
• Kevlar 68 – Moderate modulus yarn
• Kevlar 100 – Coloured yarn
• Kevlar 119 – High elongation yarn
• Kevlar 129 – High tenacity yarn
• Kevlar 149 – Ultra high modulus yarn
 13. Which benefits can be obtained using smart textile in sports
sector
Smart textiles provide several advantages in the sports industry,
enhancing performance, comfort, and safety for athletes. Here are the
key benefits:
1. Performance Monitoring:
Embedded sensors can track vital signs such as heart rate, respiration,
muscle activity, and hydration levels, allowing athletes to optimize
training and avoid overexertion.
2. Injury Prevention:
Pressure-sensitive smart fabrics detect irregular movements or
postures, helping athletes avoid injuries.
3. Real-Time Feedback:
Smart textiles provide immediate feedback to athletes or coaches,
enabling adjustments in technique or strategy during training or
competition.
4. Enhanced Comfort and Fit:
Temperature-regulating textiles manage heat and moisture, keeping
athletes dry and comfortable.
5. Safety Features:
Integrated protective elements, such as impact sensors, can warn of
potential concussions in sports like football or cycling.
6. Improved Recovery:
Compression fabrics with biofeedback assist in rehabilitation.
 7. Data Analytics and Optimization:
Smart textiles collect data that can be analyzed to refine training
programs, improve techniques, and enhance overall athletic
performance.
8. Convenience and Wearability:
Lightweight and flexible smart fabrics ensure athletes can move freely
without being encumbered by bulky devices.
9. Customizable Features:
Wearable textiles can adapt to individual athlete needs, offering
tailored support and functionality.
14. Write down the working principle of phase changes material
(PCM) . Mention its application.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are substances that absorb or release a
significant amount of heat as they change from one phase to another,
typically from a solid to a liquid or vice versa. This process occurs at a
specific temperature, known as the phase transition temperature.
The working principle of PCMs is based on the latent heat they release
or absorb during the phase change process. Here's how it works:
1. Absorption of Heat (Melting):
When the temperature rises, the PCM absorbs heat and changes from a
solid to a liquid. This process is called melting, and the heat is stored in
the material without causing a temperature rise.
2. Release of Heat (Solidification):
When the temperature drops, the liquid PCM solidifies, releasing the
stored heat in the process. This is called solidification or freezing, and
the PCM helps maintain a more stable temperature by releasing heat
into the surrounding environment.
3. Thermal Stability:
The PCM's phase change takes place at a specific temperature range,
which allows it to regulate temperature by absorbing excess heat or
releasing it when the surroundings cool down.
PCMs are often selected for their latent heat storage capacity—the
amount of heat they can store and release during the phase transition.

Application of PCM:
• Storage of thermal energy
• Heat dissipation and electrical engines
• Use of power during off-peak hours
• Cooking with sun
• Recovery of waste heat
• Battery for cold energy
 • Textiles that are used to make apparel
• Systems that use heat pumps
• Plants that use solar energy
• Cooling for computers
15. State the different uses of non-woven fabrics in technical
textile.
Non-woven fabrics are versatile materials made by bonding fibers
together through mechanical, thermal, or chemical processes, rather
than weaving or knitting them. They are widely used in technical textiles
due to their flexibility, strength, and cost-effectiveness. Below are the
key uses of non-woven fabrics in technical textiles:
1. Medical and Healthcare Applications:
Surgical Masks and Filters: Non-woven fabrics are used to create
breathable, lightweight, and efficient filtration materials for protective
masks.
Wound Dressings and Bandages: These fabrics provide absorbency,
comfort, and the ability to prevent infection in medical settings.
Gowns, Drapes, and Caps: Disposable medical garments and sterile
coverings are made from non-woven fabrics, ensuring hygiene and
patient safety.
2. Hygiene Products:
Diapers and Adult Incontinence Products: Non-woven fabrics are used
in the absorbent layers of diapers and adult pads, providing softness,
comfort, and moisture control.
Feminine Hygiene Products: Non-woven fabrics are commonly used in
sanitary napkins and tampons, due to their absorbency and skin-
friendly properties.
3. Filtration:
Air and Water Filtration: Non-woven fabrics are widely used in filters for
air conditioning, respiratory protection, and water purification due to
their fine pore structure and filtration efficiency.
Automotive Air Filters: Used in vehicle cabin air and engine air filters,
non-woven fabrics provide high filtration capacity while being
lightweight.
4. Geotextiles:
Soil Reinforcement: Non-woven geotextiles are used in civil engineering
and construction to stabilize soil, control erosion, and improve the
strength of foundations.
Drainage Systems: These fabrics are used in drainage applications
where they act as barriers, allowing water to flow through while
filtering out soil particles.
5. Automotive Textiles:
Interior Components: Non-woven fabrics are used in car seat covers,
headliners, door linings, and floor mats for insulation, soundproofing,
and comfort.
Sound Absorption: Non-woven materials are also used for noise
reduction in vehicles, contributing to improved acoustic comfort inside
the cabin.
6. Building and Construction:
Insulation Materials: Non-woven fabrics are used in thermal and
acoustic insulation for buildings, helping to improve energy efficiency
and soundproofing.
Roofing Membranes: These fabrics are employed in roofing systems for
waterproofing and preventing moisture damage.
7. Agriculture:
Crop Protection: Non-woven fabrics are used in the form of crop covers,
providing protection from pests, UV rays, and harsh weather conditions
while allowing light and water to pass through.
Weed Control: Non-woven fabrics act as weed barriers in gardens and
agricultural fields, reducing the need for chemical herbicides.
8. Fashion and Apparel:
Protective Clothing: Non-woven fabrics are used to make disposable
protective clothing such as lab coats, coveralls, and aprons for industrial
or medical use.
Textile Reinforcement: Used in composite materials for creating
lightweight yet durable fabrics for sportswear or outdoor garments.
9. Packaging:
Reusable and Disposable Packaging: Non-woven fabrics are used in the
packaging industry for products like shopping bags, wraps, and pouches
due to their strength and flexibility.
10. Home Textiles:
Mattress and Pillow Covers: Non-woven fabrics are used in bedding
products to provide protection and comfort.
Curtains and Upholstery: Lightweight, durable non-woven fabrics are
used in making curtains and furniture coverings for added functionality.
11. Electrical and Electronics:
Battery Separators: Non-woven materials are used in the manufacture
of battery separators for energy storage devices, offering excellent
porosity and mechanical strength.
Cable Insulation: Non-woven fabrics are also used in insulation and
protection for electrical cables, contributing to durability and
performance.
16. Write short note on a) Home tech b) Build tech
Hometech (Home Textiles)
Hometech refers to textiles used in home furnishings and interior decor.
These textiles enhance the comfort, aesthetics, and functionality of
residential spaces. Home textiles include products like bedding,
curtains, upholstery, carpets, towels, and tablecloths. They provide
essential features such as comfort, warmth, moisture absorption, and
protection against dirt. Hometech textiles can also be designed for
durability, easy maintenance, and aesthetic appeal. Materials used in
hometech include cotton, polyester, silk, wool, and synthetic blends,
catering to different needs and preferences. Examples: Bed linens,
pillows, and blankets, Curtains, drapes, upholstery fabrics, Carpets,
rugs, doormats, Towels, bathrobes, and kitchen textiles.
Buildtech (Building Textiles)
Buildtech refers to textiles used in the construction and building
industry to improve performance, safety, and environmental
sustainability. These technical textiles are designed to be durable,
protective, and functional, serving various purposes in construction,
such as insulation, reinforcement, filtration, and moisture control.
Buildtech textiles include geotextiles, roofing membranes, acoustic
materials, and insulation fabrics. They are integral in enhancing energy
efficiency, protecting structures from external elements, and ensuring
stability in construction projects. Examples: Geotextiles, Insulation
Materials, Roofing Membranes, Reinforcement Fabrics

17. What is zipro wool? Why wool fibers shows natural insulating
property.
Zirpro wool is a kind of finish of titanium and zirconium to improve
flame retardancy of wool. Zirpro treated wool also has good durability
to washing and drycleaning.
Wool fibers exhibit natural insulating properties due to their unique
structure and composition:
1. Crimped Structure: Wool fibers are naturally wavy (crimped),
which creates air pockets within the fibers. These trapped air
pockets act as an insulating barrier, helping to retain body heat.
2. Low Thermal Conductivity: Wool is a poor conductor of heat,
meaning it doesn't allow heat to pass through easily, keeping
warmth close to the body.
3. Moisture Absorption: Wool can absorb moisture while still
maintaining its insulating properties. When it absorbs moisture, it
releases heat, helping to regulate body temperature and keep you
warm even when damp.
18. Describe the processing of Nano composite.
Nanocomposites are poly-phase solid materials made up of two or
more nanomaterials. Those solid materials are made up of several
phases, with one phase having its dimensions in nanoscale. They display
high surface-area-to-volume ratio characteristics.
The processing of nanocomposites involves several steps:
 Nanoparticle synthesis: Nanoparticles are created through
various methods like chemical synthesis, physical vapor deposition, or
mechanical attrition. These methods determine the size, shape, and
composition of the nanoparticles.
Nanoparticle Functionalization: To enhance compatibility with the
matrix material, nanoparticles are often coated or treated with
surfactants or coupling agents that allow them to disperse evenly.
Matrix Material Preparation: The base matrix material is
prepared, which can be a polymer, metal, ceramic, or composite. It's
essential to choose a matrix that can interact well with the
nanoparticles.
Dispersion: Achieving a uniform dispersion of nanoparticles within
the matrix is crucial. Techniques such as sonication, melt blending, and
solution mixing are employed to ensure even distribution and prevent
agglomeration.
Mixing and Compounding: The nanoparticles are combined with the
matrix material using techniques like melt extrusion, solution casting, or
compression molding. This step ensures a homogeneous mixture.
Processing Technique: Depending on the desired final product,
various processing techniques are used, such as injection molding,
compression molding, or 3D printing. These techniques shape the
nanocomposite into its intended form.
Curing/Annealing: For polymer-based nanocomposites, curing or
annealing may be necessary to achieve the desired material properties
and to remove any residual solvents or processing aids.
Characterization and Testing: The resulting nanocomposite is then
analyzed for its physical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties.
Techniques like microscopy, spectroscopy, and mechanical testing help
assess its performance.
Optimization: If the properties are not as desired, the processing
parameters can be adjusted to optimize the dispersion and properties
of the nanocomposite.
Application: Nanocomposites find applications in various industries,
including electronics, aerospace, automotive, and medicine, due to
their enhanced properties like strength, conductivity, and thermal
stability.
19. How does nano composite works?
Enhanced Mechanical Properties: The addition of nanoparticles can
greatly enhance the mechanical properties of the matrix material.
Nanoparticles with high strength and hardness can reinforce the matrix,
leading to improved tensile strength, stiffness, and impact resistance.
Improved Thermal Stability: Nanoparticles can increase the thermal
stability of the composite material. They can inhibit the movement of
polymer chains and reduce thermal expansion, making the material
more resistant to heat and temperature changes.
Enhanced Electrical Conductivity: Certain nanoparticles, like carbon
nanotubes or graphene, are highly conductive. When added to a matrix
material, they can impart electrical conductivity to the composite,
making it suitable for applications in electronics and sensors.
Enhanced Barrier Properties: Nanocomposites can have improved
barrier properties against gases and liquids due to the small size and
high surface area of the nanoparticles. This can be beneficial in
applications such as packaging materials.
 Improved Flame Resistance: The addition of nanoparticles can
enhance the flame resistance of the composite material. Nanoparticles
can act as flame retardants by absorbing and dissipating heat and
limiting the spread of flames.
Increased Surface Area: Nanoparticles have a large surface area-to-
volume ratio, which can influence various material behaviors such as
reactivity, adsorption, and catalytic activity.
Tailored Optical Properties: Some nanoparticles exhibit unique
optical properties, such as plasmonic effects, that can be harnessed in
nanocomposites to manipulate light and create materials with specific
optical characteristics
20. Write sort note on camouflage effect on military garments.
The camouflage effect in military garments refers to the design and
color patterns incorporated into military clothing to help soldiers blend
into their environment, making them less visible to enemies. The goal is
to reduce the visibility of personnel and equipment in various terrains,
such as forests, deserts, or urban areas. We could learn the camouflage
form the pdf smugglers. Camouflage is a critical element in military
strategy, enhancing stealth and increasing the chances of survival
during combat operations.
Main goal of camouflage:
Concealment
Survivability
Tactical advantages
Protection
Psychological impact
Adaptability
Enhanced mission success
21. Write down the application of coolmax fabric
Application of coolmax fabrics:
Apparel: socks are the most common apparel application for coolmax
as this fabric helps keep sweat away from the feet. T-shirt, polo shirt in
some cases jeans are also manufactured.
Homeware: Some textile manufacturers use coolmax fabric to make be
sheet specifically for warmer climates.
Sporting goods: Coolmax is a popular fabric for products such as cycling
pads, saddle pads and sleeping bags liners.
22. Write down the working principle of coolmax fabric.
COOLMAX is a specially engineered type of polyester exclusively
produced by Invista, an American textile corporation. Those who defy
the rules of privacy is gay. This polyester fabric consists of fibers that are
carefully engineered to wick moisture and allow the passage of heat.
Working principle of coolmax fabric:
Moisture-Wicking:
CoolMax fabric pulls sweat away from the skin to the fabric's outer
surface, where it can evaporate quickly, keeping the wearer dry.
Breathability:
The fabric promotes airflow, making it ideal for hot or humid conditions.
Lightweight and Comfortable:
It is soft, lightweight, and comfortable for extended wear.
Durability:
CoolMax fibers are resistant to shrinking, fading, and wear, making
garments long-lasting.
Temperature Regulation:
By keeping moisture away from the skin, it helps regulate body
temperature, especially during intense physical activities.
Easy Care:
CoolMax fabric is machine washable and dries quickly, adding
convenience for active lifestyles.

23. Write down the properties of military textile.

• The requirement should be such that there should not be “thread
breaks” up to 50,000 abrasion cycles.
• Air permeability of the fabric shall be at least 5cc/sec/cm2.
• Water vapor permeability (water method) shall be 1400g/m2/day
(Minimum).
• The use of either FR (fire resistant) fibers or FR coating should also
be included in the present specification to meet surface ignition
test (no hole formation, no melting and no dripping).
• Therefore, it is recommended that the WR (wrinkle recovery)
rating (after 24 hours) of the combat shall be minimum 4.
24. Write down the function of technical textile.
• Technical textile has chemical functions such as mechanical
resistance reinforcement and elasticity
• Having exchange function such as insulation. Filtration and
conductivity
• Having anti-dust. Biocompatibility and other functionalities for
living
• Protective function like fire resistance, thermal resistance,
chemical or breathability etc.